NIXON v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY

Filing 13

OPINION filed. Signed by Judge Freda L. Wolfson on 4/15/2016. (mmh)

*NOT FOR PUBLICATION*
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
ROSEMARY NIXON,

:
:
Plaintiff, :
:
v.
:
:
CAROLYN W. COLVIN, acting
:
Commissioner of Social Security,
:
:
Defendant. :

Civ. Action No.: 15-2395 (FLW)
OPINION

WOLFSON, United States District Judge:
Rosemary Nixon (“Plaintiff”), appeals from the final decision of the Acting Commissioner
of Social Security, Carolyn W. Colvin (the “Commissioner”), denying Plaintiff disability
insurance benefits and supplemental security income under Title II of the Social Security Act (the
“Act”). Plaintiff contends that in rendering his decision, the Administrative Law Judge (the “ALJ”)
(1) failed to take into account all of her impairments in determining her residual functional capacity
(“RFC”), (2) failed to properly evaluate and weigh the medical evidence of record, and (3) failed
to properly address a conflict between the testimony of the vocational expert and the Dictionary
of Occupational Titles (the “DOT”).
After reviewing the Administrative Record, the Court finds that the ALJ did not provide a
clear and satisfactory explanation of his determination of Plaintiff’s RFC, and thus, his decision is
not based on substantial evidence. Accordingly, this case is remanded for further proceedings
before the ALJ, consistent with this Opinion.

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I.

Factual Background and Procedural History
This matter arises from Plaintiff’s disability application, filed on August 9, 2011, alleging

disability beginning April 5, 2008, due to high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and allergies.
Administrative Record (“A.R.”) 177-89, 205. Plaintiff later amended her date of disability onset
to March 3, 2010. A.R. 29. Plaintiff’s claims were first denied on January 24, 2012. A.R. 109-20.
Reconsideration of her application was denied on June 6, 2012. A.R. 127-32. Thereafter, on
August 6, 2012, Plaintiff filed a request for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge. A.R.
135-39. On August 21, 2013, Plaintiff, represented by counsel, Rita J. Bonner, Esq., appeared and
testified at a hearing before ALJ Kenneth Bossong. A.R. 25-66. On December 4, 2013, the ALJ
determined that Plaintiff was not disabled. A.R. 12-24. Plaintiff requested a review by the Appeals
Council, and on February 8, 2015, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request. A.R. 6-10. This
appeal followed.
Plaintiff was born on August 25, 1960, and was 49 years old on the alleged onset date of
her disability, March 3, 2010. A.R. 31. Plaintiff’s alleged disability results from depression, lower
back pain with sciatica, leg pain, diabetes with diabetic neuropathy, and headaches with recurrent
ear infections A.R. 30. Plaintiff testified at the hearing before the ALJ that she could not work due
to pain in her feet, left side, fingertips, head, and ears, as well as muscle spasms, drowsiness caused
by her medication, swollen and tingling feet, shortness of breath, fatigue, forgetfulness, and
incontinence. A.R. 39-45. Plaintiff takes medication for her foot pain, muscle spasms, high blood
pressure, diabetes, and incontinence. A.R. 41. Plaintiff is on a special doctor-prescribed diet, due
to her diabetes, to help modulate her blood sugar. A.R. 42. Plaintiff also testified that she suffers
from incontinence resulting from a hysterectomy, and has episodes of incontinence approximately
three times per day. A.R. 44-45.
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a. Review of the Medical Evidence 1
i.

Marcella Frank, D.O.– Treating Physician

On July 5, 2011, Plaintiff underwent a polysomnogram to evaluate the quality of her sleep.
A.R. 348-349. After observing Plaintiff while sleeping, Dr. Marcella Frank diagnosed Plaintiff
with snoring. A.R. 349. For better sleep, Dr. Frank recommended that Plaintiff avoid sleeping in a
supine position and that she lose weight. A.R. 349.
ii.

Olasinbo Olukoya, M.D. – Treating Physician

Plaintiff’s medical records indicate that on October 24, 2011 she underwent a successful
hysterectomy to treat a symptomatic fibroid uterus, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia. A.R. 357.
Plaintiff was discharged from the hospital three days after her surgery without incident. A.R. 357.
iii.

Francky Merlin, M.D. – Examining Physician

On January 11, 2012, Plaintiff attended a consultative exam with Dr. Francky Merlin to
assess the scope of her impairments. A.R. 367. Dr. Merlin noted that Plaintiff has a history of high
blood pressure, diabetes, and depression. A.R. 367. Plaintiff reported to Dr. Merlin that she had
previously undergone a hysterectomy and surgery on her right knee. A.R. 367. Plaintiff claimed
that she had stopped using recreational drugs 20 years ago, stopped smoking five years ago, and
that she no longer drank. A.R. 367.
Dr. Merlin performed a physical examination of Plaintiff and found that Plaintiff had no
difficulty getting up from a sitting position or getting on and off the examining table; she did not
have impaired grasping strength of manipulative functions; she could squat and walk on her heels

1

The Court notes that numerous pages of the medical record consist of illegible handwritten and
poorly photocopied notes.
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and toes; she did not have impaired range of motion; and her station and gait were normal. A.R.
368. Dr. Merlin measured Plaintiff’s blood pressure at 140/80. A.R. 368. Dr. Merlin also noted
that Plaintiff’s feet were cold with dorsalis pedis pulses that were not palpable. A.R. 368.
Neurologically, Dr. Merlin observed that Plaintiff was alert, conscious, and oriented. Ar. 368.
Based on his physical examination, Dr. Merlin diagnosed Plaintiff with hypertension and diabetes
mellitus. A.R. 369. Additionally, Dr. Merlin concluded that Plaintiff “is able to sit, stand, walk,
crouch, carry, hear and speak.” A.R. 369.
iv.

P.N. Aruna, M.D. – Treating Physician

On January 17, 2012, Plaintiff sought treatment from Dr. P.N. Aruna for ear pain. A.R.
452. Plaintiff reported experiencing “constant ear infection, . . . swelling of the ears, [and the
feeling] like there is something running out of her ear.” A.R. 452. Plaintiff also claimed that her
hearing at the time was “fair.” A.R. 452. Dr. Aruna examined Plaintiff and diagnosed her with a
perforation of the right-side tympanic membrane and recurrent otitis media. A.R. 452. Dr. Aruna
prescribed a ten day treatment course of amoxicillin, seven days of treatment with ciprodex, and
two weeks of treatment with Zyrtec. A.R. 452. Dr. Aruna also instructed Plaintiff to return for a
follow-up examine. A.R. 452.
v.

Bradd Millian, M.D. – Treating Physician

On March 16, 2012, Dr. Bradd Millian performed an MRI exam of Plaintiff’s brain to
investigate the source of her headaches. A.R. 399. Dr. Millian found no abnormalities. A.R. 399.
vi.

Gary Karlin, M.D. – Treating Physician

On April 10, 2012, Plaintiff sought treatment from Dr. Gary Karlin for incontinence. A.R.
450. Dr. Karlin opined that Plaintiff’s incontinence resulted from her prior hysterectomy and
prescribed medication as treatment. A.R. 449-50.
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vii.

P.N. Aruna, M.D. – Treating Physician

On April 24, 2012, Plaintiff attended a follow-up exam with Dr. P.N. Aruna for her rightside tympanic membrane perforation. A.R. 455. Plaintiff claimed that she was still experiencing
ear pain and congestion. A.R. 455. Dr. Aruna examined Plaintiff and found that she still had rightside tympanic membrane perforation, and newly diagnosed her with chronic sinusitis. A.R. 457.
Dr. Aruna prescribed a CT scan of Plaintiff’s mastoid, and suggested that mastoid surgery might
be necessary pending the results of the CT scan. A.R. 457.
viii.

Kim Arrington, Psy.D. – Examining Physician

Plaintiff attended a consultative exam with Dr. Kim Arrington on May 3, 2012 to assess
the extent of her mental impairments. A.R. 458. Dr. Arrington noted that Plaintiff has a history of
high blood pressure, diabetes, iron deficiency, and had undergone a hysterectomy in October 2011.
A.R. 458. Plaintiff informed Dr. Arrington that she had been taken to a psychiatrist as a child
because her step-parents thought “something was wrong with me.” A.R. 458. Additionally, Dr.
Arrington noted that Plaintiff was currently taking a daily prescription of 75 mg of amitriptyline,
an anti-depressant. A.R. 458.
Plaintiff reported to Dr. Arrington that she suffered from a number of mood-related
symptoms, including: poor sleep; dysphoric moods; crying spells; fatigue; difficulty concentrating;
isolating herself from others; episodes of increased agitation, which induce arguments with others
and thoughts of hurting others; excessive worry; nightmares; flashbacks to unpleasant experiences;
and panic attacks with heart palpitations and sweating. A.R. 458-59. Additionally, Plaintiff
claimed to be experiencing cognitive symptomatology, such as short- and long-term memory
deficits and becoming easily disoriented. A.R. 459. However, Plaintiff also reported that her

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appetite was fair. A.R. 458. Plaintiff informed Dr. Arrington that she had a history of marijuana
and cocaine use, but had not used intravenous drugs in 22 years. A.R. 459.
Based on an interview and examination of Plaintiff, Dr. Arrington diagnosed Plaintiff with
cyclothymic disorder, rule-out bipolar 2 disorder, and rule-out post-traumatic stress disorder. A.R.
460. Dr. Arrington assigned Plaintiff a global assessment of functioning (“GAF”) score of 50,
which indicates serious symptoms or serious impairment in social, occupational, or school
functioning. A.R. 460. She found that Plaintiff’s mood fluctuations and anxiety may significantly
interfere with her ability to function on a daily basis. A.R. 460. Ultimately, Dr. Arrington
concluded that Plaintiff is able to follow and understand simple directions and instructions,
perform simple tasks independently, but has difficulty maintaining attention and concentration, as
well as learning new tasks and performing complex tasks independently. A.R. 460. Dr. Arrington
opined that Plaintiff would be able to maintain a regular schedule with support and structure. A.R.
460. Additionally, Dr. Arrington stated that Plaintiff needed support managing her finances, due
to her difficulties with attention, concentration, and memory. A.R. 461.
b. Review of Disability Determinations
i.

Martin Sheehy, M.D. – Disability Determination

On January 24, 2012, state agency medical consultant, Dr. Martin Sheehy, reviewed the
evidence of disability submitted by Plaintiff and assessed Plaintiff’s level of impairment. A.R. 6774. Dr. Sheehy determined that Plaintiff suffers from mild obesity, diabetes mellitus, essential
hypertension, and allergies. A.R. 67. Dr. Sheehy did not find that Plaintiff suffers from any
significant psychological problems. A.R. 71. He concluded that Plaintiff’s impairments do not
significantly limit her physical or mental ability. A.R. 73. Accordingly, Dr. Sheehy determined
that Plaintiff was not disabled. A.R. 74.
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ii.

Jose Acuna, M.D. – Disability Determination

On May 21, 2012, state agency medical consultant, Dr. Jose Acuna, reviewed the evidence
of disability submitted by Plaintiff and reassessed her level of impairment. A.R. 83-93. Dr. Acuna
determined that Plaintiff suffers from mild obesity, diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, and
affective disorders. A.R. 87-88. Dr. Acuna observed that Plaintiff’s blood pressure and blood
glucose are controlled with medication, and that her physical impairments do not significantly
limit her ability to perform work. A.R. 87. Dr. Acuna further observed that Plaintiff’s mental
impairments do not equal an affective disorder disability under Section 12.04 of 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404,
Subpt. P., App. 1 (the “Impairment List”), because her restriction of activities of daily living is
mild, her difficulties in maintaining social functioning are moderate, her difficulties in maintaining
concentration, persistence or pace are moderate, and she has no history of repeated episodes of
decompensation, each of extended duration. A.R. 88. Additionally, Dr. Acuna found Plaintiff’s
mental impairments did not equal a disability under Section 12.04, because she had no medically
documented history of a chronic affective disorder of at least two years’ duration that had caused
more than a minimal limitation of ability to do basic work activities, with symptoms or signs
currently attenuated by medication or psychosocial support, and one of the following: (1) repeated
episodes of decompensation, each of extended duration; (2) a residual disease process that had
resulted in such marginal adjustment that even a minimal increase in mental demands or change
in the environment would be predicted to cause the individual to decompensate; or (3) a current
history of one or more years’ inability to function outside a highly supportive living arrangement,
with an indication of continued need for such an arrangement. A.R. 88.
Based on his assessment of her mental RFC, Dr. Acuna determined that Plaintiff is
moderately limited in her ability to understand, remember, and carry out detailed instructions;
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moderately limited in her attention, concentration, and pace; moderately limited in her ability to
work in coordination with or in proximity to others without being distracted by them; moderately
limited in her ability to accept instructions and respond appropriately to criticism from supervisors;
moderately limited in her ability to get along with coworkers or peers without distracting them or
exhibiting behavioral extremes; moderately limited in her ability to respond appropriately to
changes in the work setting; and moderately limited in her ability to travel in unfamiliar places or
use public transportation. A.R. 89-91. Dr. Acuna reasoned that because Plaintiff’s RFC limited her
to unskilled work, she could not perform her past work as a clerk, which had a specific vocational
preparation (“SVP”) of 3. A.R. 92. Nonetheless, Dr. Acuna found that Plaintiff was not disabled
because she could perform unskilled heavy work. A.R. 92-93.
c. Review of the Testimonial Evidence
i.

Plaintiff’s Testimony

At the hearing before the ALJ on August 21, 2013, Plaintiff amended her disability onset
date from April 5, 2008, the date she was laid off from her job at American Color Graphics, to
March 3, 2010, the first time she was treated for her diabetes. A.R. 29.
At the hearing, Plaintiff testified that she has an 11th grade education and never received
any specialized training for work. A.R. 33-34. Plaintiff explained that she can read and write as
well as perform basic math, but that she relies on her daughter to help manage her money because
it is difficult for her to count. A.R. 34-35. Plaintiff stated that between 2006 and 2008 she worked
for American Color Graphics as a machine operator, and between 1986 and 2006 she worked for
the Trenton Times as a machine operator/clerk. A.R. 33, 35-36. Plaintiff explained that at both of
these jobs, her duties involved feeding skids of paper into a printing machine, unloading the
bundles produced by the machine, and confirming that the bundles were being produced correctly.
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A.R. 59. According to Plaintiff, her job at American Color Graphics required her to lift packets of
papers, as heavy as 15 pounds each. A.R. 35. Additionally, she stated that while performing this
work she was often on her feet, sometimes for up to 12 hours at a time. A.R. 35. Regarding her job
at the Trenton Times, Plaintiff testified that she was required to lift items up to 20 pounds in weight
and was often on her feet. A.R. 36.
Plaintiff stated that in April 2008, she was laid off from her job with American Color
Graphics. A.R. 36. According to Plaintiff, for two years after she lost her job, she received
unemployment benefits and actively sought new work in warehouses, but was not offered a job.
A.R. 38. Plaintiff explained that if she had been offered a job at that time, she would have accepted
it, but that if she was offered a job now, she would not be able to work because of her alleged
disability. A.R. 38-39.
Plaintiff testified that she is currently unable to work because she “[has] a lot of pain and
[her] medicine makes [her] tired and drowsy, and [her] feet swell up.” A.R. 39. Plaintiff claimed
that she experiences pain in many areas of her body, including her feet, her left side, her fingertips,
her head, and her ears. A.R. 39. She explained that she had surgery on her right foot to remove a
“mass,” and subsequently has suffered swelling, pain, and tingling in that foot. A.R. 39. Plaintiff
described how her fingertips in her left hand turn blue, are painful, and feel numb. A.R. 40.
According to Plaintiff, when this occurs, she has difficulty using her hands and they are painful to
the touch. A.R. 41. Plaintiff testified that when she experiences pain in her ears, it sometimes
prevents her from being able to hear. A.R. 41. Plaintiff stated that the pain in her left side is caused
by muscle spasms. A.R. 42-43. At one point during her testimony, Plaintiff claimed that although
she takes medication for her pain and muscle spasms, it does not help relieve her pain. A.R. 43.
Later, Plaintiff stated that her pain medication helps lessen the pain a little bit. A.R. 49. Plaintiff
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further stated that this medication causes her to become drowsy. A.R. 39, 41. Plaintiff said that her
doctor recommended physical therapy to treat her pain and spasms, and that she planned to undergo
such treatment in the future. A.R. 55.
Plaintiff further testified that she takes medication to control her diabetes. A.R. 41. She
claimed to adhere to a restricted diet, prescribed by her doctor for diabetes, to help modulate her
blood sugar. A.R. 42. However, despite this treatment, Plaintiff stated that her blood sugar usually
measures in the high 200s. A.R. 42. Similarly, Plaintiff said that she takes medication for her high
blood pressure, but despite this treatment, her blood pressure is still too high. A.R. 43-44.
Plaintiff testified that in October 2011, she had a partial hysterectomy, and that due to this
surgery she now suffers from incontinence. A.R. 44, 54. Although Plaintiff takes medication to
treat her incontinence, she testified that she still experiences episodes of incontinence
approximately three times per day. A.R. 44-45. Plaintiff explained that her incontinence occurs
not because she needs to use the bathroom and is unable to make it in time, but rather because she
is not aware that she needs to relieve herself. A.R. 45.
Plaintiff stated that she currently lives with her 29 year-old daughter and 13 year-old
grandson. A.R. 32. Her daily activities, according to her testimony, include “try[ing] to pick up
around the house,” sitting, napping, and minor chores like washing dishes. A.R. 45-46. Plaintiff
testified that she no longer cooks for herself. A.R. 57. Plaintiff claimed that she cannot lift her
granddaughter, who is 19 pounds, and is unsure if she could lift a 5-pound bag of flour. A.R. 50.
Plaintiff stated that she cannot lift her arms above her head long enough to put rollers in her hair,
and it is difficult to use her hands for long periods of time. A.R. 50-51. According to Plaintiff, she
frequently sews clothing and reads books for pleasure. A.R. 55-56. Plaintiff stated that she can
only follow a television program for one hour before losing attention. A.R. 49.
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Finally, Plaintiff testified that she has a driver’s license and can drive, but does not drive
alone because she forgets where she parked her car or how to get back home. A.R. 46-47. Plaintiff
stated that she leaves her home approximately every other day, to run errands with her daughter.
A.R. 49. Plaintiff testified that on these trips with her daughter, she can only walk around a store
for up to half an hour before tiring. A.R. 49-50.
i.

Lois Salozy – Vocational Expert’s Testimony

At the hearing before the ALJ on August 21, 2013, the vocational expert, Lois Salozy,
testified that, based on Plaintiff’s testimony and a review of Plaintiff’s disability report, Plaintiff
previously worked as an inserting machine operator. A.R. 60. Mr. Salozy further testified that even
though this job is typically performed at medium exertion, Plaintiff performed this job at light
exertion. A.R. 60. Mr. Salozy stated that this job is unskilled and has a SVP level of 2, meaning
up to one month of training is required to perform the job. A.R. 60. Based on the same evidence,
Mr. Salozy also testified that Plaintiff had also previously performed the job of a mail clerk. A.R.
60. He explained that she performed this job as unskilled and light exertion, with an SVP level of
2.
The ALJ questioned Mr. Salozy as to whether a hypothetical individual who had no
exertional limitations, but was only able to understand, remember, and carry out simple
instructions, was limited to occasional interaction with coworkers, and could only abide infrequent
and gradually introduced change in the workplace, would be capable of performing Plaintiff’s past
work. A.R. 61. Mr. Salozy opined that such an individual would be able to perform both of
Plaintiff’s previous jobs. A.R. 61. If the hypothetical individual’s abilities were further restricted
to no more than occasional interactions with supervisors, Mr. Salozy opined that she would still
be able to perform both of Plaintiff’s past jobs. A.R. 61. However, Mr. Salozy testified that if the
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same hypothetical individual was also exertionally limited to light exertion, with all postural
limitations (e.g. climbing stairs, stooping, kneeling, etc.) being occasional, she would not be able
to perform work as an inserting machine operator, but would still be able to work as a mail clerk.
A.R. 61-62. Finally, Mr. Salozy opined that if the hypothetical individual was also required to take
a 10 minute break every hour, she would not be able to perform either of Plaintiff’s past jobs, or
any work available in the national economy. A.R. 62.
d. The ALJ’s Findings
In a decision dated December 4, 2013, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff met the insured
status requirements of the Act, and would continue to meet them through December 31, 2013. A.R.
15. After reviewing the record and applying the relevant law, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not
disabled, within the meaning of the Act, from April 5, 2008 through the date of the ALJ’s decision.
A.R. 15. In reaching this conclusion, the ALJ applied the standard five-step evaluation process to
determine if Plaintiff satisfied her burden of establishing disability. 2
At step one, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful
activity since March 3, 2010, the amended alleged disability onset date. A.R. 17.
At step two, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff has the following severe impairments:
cyclothymic disorder, rule-out diagnosis for bipolar II disorder, rule-out diagnosis for posttraumatic stress disorder, diabetes mellitus, obesity, incontinence, and hypertension. A.R. 17.
At step three, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff does not have an impairment, or
combination of impairments, that meets or medically equals the severity of any of the impairments
included in the Impairment List. A.R. 18. This determination was based on the fact that “no treating

2

See infra Part III.
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or examining physician . . . mentioned findings equivalent in severity to the criteria of any listed
impairments” and that the state agency medical consultants opined that Plaintiff’s impairments did
not equal a listing. A.R. 18. Specifically, the ALJ stated that Plaintiff’s impairments, taken
together, do not constitute a respiratory disorder under Sections 3.00, et seq, of the Impairment
List, an endocrine disorder under Sections 9.00, et seq, of the Impairment List, or a mental disorder
under Sections 12.04 or 12.06, of the Impairment List. A.R. 18.
The ALJ further explained that Plaintiff’s impairments do not equal an affective disorder,
under Section 12.04, or an anxiety related disorder, under Section 12.06, because Plaintiff does
not have two of the restrictions listed in Section 12.04(B) and Section 12.06(B) – (1) marked
restriction in two of the activities of daily living; (2) marked difficulties in maintaining social
functioning; (3) marked difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace; or (4)
repeated episodes of decompensation, each of extended duration. A.R 18. The ALJ found that
although Plaintiff has “mild difficulties in maintaining activities of daily living,” these difficulties
did not reach the level of marked difficulties. A.R. 18. In making this finding, the ALJ cited to
Plaintiff’s testimony that she was able to sew clothes, and had sewed a dress for her granddaughter,
which took her two days to complete. A.R. 18. Additionally, the ALJ determined that because
Plaintiff has a good relationship with her daughter, who helps her with cooking and cleaning,
Plaintiff has moderate, but not marked, difficulties in maintaining social functioning. A.R. 18.
With regard to Plaintiff’s difficulties maintaining concentration, persistence, and pace, the ALJ
observed that Plaintiff takes medication, which makes her tired and drowsy; she forgets
appointments; she loses her glasses 3-4 times per day; her recent and remote memory are impaired
by her depression; and she is unable to do multiplication or division. A.R. 18. Based on these
impairments, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s difficulties maintaining concentration,
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persistence, and pace are moderate, but not marked. A.R. 18. The ALJ found that Plaintiff had
experienced no episodes of decompensation. A.R. 19. Therefore, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s
impairments do not meet the requirements of an affective disorder under Section 12.04. A.R. 19.
Additionally, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s impairments do not equal an affective disorder,
under Section 12.04, because Plaintiff does not have “a medically documented history of a chronic
affective disorder of at least two years’ duration that has caused more than a minimal limitation of
ability to do basic work activities, with symptoms or signs currently attenuated by medication or
psychosocial support, and one of the following: repeated episodes of decompensation, each of
extended duration; or a residual disease process that has resulted in such marginal adjustment that
even a minimal increase in mental demands or change in the environment would be predicted to
cause the individual to decompensate; or current history of one or more years’ inability to function
outside a highly supportive living arrangement, with an indication of continued need for such an
arrangement.” A.R. 19. Finally, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s impairments also do not equal an
anxiety disorder, under Section 12.06, because Plaintiff does not have a complete inability to
function outside her home. A.R. 19.
At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff has the RFC to perform light work, as defined in
20 CFR 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b), but that she can only occasionally climb stairs; balance;
stoop; kneel; crouch; climb ladders; or crawl; and that she can only frequently finger. A.R. 19. The
ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s RFC is also limited to understanding, remembering, and carrying
out simple instructions in a workplace where contact with a supervisor, coworker, and the public
is occasional, and where changes in the workplace are infrequent and gradually introduced. A.R.
19. In determining Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ considered “all symptoms and the extent to which

14

these symptoms can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective medical evidence and
other evidence,” including the opinion evidence on the record.
The ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s “medically determinable impairments could
reasonably be expected to cause some of the alleged symptoms; however, [Plaintiff’s] statements,
concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms [were] not entirely
credible.” A.R. 21. The ALJ noted that Plaintiff left her job in 2008 only because she was laid off.
A.R. 20. And although there are many pages of Plaintiff’s medical records, cataloging physical
testing and treatment that she received, these records do not include “significant findings,” A.R.
20. Additionally, the ALJ observed that there were no x-ray reports or magnetic resonance imaging
reports included in Plaintiff’s medical records. A.R. 20. The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s glucose
and hypertension numbers, although mildly elevated at times, are reasonably controlled with her
medications. A.R. 20. And, the ALJ observed that despite the fact that Plaintiff testified that she
experienced pain, there was no mention of diabetic neuropathy or pain management treatment in
her medical records. A.R. 20. Moreover, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff had testified that her pain
is “lessened” by her medication, and thus far she has only pursued conservative treatment for her
pain, including physical therapy. A.R. 20
The ALJ noted that Plaintiff has not been hospitalized for her uncontrolled blood pressure,
and has had no ophthalmologic, cardiac, renal or neurological involvement. A.R. 20. Additionally,
the ALJ observed that she takes Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide, Norvasc, and metoprolol to treat
these conditions. A.R. 20. The ALJ observed that Plaintiff also takes metformin for her blood
sugar, and has no history of related medical complications, like heart attack, kidney failure, or
stroke. A.R. 20.

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The ALJ reviewed Dr. Merlin’s report that Plaintiff had normal motor strength, gait and
station, and had no difficulty getting from sitting to standing or getting on/off the exam table. A.R.
20. However, the ALJ found that in general, Dr. Merlin’s opinion that Plaintiff is able to sit, stand,
walk, crouch, carry, hear and speak, should be given reduced weight because it is “overly vague
and does not address how often [Plaintiff] can perform these activities or how much weight she
can lift and/or carry.” A.R. 22. The ALJ also noted that based on her testimony, Plaintiff cannot
stand for long periods, and cannot climb “a lot” of stairs or walk long distances – walking for a
maximum of thirty minutes before having to rest. A.R. 21.
The ALJ further observed that Plaintiff is considered obese because she is 5' 4" and weighs
approximately 184 pounds, giving her a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 31.6. A.R. 21. Taking into
account Plaintiff’s obesity, together with her other physical impairments, the ALJ found that
Plaintiff was precluded from performing more than a limited range of light work. A.R. 21. The
ALJ further observed that Plaintiff “underwent hysterectomy on October 24, 2011, with some
resulting incontinence,” but did not specifically discuss how this impairment might affect
Plaintiff’s RFC. A.R. 21.
In general, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was more limited than determined by the state
medical agency consultants, and accordingly, gave their opinions little weight. A.R. 23. Where the
state agency medical consultants determined that Plaintiff had non-severe physical impairments
and moderate but not disabling mental limitations, based on Plaintiff’s testimony, the ALJ found
that Plaintiff suffered from more significant limitations. A.R. 23. The ALJ concluded that the state
agency medical consultants had not adequately considered the combined effects of Plaintiff’s
impairments. A.R. 23.

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Regarding Plaintiff’s mental impairments, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff reported
experiencing dysphoric moods; crying spells; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; excessive worry;
nightmares; difficulty sleeping; flashbacks to unpleasant experiences; panic attacks with heart
palpitations and sweating; short and long-term memory deficits; as well as the need to isolate
herself from others. A.R. 20-21. The ALJ observed that Plaintiff underwent a polysomnogram in
2011, which revealed some mild snoring, for which weight loss was the recommended treatment.
A.R. 21. Additionally, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff experiences episodes of increased agitation,
characterized by arguments with others and thoughts of harming others. A.R. 20-21. The ALJ
noted that Plaintiff needs reminders to take her medication. A.R. 21. The ALJ also referenced
Plaintiff’s fair appetite and history of marijuana and cocaine use. A.R. 21.
The ALJ reviewed Dr. Arrington’s report, and found that some of her opinions regarding
Plaintiff’s mental impairments should be given “some weight,” but gave little weight to Dr.
Arrington’s conclusion that Plaintiff had a GAF score of 50, i.e. that Plaintiff suffered from serious
symptoms, like suicidal ideation, or that Plaintiff had serious difficulty in social, occupational, or
school functioning. A.R. 22. Specifically, the ALJ determined that the following opinions of Dr.
Arrington should be given some weight: that Plaintiff is able to follow and understand simple
directions and instructions; is able to perform simple tasks independently; would have difficulty
maintaining attention and concentration; would have difficulty learning new tasks and performing
complex tasks independently; and would be able to maintain a regular schedule with support and
structure. A.R. 22. The ALJ explained that these opinions merited some weight because they were
“partially consistent with the other medical evidence and the other credible evidence in the record,
including the findings on clinical examinations, the findings upon diagnostic studies and/or
evaluations, and the claimant's symptoms.” A.R. 22.
17

Conversely, the ALJ gave Plaintiff’s GAF score little weight, because he found that it was
“not consistent with the overall medical evidence of record, which appears to indicate moderate
mental impairments.” A.R. 22. Specifically, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s ability for social
functioning would only slightly impact her ability to deal with the public, bosses, supervisors, or
co-workers. A.R. 22. The ALJ explained that this conclusion was based on Plaintiff’s display of
good social functioning at the hearing. A.R. 22. For example, the ALJ observed that at the hearing,
Plaintiff adequately responded to extensive questions, under stressful circumstances, in the
presence of strangers, and appeared to relate adequately and comfortably with the ALJ and her
counsel. A.R. 22. However, the ALJ accounted for discrepancies between his observations at the
hearing, and Plaintiff’s alleged limitations, by limiting Plaintiff’s RFC to only occasional contact
with others in the work setting. A.R. 22.
Additionally, the ALJ explained that Plaintiff’s testimony regarding her ability to perform
unskilled work on a regular sustained basis, supported his assessment that she has relatively good
ability for maintaining concentration, persistence, attention and pace, at least to the extent
necessary to perform sustained unskilled work tasks. A.R. 23. Specifically, the ALJ cited to
Plaintiff’s testimony that she maintains the ability to sew for long periods; that she reads “a lot”;
that she performs “light sweeping” and “light dishwashing”; and that she can drive a car and shop.
A.R. 23. Additionally, the ALJ relied on Plaintiff’s report that “school” is part of her daily
activities. A.R. 23. The ALJ concluded that “[t]his extensive array of activities require
substantially good abilities for maintaining concentration, persistence, attention and pace, and are
consistent with an ability to perform a limited range of unskilled, light work.” A.R. 23.
Finally, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff receives no medication or other treatment for her
alleged mental impairments, which supports a conclusion that her symptoms are not as disabling
18

as alleged. A.R. 23. However, the ALJ gave Plaintiff the benefit of the doubt, and accepted her
allegations of dysphoric moods; some difficulty concentrating; and episodes of increased agitation
causing impaired social interaction. A.R. 23. Accordingly, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff is
limited to understanding, remembering and carrying out simple instructions; to having only
occasional contact with others; and to working in an environment where changes are infrequent
and gradually introduced, as she is likely to become more symptomatic with the added mental
pressures generally associated with semiskilled and skilled work. A.R. 23.
Based on Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was capable of performing her past
work as a mail clerk. A.R. 23. The ALJ observed that in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, the
work of a mail clerk is assigned a Specific Vocational Profile (“SVP”) of 2, is unskilled, and has
light exertional requirements. A.R. 23. The ALJ relied on the vocational expert’s testimony that
an individual given Plaintiff’s age, education, work experience, and RFC could perform Plaintiff’s
past work as a mail clerk. A.R. 23. Therefore, because she was capable of performing her past
work as a mail clerk, the ALJ’s final determination was that Plaintiff was not disabled within the
meaning of the Act from April 5, 2008 through the date of the ALJ’s decision. A.R. 15, 23-24.
Accordingly, the ALJ’s analysis did not proceed to step five.
II.

Standard of Review
On a review of a final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration,

a district court “shall have power to enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the record, a
judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Commissioner of Social Security,
with or without remanding the cause for a rehearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see Matthews v. Apfel,
239 F.3d 589, 592 (3d Cir. 2001). The Commissioner’s decisions regarding questions of fact are
considered conclusive by a reviewing court if supported by “substantial evidence in the record.”
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42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see Knepp v. Apfel, 204 F.3d 78, 83 (3d Cir. 2000). While the court must
examine the record in its entirety for purposes of determining whether the Commissioner’s
findings are supported by substantial evidence, Gober v. Matthews, 574 F.2d 772, 776 (3d Cir.
1978), the standard is highly deferential. Jones v. Barnhart, 364 F.3d 501, 503 (3d Cir. 2004).
Indeed, “substantial evidence” is defined as “more than a mere scintilla” of evidence, but less than
a preponderance of the evidence. McCrea v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 370 F.3d 357, 360 (3d Cir.
2004). “It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate.” Plummer
v. Apfel, 186 F.3d 422, 427 (3d Cir. 1999). A reviewing court is not “empowered to weigh the
evidence or substitute its conclusions for those of the fact-finder.” Williams v. Sullivan, 970 F.2d
1178, 1182 (3d Cir. 1992). Accordingly, even if there is contrary evidence in the record that would
justify the opposite conclusion, the Commissioner’s decision will be upheld if it is supported by
substantial evidence. See Simmonds v. Heckler, 807 F.2d 54, 58 (3d Cir. 1986).
III.

Standard of Entitlement to Benefits
Disability insurance benefits may not be paid under the Act unless Plaintiff first meets the

statutory insured status requirements. See 42 U.S.C. § 423(c). Plaintiff must also demonstrate the
“inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable
physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can
be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months. . . .” 42 U.S.C.
§ 423(d)(1)(A); see Plummer, 186 F.3d at 427. An individual is not disabled unless “his physical
or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his
previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any
other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” 42 U.S.C.

20

§ 423(d)(2)(A). Eligibility for supplemental security income requires the same showing of
disability. Id. at § 1382c (a)(3)(A)-(B).
The Act establishes a five-step sequential process for evaluation by the ALJ to determine
whether an individual is disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. First, the ALJ determines whether
the claimant has shown that he is not currently engaged in “substantial gainful activity.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(a); see Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 146-47 n. 5 (1987). If a claimant is presently
engaged in any form of substantial gainful activity, he is automatically denied disability benefits.
See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(b); see Bowen, 482 U.S. at 140. Second, the ALJ determines whether
the claimant has demonstrated a “severe impairment” or “combination of impairments” that
significantly limits his physical or mental ability to do basic work activities. 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(c); see Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146-47 n. 5. Basic work activities are defined as “the
abilities and aptitudes necessary to do most jobs.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1521(b). These activities
include physical functions such as “walking, standing, sitting, lifting, pushing, pulling, reaching,
carrying or handling,” and mental functions such as “understanding, carrying out, and
remembering simple instructions; use of judgment; responding appropriately to supervision, coworkers and usual work situations; and dealing with changes in a routine work setting.” Id. A
claimant who does not have a severe impairment is not considered disabled. 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(c); see Plummer, 186 F.3d at 428.
Third, if an impairment is found to be severe, the ALJ then determines whether the
claimant’s impairments meet or are equal to any impairment on the Impairment List. 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii). If the claimant demonstrates that his impairments are equal in severity to, or
meet those on the Impairment List, the claimant has satisfied his burden of proof and is
automatically entitled to benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d); see Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146-47
21

n. 5. If the specific impairment is not listed, the ALJ will consider in his decision the impairment
that most closely satisfies those listed for purposes of deciding whether the impairment is
medically equivalent. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1526(a). If there is more than one impairment, the ALJ
then must consider whether the combination of impairments is equal to any listed impairment. Id.
An impairment or combination of impairments is basically equivalent to a listed impairment if
there are medical findings equal in severity to all the criteria for the one most similar. Williams,
970 F.2d at 1186.
If the claimant is not conclusively disabled under the criteria set forth in the Impairment
List, step three is not satisfied, and the claimant must prove at step four whether he retains the RFC
to perform his past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 141. If the claimant
is able to perform his previous work, the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e),
416.920(e); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 141-42. The claimant bears the burden of demonstrating an
inability to return to his past relevant work. Plummer, 186 F.3d at 428. Finally, if it is determined
that the claimant is no longer able to perform his previous work, the burden of production then
shifts to the Commissioner to show, at step five, that the “claimant is able to perform work
available in the national economy.” Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146-47 n. 5; Plummer, 186 F.3d at 428.
This step requires the ALJ to consider the claimant’s RFC, age, education, and past work
experience. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(f). The ALJ must analyze the cumulative effect of all the
claimant’s impairments in determining whether the claimant is capable of performing work and is
not disabled. Id.
IV.

Plaintiff’s Claims on Appeal
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in his decision at step four by (1) failing to take into

account all of her severe impairments in determining her RFC (2) failing to properly evaluate and
22

weigh the medical evidence of record in determining her RFC, and (3) failing to properly evaluate
the vocational evidence on record. Plaintiff also submits that rather than remand this matter to the
ALJ for a rehearing, the Court should reverse the ALJ’s decision and grant summary judgment in
her favor.
First, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to take into account her incontinence when
determining her RFC. Indeed, when discussing the bases for Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ referenced
her incontinence, but did not explain its effect on her RFC. A.R. 21. In that regard, when “making
a residual functional capacity determination, the ALJ must consider all evidence before him.”
Burnett v. Comm’r of SSA, 220 F.3d 112, 121 (3d Cir. 2000). Social Security Ruling 96-8p requires
that an adjudicator assessing an RFC “must consider limitations and restrictions imposed by all of
an individual’s impairments,” both severe and non-severe. SSR 96-8p, 1996 SSR LEXIS 5.
Additionally, the ALJ must “give some indication of the evidence which he rejects and his
reason(s) for discounting such evidence.” Burnett, 220 F.3d at 121. Stated differently, “the ALJ’s
finding of residual functional capacity must be accompanied by a clear and satisfactory explication
of the basis on which it rests,” otherwise the reviewing court “cannot tell if significant probative
evidence was not credited or simply ignored.” Fargnoli v. Halter, 247 F.3d 34, 41-42 (3d Cir.
2001) (quoting Cotter v. Harris, 642 F.2d 700, 704-5 (3d Cir. 1981)) (quotations omitted).
At step two of his analysis, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “incontinence from history of
hysterectomy” is a severe impairment. A.R. 17. By definition, a severe impairment has at least a
“minimal effect on an individual’s ability to work.” McCrea, 370 F.3d at 360. However, at step
four, when formulating Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ did not explain what effect this severe impairment
had on Plaintiff’s RFC. A.R. 21. Indeed, the ALJ’s only reference to this impairment at step four
was the purely factual observation that “[t]he claimant underwent hysterectomy [sic] on October
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24, 2011, with some resulting incontinence.” A.R. 21. Plaintiff testified that she experiences
episodes of incontinence approximately three times per day, despite taking medication to treat this
condition. A.R. 44-45. On one hand, the ALJ could reasonably have found that this impairment
affected Plaintiff’s RFC by forcing her to take frequent bathroom breaks during work hours. On
the other hand, however, Plaintiff’s incontinence might not affect her ability to work if it is
sufficiently controlled with the use of supportive undergarments or other methods. Here, because
the ALJ did not explain how this impairment factored into his analysis of Plaintiff’s RFC, the
Court cannot determine whether it was taken into account or simply ignored. See Fargnoli, 247
F.3d at 41. This failure to address relevant probative evidence is sufficient grounds for a remand.
See id. at 42.
The Commissioner argues that Plaintiff has failed to meet her burden of proving that her
incontinence results in a functional limitation that precludes her from her ability to perform her
past work as a mail clerk. However, the ALJ’s identification of Plaintiff’s incontinence as a severe
impairment at step two amounts to a finding that it has at least a minimal effect on her ability to
work. See McCrea, 370 F.3d at 360. Therefore, pursuant to SSR 96-8p, the ALJ was required to
consider Plaintiff’s incontinence when determining her RFC. See SSR 96-8p, 1996 SSR LEXIS 5.
Alternatively, the Commissioner asserts that even if the ALJ erred in failing to explain the
impact of Plaintiff’s incontinence on her RFC, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that this error caused
her harm. Under the harmless error rule, the party attacking an agency’s determination has the
burden of showing that the error prejudiced her “substantial rights.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S.
396, 409 (2009). However, the ALJ’s error in this case is not harmless, because had he considered
Plaintiff’s incontinence, the ALJ may have found that Plaintiff could not have performed her past
work. Having considered Plaintiff’s incontinence, the ALJ may have concluded that her condition
24

required her to take frequent breaks. To that point, the vocational expert testified that if Plaintiff’s
RFC also included a limitation requiring her to take a 10 minute break every hour, she would not
be able to perform her past work, or any work available in the national economy. A.R. Based on
the vocational expert’s testimony, the ALJ may have found that a limitation of Plaintiff’s ability
to work without breaks could render her incapable of performing her past work as a clerk and any
work available in the national economy. A.R. 62. Therefore, absent this error, the result of the
ALJ’s decision may very well have been different. See Shinseki, 556 U.S. at 411.
In sum, the ALJ’s residual functional capacity determination does not provide this Court
with a clear and satisfactory explication of its reasoning. Consequently, this case will be remanded
for further proceedings on this point.
Second, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ improperly discounted portions of Dr. Arrington’s
report that were indicative of Plaintiff’s disability, without explaining why this evidence was not
credited. In making a disability determination, the ALJ may weigh the credibility of the evidence.
Burnett, 220 F.3d at 121; Cotter, 642 F.2d at 705. However, the ALJ must give some indication of
the evidence which he rejects and his reasons for discounting such evidence. Burnett, 220 F.3d at
121; Cotter, 642 F.2d at 705. An ALJ’s failure to note if evidence that contradicts his findings was
considered or to explain why such information was not credited, may be grounds for a remand.
Schaudeck v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 181 F.3d 429, 435 (3d Cir. 1999). However, in this
Opinion, I need not rule on whether the ALJ erred in his analysis of Dr. Arrington’s report, because
I have already determined that a remand is necessary on other grounds. Regardless, on remand,
the ALJ must fully explain his reasons for discrediting any medical evidence.
Third, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate the vocational evidence on
record. Specifically, Plaintiff contends that there is a conflict between the vocational expert’s
25

testimony regarding Plaintiff’s past work as a mail clerk, and the DOT’s description of the
functional requirements of a mail clerk position. According to Plaintiff, the ALJ erred by failing
to identify and resolve the conflict between the vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT’s
definition of “mail clerk.”
In that connection, “Social Security Ruling 00-4p requires that the ALJ ask the vocational
expert whether any possible conflict exists between the vocational expert’s testimony and the
DOT, and that, if the testimony does appear to conflict with the DOT, to ‘elicit a reasonable
explanation for the apparent conflict.’” Burns v. Barnhart, 312 F.3d 113, 127 (3d Cir. 2002)
(quoting SSR 00-4p, 2000 SSR LEXIS 8). Thus, this Ruling requires both that the vocational
expert’s explanation of the conflict be made on the record and that the ALJ address in his decision
how the conflict was resolved. Id. at 127. An ALJ’s failure to explain a conflict between a
vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT can form the basis for a remand, where the record does
not otherwise contain substantial evidence that the plaintiff can perform her past work or other
jobs that exist in the economy. See Boone v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 203, 209 (3d Cir. 2003)
(remanding case to Commissioner, where ALJ failed to address conflict between vocational expert
evidence and the DOT and record did not contain evidence, other than the vocational expert’s
testimony, that the plaintiff could perform a significant number of jobs that exist in the economy);
see also Rutherford v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 546, 557 (3d Cir. 2005). However, because I am
remanding this case on different grounds, I decline to rule in this Opinion as to whether the ALJ
committed reversible error by failing to address a conflict in this manner. Nonetheless, on remand,
in accordance with Ruling 00-4p, the ALJ should clarify and resolve any conflicts between the
vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT.

26

Plaintiff also submits that rather than remand this matter to the ALJ for a rehearing, the
Court should reverse the ALJ’s decision and grant summary judgment in favor of Plaintiff, because
the Commissioner has “failed to meet his burden to rebut Plaintiff’s prima facie showing of
disability.” Pl.’s Mem. of Law 14. In certain circumstances, it may be appropriate to reverse an
ALJ’s decision without remand, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 405(g), if the administrative record has been
fully developed and substantial evidence on the record as a whole indicates that a claimant is
disabled and entitled to benefits. Gilliland v. Heckler, 786 F.2d 178, 184-85 (3d Cir. 1986).
However, “[w]hen an ALJ does not address all of the evidence of record, the appropriate action is
to remand for further proceedings, as a District Court has no fact-finding role in reviewing social
security disability cases.” Zied v. Astrue, 347 F. App’x 862, 865 (3d Cir. 2009). Here, remand is
appropriate, because it will allow the ALJ to address the effect of Plaintiff’s incontinence upon her
RFC, as well as any outstanding questions regarding the credibility of Dr. Arrington’s opinion and
potential conflicts between the vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT.
V.

Conclusion
The Court finds that the ALJ did not provide a clear and satisfactory explanation for his

determination of Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity and thus, his decision is not based on
substantial evidence. Accordingly, this case is remanded for further proceedings before the ALJ,
consistent with this Opinion.

Dated: April 15, 2016

/s/ Freda L. Wolfson
Freda L. Wolfson
U.S. District Judge
27