EMILY v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY

Filing 21

OPINION and ORDER filed. Signed by Magistrate Judge Norah McCann King (OHSD) on 3/11/2025. (km)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
EMILY K., 1
Plaintiff,
Case No. 3:22-cv-3279
Magistrate Judge Norah McCann King

v.
LELAND DUDEK, 2
Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court pursuant to Section 205(g) of the Social Security Act,
as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), regarding the applications of Plaintiff Emily K. for Disability
Insurance Benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 401 et seq., and for
Supplemental Security Income under Title XVI of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381 et
seq. Plaintiff appeals from the final decision denying those applications. After careful
consideration of the entire record, including the entire administrative record, the Court decides
this matter pursuant to Rule 78(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons that
follow, the Court the Court reverses the Acting Commissioner’s decision and remands the matter
for further proceedings. 3

The Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of
the United States has recommended that, due to significant privacy concerns in social security
cases, federal courts should refer to plaintiffs in such cases by only their first names and last
initials. See also D.N.J. Standing Order 2021-10.
2
Leland Dudek, the current Acting Commissioner of Social Security, is substituted as Defendant
in his official capacity. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
3
Because the Court is able to resolve this matter on the briefs, Plaintiff’s request for oral
argument, Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9, p. 39, is denied.
1
1

I.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 14, 2019, Plaintiff filed applications for disability insurance benefits and

supplemental security income, alleging that she has been disabled since June 1, 2018, 4 based on
a number of physical and mental impairments. R. 124–25, 154–76, 300–26. The applications
were denied initially and upon reconsideration. R. 170–76, 182–84. Plaintiff sought a de novo
hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). R. 185–92. ALJ Scott Tirrell held a hearing
on May 7, 2021, at which Plaintiff, who was represented by counsel, testified, as did a vocational
expert. R. 37–83. In a decision dated July 30, 2021, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not
disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act from June 1, 2018, Plaintiff’s alleged
disability onset date, through the date of that decision. R. 15–31. That decision became final
when the Appeals Council declined review on April 1, 2022. R. 1–6. Plaintiff timely filed this
appeal pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). ECF No. 1. On October 3, 2023, Plaintiff consented to
disposition of the matter by a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and
Rule 73 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. ECF No. 19. 5 On that same day, the case was
reassigned to the undersigned. ECF No. 20. The matter is ripe for disposition.
II.

LEGAL STANDARD
A.

Standard of Review

In reviewing applications for Social Security disability benefits, this Court has the
authority to conduct a plenary review of legal issues decided by the ALJ. Knepp v. Apfel, 204
F.3d 78, 83 (3d Cir. 2000). In contrast, the Court reviews the ALJ’s factual findings to

Plaintiff later amended her alleged disability onset date to February 2, 2018. R. 15, 51–52.
The Commissioner has provided general consent to Magistrate Judge jurisdiction in cases
seeking review of the Commissioner’s decision. See Standing Order In re: Social Security Pilot
Project (D.N.J. Apr. 2, 2018).
2
4

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determine if they are supported by substantial evidence. Sykes v. Apfel, 228 F.3d 259, 262 (3d
Cir. 2000); see also 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3). The United States Supreme Court has
explained this standard as follows:
Under the substantial-evidence standard, a court looks to an existing administrative
record and asks whether it contains sufficien[t] evidence to support the agency’s
factual determinations. And whatever the meaning of substantial in other contexts,
the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial evidence, this
Court has said, is more than a mere scintilla. It means – and means only – such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.
Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. 97, 102–03 (2019) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted);
see also Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988) (citation and internal quotations
omitted); Bailey v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 354 F. App’x 613, 616 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations and
quotations omitted); K.K. ex rel. K.S. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 17-2309, 2018 WL 1509091,
at *4 (D.N.J. Mar. 27, 2018).
The substantial evidence standard is a deferential standard, and the ALJ’s decision cannot
be set aside merely because the Court “acting de novo might have reached a different
conclusion.” Hunter Douglas, Inc. v. NLRB, 804 F.2d 808, 812 (3d Cir. 1986); see, e.g., Fargnoli
v. Massanari, 247 F.3d 34, 38 (3d Cir. 2001) (“Where the ALJ’s findings of fact are supported
by substantial evidence, we are bound by those findings, even if we would have decided the
factual inquiry differently.”) (citing Hartranft v. Apfel, 181 F.3d 358, 360 (3d Cir. 1999)); K.K.,
2018 WL 1509091, at *4 (“‘[T]he district court ... is [not] empowered to weigh the evidence or
substitute its conclusions for those of the fact-finder.’”) (quoting Williams v. Sullivan, 970 F.2d
1178, 1182 (3d Cir. 1992)).
Nevertheless, the Third Circuit cautions that this standard of review is not “a talismanic
or self-executing formula for adjudication.” Kent v. Schweiker, 710 F.2d 110, 114 (3d Cir. 1983)
3

(“The search for substantial evidence is thus a qualitative exercise without which our review of
social security disability cases ceases to be merely deferential and becomes instead a sham.”);
see Coleman v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 15-6484, 2016 WL 4212102, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 9,
2016). The Court has a duty to “review the evidence in its totality” and “take into account
whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight.” K.K., 2018 WL 1509091, at *4 (quoting
Schonewolf v. Callahan, 972 F. Supp. 277, 284 (D.N.J. 1997) (citations and quotations omitted));
see Cotter v. Harris, 642 F.2d 700, 706 (3d Cir. 1981) (stating that substantial evidence exists
only “in relationship to all the other evidence in the record”). Evidence is not substantial if “it is
overwhelmed by other evidence,” “really constitutes not evidence but mere conclusion,” or
“ignores, or fails to resolve, a conflict created by countervailing evidence.” Wallace v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 722 F.2d 1150, 1153 (3d Cir. 1983) (citing Kent, 710 F.2d at 114); see
K.K., 2018 WL 1509091, at *4. The ALJ’s decision thus must be set aside if it “did not take into
account the entire record or failed to resolve an evidentiary conflict.” Schonewolf, 972 F. Supp.
at 284-85 (citing Gober v. Matthews, 574 F.2d 772, 776 (3d Cir. 1978)).
Although an ALJ is not required “to use particular language or adhere to a particular
format in conducting [the] analysis,” the decision must contain “sufficient development of the
record and explanation of findings to permit meaningful review.” Jones v. Barnhart, 364 F.3d
501, 505 (3d Cir. 2004) (citing Burnett v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 220 F.3d 112, 119 (3d Cir.
2000)); see K.K., 2018 WL 1509091, at *4. The Court “need[s] from the ALJ not only an
expression of the evidence s/he considered which supports the result, but also some indication of
the evidence which was rejected.” Cotter, 642 F.2d at 705-06; see Burnett, 220 F.3d at 121
(“Although the ALJ may weigh the credibility of the evidence, he must give some indication of
the evidence which he rejects and [the] reason(s) for discounting such evidence.”) (citing
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Plummer v. Apfel, 186 F.3d 422, 429 (3d. Cir. 1999)). “[T]he ALJ is not required to supply a
comprehensive explanation for the rejection of evidence; in most cases, a sentence or short
paragraph would probably suffice.” Cotter v. Harris, 650 F.2d 481, 482 (3d Cir. 1981). Absent
such articulation, the Court “cannot tell if significant probative evidence was not credited or
simply ignored.” Id. at 705. As the Third Circuit explains:
Unless the [ALJ] has analyzed all evidence and has sufficiently explained the
weight he has given to obviously probative exhibits, to say that [the] decision is
supported by substantial evidence approaches an abdication of the court’s duty to
scrutinize the record as a whole to determine whether the conclusions reached are
rational.
Gober, 574 F.2d at 776; see Schonewolf, 972 F. Supp. at 284-85.
Following review of the entire record on appeal from a denial of benefits, the Court can
enter “a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the [Commissioner], with or
without remanding the cause for a rehearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Remand is appropriate if the
record is incomplete or if the ALJ’s decision lacks adequate reasoning or contains illogical or
contradictory findings. See Burnett, 220 F.3d at 119-20; Podedworny v. Harris, 745 F.2d 210,
221-22 (3d Cir. 1984). Remand is also appropriate if the ALJ’s findings are not the product of a
complete review which “explicitly weigh[s] all relevant, probative and available evidence” in the
record. Adorno v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 43, 48 (3d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted); see
A.B. on Behalf of Y.F. v. Colvin, 166 F. Supp.3d 512, 518 (D.N.J. 2016). A decision to “award
benefits should be made only when the administrative record of the case has been fully
developed and when substantial evidence on the record as a whole indicates that the claimant is
disabled and entitled to benefits.” Podedworny, 745 F.2d at 221-22 (citation and quotation
omitted); see A.B., 166 F. Supp.3d at 518.

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B.

Sequential Evaluation Process

The Social Security Act establishes a five-step sequential evaluation process for
determining whether a plaintiff is disabled within the meaning of the statute. 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). “The claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through
four, and the Commissioner bears the burden of proof at step five.” Smith v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., 631 F.3d 632, 634 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Poulos v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 474 F.3d 88, 92
(3d Cir. 2007)).
At step one, the ALJ determines whether the plaintiff is currently engaged in substantial
gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b). If so, then the inquiry ends because the
plaintiff is not disabled.
At step two, the ALJ decides whether the plaintiff has a “severe impairment” or
combination of impairments that “significantly limits [the plaintiff’s] physical or mental ability
to do basic work activities[.]” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(c). If the plaintiff does not
have a severe impairment or combination of impairments, then the inquiry ends because the
plaintiff is not disabled. Otherwise, the ALJ proceeds to step three.
At step three, the ALJ decides whether the plaintiff’s impairment or combination of
impairments “meets” or “medically equals” the severity of an impairment in the Listing of
Impairments (“Listing”) found at 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520(d), 416.920(d). If so, then the plaintiff is presumed to be disabled if the impairment or
combination of impairments has lasted or is expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12
months. Id. at §§ 404.1509, 416.909. Otherwise, the ALJ proceeds to step four.
At step four, the ALJ must determine the plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”)
and determine whether the plaintiff can perform past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e),
6

(f), 416.920(e), (f). If the plaintiff can perform past relevant work, then the inquiry ends because
the plaintiff is not disabled. Otherwise, the ALJ proceeds to the final step.
At step five, the ALJ must decide whether the plaintiff, considering the plaintiff’s RFC,
age, education, and work experience, can perform other jobs that exist in significant numbers in
the national economy. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(g), 416.920(g). If the ALJ determines that the
plaintiff can do so, then the plaintiff is not disabled. Otherwise, the plaintiff is presumed to be
disabled if the impairment or combination of impairments has lasted or is expected to last for a
continuous period of at least twelve months.
III.

ALJ DECISION AND APPELLATE ISSUES
Plaintiff met the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act for purposes of

disability insurance benefits through June 30, 2022. R. 18. At step one, the ALJ found that
Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity between “June 1, 2018, the alleged onset
date[,]” 6 and the date of the decision. Id.
At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered from the following severe impairments:
cervical myofascial pain syndrome; fibromyalgia; migraines; pseudo-tumor cerebri; obesity; Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (“PTSD”); depressive disorder; and panic disorder. Id. The ALJ also
found that the following impairments were not severe: a history of gallstones; a left renal stone;
liver lesion; anemia; menorrhagia; urinary incontinence; vulvar lesion; osteoarthritis; allergic
rhinitis; E coli bacteremia; right ankle sprain; right plantar calcaneal heel spur; eczema; gastritis;

As previously noted, Plaintiff amended her alleged disability onset date to February 2, 2018, R.
51–52, which the ALJ expressly acknowledged on the first page of his decision, R. 15. Despite
such acknowledgement, the ALJ continued to refer to June 1, 2018 or the “alleged onset date” or
the “alleged disability onset date” rather than to February 2, 2018, or to the “amended alleged
onset date.” R. 18, 30–31. Although not raised by any party, the ALJ’s confusing and
inconsistent references in this regard should be clarified on remand.
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6

complex endometrial hyperplasia; bilateral papilledema; atrophic hole of the left eye; asthma;
thoracic degenerative disc disease; diabetes mellitus 2; right tendon tear, with posterior
endonitis/tenosynovitis, ganglion cyst; and pes planus. Id.
At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not suffer an impairment or combination of
impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of any Listing. R. 18–20.
At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the RFC to perform sedentary work subject
to various additional exertional and non-exertional limitations. R. 21–29. The ALJ also found
that this RFC did not permit the performance of Plaintiff’s past relevant work as a bus driver;
composite work as a taxi cab starter and taxi driver; reservation clerk; and composite work as an
order clerk and a cashier-checker. R. 29.
At step five and relying on the testimony of the vocational expert, the ALJ found that a
significant number of jobs—e.g., jobs as a document preparer, a trimmer, and a tube operator—
existed in the national economy and could be performed by Plaintiff despite her lessened
capacity. R. 30. The ALJ therefore concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning
of the Social Security Act from “June 1, 2018,” through the date of the decision. R. 31.
Plaintiff disagrees with the ALJ’s findings at steps three and four and asks that the
decision be reversed and remanded with directions for the granting of benefits or, alternatively,
for further proceedings. Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9. The Acting Commissioner takes the
position that his decision should be affirmed in its entirety because the ALJ’s decision correctly
applied the governing legal standards, reflected consideration of the entire record, and was
supported by sufficient explanation and substantial evidence. Defendant’s Brief, ECF No. 14.

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IV.

SUMMARY OF RELEVANT MEDICAL EVIDENCE
A.

Jamie Rygielski, D.O.

On November 4, 2019, Jamie Rygielski, D.O., Plaintiff’s treating physician, noted as
follows:
[Plaintiff] presents for follow up for chronic pain due to fibromyalgia. She recently
gained back insurance and presents today with complaint of persistent pain that is
diffuse, affecting mostly the hips, knees, back and shoulders, worse in the mornings
and with activity, associated with fatigue. She saw rheumatology last May who did
a full blood panel and diagnosed her with fibromyalgia, and she was subsequently
started on gabapentin as her insurance did not cover Lyrica. She notes that even
with increasing doses of the gabapentin (now at 600 mg TID) she continues to have
persistent, severe, 10/10 pain most days. It has made it difficult for her to ambulate
and she is requesting rx for rolling walker to help her. She has been taking NSAIDs
(ibuprofen) as needed which does help but is not a candidate for regular use given
history of GIB and gastritis. She has not followed up with rheumatology since
losing her insurance. She notes worsening anxiety and depression which she
attributes to being in pain and is not relieved with zoloft 200 mg daily and
wellbutrin 300 mg daily as well as alprazolam as needed for anxiety. She denies
SI/HI.
R. 658 (emphasis added). Upon physical examination, Dr. Rygielski noted, inter alia,
musculoskeletal general tenderness and tenderness, pain, and spasm in Plaintiff’s cervical,
thoracic, and lumbar back. R. 659. Dr. Rygielski increased Plaintiff’s medication to address her
fibromyalgia pain and prescribed a rollator. R. 660 (“Increase gabapentin to 800 mg TID and add
low dose amitriptyline 10 mg nightly for pain due to fibromyalgia. Rx for rollator provided.”).
On September 30, 2020, Dr. Rygielski completed a two-page, check-the-box, and fill-inthe-blank form entitled, “Residual Functional Capacity Questionnaire.” R. 669–70. Dr. Rygielski
diagnosed fibromyalgia, chronic pain, PTSD, DMII, iron deficiency, anemia, and hypertension
and indicated that Plaintiff follows up with her doctor every three months. R. 669. Plaintiff’s
symptoms were listed as “chronic pain in joints and muscles, fatigue, weakness, chronic anxiety
and depress[ion.]” Id. Her medications (Gabapentin and amitriptyline) caused drowsiness and
9

functional impairment. Id. Dr. Rygielski opined that Plaintiff’s symptoms were severe enough to
constantly interfere with the attention and concentration required to perform simple work-related
tasks, and that Plaintiff would need to recline or lie down during a hypothetical 8-hour workday
in excess of typical breaks. Id. According to Dr. Rygielski, Plaintiff was unable to walk even one
city block without rest or significant pain; could sit for 20 minutes at a time for a total of 1 hour
during an 8-hour workday; and was unable to stand/walk for any amount of time. Id. Dr.
Rygielski also opined that Plaintiff would need a job that permits shifting positions at will from
sitting, standing, and walking, and would need to take a 20- to 30-minute break every 20 minutes
before returning to work. Id. Plaintiff could occasionally (less than one-third of the 8-hour
workday) lift and carry 10 pounds and could sustain repetitive reaching, handling, or fingering
for 20 minutes at a time. R. 670. Plaintiff would likely be absent from work more than four times
per month as a result of her impairments or treatment. Id. Dr. Rygielski affirmed that Plaintiff’s
impairments were reasonably consistent with the symptoms and functional limitations described
in the evaluation. Id. Finally, Dr. Rygielski denied that Plaintiff was physically capable of
working an 8-hour day, 5 days a week employment on a sustained basis. Id.
B.

An Nguyen, D.P.M.

On November 24, 2020, Plaintiff presented for examination by An Nguyen, D.P.M., for
pain in her right ankle since August 2020 when she fell into a hole. R. 833–34. Plaintiff reported
sharp pain and limping when she walked. R. 833. Upon physical examination, Dr. Nguyen noted,
inter alia, as follows:
Musculoskeletal: R ankle - Pain on palpation to PT tendon from posterior medial
malleolus and moderate pain elicited to dorsal and medial navicular tuberosity.
Huebscher maneuver reveals recreation of arch. Moderate non-pitting edema noted
to medial foot. No ecchymosis noted. Pain to medial longitudinal arch. No pain to
extensor tendons or Achilles tendon. Decreased ankle dorsiflexion past 90 degrees
with knee extended and flexed. Complete collapse of medial longitudinal arch R>L.
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Full ROM noted to STJ and MTJ without crepitus and/or restriction. Stance
examination reveals flexible pronation at RCSP both neutral at NCSP. Abduction
forefoot “too many toes sign”. Gait analysis reveals antalgic hyperpronation
through gait cycle.(-) SHRH, (+) DHR. Muscle strength +5/5 to all muscle groups.
Id. Plaintiff “was dispensed one full leg Cam Walker with a pneumatic pump to RLE [right
lower extremity]. The brace was properly fitted to the pt and was noted to be comfortable on
initial exam. Pt to remain WB [weight bearing] as tolerated with a rolling walker that she has at
home.” R. 834.
On the same day, Dr. Nguyen addressed a letter addressed “To Whom It May Concern[,]”
stating as follows:
The above named patient Injured ankle and now presents with swelling, pain,
and Gait Instability (R26.9) and (S93.492A). Patient was dispensed a Cam Walker
today for ankle and foot. The device has a pneumatic device internally which will
inflate and decrease swelling and immobilize the patient’s ankle and foot. The
device is a removable hard cast and should be worn each day for walking to
patient’s tolerance. Please allow this device for medical necessity for instability,
pain, and swelling treatment.
R. 831.
On April 13, 2021, upon follow-up examination for continuing pain to the right ankle, Dr.
Nguyen noted that Plaintiff “relates pain when she walks and describes it as sharp in nature.
Wears the CAM Walker on and off and states that it is uncomfortable to wear.” R. 838. Upon
physical examination, Dr. Nguyen noted, inter alia, as follows:
Musculoskeletal: R ankle - Pain on palpation to PT tendon from posterior medial
malleolus and moderate pain elicited to dorsal and medial navicular tuberosity.
Huebscher maneuver reveals recreation of arch. Moderate non-pitting edema noted
to medial foot. No ecchymosis noted. Pain to medial longitudinal arch. No pain to
extensor tendons or Achilles tendon. Decreased ankle dorsiflexion past 90 degrees
with knee extended and flexed. Complete collapse of medial longitudinal arch R>L.
Full ROM noted to STJ and MTJ without crepitus and/or restriction. Stance
examination reveals flexible pronation at RCSP both neutral at NCSP. Abduction
forefoot “too many toes sign”. Gait analysis reveals antalgic hyperpronation
through gait cycle.(-) SHRH, (+) DHR Pain with DF, Inversion and everaion and
no pain with PF. strength +5/5 to all muscle groups.
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Id. An MRI without contrast of the right ankle revealed:
posterior tibial tendinosis and tenosynovitis with low-grade partial thickness tear at
insertion. Mild edema and loss of fat in sinus tarsi with ganglion cysts measuring
17mm x 18mm. Small TN joint eeffusion with dorsal TN ganglion cyst.
Partial thickness PT tendon tear R, Posterior tibialis tendonitis/tenosynovitis
secondary to overuse and poor biomechanics R foot, Ganglion cyst, Pes planus.
Hyperpronation, Equinus, Benign Lesions, Fissures, Xerosis[.]
R. 838–39. Dr. Nguyen noted Plaintiff’s inconsistency with use of the CAM Walker and
“suggested that she continue to wear daily (except when she sleeps or is sitting for long periods)
to see if it has helped. Pt is not in severe pain today.” R. 839. Plaintiff was fitted with another
Cam Walker and brace, was noted to be comfortable on initial exam, and was directed to
“ambulate as tolerated with boot but must utilize it for at least 4 weeks consistently.” Id.
On the same day, in a letter addressed “To Whom It May Concern[,]” Dr. Nguyen stated
as follows:
The above named patient Injured ankle and now presents with swelling,
pain, Gait Instability (R26.9). Patient was dispensed a Cam Walker today for ankle
and foot. The device has a pneumatic device internally which will inflate and
decrease swelling and immobilize the patient’s ankle and foot. The device is a
removable hard cast and should be worn each day for walking to patient’s tolerance.
Please allow this device for medical necessity for instability, pain, and swelling
treatment.
R. 830.
V.

DISCUSSION
In the case presently before the Court, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the RFC to

perform a limited range of sedentary work:
After careful consideration of the entire record, I find that the claimant has the
residual functional capacity to perform sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR
404.1567(a) and 416.967(a), except the claimant can: occasionally climb ramps and
stairs; never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds; frequently balance; occasionally
stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl; never work at unprotected heights or work with
12

machinery involving exposed moving mechanical parts; and never operate a motor
vehicle or operate heavy equipment. Further, the claimant can understand,
remember and carry out simple instructions; can perform simple, routine tasks; can
make simple work-related decisions; can adapt to changes in routine work settings;
can have occasional interaction with coworkers and supervisors beyond any
increased interactions initially required to learn the job, and can have occasional
interaction with the public.
R. 21. Plaintiff argues, inter alia, that substantial evidence does not support this RFC
determination because, among other things, the ALJ erred in finding that Plaintiff was able to
perform sedentary work, particularly the ability to walk/stand for two hours during a workday.
Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9, pp. 17–39. Plaintiff specifically challenges the ALJ’s
consideration of Dr. Rygielski’s opinion. Id. For the reasons that follow, this Court agrees.
A claimant’s RFC is the most that the claimant can do despite her limitations. 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1545(a)(1), 416.945(a)(1). At the administrative hearing stage, it is the ALJ who is
charged with determining the claimant’s RFC. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1546(c), 416.946(c); see also
Chandler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 667 F.3d 356, 361 (3d Cir. 2011) (“The ALJ—not treating or
examining physicians or State agency consultants—must make the ultimate disability and RFC
determinations.”) (citations omitted). When determining a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ has a duty to
consider all the evidence. Plummer v. Apfel, 186 F.3d 422, 429 (3d Cir. 1999). However, the ALJ
need include only “credibly established” limitations. Rutherford v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 546, 554
(3d Cir. 2005); see also Zirnsak v. Colvin, 777 F.3d 607, 615 (3d Cir. 2014) (stating that the ALJ
has discretion to choose whether to include “a limitation [that] is supported by medical evidence,
but is opposed by other evidence in the record” but “[t]his discretion is not unfettered—the ALJ
cannot reject evidence of a limitation for an unsupported reason” and stating that “the ALJ also
has the discretion to include a limitation that is not supported by any medical evidence if the ALJ
finds the impairment otherwise credible”).
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In addition, for claims filed after March 27, 2017, 7 the Commissioner’s regulations
eliminated the hierarchy of medical source opinions that gave preference to treating sources.
Compare 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527, 416.927 with 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), 416.927c(a)
(providing, inter alia, that the Commissioner will no longer “defer or give any specific
evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior
administrative medical finding(s), including those from [the claimant’s] medical sources”).
Instead, the Commissioner will consider the following factors when considering all medical
opinions: (1) supportability; (2) consistency; (3) relationship with the claimant, including the
length of the treating examination, the frequency of examinations, and the purpose of the
treatment relationship; (4) the medical source’s specialization; and (5) other factors, including,
but not limited to, “evidence showing a medical source has familiarity with the other evidence in
the claim or an understanding of our disability program's policies and evidentiary requirements.”
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(c), 416.920c(c).
The applicable regulations emphasize that “the most important factors [that the ALJ and
Commissioner] consider when [] evaluat[ing] the persuasiveness of medical opinions and prior
administrative medical findings are supportability (paragraph (c)(1) of this section) and
consistency (paragraph (c)(2) of this section).” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(a), 416.920c(a). As to the
supportability factor, the regulations provide that “[t]he more relevant the objective medical
evidence and supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to support his or her
medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), the more persuasive the medical
opinions or prior administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(1),
416.920c(c)(1). As to the consistency factor, the regulations provide that “[t]he more consistent

7

As previously noted, Plaintiff’s claims were filed on May 14, 2019.
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a medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other
medical sources and nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s)
or prior administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(2), 416.920c(c)(2).
The applicable regulations further require the ALJ to articulate his “consideration of
medical opinions and prior administrative medical findings” and articulate in the “determination
or decision how persuasive [he] find[s] all of the medical opinions and all of the prior
administrative medical findings in [the claimant’s] case record.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(b),
416.920c(b). As previously noted, “[s]upportability and consistency are the most important
factors. . . . ALJs need not explain their determinations regarding the other factors, but they must
discuss supportability and consistency.” Gongon v. Kijakazi, 676 F. Supp. 3d 383, 394 (E.D. Pa.
2023) (citations omitted); see also Stamm v. Kijakazi, 577 F. Supp. 3d 358, 370 (M.D. Pa. 2021)
(“Generally, the ALJ may, but is not required to, explain his or her consideration of the other
factors, but if there are two equally persuasive medical opinions about the same issue that are not
exactly the same, then the ALJ must explain how he or she considered the other factors.”).
In the present case, when crafting the RFC determination, the ALJ considered Dr.
Rygielski’s opinion, but did not find that opinion to be persuasive, reasoning as follows:
In a September 30, 2020 Residual Functional Capacity Questionnaire from Dr.
Rygielsei [sic] noted that she saw the claimant every three months. She diagnosed
the claimant with fibromyalgia, chronic pain, PTSD, diabetes mellitus type II, iron
deficiency anemia. and hypertension. She noted the claimant had symptoms that
included chronic pain in the joints and muscles as well as fatigue, weakness, chronic
anxiety and depression. It was opined that the claimant had constant symptoms that
were severe enough to interfere with the attention and concentration, and that the
claimant. It was noted that the claimant took gabapentin and amitriptyline which
caused drowsiness and functional impairment. The doctor opined that the claimant
would need to recline or lie down during an eight-hour workday, in excess of typical
break and lunch periods. She reported that the claimant could not walk a city block
without rest or significant pain. She reported that the claimant could sit for one hour
and stand and walk for no hours in an eight-hour workday. She also opined that the
claimant could occasionally lift less than 10 pounds and could never lift 10 to 50
15

pounds. She reported that the claimant was limited with doing repetitive reaching,
handling or fingering, opining that the claimant could do these things 20 minutes
per episode, per day. Dr. Rygielsei [sic] indicated that the claimant would need a
job that permitted shift of positions at will from sitting, standing or walking. She
also indicated that the claimant would need to take unscheduled breaks during the
hour workday, every 20 minutes, with each break lasting 20 to 30 minutes before
returning to work. She reported that the claimant would be absent more than four
times a month due to her impairments or treatment. The doctor concluded that the
claimant was not capable of working an eight-hour workday, five days a week on a
sustained basis (Exhibit 6F).
I have considered the opinion of Dr. Rygielsei [sic] but do not find it to be
persuasive. I find Dr. Rygielski[’s]pinion is not consistent with her treatment
records. Moreover it does not concur with the claimant’s overall treatment history.
The doctor finds limitations present that would be severe enough to interfere with
attention and concentration to perform even simple work-related tasks. For
example, no limitations are noted with attention and concentration in the treatment
records. At one point, Dr. Rygielski noted normal cognition and memory (Exhibit
2F/34). Additional records also show normal memory (Exhibit 1F/5). I also note
that the claimant has not had any specialized treatment with regard to her
psychiatric impairments. With regard to Dr. Rygielski’s physical limitations
assessed, I do not find this opinion to be persuasive. The physical limitations are
also not consistent with the doctor’s treatment records or with the overall record.
For example, a need for breaks every twenty minutes, lasting 20-30 minutes is not
supported by Dr. Rygielsei’s [sic] own treatment records, or by the overall record
in this case. The doctor notes a history of generalized pain but never refers to
specific limitations. Moreover, the claimant’s daily living activities negate the
significant limitations given by the doctor. The claimant remains capable of most
basic daily living activities. While she reported some limitations, she remains
capable of basic self-care, limited shopping and laundry. The clamant further
reported that she is able to manage her own money and do some cooking with the
microwave. She also reported spending her days reading, watching television
outside (Testimony, Exhibit 4F). Regardless, I have considered the claimant’s
limitations when determining the residual functional capacity.
R. 27–28 (emphasis added). Plaintiff challenges this evaluation on a number of bases, including,
inter alia, that the ALJ did not cite to any inconsistencies when finding this opinion
unpersuasive; that the ALJ acknowledged that Dr. Rygielski’s notes refer to a history of pain but
discounts the opinion because that physician “never refers to specific limitations”; and that the
ALJ overstated or misstated Plaintiff’s daily activities. Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9, pp.
34–39. In response, the Acting Commissioner simply recounts Dr. Rygielski’s treatment records
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from May 2019 and November 2019, but does not address that physician’s opinion, nor does the
Acting Commissioner otherwise specifically engage with Plaintiff’s challenges in this regard.
See generally Defendant’s Brief, ECF No. 14.
Plaintiff’s challenges are well taken. First, in discounting Dr. Rygielski’s opined physical
limitations, the ALJ found that such limitations were “not consistent . . . by [sic] the overall
record in this case.” R. 28. The ALJ, however, does not cite to any record evidence reflecting an
inconsistency. See id. Notably, the ALJ’s recitation of the medical evidence reflects, inter alia,
injuries to Plaintiff’s ankles; back sprain with related pain; fibromyalgia-related pain; reduced
range of motion; antalgic gait; and prescriptions for a rollator and CAM walking boot. R. 22–25.
The ALJ reasoned that Plaintiff’s daily activities such as “basic self-care, limited shopping and
laundry” as well as “reading, watching television outside[,]” “negate the significant limitations”
offered by Dr. Rygielski. R. 28. However, the ALJ has not explained—and it is not apparent to
the Court—how these activities “negate” that physician’s opined physical limitations. See id. As
a preliminary matter, and as Plaintiff points out, Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9, p. 38 n.17,
the ALJ overstated Plaintiff’s activities. For example, Plaintiff testified that she “shower[s] when
I feel like I can[,]” which is “usually less than once a week. I don’t change my clothes very
often.” R. 65. Plaintiff also testified that she prepares her lunch but that her roommates pre-make
breakfast for her. R. 64–65. While it is true that Plaintiff shopped, she testified that she goes with
her roommate to pick up a grocery order. R. 66. She rarely goes into the grocery store and, when
she does, she uses an electric cart. Id. A roommate also helps her with laundry. R. 73. This
overstatement of Plaintiff’s daily activities undermines the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff’s
activities were inconsistent with Dr. Rygielski’s opinion. See Blair v. Colvin, No. 3:15-CV-1974,
2016 WL 1089223, at *15 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 21, 2016) (“The ALJ’s overstatement of Plaintiff's
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activities of daily living, without an explanation for the elimination of the qualifying aspects of
Plaintiff's testimony and statements, renders his reliance on her activities of daily living
problematic.”). The ALJ also stated that Plaintiff “reported spending her days reading, watching
television outside[,]” but it is not clear how these sedentary activities—reported in September
2019, approximately one year prior to Dr. Rygielski’s opinion—undermine that physician’s
opined physical limitations. R. 28 (citing Exhibit 45 (reflecting Plaintiff’s statements during a
consultative examination taken on September 12, 2019)); cf. Holler v. Barnhart, 102 F. App’x
742, 744 (3d Cir. 2004) (“The ALJ does not explain why he found that Holler’s activities
[cooking, taking walks, feeding and bathing her dogs, performing household chores, shopping,
driving, singing in her church’s choir and acting as the church’s treasurer] were inconsistent with
an inability to work at the medium level although both doctors account for Holler’s activities and
still conclude that Holler was capable of light work at most. Rather, the ALJ appears to have
concluded that he could better interpret Holler’s history than both of the physicians of record.”).
Finally, although the reviewing state agency medical consultants opined in October 2019 and
January 2020 that, inter alia, Plaintiff was capable of performing light exertional work, R. 100–
53, 8 those opinions pre-dated Dr. Rygielski’s opinion of September 30, 2020, R. 27–28, 669–70,
as well as Plaintiff’s August 2020 ankle injury, continuing ankle pain, and antalgic gait in 2020
and 2021, and Dr. Nguyen’s prescription of a CAM boot walker in November 2024, R. 24, 831–
38.
Moreover, even if the ALJ had properly considered the consistency factor, he did not
sufficiently consider the supportability factor when evaluating Dr. Rygielski’s opinion. As a

8

The reviewing state agency consultants stated that “ADL and self care difficulties/limitations are
noted due to reported physical challenges, in both 1st and 3rd party Function reports[,]” R. 109,
121, 132, 137, 146, 151, but the Court could not locate those function reports in the record.
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preliminary matter, the ALJ erroneously referred to the consistency of that opinion when he
actually attacked the supportability of that opinion. See R. 28 (stating that this opinion was “not
consistent with the doctor’s treatment records”) (emphasis added); see also 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1520c(c)(1), (2), 416.920c(c)(1), (2); Pipkin v. Kijakazi, No. CV 22-2-E, 2023 WL 411291,
at *1 (W.D. Pa. Jan. 25, 2023) (“‘[S]upportability relates to the extent to which a medical source
has articulated support for the medical source’s own opinion, while consistency relates to the
relationship between a medical source’s opinion and other evidence within the record.’”)
(quoting Cook v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:20-CV-1197, 2021 WL 1565832, at *3 (M.D. Fla.
Apr. 6, 2021)). Moreover, the ALJ did not articulate how Dr. Rygielski’s treatment records did
not support that physician’s opinion. R. 21-29. For example, the ALJ noted, inter alia, that Dr.
Rygielski treated Plaintiff for fibromyalgia in November 2019, at which time she noted gait
problems and prescribed a rollator, id.; and that Dr. Rygielski continued to treat Plaintiff for
fibromyalgia in 2020 9 and 2021, R. 25. Although the ALJ complains that Dr. Rygielski “notes a
history of generalized pain but never refers to specific limitations[,]” R. 28, it is not entirely clear
what the ALJ intends by this criticism. To the extent that he meant to refer to Dr. Rygielski’s
opinion, this Court has already detailed above the specific functional limitations opined by that
physician. R. 669–70. To the extent that the ALJ suggests Dr. Rygielski’s treatment notes should
have expressed fibromyalgia’s effects in a different manner, the ALJ’s criticism in this regard
misses the mark. As previously noted, the ALJ specifically found that, inter alia, fibromyalgia

Although the ALJ refers to Dr. Rygielski treating Plaintiff on April 8, 2020, the cited exhibit
does not reflect treatment on that date. R. 25 (citing Exhibit 14F, R. 842–910 (reflecting
treatment from July 14, 2020, through January 29, 2021)). However, that physician did treat
Plaintiff for fibromyalgia in, inter alia, May 2020. Exhibit 9F/1–3, R. 688–90. This incorrect
record citation, as well as the ALJ’s additional inaccurate citations noted below, made the
Court’s review of this action unnecessarily more difficult and time-consuming.
19
9

was a severe impairment. R. 18; see also SSR 12-2p (explaining that fibromyalgia “is a complex
medical condition characterized primarily by widespread pain in the joints, muscles, tendons, or
nearby soft tissues that has persisted for at least 3 months”); Foley v. Barnhart, 432 F. Supp.2d
465, 475 (M.D. Pa. 2005) (“These tender points [that characterized fibromyalgia] are called
“trigger points.” . . . . All points may not be painful at all times in every person. . . . The pain
may vary in intensity according to the time of day, weather, activity level, stress, and sleep
patterns.”) (citations omitted). “[I]n a disability determination involving fibromyalgia, it is error
to require objective findings when the disease itself eludes such measurement.” Foley, 432 F. at
476 (citations omitted); id. at 475 (noting that the ALJ improperly discounted a physician’s
assessment of the claimant’s condition on the ground that “it was not supported by any
independent findings and observations” and stating that “[t]he problem with looking for
independent findings and observations is that fibromyalgia is a disease which is notable for its
lack of objective diagnostic techniques”) (cleaned up); Henderson v. Astrue, 887 F. Supp. 2d
617, 636 (W.D. Pa. 2012) (stating that “it is error for an ALJ to rely on the lack of objective
evidence to reject a treating physician’s opinion in a disability case involving a diagnosis of
fibromyalgia due to the nature of the disease” and finding that the ALJ “erred by failing to
address the unique circumstances presented by a claimant alleging disability based on a
diagnosis of fibromyalgia”) (citations omitted). Accordingly, with no citation to specific
treatment record or discussion of how such records do not support Dr. Rygielski’s opinion, the
Court cannot conclude that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s evaluation of this physician’s
opinion. See Sanford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. CIV. 13-0366 NLH, 2014 WL 1294710, at *2
(D.N.J. Mar. 28, 2014) (“The Third Circuit has held that access to the Commissioner’s reasoning

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is [ ] essential to a meaningful court review.”) (citing Gober v. Matthews, 574 F.2d 772, 776 (3d
Cir. 1978)).
Furthermore, the Court cannot conclude that the ALJ’s failure to properly consider Dr.
Rygielski’s opinion is harmless. This is particularly so because Dr. Rygielski opined, inter alia,
that Plaintiff could sit for a total of one hour, could not stand/walk in an 8-hour workday, would
need to take a 20 or 30-minute break every 20 minutes, R. 669, and would be absent more than
four times per month. R. 670; see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(a) (“Although a sedentary job is
defined as one which involves sitting, a certain amount of walking and standing is often
necessary in carrying out job duties. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required
occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.”), 416.967(a) (same); SSR 83-10, 1983 WL
31251, at *5 (“‘Occasionally’ means occurring from very little up to one-third of the time. Since
being on one’s feet is required ‘occasionally’ at the sedentary level of exertion, periods of
standing or walking should generally total no more than about 2 hours of an 8-hour workday, and
sitting should generally total approximately 6 hours of an 8-hour workday.”). The doctor’s
opined limitations take on greater significance when considering that the vocational expert
testified that there would be no competitive employment for an individual who was off task 15%
or more during the workday, who would be absent two or more times per month, and who could
sit, stand, and walk for a combined total of up to only six hours in an 8-hour workday. R. 79.
This Court therefore concludes that remand of the matter for further consideration of
these issues is appropriate. Moreover, remand is appropriate even if, upon further examination of
Dr. Rygielski’s opinion and the RFC determination, the ALJ again concludes that Plaintiff is not
entitled to benefits. Cf. Zuschlag v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 18-CV-1949, 2020 WL
5525578, at *8 (D.N.J. Sept. 15, 2020) (“On remand, the ALJ may reach the same conclusion,
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but it must be based on a proper foundation.”); Jiminez v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. CV 1912662, 2020 WL 5105232, at *4 (D.N.J. Aug. 28, 2020) (“Once more, the ALJ did not provide
an adequate explanation that would enable meaningful review, and the Court once more cannot
determine what role lay speculation played in the ALJ’s rejection of this detailed functional
assessment from Dr. Marks.”); Cassidy v. Colvin, No. 2:13-1203, 2014 WL 2041734, at *10 n.3
(W.D. Pa. May 16, 2014) (“Nevertheless, that the ALJ may have misinterpreted or
misunderstood Dr. Kaplan’s findings with regard to Plaintiff's postural activities does not
absolve her of her error. Rather, it highlights the need for an ALJ to fully explain her findings.
Otherwise, the district court is left to engage in this sort of speculation about how an ALJ arrived
at her decision.”).
Finally, the Court notes that Plaintiff asserts other errors in the Acting Commissioner’s
final decision. See generally Plaintiff’s Moving Brief, ECF No. 9. Because the Court concludes
that the matter must be remanded for further consideration of Dr. Rygielski’s opinion and the
RFC determination, the Court does not consider those claims. However, without expressing any
opinion on the merits of such challenges, the Court suggests that, on remand, it would be helpful
for the ALJ to address Plaintiff’s obesity at step three of the sequential evaluation, see R. 18–20
(omitting any mention of Plaintiff’s obesity at step three), and to clarify his consideration of
Plaintiff’s use of a rollator and CAM walker boot and any related ability to ambulate effectively.
For example, the ALJ stated:
I note the indications for use of a rolling walker in the record, and that the claimant
was also fitted with a CAM walker boot; however, while instructed to wear the
CAM walker boot daily, it was noted that the had not used it consistently and she
was therefore not entirely compliant with treatment (Exhibit 13 F/4, 5, 8, 13). An
X. Nguyen, DPM, a podiatrist, noted in November, 2020, that the claimant was
limited to weight bearing as tolerated, with a rolling walker she had at home
(Exhibit 13F/5, 8). In April, 2021, the claimant was fitted with a CAM walker boot.
with a pneumatic pump, although noted not to have been using it consistently, and
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the claimant was instructed to wear it daily. It was opined that the claimant could
ambulate at tolerated with the boot, for at least four weeks, and without wearing
the CAM walker boot when sleeping or when sitting for long periods (Exhibit
13F/4, 13). While I find Dr. Nguyen’s opinions to be persuasive as to the claimant’s
function at the time of the assessments, based upon the overall record I do not find
these opinions to be persuasive as to the presence of particular limitations for any
continuous period of at least twelve months during the period at issue in this case.
Based upon the overall record, I do not find that the claimant required the use of a
rolling walker or use of a CAM walker boot for any continuous period of at least
twelve months during the relevant period, and note in this regard that most medical
visits do not note the use of the walker.
R. 28–29 (emphasis added). As a preliminary matter, it is not immediately apparent that Dr.
Nguyen’s “opinions” are actually medical opinions subject to the applicable regulations; rather
they appear to “[o]ther medical evidence.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(3) (“Other medical evidence
is evidence from a medical source that is not objective medical evidence or a medical opinion,
including judgments about the nature and severity of your impairments, your medical history,
clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment prescribed with response, or prognosis.”), 416.913(a)(3)
(same). In addition, when recounting the medical history regarding Plaintiff’s ankle pain, her use
of the CAM walker boot, and Dr. Nguyen’s treatment records, the ALJ at times referred to the
wrong date, employed confusing language, and cited to the wrong exhibits. R. 24 (stating in
confusing fashion that “March 13, 2020 records show the claimant was falling of the right ankle
pain” and citing to “Exhibit 13/F12[,]” which is actually a record dated April 13, 2021, from Dr.
Nguyen, R. 838), 25 (referring to “an April 13, 2020 letter” authored by Dr. Nguyen—and
providing no citation to the record—but that physician’s letter was dated April 13, 2021, R. 830;
referring to treatment records from October 2020 and November 2020 and providing a cite to
only “Exhibit 3F/4[,]” R. 644, which bears only this statement” “Exhibit 3F Page 4 of 10 WAS
REMOVED AS AN EXHIBIT BY THE APPEALS COUNCIL BECAUSE IT DOES NOT
REFER TO THE CLAIMANT”). The ALJ’s errors in this regard, coupled with his reliance on a
23

possible mischaracterization of Dr. Nguyen’s clinical findings/treatment as an opinion, may
undermine the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff did not require the use of a rolling walker or use of
a CAM walker boot for any continuous twelve-month period during the relevant period. In
addition to these issues, it is particularly difficult to understand and evaluate the ALJ’s reasoning
in this regard against a backdrop of several ankle injuries, gait problems, and assistive devices
throughout the relevant period, including, inter alia, pain in the left ankle following a fall in or
around January 2018, R. 569–70; left ankle sprain following a fall in or around April 2018, R.
450, 452–54; pain, gait problem, and prescription for a rollator in November 2019, R. 658–660;
pain in ankle on January 29, 2021, R. 850; sprained right ankle related to fall and “gait problem”
in September 2020, R. 875–76, 879, 886; pain in right ankle in October 2020, R. 832; pain in
right ankle after fall in a hole and authorization for CAM walker boot in November 2020, R.
831–35; continued pain in right ankle in March 2021, with MRI of that area reflecting, inter alia,
“[p]osterior tibial tendinosis and tenosynovitis with low-grade partial-thickness tear at the
Insertion” and ganglion cysts, R. 836–37; and in April 2021, following up with pain to her right
ankle “since August when she fell into hole[,]” R. 838. In making these observations, the Court
merely intends to encourage the ALJ to further clarify his citations on remand; the Court
expresses no opinion as to the merits of Plaintiff’s challenges based on these issues.
For all these reasons, the Court REVERSES the Acting Commissioner’s decision and
REMANDS the matter for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order.
The Court will issue a separate Order issuing final judgment pursuant to Sentence 4 of 42
U.S.C. § 405(g).
Date: March 11, 2025

s/Norah McCann King
NORAH McCANN KING
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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