DE PACO v. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION
Filing
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MEMORANDUM OPINION filed. Signed by Judge Mary L. Cooper on 1/27/2016. (eaj)
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
CESAR MANUEL CARDOSO
MATOS DE PACO,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS AND
BORDER PROTECTION,
Defendant.
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CIVIL ACTION NO. 14-5017 (MLC)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
COOPER, District Judge:
Plaintiff, Cesar Manuel Cardoso Matos De Paco (“Plaintiff”), commenced this action
against the United States Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”), seeking certain
information relevant to the revocation of his membership in the Global Trusted Traveler
Program (“global traveler program”) pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”).
(See generally dkt. 7.) 1
CBP moves for summary judgment as to all claims asserted against it. (See generally
dkt. 11.) CBP asserts that it “made a good faith effort to search for the records requested,” its
“methods were reasonably expected to produce the information requested,” and the redacted
information properly falls within one or more of FOIA’s statutory exemptions. (See dkt. 11-7
The Court will cite to the documents filed on the Electronic Case Filing System (“ECF”) by referring
to the docket entry numbers by the designation of “dkt.” Pincites reference ECF pagination.
1
at 13–14.) Plaintiff has not opposed the motion. For the reasons stated below, the Court will
grant Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
On January 17, 2014, a CBP employee at Newark Liberty International Airport
informed Plaintiff that his membership in the global traveler program had been revoked. (See
dkt. 7 at 3.) On January 20, 2014, Plaintiff inquired by way of letter as to the reason for his
membership revocation. (See id. at 3–4.) On February 3, 2014, a supervisor of the Global
Entry Enrollment System informed Plaintiff that his membership was revoked because he did
not meet the program eligibility requirements. (See id. at 4.) Plaintiff appealed from this
decision, which was affirmed by the CBP Ombudsman on April 21, 2014. (See id.)
On June 11, 2014, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request seeking a copy of his “complete
alien file” and all records relating to the basis of the revocation of his membership in the
global traveler program. (See id. at 5; dkt. 11-7 at 7.) CBP responded to the FOIA request on
November 13, 2014 and provided Plaintiff with eleven pages of redacted records relating to
the revocation of Plaintiff’s membership in the global traveler program. (See dkt. 7 at 6; dkt.
11-7 at 7.)2 The records were redacted pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(6) (“Exemption 6”),
(b)(7)(C) (“Exemption 7(C)”), and (b)(7)(E) (“Exemption 7(E)”), which permit the redaction
of records under certain conditions discussed below. (See dkt. 11-7 at 7.)
These redacted records originate from CBP’s Global Enrollment System database, which is the
system “used to adjudicate applications to enter the United States by a number of trusted traveler
programs administered by CBP.” (Dkt. 11-2 at 3.) The redacted records included a biographic
summary of Plaintiff, request list (i.e., Plaintiff’s request for membership in global traveler program),
comment list, and risk assessment worksheet. (See id. at 4.) The redacted records did not include
Plaintiff’s “complete alien file” because CBP does not maintain these records. (See dkt. 11-7 at 7.)
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2
Plaintiff appealed from CBP’s response through the agency’s administrative appeals
process. (See id. at 7–8.) Plaintiff argued that the redactions made it difficult to discern “the
factual or other basis for the revocation of [his] Global Entry Program membership and CBP’s
unilateral and unjustified denial of his subsequent reapplication for same.” (See dkt. 11-5 at
2.) CBP denied Plaintiff’s appeal, explaining that the redactions were properly applied
because law enforcement employees have a privacy right to have their names withheld and
because CBP can withhold identifying information about its terminals and investigatory
techniques to prevent the risk of circumvention of the law. (See dkt. 11-6 at 4–5.)
Plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging a violation of FOIA for failure to
disclose agency records pursuant to his FOIA request. (See dkt. 7 at 1.) The Court now
resolves Defendant’s motion for summary judgment without oral argument pursuant to Local
Civil Rule 78.1(b).
DISCUSSION
I.
APPLICABLE LAW
A.
Legal Standard: Summary Judgment
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that summary judgment is proper “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The non-movant must then
present evidence that raises a genuine dispute of material fact. See Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986). Material facts are those “that could affect the
outcome” of the proceeding, and “a dispute about a material fact is genuine if the evidence is
sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Lamont v.
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New Jersey, 637 F.3d 177, 181 (3d Cir. 2011) (internal citation and quotation omitted). This
evidence may include “citing to particular parts of materials in the record” or a “showing that
the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an
adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed.R.Civ.P.
56(c)(1)(A)–(B).
A movant is not automatically entitled to summary judgment because the non-movant
does not oppose the motion. See Anchorage Assocs. v. V.I. Bd. of Tax Review, 922 F.2d
168, 175 (3d Cir. 1990). “If the nonmoving party fails to oppose the motion [for summary
judgment] by written objection, memorandum, affidavits and other evidence, the Court will
accept as true all material facts set forth by the moving party with appropriate record support.”
Kadetsky v. Egg Harbor Twp. Bd. of Educ., 164 F.Supp.2d 425, 431–32 (D.N.J. 2001)
(internal quotation and citation omitted). The Court may then only grant the unopposed
motion if appropriate. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). An unopposed motion is appropriately
granted when the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Anchorage Assocs.,
922 F.2d at 175.
B.
Legal Standard: Freedom of Information Act
FOIA requires government agencies to make their records available to members of the
public upon request. See 5 U.S.C. § 552. Agencies are required to produce the requested
records unless one of nine specific exemptions under FOIA applies. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).
There is a strong presumption in favor of disclosure because FOIA’s purpose is “to facilitate
public access to Government documents.” Hecht v. U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., No. 95-263,
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1996 WL 33502232, at *5 (D.Del. Dec. 18, 1996). Here, CBP claims that portions of the
requested documents are properly redacted under Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E).
If an agency believes one of FOIA’s nine statutory exemptions applies, then “[t]he
agency bears the burden of justifying the withholding, and the [district] court reviews the
agency claims of exemption de novo.” OSHA Data/CIH, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 220
F.3d 153, 160 (3d Cir. 2000). An agency can meet its burden by filing an affidavit describing
the material withheld and explaining why that material falls under a particular exemption.
McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227, 1241 (3d Cir. 1993). “[A]n agency cannot justify
withholding an entire document simply by showing that it contains some exempt material.”
Abdelfattah v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 488 F.3d 178, 186 (3d Cir. 2007) (internal
quotations omitted).
Summary judgment is appropriate in a FOIA action if the agency’s affidavits “describe
the withheld information and the justification for withholding with reasonable specificity,
demonstrating a logical connection between the information and the claimed exemption, and
are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad
faith.” Carp v. I.R.S., No. 00-5992, 2002 WL 373448, at *4 (D.N.J. Jan. 28, 2002).
1.
Exemption 6
Exemption 6 of FOIA permits the government to withhold all information in
“personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a
clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Information falling
within the scope of Exemption 6 must qualify as a personnel file, medical file or “similar
file[].” See id. This is a broad category that extends to all information that “applies to a
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particular individual.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982)
(holding that Exemption 6 “[was] intended to cover detailed Government records on an
individual which can be identified as applying to that individual.”).
If the information sought satisfies this threshold requirement, the Court must then
determine whether its release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy. Arieff v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 712 F.2d 1462, 1466 (D.C. Cir. 1983). “[T]he balance
to be drawn under Exemption 6’s ‘clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy’ clause is
one between the protection of an individual’s private affairs from [u]nnecessary public
scrutiny, and the preservation of the public’s right to governmental information.” Dep’t of
Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 381 n.19 (1976) (internal quotations omitted). As there is a
strong presumption in favor of disclosure under FOIA, the government faces a heavy burden
when withholding information under Exemption 6. See Citizens for Envtl. Quality, Inc. v.
U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 602 F.Supp. 534, 538 (D.D.C. 1984). The government may overcome
this presumption of disclosure by: (1) “show[ing] that the public would be able to link the
disclosures requested by plaintiff with the subject of the [documents];” or (2) “controvert[ing]
plaintiff’s assertion of the public’s interest in the documents sought.” See id. at 538, 540.
2.
Exemption 7
In pertinent part, Exemption 7(C) and (E) state:
This section does not apply to matters that are . . . records or information
compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the . . . extent that the
production of such law enforcement records or information . . . (C) could
reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy, . . . (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement
investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law
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enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably
be expected to risk circumvention of the law, . . . .
5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C), (E).
The Third Circuit employs a “rational nexus” test in determining whether the
requested documents qualify as “records or information compiled for law enforcement
purposes.” See Davin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 60 F.3d 1043, 1054 (3d Cir. 1995). To fall
within the scope of Exemption 7, the agency must identify the particular individual who is the
subject of the investigation and support the connection between that individual and the
potential violation of law or security risk with information “sufficient to support at least a
colorable claim of its rationality.” See Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at *4 (internal quotations and
citation omitted).
a.
Exemption 7(C)
Exemption 7(C) seeks to “protect against disclosure of personal information of third
parties.” Berger v. I.R.S., 487 F.Supp.2d 482, 501 (D.N.J. 2007), aff’d, 288 Fed.Appx. 829
(3d Cir. 2008). To evaluate a claim made pursuant to Exemption 7(C), a court must balance
the public interest in the disclosure of third-party information with the privacy interest of
those third parties. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press,
489 U.S. 749, 776 (1989). Courts have held the following circumstances represent a
“substantial privacy interest” in which redaction is justified: (1) names and addresses of
private individuals which appear in the investigative files of government agencies unless that
information is necessary to confirm or refute compelling evidence of agency misconduct; and
(2) the identity of law enforcement officers, interviewees, suspects, and witnesses involved in
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criminal investigations “because disclosure may result in embarrassment and harassment.”
McDonnell, 4 F.3d at 1255; see also Safecard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d
1197, 1206 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (awarding summary judgment in favor of agency because
witnesses and customers have a substantial privacy interest in their identifying information);
cf. Manna v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 51 F.3d 1158, 1166–67 (3d Cir. 1995) (internal quotations
omitted) (“Absent proof of misconduct, which is needed to justify invading the demonstrable
privacy interests involved here, we need not linger over the balance because something . . .
outweighs nothing every time.”).
b.
Exemption 7(E)
Exemption 7(E) applies to law enforcement records, which, if disclosed, would risk
circumvention of the law. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). Exemption 7(E) cannot be asserted
to justify the withholding of “routine techniques and procedures already well-known to the
public, such as ballistic tests, fingerprinting, and other scientific tests commonly known.”
Davin, 60 F.3d at 1064 (quotations and citation omitted). An agency’s burden in asserting
Exemption 7(E) is relatively low because, “[r]ather than requiring a highly specific burden of
showing how the law will be circumvented, exemption 7(E) only requires that the [agency]
demonstrate logically how the release of the requested information might create a risk of
circumvention of the law.” Qatanani v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-4042, 2015 WL 1472227, at
*14 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2015).
Exemption 7(E) has been held to apply to: (1) “database codes and case organization
descriptions” (2) “polygraph information documents”; (3) FBI forms that reveal “investigative
techniques and procedures”; and (4) IRS documents that “expos[e] specific, non-routine
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investigative techniques used by the IRS to uncover tax fraud.” See, e.g., Frankenberry v.
F.B.I., 567 Fed.Appx. 120, 125 (3d Cir. 2014); Qatanani, 2015 WL 1472227, at *14; Am.
Civil Liberties Union of N.J. v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 11-2553, 2012 WL 4660515, at *10
(D.N.J. Oct. 2, 2012), aff’d, 733 F.3d 526 (3d Cir. 2013); Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at *6. The
variety of documents withheld under Exemption 7(E) illustrates the low burden that the
government faces in proving that disclosure of a requested document may risk circumvention
of the law. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(7)(E).
3.
In Camera Review
FOIA permits a district court to examine in camera the contents of agency records that
have been withheld. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The decision to review the withheld
contents of an agency’s records is within the discretion of the court. See Hinton v. Dep’t of
Justice, 844 F.2d 126, 128 (3d Cir. 1988). Agency affidavits submitted in justification of the
FOIA exemptions carry a presumption of good faith; thus, in camera review should not be
resorted to “routinely” and is unnecessary if agency affidavits are specific and there is no
evidence of bad faith. See Berger, 487 F.Supp.2d at 494.
II.
ANALYSIS
A.
In Camera Review of Redacted Documents is Not Appropriate in this Case
This Court will not require in camera review of CBP’s redacted documents because
we are satisfied with the specificity of the affidavit submitted by CBP in justification of the
redactions (hereinafter, the “Suzuki affidavit”). See Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at *4.
Furthermore, Plaintiff has not asserted any bad faith on the part of CBP so as to overcome the
presumption of good faith accorded to the Suzuki affidavit. See Berger, 487 F.Supp.2d at
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494. As will be discussed further below, the Suzuki affidavit is sufficiently detailed regarding
the nature of the withheld documents and the asserted basis for the applicable exemptions
such that in camera review is not appropriate. See id.
B.
Records Withheld Pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C)3
CBP has withheld the following portions of the records under Exemptions 6 and 7(C):
(1) part of the comment list titled “User ID;” and (2) parts of the risk assessment worksheet
titled “Supporting Information” and “Director.” (See dkt. 11-4 at 10, 13–14.) CBP invokes
Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to protect “terminal identifier numbers of the Government personnel
performing the search for responsive documents,” “identities and phone numbers of
individual employees who were responsible for maintaining certain records,” and “user ID’s
of CBP personnel who performed actions or processed transactions in the GES [“Global
Enrollment System”] pertaining to the records.” (See dkt. 11-2 at 6.) For the reasons
explained below, the Court finds that CBP properly redacted these portions of the documents
under Exemptions 6 and 7(C).
CBP argues that its agency employees have a privacy interest in their names and
contact information, which is heightened due to “the general nature of law enforcement
work.” (See dkt. 11-7 at 16.) CBP also notes that “disclosure of this identifying information
would serve no meaningful public purpose because the release of the personnel’s identities
would shed no light on the Government’s execution of its statutory duties.” (Id.) Thus, when
weighing the substantial privacy interests of agency employees’ identifying information
3
CBP has applied these exemptions in tandem and the Court will analyze them as such. (See dkt. 117 at 20.)
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against the minimal public interest in disclosure of such information, CBP argues that
disclosure would result in a “clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” (See id. at
15.)
With respect to Exemption 6, the Court finds, as a threshold matter, that CBP’s records
fall within the scope of “similar files” that warrant protection under Exemption 6. See Wash.
Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602. The Supreme Court intended for Exemption 6 to cover a broad
range of files. See id. Moreover, the records in this case include CBP personnel information
that, if disclosed, would reveal information such as the employees who conducted the records
search and the director who reviewed the records. (See dkt. 11-4 at 14.) While FOIA
encourages an open and transparent government, we find that disclosure of terminal
identifiers and employee names and phone numbers amounts to a “clearly unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy” that provides little insight to the public as to why CBP revoked
Plaintiff’s membership in the global traveler program, or how CBP responds to such inquiries
generally. See Rose, 425 U.S. at 381 n.19.
It is for this same reason that the Court finds that the information was properly
withheld under Exemption 7(C).4 As noted above, CBP employees have a “substantial
privacy interest” in identifying information. See Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press,
4
The documents at issue in this case fall within protection of Exemption 7, as they were compiled for
law enforcement purposes and survive the Third Circuit’s rational nexus test. See Davin, 60 F.3d at
1054; see also Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at *4–5. The Suzuki affidavit identifies Plaintiff as the subject
of the records, and connects Plaintiff, with sufficient evidence, to the agency’s records that identify
Plaintiff by personal information such as employment and residence. See Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at
*5. The records also connect Plaintiff with a potential violation of the law or security risk, due to the
adverse action taken by CBP in revoking Plaintiff’s membership in the global traveler program. (See
dkt. 11-4 at 9.) See also Carp, 2002 WL 373448, at *5.
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489 U.S. at 776. We are not convinced that the public’s interest in such information
outweighs CBP employees’ privacy interests. Moreover, Plaintiff has provided no evidence
of misconduct so as to override the presumption of good faith afforded to the Suzuki affidavit
submitted in support of its redactions under Exemptions 6 and 7(C). See Manna, 51 F.3d. at
1166–67 (requiring showing of bad faith to justify invading “demonstrable privacy interests”
and disclosing withheld information under Exemption 7(C)).
C.
Records Withheld Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(E)
CBP has withheld the following under Exemption 7(E): (1) the lower left-hand corner
of all pages of the biographic summary, request list, comment list, and risk assessment
worksheet; (2) a portion of the comment list under “Comment”; and (3) portions of the Risk
Assessment Worksheet that included “Query Results,” “Findings,” and “Supporting
Information.” (See generally dkt. 11-4.) CBP invokes Exemption 7(E) to protect
“information that would reveal how queries were conducted in specific law enforcement
databases and the results of those queries.” (See dkt. 11-7 at 21.) For the reasons explained
below, the Court finds that CBP properly redacted parts of the documents under Exemption
7(E).
CBP argues that disclosure of the information used to render decisions regarding
eligibility for the global traveler program “could adversely affect future investigations by
giving potential subjects of investigations the ability to anticipate the circumstances under
which such techniques could be employed in investigations where they may be targets . . . .”
(Dkt. 11-7 at 22; see also dkt. 11-2 at 7–9.) CBP also asserts that much of the redacted
information is derived from the TECS system, which courts have routinely held as exempt
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from disclosure under Exemption 7(E).5 See, e.g., Miller v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 872
F.Supp.2d 12, 29 (D.D.C. 2012) (upholding non-disclosure of the TECS system and access
codes on the ground that “disclosing [them] would expose a law enforcement technique,
promote circumvention of the law by allowing criminals to conceal their activity, or allow
fraudulent access to DEA’s databases”); Strunk v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 905 F.Supp.2d 142,
148 (D.D.C. 2012) (“The CBP thus demonstrates that its decision to withhold the TECSrelated information under Exemption 7(E) is proper.”).
The Court finds that CBP properly redacted the law enforcement-sensitive information
contained in the Risk Assessment Worksheet. The Suzuki affidavit provides sufficient details
regarding the information redacted, noting that it involved “queries . . . conducted in specific
law enforcement databases and the results of those queries.” (See dkt. 11-2 at 7.) The
affidavit states that this information could be used to circumvent the law by allowing
individuals to “alter their patterns of conduct, adopt new methods of operation, relocate,
change associations, and effectuate other countermeasures thus corrupting the integrity of
ongoing and future investigations.” (See id.) The Court concludes that CBP properly
redacted the law enforcement sensitive information because the agency logically
demonstrated “how the release of the requested information might create a risk of
circumvention of the law.” Qatanani, 2015 WL 1472227, at *14.
5
The TECS system (not an acronym), is an information-sharing platform that is owned and managed
by CBP. (See dkt. 11-2 at 7.) The TECS system enables interaction and data-sharing between various
federal agencies and aids law enforcement in border screening and inspections. (See id.)
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The Court also finds that CBP properly withheld the information gathered from the
TECS system under Exemption 7(E). The Suzuki affidavit details with great specificity the
volume and sensitivity of the data that is collected by the TECS system. (See dkt. 11-2 at 7–
8.) The affidavit further detailed the importance of protecting the TECS system from security
risks because of its role as a “fundamental law enforcement tool” that aids in “assisting CBP
to meet its primary mission to prevent terrorists, their weapons, and other dangerous items
from entering the United States.” (See id. at 8.) Thus, the records were properly redacted
under Exemption 7(E) as the information was gathered using the TECS system.
CONCLUSION
For the above-stated reasons, the Court finds that CBP properly redacted the records
related to Plaintiff’s FOIA request under Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E). The Court will
accordingly grant Defendant’s motion for summary judgment and enter judgment in favor of
Defendant. The Court will issue an appropriate order and judgment.
s/ Mary L. Cooper
.
MARY L. COOPER
United States District Judge
Dated: January 27, 2016
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