MINISOHN CHIROPRACTIC & ACUPUNCTURE CENTER, LLC et al v. HORIZON BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF NEW JERSEY et al

Filing 24

MEMORANDUM OPINION Filed. Signed by Judge Georgette Castner on 8/30/2024. (jal, )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

MININSOHN
CHIROPRACTIC
&
ACUPUNCTURE CENTER, LLC, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Civil Action No. 23-01341 (GC) (TJB)
v.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
HORIZON BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD
OF NEW JERSEY, et al.,
Defendants.

CASTNER, United States District Judge
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New
Jersey’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Mininsohn Chiropractic & Acupuncture, LLC, and the Estate
of Eric Mininsohn, DC, LAC’s (collectively, “Mininsohn”) amended complaint, under Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure (Rules) 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 17.) Mininsohn opposed, and
Horizon replied. (ECF Nos. 22, 23.) The Court carefully considered the parties’ submissions and
decides the matter without oral argument pursuant to Rule 78(b) and Local Civil Rule 78.1(b). For
the reasons set forth below, and other good cause shown, Horizon’s motion is GRANTED in part
and DENIED in part.

I.

BACKGROUND
Mininsohn sued Horizon over denied claims for health benefits stemming from chiropractic

and acupuncture services performed by the late Eric Mininsohn.1 (ECF No. 11 at 1-2.2) Mininsohn
alleges that Dr. Mininsohn’s patients assigned Mininsohn Chiropractic their contractual rights as
subscribers to health benefits plans “issued and/or administered” by Horizon, permitting
Mininsohn to sue Horizon for benefits under the plans. (Id. at 1-2, ¶¶ 1-2.)
Mininsohn’s initial complaint included two counts. Count One was for unpaid claims
under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) § 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. §
1132(a)(1)(B), and for breach of fiduciary duties under ERISA § 502(a)(3), 29 U.S.C. §
1132(a)(3). (ECF No. 1-1 at 5-6, ¶¶ 17-21.) Count Two was for common law breach of contract.
(Id. at 7, ¶¶ 1-4.)
On Horizon’s motion, the Court dismissed the initial complaint without prejudice. (ECF
Nos. 4, 9, 10.) In so dismissing, the Court found that the complaint did not “identify any specific
patient who has allegedly assigned their claims to [Mininsohn]” or “plead any factual detail as to
the terms, limitations, or specifics of the alleged assignments”—necessary information for
Mininsohn to have standing to sue on the patients’ behalf under ERISA. Mininsohn Chiropractic,
2023 WL 8253088, at *4. Mininsohn’s fiduciary-duty claim also failed because Mininsohn did
not “identify specific terms of the plans that were violated,” “what alleged conduct breached
Horizon’s fiduciary duties,” and “how, if at all, the breach of fiduciary duty claim differs from the
claim for unpaid benefits.” Id. at *5 (citation omitted). And Mininsohn’s breach-of-contract claim
1

For a full recitation of the procedural and factual background, see the Court’s previous
opinion at Mininsohn Chiropractic & Acupuncture Center, LLC v. Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield
of New Jersey, Civ. No. 23-01341, 2023 WL 8253088 (D.N.J. Nov. 29, 2023), or ECF No. 9.
2

Page numbers for record cites (i.e., “ECF Nos.”) refer to the page numbers stamped by the
Court’s e-filing system and not the internal pagination of the parties.
2

failed because Mininsohn did not “identif[y] a specific contractual term that was allegedly
breached by Horizon.” Id. Thus, the Court dismissed the initial complaint entirely, giving
Mininsohn the opportunity to amend.
Mininsohn timely amended the complaint. In so amending, Mininsohn added details of 12
patient claims for which it seeks reimbursement.3 (ECF No. 11 at ¶ 3.) It also included a copy of
a blank Assignment of Benefits agreement, which describes Mininsohn’s alleged right to collect
on its patients’ medical claims. (Id. ¶ 4.) In all other respects, Mininsohn’s amended complaint,
including its two causes of action, is identical to the initial complaint.
Horizon now moves to partially dismiss the amended complaint, attacking seven of the 12
patient claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction or failure to state a claim. (ECF No. 17.)
II.

LEGAL STANDARD
A.

Rule 12(b)(1)—Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

Rule 12(b)(1) permits a defendant to move at any time to dismiss the complaint for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction on either facial or factual grounds. Gould Electronics Inc. v. United
States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir. 2000).
A facial challenge asserts that “the complaint, on its face, does not allege sufficient grounds
to establish subject matter jurisdiction.” Iwanowa v. Ford Motor Co., 67 F. Supp. 2d 424, 438
(D.N.J. 1999). In analyzing a facial challenge, a court “must only consider the allegations of the
complaint and documents attached thereto, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Gould
Electronics Inc., 220 F.3d at 176. “A court considering a facial challenge construes the allegations

3

Though the amended complaint identifies 13 patients by initials and insurance
identification number, Horizon contends that one entry is duplicative of another. (ECF No. 17-1
at 8 n.1.) Mininsohn does not dispute Horizon’s contention.
3

in the complaint as true and determines whether subject matter jurisdiction exists.” Arosa Solar
Energy Sys., Inc. v. Solar, Civ. No. 18-1340, 2021 WL 1196405, at *2 (D.N.J. Mar. 30, 2021).
A factual challenge, on the other hand, “attacks allegations underlying the assertion of
jurisdiction in the complaint, and it allows the defendant to present competing facts.” Hartig Drug
Co. Inc. v. Senju Pharm. Co., 836 F.3d 261, 268 (3d Cir. 2016). The “trial court is free to weigh
the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case” and “the plaintiff
will have the burden of proof that jurisdiction does in fact exist.” Petruska v. Gannon Univ., 462
F.3d 294, 302 n.3 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 549 F.2d
884, 891 (3d Cir. 1977)). “Therefore, a 12(b)(1) factual challenge strips the plaintiff of the
protections and factual deference provided under 12(b)(6) review.” Hartig Drug Co., 836 F.3d at
268. Regardless of the type of challenge, the plaintiff bears the “burden of proving that the court
has subject matter jurisdiction.” Cottrell v. Heritages Dairy Stores, Inc., Civ. No. 09-1743, 2010
WL 3908567, at *2 (D.N.J. Sep. 30, 2010) (citing Mortensen, 549 F.2d at 891).
B.

Rule 12(b)(6)—Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted

On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts “accept the factual allegations in
the complaint as true, draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and assess whether
the complaint and the exhibits attached to it ‘contain enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.’” Wilson v. USI Ins. Serv. LLC, 57 F.4th 131, 140 (3d Cir. 2023) (quoting
Watters v. Bd. of Sch. Directors of City of Scranton, 975 F.3d 406, 412 (3d Cir. 2020)). “A claim
is facially plausible ‘when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’” Clark v. Coupe, 55
F.4th 167, 178 (3d Cir. 2022) (quoting Mammana v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 934 F.3d 368, 372
(3d Cir. 2019)). When assessing the factual allegations in a complaint, courts “disregard legal

4

conclusions and recitals of the elements of a cause of action that are supported only by mere
conclusory statements.” Wilson, 57 F.4th at 140 (citing Oakwood Lab’ys LLC v. Thanoo, 999 F.3d
892, 904 (3d Cir. 2021)). The defendant bringing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion bears the burden of
“showing that a complaint fails to state a claim.” In re Plavix Mktg., Sales Pracs. & Prod. Liab.
Litig. (No. II), 974 F.3d 228, 231 (3d Cir. 2020) (citing Davis v. Wells Fargo, 824 F.3d 333, 349
(3d Cir. 2016)).
III.

DISCUSSION
Horizon moves to dismiss seven of the 12 patient claims on the following grounds. (ECF

No. 17-1 at 14, 20.) First, TE and JJ were covered by the New Jersey State Health Benefit Plan
(SHBP), to which ERISA does not apply; thus, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over
those claims. Plus, Mininsohn did not follow the SHBP’s administrative process of appealing
benefit disputes to the State Health Benefits Commission, then to the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Appellate Division. (Id. at 15-16, 24.) Second, JT’s plan includes an anti-assignment
provision, precluding Mininsohn from suing as an assignee to enforce the plan. (Id. at 21-22.)
Third, as for GC, who was covered by the Federal Employee Plan (FEP) administered by Horizon
in New Jersey, federal regulations required Mininsohn to first exhaust all available United States
Office of Personnel Management (OPM) appeals, and then sue OPM, not Horizon. (Id. at 24-25.)
Finally, KT, MB, and AL were covered under plans issued or administered by “Empire BCBS,” a
New York licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association—not Horizon. (Id. at 25.)

5

A.

TE & JJ Claims
1.

ERISA

Horizon argues that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over Mininsohn’s ERISAbased claims for TE and JJ, because those patients were covered by the SHBP, a state government
plan to which ERISA does not apply. (ECF No. 17-1 at 15.) The Court agrees.
On a factual attack on subject-matter jurisdiction, such as Horizon’s, “the court may
consider evidence ‘outside the pleadings,’ including ‘affidavits, depositions, and testimony to
resolve factual issues bearing on jurisdiction.’” Fort v. United States, Civ. No. 22-583, --- F. Supp.
3d ----, 2024 WL 228935, at *6 (D.N.J. Jan. 22, 2024) (quoting Constitution Party of Pa. v.
Aichele, 757 F.3d 347, 358 (3d Cir. 2014); then Gotha v. United States, 115 F.3d 176, 179 (3d Cir.
1997)). “[I]n reviewing a factual attack, ‘the court must permit the plaintiff to respond with
rebuttal evidence in support of jurisdiction, and the court then decides the jurisdictional issue by
weighing the evidence.” Lincoln Ben. Life Co. v. AEI Life, LLC, 800 F.3d 99, 105 (3d Cir. 2015)
(quoting McCann v. Newman Irrevocable Tr., 458 F.3d 281, 290 (3d Cir. 2006)). If a dispute of
material fact exists, “the court must conduct a plenary hearing on the contested issues prior to
determining jurisdiction.’” Id. (quoting McCann, 458 F.3d at 290).
Horizon submits the certification of Donna Ruotola, a Horizon manager of the SHBP.
(Ruotola Cert., ECF No. 17-2.) Ruotola certifies that TE and JJ “received health benefits through
the SHBP, pursuant to which Horizon only provides administrative services,” and attaches selected
pages from the applicable SHBPs. (Ruotola Cert. ¶¶ 4-9, Exs. 1-3.) Mininsohn does not contest
the authenticity of the documents submitted with Ruotola’s certification; it argues only that the
Court should not yet consider documents outside the pleadings. (See ECF No. 22 at 7-9.) But
beyond stating that “no discovery has been done,” Mininsohn offers no evidence or further

6

explanation for his objection. (Id. at 9.) As a result, Mininsohn does not raise a dispute of material
fact over the SHBP documents attached to Ruotola’s certification. So the Court may review them
without a hearing.
“The SHBP is a governmental plan established by the State of New Jersey under [N.J. Stat.
Ann. §§ 52:14-17.25 et. seq.], to which ERISA does not apply.” In re LymeCare, Inc., 301 B.R.
662, 674 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2003) (citing 29 U.S.C. §§ 1003(b), which excludes governmental plans
from ERISA, and 1002(32), which defines governmental plans as “plan[s] established or
maintained for its employees . . . by the government of any State”); see Kindred Hosps. E., LLC v.
Horizon Healthcare Servs., Inc., Civ. No. 17-8467, 2019 WL 643604, at *2 (D.N.J. Feb. 14, 2019)
(“The State Plan is completely exempt from the requirements of [ERISA], because it is a
‘governmental plan’ that is maintained ‘by the government of any State or political subdivision
thereof, or by any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing.’” (quoting 29 U.S.C. §
1002(32))); Roche v. Aetna Health Inc., Civ. No. 13-3933, 2014 WL 1309963, at *2 (D.N.J. Mar.
31, 2014) (“The Court agrees that federal question jurisdiction under ERISA is lacking because
Plaintiff’s Complaint raises non-ERISA claims related to her New Jersey State Health Benefits
Program.” (citing 29 U.S.C. §§ 1003(b)(1) and 1002(32))). Thus, Mininsohn’s ERISA-based
claim for TE and JJ must be dismissed. See In re LymeCare, 301 B.R. at 674 (dismissing ERISAbased claims arising from SHBP).
2.

Breach of Contract

Next, Horizon argues that the Court also lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over Mininsohn’s
breach-of-contract claim for TE and JJ, because Mininsohn did not follow the administrative
appeals process necessary for pursuing the SHBP benefits. (ECF No. 17-1 at 15-16.)

7

“The State of New Jersey offers and finances health benefits to its employees and their
family members through the” SHBP. Kindred Hosps. E., 2019 WL 643604, at *1 (citing N.J. Stat.
Ann. §§ 52:14-17.25 et seq.). “Any funds used to pay out claims under the [SHBP] come from
the coffers of the Treasury of the State of New Jersey.” Id. (citing N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 52:14-17.30
and 52:14-17.46a). The State uses Horizon to administer the SHBP. (Ruotola Cert. ¶ 5.) See In
re LymeCare, 301 B.R. at 674 (discussing the State and Horizon’s arrangement); Kindred Hosps.
E., 2019 WL 643604, at *1 n.2 (same).
The State Health Benefits Commission oversees the health benefits program for the State’s
employees. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 52:14-17.27. In that role, the Commission developed rules and
regulations for administering the SHBP. See N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 52:14-17.27 through 17.28; N.J.
Stat. Ann. § 52:14-17.36; see also N.J. Admin. Code §§ 17:9-1.1 et seq. (the Commission’s
regulations governing SHBP). Relevant here are the regulations governing the appeal process for
SHBP claims decisions. The regulations provide that “[a]ny member of the SHBP who disagrees
with the decision of the carrier and has exhausted all appeals within the plan . . . may request that
the matter be considered by the Commission.”

N.J. Admin. Code § 17:9-1.3(a).

The

Commission’s final administrative determinations are appealable to the Superior Court, Appellate
Division. N.J. Admin. Code § 17:9-1.3(d).
Courts consistently interpret these regulations as requiring plaintiffs seeking
reimbursement under the SHBP to exhaust administrative remedies before filing in court. See,
e.g., Roche v. Aetna, Inc., 681 F. App’x 117, 121 (3d Cir. 2017) (“The regulations thus contemplate
administrative appeals within the State Plan followed by appeals to the Commission prior to filing
in court.”); Kindred Hosps. E., 2019 WL 643604, at *3 (following Roche); Beaver v. Magellan
Health Servs., Inc., 80 A.3d 1160, 1165 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2013), cert. denied, 88 A.3d

8

190 (N.J. 2014) (“[W]e have consistently recognized the statutory and regulatory scheme that
requires disputes over eligibility and benefits to be submitted first to the [Commission], and, only
thereafter, to this court for resolution.”). The failure to follow the administrative process has
warranted dismissal as late as the summary judgment stage. See In re LymeCare, 301 B.R. at 678
(finding that “the additional delay that may result from” dismissal on summary judgment “is
mandated by the statutory and regulatory scheme of the SHBP”).
Here, the SHBP member guidebooks for 2019, 2020, and 2021 set forth the procedure for
appealing adverse benefits determinations, reflecting the regulatory requirements. (See Ruotola
Exs. 1-3.)
Mininsohn counters that the administrative-exhaustion requirement does not apply when
an appeal would be futile.4 (ECF No. 22 at 10.) For its proposition, Mininsohn cites Carey v.
United of Omaha Life Insurance Co.5 and Berger v. Edgewater Steel Co.,6 where the courts applied
the futility exception to ERISA’s administration-exhaustion requirements. (ECF No. 22 at 11-12.)
But as mentioned, ERISA does not apply to the SHBP. And Mininsohn does not cite precedent
for applying the futility exception in the SHBP context. Even if ERISA’s futility exception
applied, Mininsohn’s next step would be to seek relief in the Superior Court, Appellate Division.
See Beaver, 80 A.3d at 1167 (“[T]he Court adopted [New Jersey Court Rules] 2:2-3 and 2:2-4,
with the intention that ‘every proceeding to review the action or inaction of a state administrative
agency would be by appeal to the Appellate Division.’” (quoting Cent. R.R. Co. of N. J. v. Neeld,
139 A.2d 110, 117 (N.J. 1958), cert. denied, 357 U.S. 928 (1958))); Advanced Rehab of Jersey
4

Mininsohn identifies two exceptions—“if procedures are inadequate or the appeal is
futile”—though Mininsohn elaborates on only the futility exception. (ECF No. 22 at 10-13.)
5

633 F. App’x 478 (9th Cir. 2016).

6

911 F.2d 911 (3d Cir. 1990).
9

City v. Horizon Healthcare of New Jersey, Inc., No. A-3303-09T3, 2011 WL 3629176, at *3 (N.J.
Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 19, 2011) (“The trial court, therefore, lacked any authority to consider
Advanced’s complaint in the first instance.” (citing N.J. Ct. R. 2:2-3(a)(2))).
Based on the state regulatory scheme and SHBP member guidebooks’ language, the Court
finds that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over Mininsohn’s claims for TE and JJ. Thus, those
claims are dismissed without prejudice.
B.

JT Claim

Horizon also argues that plans covering patient JT include an anti-assignment provision,
which deprives Mininsohn of standing to sue under those plans. (ECF No. 17-1 at 21-22.) The
Court agrees.
Typically, “standing to sue under ERISA is ‘limited to participants and beneficiaries.’”
Prestige Inst. for Plastic Surgery, P.C. o/b/o S.A. v. Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Jersey,
Civ. No. 20-3733, 2021 WL 4206323, at *3 (D.N.J. Sept. 16, 2021) (quoting Univ. Spine Ctr. v.
Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, Civ. No. 18-2912, 2018 WL 6567702, at *2 (D.N.J. Dec. 13,
2018)). Nevertheless, “[h]ealthcare providers that are neither participants nor beneficiaries in their
own right may obtain derivative standing by assignment from a plan participant or beneficiary,”
N. Jersey Brain & Spine Ctr. v. Aetna, Inc., 801 F.3d 369, 372 (3d Cir. 2015), so long as the ERISA
plan does not include a valid anti-assignment clause, Am. Orthopedic & Sports Med. v. Indep. Blue
Cross Blue Shield, 890 F.3d 445, 453 (3d Cir. 2018). Indeed, “anti-assignment clauses in ERISAgoverned health insurance plans as a general matter are enforceable.” Id.; see Neurosurgical
Assocs. of NJ, P.C. v. Aetna, Inc., Civ. No. 17-13210, 2019 WL 851280, at *3 (D.N.J. Feb. 22,
2019) (“[T]he American Orthopedic decision is consistent with a long line of decisions from this

10

district that have denied standing after finding a valid anti-assignment clause in an ERISAgoverned health insurance plan.”).
Here, Mininsohn alleges that JT was covered under a self-funded, ERISA-governed health
benefits plan sponsored and funded by the Joint Welfare Fund, Local Union No. 164 I.B.E.W. (the
“Local 164”). (ECF No. 17-1 at 12.) In support, Horizon submits the certification of Edwin M.
Hernandez, an account manager in the labor and gaming group at Horizon who handles the Local
164. (Hernandez Cert., ECF No. 21.) Hernandez certifies that he “reviewed Horizon’s business
records and consulted with the Local 164 and confirmed that patient J.T. referenced in the First
Amended Complaint by initials and insurance identification number is an enrollee in the Local
164’s self-funded health benefits plan.” (Hernandez Cert. ¶ 6.) The Local 164’s summary plan
description covering patient JT included the following anti-assignment provision:
Non Assignability of Benefits
The Plan may, in its sole and exclusive discretion, make direct
payments to a provider of your medical services. However, except
as applicable law may otherwise require, no amount payable for
benefits here under shall be subject in any matter to alienation by
assignment of any kind. Any attempt to assign any such amount
whether present or hereafter payable, shall be void. If payment is
made directly to you it would be your responsibility to pay the
provider.
In accordance with the Plan’s claims and appeals procedures, the
Plan will allow a personal representative (including a provider),
authorized by a Participant or beneficiary, to act on their behalf for
claims and appeal purposes only. The Plan’s recognition of such
personal representative for this purpose shall not be construed as a
waiver of the Plan’s prohibition against assignments as indicated
above.
[(Hernandez Cert. Ex. 1, ECF No. 17-9 at 6.)]
The terms of this anti-assignment provision are unambiguous and, as such, must be
enforced. Am. Orthopedic, 890 F.3d at 453 (applying in the ERISA context “black-letter law that
11

the terms of an unambiguous private contract must be enforced” (quoting Travelers Indem. Co. v.
Bailey, 557 U.S. 137, 150 (2009))).
Mininsohn does not deny that JT’s plan includes the above anti-assignment provision.
Rather, Mininsohn objects to Horizon’s reliance on documents outside the pleadings for its motion
to dismiss. But as mentioned above, the Court may review these submissions for purposes of
Horizon’s factual attack on subject-matter jurisdiction. See Lincoln Ben. Life Co., 800 F.3d at 105
(requiring the court to “conduct a plenary hearing on the contested issues” only if a dispute of
material fact exists); see also Atl. Plastic & Hand Surgery, PA v. Anthem Blue Cross Life & Health
Ins. Co., Civ. No. 17-4600, 2018 WL 1420496, at *5 (D.N.J. Mar. 22, 2018) (“[C]ourts within this
District routinely enforce unambiguous anti-assignment provisions contained in ERISA-governed
plans, and thus, find that providers lack derivative standing to seek benefits from the plan on behalf
of their patients.” (collecting cases)). As with patients TE and JJ, Mininsohn does not show that a
dispute of material fact exists over JT’s plan documents.
Mininsohn also counters that because anti-assignment provisions “are subject to traditional
contract defenses, such as fraud, misrepresentation, . . . unconscionability,” and “waiver,”
discovery may reveal, for instance, “whether the clauses are buried in fine print or are otherwise
unconscionable.” (ECF No. 22 at 9.) The Court finds Mininsohn’s argument unconvincing.
For starters, the Local 164 anti-assignment provision is not “buried in fine print.” It appears
in the same size and font type as all other provisions. (See ECF No. 17-9 at 6.) For another,
Mininsohn does not support its proposed contract defenses with well-pleaded factual allegations.
Factually lacking defenses cannot be used to defeat motions to dismiss. See, e.g., BrainBuilders,
LLC v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., Civ. No. 17-3626, 2024 WL 358152, at *5-6 (D.N.J. Jan. 31, 2024)
(finding that a plaintiff did not allege sufficient facts to support a waiver defense to an ERISA-

12

governed plan’s anti-assignment provision); Univ. Spine Ctr. v. Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield
of New Jersey, 262 F. Supp. 3d 105, 112 (D.N.J. 2017) (noting that the plaintiff’s “waiver
argument, unsupported by specific factual allegations, has been rejected by” other courts in this
District on Rule 12 motions).
Mininsohn’s reliance on North Jersey Brain & Spine Center v. Aetna, Inc.7 is also
misplaced. As the Court of Appeals clarified, North Jersey Brain & Spine Center “merely held—
in the absence of an anti-assignment clause—that ‘when a patient assigns payment of insurance
benefits to a healthcare provider, [the] provider gains standing to sue for that payment.’” Am.
Orthopedic, 890 F.3d at 450 (quoting N. Jersey Brain & Spine Ctr., 801 F.3d at 372). Because
North Jersey Brain & Spine Center did not “address the effect or enforceability of an antiassignment clause, . . . it has little bearing here.” Id.
In sum, because Mininsohn is not a beneficiary or participant in the Local 164, and because
the anti-assignment provision in the Local 164 plan invalidates any purported assignment of
benefits to Mininsohn, Mininsohn lacks standing to pursue the claims asserted under that plan. See
id. at 455 (affirming dismissal of ERISA and breach-of-contract claims for lack of standing due to
an anti-assignment provision in the purportedly assigned plans). Thus, Horizon’s motion to
dismiss is granted on the JT claims.
C.

GC Claim

Next, Horizon argues that a lawsuit over patient GC’s plan must be brought against OPM
and not against Horizon. (ECF No. 17-1 at 24.) Horizon submits that GC “received health benefits
through the FEP, pursuant to which Horizon only provides administrative services,” according to
the certification of Robyn Brenner, the director of FEP at Horizon, whose certification includes a

7

801 F.3d 369, 372 (3d Cir. 2015).
13

copy of selected pages from the 2021 FEP covering GC. (Brenner Cert. ¶ 5, ECF No. 17-6;
Brenner Cert. Ex. A, ECF No. 17-7.)
Because Mininsohn seeks unpaid benefits under GC’s plan, the plan documents are
“integral to or explicitly relied upon in the complaint” and thus “may be considered without
converting the motion [to dismiss] into one for summary judgment.” In re Burlington Coat
Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir. 1997) (alterations in original); see Briglia v.
Horizon Healthcare Servs., Inc., Civ. No. 03-6033, 2005 WL 1140687, at *3 (D.N.J. May 13,
2005) (finding that a plaintiff’s claims against Horizon for wrongful denial of benefits for his
treatment of certain patients were “entirely based on” those patients’ benefit plans).8 “Otherwise,
a plaintiff with a legally deficient claim could survive a motion to dismiss simply by failing to
attach a dispositive document on which it relied.” Princeton Neurological Surgery, P.C. v. Aetna,
Inc., Civ. No. 22-1414, 2023 WL 2307425, at *3 (D.N.J. Feb. 28, 2023) (quoting Pension Ben.
Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993)).
According to Horizon’s submissions, GC’s FEP appears to be part of the Federal Employee
Health Benefits (FEHB) program, which is governed by the Federal Employees Health Benefits
Act (FEHB Act), 5 U.S.C. §§ 8901 et. seq. (See Brenner Cert. Ex. A, ECF No. 17-1.) The FEHB
Act authorizes OPM to contract with insurers to provide benefits to FEHB participants. State
Farm Indem. v. Fornaro, 227 F. Supp. 2d 229, 238 (D.N.J. 2002) (discussing 5 U.S.C. § 8902(a)).
“[T]o participate in the [FEHB program], insurers ‘must agree to be bound by OPM’s

8

Courts in other jurisdictions agree. See, e.g., Pro. Orthopaedic Assocs., PA v. 1199 Nat’l
Benefit Fund, 2016 WL 6900686, at *1 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 22, 2016), aff’d sub nom. Pro.
Orthopaedic Assocs., PA v. 1199SEIU Nat’l Benefit Fund, 697 F. App’x 39 (2d Cir. 2017) (noting
that a plan document that was “repeatedly referenced in the complaint and form[ed] the very basis
for plaintiffs’ claims” could be considered on a motion to dismiss).
14

interpretation of their contracts in disputes over individual claims.’” Id. (quoting Kennedy v.
Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 989 F.2d 588, 590 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 8902(j))).
OPM regulations provide that lawsuits challenging the denial of FEHB benefits “must be
brought against OPM and not against the carrier or carrier’s subcontractors.”

5 C.F.R. §

890.107(c); see Empire Healthchoice Assur., Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S. 677, 686-87 (2006) (noting
that 5 C.F.R. § 890.107(c) “channels disputes over coverage or benefits into federal court by
designating a United States agency (OPM) sole defendant”); Pellicano v. Blue Cross Blue Shield
Ass’n, 540 F. App’x 95, 96 n.2 (3d Cir. 2013) (noting 5 C.F.R. § 890.107(c)’s requirement to name
OPM as the sole defendant).
Here, Mininsohn names not OPM but Horizon as the defendant for the claim under GC’s
FEP. Horizon thus argues that it must be dismissed so that Mininsohn can name OPM as the
proper defendant.
Mininsohn does not contest the authenticity of the FEP documents submitted with
Brenner’s certification.

Nor does Mininsohn address Horizon’s argument about section

890.107(c)’s requirement to name OPM as the sole defendant. Mininsohn’s “failure to respond to
the pertinent . . . argument acts as a concession of that argument.” Sang Geoul Lee v. Won Il Park,
720 F. App’x 663, 666 (3d Cir. 2017) (citing Griswold v. Coventry First LLC, 762 F.3d 264, 274
n.8 (3d Cir. 2014); John Wyeth & Bro. Ltd. v. CIGNA Int’l Corp., 119 F.3d 1070, 1076 n.6 (3d
Cir. 1997)).
Based on the relevant OPM regulation and courts’ interpretations of it, the Court finds that
Horizon is not the proper defendant in Mininsohn’s suit challenging the denial of benefits under
GC’s FEP. Thus, Horizon’s motion to dismiss is granted on the GC claim. See In re LymeCare,
301 B.R. at 673 (dismissing based on section 890.107(c)’s “clear mandate”); Pellicano v. Blue

15

Cross Blue Shield Ass’n, Civ. No. 11-406, 2012 WL 425239, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 8, 2012)
(granting motion to dismiss claims against non-OPM defendants, in part pursuant to section
890.107(c)).9
D.

KT, MB, & AL Claims

Finally, Horizon argues that according to the complaint, patients KT, MB, and AL were
covered by plans issued or administered by “Empire BCBS,” not by Horizon. (ECF No. 11 at 3,
¶ 3; ECF No. 17-1 at 25.) Horizon contends that “Empire BCBS” abbreviates “Empire Blue Cross
Blue Shield,” an “independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association . . . not within
the same corporate family as Horizon.” (ECF No. 17-1 at 25 n.2.) Horizon also submits that it
has “no record of Horizon issuing and/or administering one or more health benefits plans to
members with the same insurance identification numbers and initials K.T., M.B., and/or A.K. as

9

Even if Horizon were a proper defendant, both of Mininsohn’s claims for benefits under
GC’s plan would still fail. First, FEHBA plans are “government plans” excluded from ERISA
requirements. Abira Med. Lab’ys, LLC v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers Health Benefit Plan, Civ.
No. 23-5142, 2024 WL 1928680, at *4 (D.N.J. Apr. 30, 2024) (citing California Spine &
Neurosurgey Inst. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers Health Benefit Plan, 548 F. Supp. 3d 934, 937,
943 (N.D. Cal. 2021); In re LymeCare, 301 B.R. at 668; see 28 U.S.C. §§ 1003(b) and 1002(32).
(ECF No. 23 at 12-13.) Second, though the parties did not raise the issue, the FEHBA preempts
Mininsohn’s state law breach-of-contract claim over the denial of benefits under GC’s plan. See
also Takiedine v. 7-Eleven, Inc., Civ. No. 17-4518, 2021 WL 3223070, at *9 n.12 (E.D. Pa. July
29, 2021) (noting that courts may reach questions of federal preemption sua sponte); see also In
re LymeCare, 301 B.R. at 668 (“[T]he plaintiffs cannot succeed on state law breach of contract
grounds because the FEHBA completely preempts such state law claims.”); see Gonzalez v. Blue
Cross Blue Shield Ass’n, 62 F.4th 891, 904 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 99 (2023)
(analogizing ERISA’s preemption of state law “actions that seek ‘[d]amages for failure to provide
benefits’” to preemption under FEHBA (quoting Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 43,
47-48 (1987))). In an analogous context, courts found that ERISA might not preempt breach-ofcontract claims that arise from an agreement independent of the ERISA-governed plan. Princeton
Neurological, 2023 WL 2307425, at *6; c.f. BrainBuilders, 2024 WL 358152, at *11 (“[W]here a
complaint suggests that an out-of-network provider is seeking to enforce an obligation based not
on an ERISA-governed plan but on independent representations or agreements between the
provider and the insurer, district courts find common law claims to not be preempted.”). But here,
Mininsohn does not allege an agreement independent of the FEP.
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alleged in paragraph 3 of the First Amended Complaint,” according to the certification of Michelle
Ganguly, an analyst for appeals and litigation document requests at Horizon. (Ganguly Cert. ¶ 4,
ECF No. 17-8.)
Mininsohn does not at all address Horizon’s argument as to patients KT, MB, and AL. As
mentioned, a plaintiff’s failure to substantively oppose a defendant’s argument typically acts as a
concession of that argument. See O’Neal v. Middletown Twp., Civ. No. 18-5269, 2019 WL 77066,
at *3 (D.N.J. Jan. 2, 2019) (citations omitted).
But here, Horizon does not submit evidence establishing—for purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion—that it is not involved with the “Empire BCBS” plans listed in the complaint. For its
footnoted assertion that “Empire BCBS” is “an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield
Association and is not within the same corporate family as Horizon,” Horizon cites only
https://www.anthembluecross.com/faq—a website whose contents do not deserve judicial notice
by the Court. (ECF No. 17-1 at 25 n.2.) Indeed, “private corporate websites, particularly when
describing their own business, generally are not the sorts of ‘sources whose accuracy cannot
reasonably be questioned’ that our judicial notice rule contemplates.” Victaulic Co. v. Tieman,
499 F.3d 227, 236 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)); c.f. Hafez v. Equifax Info. Servs.,
LLC, 666 F. Supp. 3d 455, 458 n.1 (D.N.J. 2023) (“The Court may take judicial notice of
information published to government websites on a motion to dismiss without converting it into a
motion for summary judgment.”).

And Ganguly’s certification does not include any

uncontroverted information proving Horizon’s separateness from “Empire BCBS.” C.f. Rivera v.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Civ. No. 05-4416, 2005 WL 2862246, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 31, 2005)
(granting a motion to dismiss where the plaintiff named the wrong corporate defendant and
defendant provided an affidavit proving corporate separateness). So although Mininsohn does not

17