MCMILLAN v. THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY et al

Filing 30

OPINION filed. Signed by Judge Zahid N. Quraishi on 7/29/2022. (abr, )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
STANLEY MCMILLAN,
Plaintiff,

Civil Action No. 18-12372 (ZNQ) (TJB)

v.

OPINION

THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY et al.,
Defendants.

QURAISHI, District Judge
THIS MATTER comes before the Court upon a Motion to Dismiss jointly filed by
Defendants State of New Jersey (“State of New Jersey”) and Victims of Crime Compensation
Board of New Jersey (“VCC”) ( collectively “Defendants”) (ECF No. 23.) Defendants filed a
Brief in Support of their Motion to Dismiss, (“Moving Br.,” ECF No. 23-2) which Plaintiff Stanley
McMillan (“Plaintiff”) opposed. (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 24.) No reply was filed. The Court has
considered the parties’ submissions and decides the Motion without oral argument pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78 and Local Civil Rule 78.1. For the reasons set forth below, the
Court will GRANT the Motion to Dismiss.
I.

BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In the context of the pending motions to dismiss, the Court accepts the factual allegations

in the Complaint as true and draws all inferences in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. Phillips
v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008).

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On June 20, 20181, Plaintiff, a pro se party, filed an action against several entities including
the State of New Jersey, Middlesex County New Brunswick NJ, and the VCC. (Compl., ECF No.
2.) In his Complaint, Plaintiff appears to assert claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Section 1983) for
a violation of his constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment and claims under the
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) based on events that occurred
between the months of May through August of 1990. (Id. at 6, 9.) Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges
that sometime between the stated time period, he was assaulted by a Middlesex County employee.
(Id. at 9.) The employee allegedly tricked Plaintiff into taking a sedative concealed in a beverage
which Plaintiff consumed. (Id. at 10.) Plaintiff alleges the consumption of the sedative amounted
to chemical assault. (Id.) After consuming the sedative, Plaintiff alleges he was transported to an
“unreported medical facility.” (Id.) Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that during the time he was under
the influence of the sedative, he underwent a medical operation where an abandoned tracking
device was implanted upon his person. (Id. at 7, 10.) Throughout his Complaint, Plaintiff insists
that Defendants were aware of the events that took place. (Id.)
Additionally, Plaintiff alleges a host of claims arising from Defendants’ alleged conduct.
(Id. at 10‒11.) First, Plaintiff asserts there were several Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) violations because the tracking device was illegally implanted in him. (Id. at 11.) Second,
Plaintiff alleges claims for embezzlement, extraction of information, interception of information,
hacking, and a purported violation of some international law against tracking information. (Id.)
Third, Plaintiff asserts claims for espionage, treason, entrapment, dissemination of insider

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Plaintiff filed his original complaint in or around June 14, 2018, in the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania. On June 2, 2018, Plaintiff’s Complaint appeared on the Court’s docket. (ECF No. 2.) On
July 31, 2018, the United States District Court for the Eastern District Pennsylvania filed an order formally transferring
Plaintiff’s Complaint. (ECF No. 4.)

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information, and “failed attempts of illegal electronic detainment and socioeconomic . . . and
financial hardships.” (Id.) Fourth, Plaintiff asserts claims for conspiracy arising from the
underlying events. (Id.) As a result of his alleged injuries, Plaintiff seeks $200 trillion in damages
from the State of New Jersey, $160 billion from Middlesex County in New Brunswick, New
Jersey, and $25 million from the VCC. (Id. at 7.) On January 31, 2021, Defendants filed their
Motion to Dismiss which the Court now considers. (ECF No. 23.)
II.

PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS
A. Defendants’ Position
Defendants first contend that Plaintiff’s Complaint must be dismissed because they are

immune from suit in federal court under the Eleventh Amendment.

(Moving Br. at 4.)

Specifically, Defendant VCC argues it is “unquestionably a [s]tate entity” or an “arm of the State”
that is immune from suit. (Id.) Moreover, Defendants collectively argue they have not consented
to being sued in federal court. (Id.) Thus, Defendants contend that they have not waived immunity
from suit to which they are entitled under the Eleventh Amendment. (Id.) Second, in light of
Plaintiff’s claims stemming from events that occurred in 1990, Defendants assert Plaintiff’s RICO
claim is barred by the four-year statute of limitations articulated by the Third Circuit. (Id. at 5‒6.)
Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s purported claims under Section 1983 ae barred by that
statute’s two-year statute of limitations. (Id. at 6.) Last, Defendants argue Plaintiff does not assert
any facts to suggest that his claims should or were tolled. (Id. at 7.)
B. Plaintiff’s Position
In opposition, Plaintiff purports to cite local civil rule 83 for the proposition that this Court
may amend the rules to accommodate this action. (Opp’n at 1.) Plaintiff argues that his suit is not
barred by the statute of limitations because there was a file generated with the VCC back in April

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of 2001 about the events alleged in his Complaint. (Id.) Plaintiff contends in this file he requested
Defendant VCC investigate his claims. (Id. at 2.) Moreover, Plaintiff contends that the State
Appellate Division was on notice of his civil rights claims but it showed “gross negligence” in
seemingly taking no action. (Id.) Plaintiff also contends Defendant State of New Jersey was
grossly negligent in prohibiting him from housing and employment opportunities despite his
qualifications. (Id.) Last, Plaintiff suggests that in cases similar to his own where Defendants
have been grossly negligent, the statute of limitations bar should not apply. (Id.)
III.

LEGAL STANDARD
A district court conducts a three-part analysis when considering a motion to dismiss

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Malleus v. George, 641 F.3d 560, 563
(3d Cir. 2011). “First, the court must ‘tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a
claim.’” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009)). Second, the court must review
“the complaint to strike conclusory allegations.” Id. The court must accept as true all of the
plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations and “construe the complaint in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff . . . .” Fowler v. UMPC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2009) (citation
omitted).

In doing so, however, the court is free to ignore legal conclusions or factually

unsupported accusations that merely state “the defendant unlawfully harmed me.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Finally, the court must determine whether “the facts
alleged in the complaint are sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a ‘plausible claim for relief.’”
Fowler, 578 F.3d at 211 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679). A facially plausible claim “allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
at 210 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678) (citation omitted).

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It is well established that a “[pro se] complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held
to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Montgomery v. Pinchak,
294 F.3d 492, 500 (3d Cir. 2002); see also Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972)
(demonstrating point that a pro se plaintiff’s pleading must be liberally construed and is held to a
lesser standard than that which is applied to pleadings drafted by attorneys). However, “[e]ven a
pro se complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim if the allegations set forth by the
plaintiff cannot be construed as supplying facts to support a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.”
Grohs v. Yatauro, 984 F. Supp. 2d 273, 282 (D.N.J. 2013). “In resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion,
the court primarily considers the allegations in the complaint, although matters of public record,
orders, items appearing in the record of the case and exhibits attached to the complaint may also
be taken into account.” Halstead v. Motorcycle Safety Found., Inc., 71 F. Supp. 2d 464, 467 (E.D.
Pa. 1999) (citing Chester Cnty. Intermediate Unit v. Penna. Blue Shield, 896 F.2d 808, 812 (3rd
Cir. 1990)).
IV.

ANALYSIS
A.

Eleventh Amendment Immunity

The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution allows states to “maintain certain attributes
of sovereignty, including sovereign immunity.” Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996).
The amendment expressly provides that “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S.
Const. amend. XI. Under the Eleventh Amendment, “an unconsenting state is immune from suit
in federal court by citizens of that state or citizens of another state.” Id.; Port Auth. Trans–Hudson

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Corp. v. Feeney, 495 U.S. 299, 304 (1990); Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S.
89, 100 (1984).
The Eleventh Amendment’s immunity also applies to “state agents and state
instrumentalities, ‘as long as the state is the real party in interest.’” Estate of Lagano v. Bergen
Cnty. Prosecutor's Office, 769 F.3d 850, 857 (3d Cir.2014) (quoting Fitchik v. N.J. Transit Rail
Operations, 873 F.2d 655, 659 (3d Cir.1989)). The Supreme Court has expressed that “when the
action is in essence one for the recovery of money from the state, the state is the real, substantial
party in interest and is entitled to invoke its sovereign immunity from suit even though individual
officials are nominal defendants.” Orden v. Borough of Woodstown, 181 F. Supp. 3d 237, 245
(D.N.J. 2015) (quoting Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Doe, 519 U.S. 425, 429 (1997)).
“A state entity is properly characterized as an arm of the state and thus ‘entitled to immunity
from suit in a federal court under the eleventh amendment when a judgment against it ‘would have
essentially the same practical consequences as a judgment against the State itself.’” Fitchik, 873
F.2d at 659. (quoting Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 440 U.S.
391, 401 (1979)). The Third Circuit adopted a three-part test to determine whether an entity is an
arm of the state for Eleventh Amendment purposes. Bowers v. Nat'l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n, 475
F.3d 524, 546 (3d Cir. 2007). The elements of the test are: (1) whether the payment of the judgment
would come from the state; (2) what status the entity has under state law; and (3) what degree of
autonomy the entity has. Id. (citing Fitchik, 873 F.2d at 659).
Here, the Court agrees that Defendants are immune from suit. Defendant VCC is an arm
of the state because Plaintiff expressly requests payment from the VCC, so any damages Plaintiff
may obtain would necessarily come from the state. The VCC is part of the New Jersey Office of
Attorney General, Department of Law and Public Safety through the Division of Criminal Justice.

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See Crisdon v. New Jersey Victim of Crime Comp. Off., Civ. No. 11-4980, 2012 WL 2916716, at
*1 (D.N.J. July 17, 2012) (holding that Plaintiff’s complaint against the Victims of Crimes
Compensation must be dismissed because it is an arm of the State of New Jersey, and therefore
immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment.) In addition, the State of New Jersey falls
squarely within the Eleventh Amendment’s immunity protection. Moreover, where, as here,
Plaintiff seeks trillions of dollars in damages against the state and an arm of it, when it has not
consented to the suit, the state is unquestionably a party in this suit and is protected by the Eleventh
Amendment’s immunity. (Compl. at 7.) Therefore, Plaintiff’s Complaint is barred under the
Eleventh Amendment.
B.

Statute of Limitations

The Third Circuit has held that RICO claims have a four-year statute of limitations, which
begins to run when the plaintiff “kn[ows] or should . . . know[] that he has been injured.”
Dongelewicz v. PNC Bank Nat'l. Ass'n., 104 F. App'x 811, 815 (3d Cir. 2004) (citing Mathews v.
Kidder, Peabody Co., 260 F.3d 239, 247 (3d Cir.2001)). Moreover, “[a] section 1983 claim is
characterized as a personal-injury claim and thus is governed by the applicable state's statute of
limitations for personal-injury claims.” Dique v. N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d Cir.
2010). “In New Jersey . . . personal injury claims are governed by a two-year statute of
limitations.” Est. of Lagano v. Bergen Cty. Prosecutor's Off., 769 F.3d 850, 859 (3d Cir. 2014)
(citing N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:14–2).
Here, Plaintiff’s claims arise from events that occurred between May through August of
1990—more than thirty years ago. (Compl. at 6.) It is clear to the Court that Plaintiff’s claims are
barred by the four-year and two-year statute of limitations for claims brought under RICO and
Section 1983 respectively. Further, the Court finds Plaintiff’s arguments unavailing. Plaintiff

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asserts without support that in 2001 generated a file with the VCC to investigate his alleged claims.
(Opp’n at 2.) However, a filed notice of a claim with a state entity is not a complaint in federal
court. Moreover, even with the filed notice, the fact remains that Plaintiff did not file his
Complaint with this Court until 2018—years after it were barred under the relevant statute of
limitations. Therefore, Plaintiff’s Complaint is dismissed because it is barred by the statute of
limitations.
V.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court will GRANT the Motion to Dismiss.

appropriate Order will follow.

Date: July 29, 2022
s/ Zahid N. Quraishi
ZAHID N. QURAISHI
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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An