Calico Cottage, Inc. v. TNB, Inc
Filing
106
ORDER denying Defendant's 81 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Granting, in part, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment --- For the reasons set forth in the ATTACHED WRITTEN OPINION AND ORDER, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is granted to the extent that the Court finds there is consideration in support of the Agreement. Plaintiff's motion is denied in all other respects. Defendant's third, fourth, and fifth counterclaims with regard to the implied co venant of good faith and fair dealing are dismissed. Defendant's motion for summary judgment is denied in all other respects. As for other defenses put forward by the parties regarding attorney's fees, failure to mitigate, and the doctrin es of waiver, ratification, estoppel and/or laches, the Court concludes that those issues are sufficiently intertwined with the unresolved issues as not to be determinable at this stage. This case shall proceed to trial on the remaining issues. The matter is referred to the magistrate judge for further pretrial proceedings, including settlement discussions in light of the Court's opinion and order. SO ORDERED by Judge Dora Lizette Irizarry on 9/29/2014. (Irizarry, Dora)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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CALICO COTTAGE, INC.,
:
:
Plaintiff, Counterclaim-Defendant,
:
:
-against:
:
TNB, INC.,
:
:
Defendant, Counterclaim-Plaintiff,
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:
:
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DORA L. IRIZARRY, United States District Judge:
OPINION AND ORDER
11-CV-0336 (DLI)(MDG)
On January 21, 2011, plaintiff and counterclaim-defendant Calico Cottage, Inc. (“Calico”
or “Plaintiff”) commenced this diversity action against defendant and counterclaim-plaintiff
TNB, Inc. (“TNB” or “Defendant”). (See Complaint, Doc. Entry No. 1.) On February 8, 2012,
Defendant filed its Second Amended Answer, asserting five counterclaims against Plaintiff. (See
Amended Answer to Complaint (“Am. Answer”), Doc. Entry No. 64.) Plaintiff now moves for
partial summary judgment, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as to the
enforceability of the contract between the parties, and three of Defendant’s counterclaims.
Defendant also moves for summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s liability in connection with each of
Defendant’s counterclaims and for summary judgment dismissing Plaintiff’s complaint in its
entirety. For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted in
part, and denied in part. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is denied in its entirety.
BACKGROUND1
I.
The Parties
Plaintiff Calico is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the state of New
York, having its principal place of business and manufacturing facility in Amityville, New York.
(Plaintiff and Counterclaim-defendant Calico’s Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Pl. 56.1”), Doc.
Entry No. 86, ¶ 1; Response to Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Def. 56.1
Resp.”), Doc. Entry No. 98, ¶ 1.) Plaintiff is in the wholesale fudge business, selling both
products retailers need to make fresh fudge in the retailer’s store, as well as finished fudge and
make-at-home fudge mixes to retailers for resale under the retailer’s own name or brand. (Pl.
56.1 ¶ 2; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 2.) Defendant TNB is a corporation organized and existing under the
laws of the state of Florida with a principal place of business in Sanford, Florida, and does
business under the name “The Nutty Bavarian.” (Pl. 56.1 ¶4; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 4.) Defendant
supplies products retailers need to prepare glazed nuts on their own premises. (Id.)
II.
The Discussed Merger
In the fall of 2006, the parties began discussing the possibility of entering into a
partnership. (Pl. 56.1 ¶10-11; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 10-11.) In order to facilitate the potential
merger discussions, the parties entered into a contract entitled “Agreement of Non-Disclosure,
Non-Use and Non-Competition” (the “Agreement”), effective January 30, 2007 and expiring
January 29, 2012. (See Declaration of Mark Wurzel (“Wurzel Decl.”), Ex. 3, Doc. Entry No.
91.) After entering into the Agreement, Defendant shared confidential information about its
businesses with Plaintiff. (Defendant TNB, Inc.’s Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Facts
(“Def. 56.1”), Doc. Entry No. 81, Ex. 4, ¶¶ 37-39; Plaintiff and Counterclaim-defendant Calico’s
1
The following facts are undisputed, unless otherwise noted.
2
Response to TNB, Inc.’s Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Pl. 56.1 Resp.), Doc. Entry No. 83,
Ex. 5. ¶¶ 37-39.) On or around March 28, 2007, David Brent, TNB’s President, had a meeting
with Calico’s management at Calico’s facility in New York to discuss the possible merger. (Pl.
56.1 ¶ 13; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 13.) The parties agree that Plaintiff disclosed to Mr. Brent certain
financial and business information related it its business, but disagree as to the confidential
nature of the information. (Id.) Shortly after this meeting, Mr. Brent decided to end the merger
discussions on April 5, 2007. (Pl. 56.1 ¶ 15; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 15.)
III.
The Agreement
The Agreement contains a restrictive covenant, a non-competition provision that
provides: “Each party agrees to refrain from entering into the business of the other party, said
business being set above as Calico Business and Nutty Bavarian Business.” (Wurzel Decl., Ex.
3, ¶ 4.) The Agreement also contains a second set of restrictive covenants regarding nonsolicitation that provides:
(a) During the term of this Agreement the parties shall not, directly or indirectly:
(i) Employ or seek to employ an employee of the other party.
(ii) Attempt to reduce or eliminate the current business relationship of the
other party with any of the other party’s customers.
(b) For a period of one year from the effective date the parties shall not, directly
or indirectly:
(i) Engage the services or seek to engage the services of any
representative of the other party without the express written consent
of the other party.
(ii) Attempt to solicit or sell products and services to a customer doing
business with the other party by utilizing an employee or
representative of the other party.
(Id. ¶ 3.)
The Agreement further provides that “[t]he parties each agree not to use any Confidential
Information disclosed to it by the other party for its own use or for any purpose other than that
related to said Business Purpose.” (Id. ¶ 2(a).) The majority of the current dispute between the
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parties pertains to whether either party breached the restrictive covenants within the Agreement
by entering into the other party’s business or improperly soliciting employees, representatives, or
customers of the other party.
The Agreement defines Calico’s business as “the business of providing to retailers: (i)
fudge making equipment, fudge making ingredients and finished fudge that enables retailers to
sell fudge to consumers and (ii) make-at-home mixes that are sold by retailers to consumers
(‘Calico Business’).” (Id. at 1, first Whereas clause.) The Agreement defines TNB’s business as
“the business of providing to retailers: (i) nut roasting and glazing equipment and ingredients for
roasting and glazing nuts that enables retailers to sell roasted and glazed nuts to consumers, and
(ii) glazed nuts in bulk and prepackaged glazed nuts that are sold by retailers to consumers
(‘Nutty Bavarian Business’).” (Id. at 1, second Whereas clause.)
Lastly, paragraph 3(b) of the Agreement prohibits each party from directly or indirectly
engaging “the services or seek[ing] to engage the services of any representative of the other
party” without written consent, and from attempting “to solicit or sell products and services to a
customer doing business with the other party by utilizing an employee or representative of the
other party” for one year from the effective date of the Agreement. (Wurzel Decl., Ex. 3, ¶ 3(b).)
On July 29, 2008, Robyn Taylor, a Calico employee, sent the following email to Calico’s
individual sales representatives:
“I understand that there may be some current confusion in the field as to whether
or not Calico Representatives can also represent certain lines. This email is to
clarify what type of products would be in direct conflict with your Calico
Independent Representative Agreement. Your agreement states in section 10c
that you cannot promote any competing product which includes any other fudge
making equipment, fudge ingredients, finished fudge and any product that has a
“made on premises” customer appeal. For example, The Nutty Bavarian nut
program would fall under this ‘made on premises’ customer appeal category.”
(Wurzel Decl. Ex. 7.)
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IV.
Disputed Domain Names
In February 2011, Plaintiff registered various Internet domain names that included the
words “nuttybavarian” and “nuttyb” (“Disputed Domain Names”).2 (Pl. 56.1 ¶ 77; Am. Compl.
¶¶ 31-39, 41-45.) At some point in 2011, Plaintiff linked these registered Disputed Domain
Names to Plaintiff’s website and other domain names registered to, or affiliated with, Plaintiff.
(See Pl. 56.1 ¶ 79; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 79.) When Defendant complained to Plaintiff about
Plaintiff’s registration of the Disputed Domain Names on August 30, 2011, Plaintiff offered to
transfer the disputed domain names to Defendant, but Defendant declined the offer. (Pl. 56.1 ¶
80; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 80.) Plaintiff then relinquished its ownership of the Disputed Domain
Names on September 7, 2011. (See Pl. 56.1 ¶ 80; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 80.) Several of Defendant’s
counterclaims arise from Plaintiff’s registration and use of these Disputed Domain Names.
DISCUSSION
I.
Legal Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In ruling on a summary judgment motion, the district court must resolve all
ambiguities, and credit all factual inferences that could rationally be drawn, in favor of the party
opposing summary judgment and determine whether there is a genuine dispute as to a material
fact, raising an issue for trial.” McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F. 3d 184, 202 (2d
Cir. 2007) (internal quotations omitted). A fact is “material” within the meaning of Rule 56
when its resolution “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). An issue is “genuine” when “the evidence is such
2
Plaintiff registered the following domain names: nuttybavarian.co, nuttybavarian.us,
nuttybavarianfudge.com, nuttybavarianfudge.net, nuttybfudge.com, and nuttybfudge.net.
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that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. To determine
whether an issue is genuine, “[t]he inferences to be drawn from the underlying affidavits,
exhibits, interrogatory answers, and depositions must be viewed in the light most favorable to the
party opposing the motion.” Cronin v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 46 F. 3d 196, 202 (2d Cir. 1995)
(citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam) and Ramseur v.
Chase Manhattan Bank, 865 F. 2d 460, 465 (2d Cir. 1989)). “[T]he evidence of the non-movant
is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S.
at 255. However, “[w]hen opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly
contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt
that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Scott v.
Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).
The moving party bears the burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its
motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] . . . which it believes demonstrates the
absence of a genuine issue of fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal
quotations omitted). Once the moving party has met its burden, “the nonmoving party must
come forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (emphasis omitted). The
nonmoving party must offer “concrete evidence from which a reasonable juror could return a
verdict in [its] favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256. The nonmoving party may not “rely simply
on conclusory statements or on contentions that the affidavits supporting the motion are not
credible, or upon the mere allegations or denials of the nonmoving party’s pleading.” Ying Jing
Gan v. City of New York, 996 F. 2d 522, 532-33 (2d Cir. 1993) (citations and internal quotations
omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate only ‘[w]here the record taken as a whole could
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not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.’” Donnelly v. Greenburgh Cent.
Sch. Dist. No. 7, 691 F. 3d 134, 141 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587).
II.
Analysis
A.
Plaintiff’s Claims
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant breached the non-competition and non-solicitation
provisions of the Agreement by offering free cases of, and later selling, fudge mixes to Cabela, a
retail chain and a long-time customer of Plaintiff.
(See Plaintiff Calico Cottage, Inc.’s
Memorandum in Support of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pl. Memo in Support”),
Doc. Entry No. 85 at 5.) Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on these two claims of breach
of contract. Defendant contends that summary judgment should be granted in its favor on these
claims because: (a) the Agreement is unenforceable against Defendant due to a lack of
consideration, and (b) the non-competition and non-solicitation provisions of the Agreement are
unenforceable against Defendant, because these restrictive covenants violate New York law.
(See generally Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for
Summary Judgment (“Def. Opp. Memo”), Doc. Entry No. 97.) The Agreement provides that the
laws of New York apply to any disputes regarding the Agreement. (Wurzel Decl., Ex. 3, ¶ 6.)
1) The Agreement is Supported by Consideration
Under New York law, consideration is defined as “some right, interest, profit or benefit
accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or
undertaken by the other.” Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N.Y. 538, 545 (1892) (internal quotations
omitted). Consequently, “[i]t is enough that something is promised, done, forborne, or suffered
by the party to whom the promise is made as consideration for the promise made to him.” Anand
v Wilson, 32 A.D. 3d 808, 809 (2d Dep’t 2006); see also Weiner v McGraw-Hill, Inc., 57 N.Y.2d
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458, 464 (1982) (noting consideration “consists of either a benefit to the promisor or a detriment
to the promise”). Moreover, it is not the province of the courts to delve into the adequacy or
value of the consideration. See Caisse Nationale De Credit Agricole-CNCA v. Valcorp, Inc., 28
F. 3d 259, 265 (2d Cir. 1994) (“It is well established that the slightest consideration is sufficient
to support the most onerous obligation and that the courts are not to inquire into the adequacy of
consideration.”) (internal quotation omitted).
Defendant’s assertion “that the Agreement was not supported by consideration and/or
there was a failure of consideration because Plaintiff did not provide any confidential
information to [Defendant] during the brief period of merger discussions” is unsupported. (Def.
Opp., 14.) Here, the Agreement was supported, inter alia, by the promise of each party not to
enter the other’s business for five years in order to facilitate discussions in contemplation of a
possible merger. (Wurzel Decl., Ex. 3, ¶ 4.) Whether the parties did in fact share confidential
information between each other is irrelevant to gauging whether each party did in fact promise
not to engage in behavior it otherwise was legally permitted to, in return for a similar promise.
As the parties exchanged promises not to engage in certain behavior, the Agreement is supported
by consideration.
2) Restrictive Covenants in the Agreement
Defendant next argues that the restrictive covenants are not enforceable as a matter of
law. “Under New York law, the enforceability of a restrictive covenant depends in part upon the
nature of the underlying contract.” DAR & Assocs., Inc. v. Uniforce Servs., Inc., 37 F. Supp. 2d
192, 198 (E.D.N.Y. 1999). Restrictive covenants usually arise in one of three circumstances: (1)
those ancillary to the sale of a business; (2) in employment agreements; and (3) as part of
ordinary commercial contracts. Id. at 196-197. Courts within this circuit “analyze restrictive
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covenants in ordinary commercial contracts . . . ‘under a simple rule of reason, balancing the
competing public policies in favor of robust competition and freedom to contract.’” Mathias v.
Jacobs, 167 F. Supp. 2d 606, 611 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (quoting DAR & Assocs., Inc., 37 F. Supp. 2d
at 197).
In applying this rule of reason to this case, the issues for consideration are: (1) whether
Plaintiff has demonstrated a legitimate business interest that warrants the enforcement of the
restrictive covenants; (2) the reasonableness of the covenants with respect to geographic scope
and temporal duration; and (3) the degree of hardship that enforcing these covenants would
inflict upon Defendant, bearing in mind the degree to which Defendant consciously agreed to
bear the risk of such hardship when it entered into the Agreement with Plaintiff. See DAR &
Assocs., Inc., 37 F. Supp. 2d at 197-198; see also American Inst. of Chem. Eng’rs v. Reber-Friel
Co., 682 F. 2d 382, 387 (2d Cir. 1982) (“Only after determining that a restrictive covenant would
serve to protect against . . . ‘unfair and illegal conduct,’ and not merely to insulate the employer
from competition, does the reasonableness of the covenant in terms of its ‘time, space or scope,’
or the oppressiveness of its operation become an issue.”).
In determining whether a restrictive covenant in an ordinary commercial contract is
enforceable, the Court is mindful that “[r]estrictive covenants in employment agreements receive
very different treatment.” Nat’l Elevator Cab & Door Corp. v. H & B, Inc., 2008 WL 207843, at
*9, fn. 21 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2008) order aff’d and remanded, 282 F. App’x 885 (2d Cir. 2008).
In examining restrictive covenants in employment agreements, courts adopt a more rigorous
approach because there are “powerful considerations of public policy which militate against
sanctioning the loss of a man’s livelihood.” Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Mfg. Co., Inc. v. A-1-A
Corp., 42 N.Y.2d 496, 499 (1977). In contrast, where two business entities agree to a restrictive
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covenant, there is generally no concern about the loss of individual’s livelihood or an imbalance
of bargaining power “that would implicate New York’s public policy disfavoring restrictive
covenants.”
See Nat’l Elevator Cab & Door Corp., 2008 WL 207843, at *9, fn. 21.
Accordingly, the cases Defendant cites regarding restrictive covenants in an employment context
are generally inapposite. (See Def. Memo in Support at 12-14); see also Nat’l Elevator Cab &
Door Corp., 2008 WL 207843, at *9, fn. 21 (“The cases defendant has cited concerning nonsolicitation or non-compete covenants in the employment context are therefore of little value
here.”).
Here, the parties entered into an agreement that contemplated disclosure of confidential
business information during planned merger discussions. Under the Agreement’s protection, the
parties shared information about their business operations with each other. Defendant showed
Plaintiff confidential information about its business, including sales, expenses, profit, revenue,
company operation, equipment, wages and bad debt to keep. (See Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 37-40; Affidavit
of David Brent in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment (“Brent Opp.
Aff.”), Doc. Entry 99, ¶¶ 23-25.) Also, after the effective date of the Agreement, Plaintiff made
a presentation to Defendant that included spreadsheets containing financial and sales data of both
companies. (See Pl. 56.1 ¶¶ 13-14; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 13-14; see also Declaration of Ronald
Beilin (“Beilin Decl.”), Doc. Entry 92 at 2.) The parties disagree as to whether Plaintiff shared
any confidential information about its business with Defendant. (See Pl. 56.1 ¶ 13; Def. 56.1
Resp. ¶ 13.)
The parties also sharply dispute whether the restrictive covenants protect a “legitimate
business interest” of Plaintiff. One legitimate business interest is the “prevention of unfair
competition, ‘a malleable tort that includes any misappropriation for commercial advantage of a
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benefit or property right belonging to another.’” DAR & Assocs., Inc., 37 F. Supp. 2d at 198
(citing Baker’s Aid v. Hussmann Foodservice Company, 730 F. Supp. 1209, 1215 (E.D.N.Y.
1990)). Because the information the parties shared with each other was non-public information,
Plaintiff contends it possesses an interest in its financial and sales data that warrants protection
through restrictive covenants in order to prevent unfair competition. (See Pl. Memo in Support
at 14.) Defendant contends that Plaintiff does not have a legitimate business interest here
because the information that Plaintiff provided Defendant was not the sort of information “that
could allow it to unfairly compete with Plaintiff.”
(Def. Opp. Memo at 12.)
Defendant
concedes, however, that Plaintiff disclosed spreadsheets to Defendant detailing information
about Plaintiff’s business. (See Brent Opp. Aff. ¶ 26; see also Beilin Decl. at 2.)
Under the simple rule of reason, the Court is required to balance the competing public
policies in favor of robust competition and freedom to contract. See Design Strategy Corp. v.
Knack Sys., LLC, 2007 WL 4562926, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2007). As Plaintiff’s primary, if
not sole, negotiator during the merger discussions between the parties, Ronald Beilin, stated, “the
purpose of this non-compete provision was to minimize the competitive advantage obtained by
each party as a result of learning about the other’s business from the confidential information
shared under the Agreement during the negotiations, in the event the negotiations were
ultimately unsuccessful.” (See Ex. I to Def. 56.1 ¶ 10 (emphasis added).) This view comports
with the legitimate business interest in the “prevention of unfair competition” that Plaintiff
asserts warrants enforcement of the covenants. See DAR & Assocs., Inc., 37 F. Supp. 2d at 198
(noting that a protectable business interest may include prevention of unfair competition).
Problematically, Plaintiff has not presented any facts, much less undisputed facts, that
firmly suggest Defendant engaged in any unfair competition when it solicited business from
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Cabela, or otherwise tried to sell fudge, within the five-year period. The parties held a meeting
on March 28, 2007 at Plaintiff’s office. Before this meeting, Defendant shared a variety of
information with Plaintiff that arguably could form the basis of a protectible business interest.
At the meeting, Plaintiff’s presentation to Defendant included various spreadsheets containing
financial and sales data, five of which Plaintiff submitted to the Court. (See Beilin Decl., Ex. 15.) These spreadsheets included, inter alia, the potential combined profitability of the parties for
three years ending in 2009, the parties’ pre-tax profits for 2006, a chart listing the parties’ sales
to customers they had in common, and an analysis of Plaintiff’s customers for fudge mix by size
of sales and the customers that were common to the parties in each size category. (Id.)
There would be unfairness here if, in contravention of the non-compete provision,
Defendant wrongfully exploited this information in competing against Plaintiff for Cabela’s
business related to fudge mix. Similarly, there would be unfairness if Plaintiff, as Defendant
alleges, breached the non-compete provision of the Agreement by wrongfully exploiting shared
information when selling nut products to Defendant’s customers and other retailers during the
term of the Agreement. Throughout its voluminous submissions, Plaintiff does not make any
clear assertions of how the information it provided Defendant would allow Defendant to unfairly
compete with Plaintiff. Instead, Plaintiff’s argument can be summarized as follows: the parties
agreed to a non-compete for five years in order to facilitate merger discussions, Plaintiff shared
what it considers to be confidential information, and Defendant did in fact compete within that
five-year period; therefore, Defendant is liable. Plaintiff skips the critical step of connecting the
disclosed information with the subsequent, alleged unfair competition.
Public policy considerations require the Court to look deeper than whether there was a
literal contract breach, and to analyze the reasonableness of enforcing a restrictive covenant
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under the specific facts of the case at hand and in light of public policy concerns. Certainly this
Court would not enforce such a restrictive covenant, if the parties had signed the overarching
agreement, but never, in fact, discussed anything business-related or shared any information of
any sort.3 Such a hindrance on competition would directly contravene public policy in favor of
robust competition. There must be some allegation that plausibly characterizes the competition
as unfair and not just unwelcomed, otherwise the Court’s obligation to balance the competing
public policies in favor of robust competition and freedom to contract has no meaning.
The Court is well aware that “[t]he reasonableness of the restrictive covenant must be
assessed in light of the fact that it was negotiated by sophisticated business[men].”
Spherenomics Global Contact Ctrs. v. Vcustomer Corp., 427 F. Supp. 2d 236, 250 (E.D.N.Y.
2006). Further, the Court is not convinced by Defendant’s suggestion that its agents, namely Mr.
Brent, TNB’s President, were manipulated or coerced into agreeing to the restrictive covenants
in the Agreement.
(See Affidavit of David Brent in Support of TNB., Inc.’s Motion for
Summary Judgment (“Brent Aff. In Support”), Doc. Entry No. 81, Exh. 1, ¶ 11 (alleging that Mr.
Brent was not represented by counsel when Plaintiff drafted Agreement, or advised by Plaintiff
to obtain counsel”).) The Court finds this suggestion simply is unsupported and far-fetched,
especially considering that Mr. Brent worked for NASA as an aeronautical engineer before
3
Though courts scrutinize restrictive covenants within employment agreements differently
from those in ordinary commercial contracts, the analysis utilized with the former can be
illustrative when analyzing the latter. As one court explained, “where an employer proffers
protecting customer goodwill as the legitimate interest it seeks to protect with a restrictive
covenant, the covenant must actually protect that interest. A broad non-compete that baldly
prevents competition will not be enforced, particularly where the employer is already protected
by a non-solicitation agreement.” Veramark Techs. Inc. v. Bouk, 2014 WL 1364930 (W.D.N.Y.
Apr. 2, 2014) (citing BDO Seidman v. Hirshberg, 93 N.Y.2d 382, 388-89 (1999) (noting that
restraint will only be considered reasonable if it is “no greater than is required for the protection
of the legitimate interest of the employer”). While the situation with the ordinary commercial
contract is not analogous, the concern regarding unnecessarily expansive restrictions remains
present.
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purchasing TNB with partners in 1994. (See Pl. 56.1 ¶ 7; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 7.) Defendant
cannot claim plausibly that it “lacked any meaningful choice with regard to accepting [the
Agreement].” Spherenomics, 427 F. Supp. 2d at 250. In reality, “[t]he parties to this agreement
are both sophisticated business entities, capable of understanding the terms and implications of
this Agreement and making an informed decision as to its risks and benefits.” Nat’l Elevator
Cab & Door Corp., 2008 WL 207843, at *9, fn. 21.
Even in finding that the Agreement was the result of a fair negotiation between
sophisticated parties, the factual nexus is not present here to support a finding that Plaintiff had a
legitimate business interest with regard to the information it shared with Defendant that would
warrant restricting robust competition between the parties by enforcing the covenants. See
Design Strategy Corp., 2007 WL 4562926, at *3 (denying both parties’ summary judgment
motions regarding restrictive covenant because undisputed facts did not resolve causation issue
between shared information and unfair competition). The undisputed facts set forth above do not
resolve the causation issue as to how the information shared by Plaintiff plausibly allowed
Defendant to unfairly compete. Both parties’ summary judgment motions are denied in so far as
they relate to the enforceability of both restrictive covenants.
B.
Defendant’s Counterclaims
Defendant asserts several counterclaims. First, Defendant alleges that Plaintiff violated
the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125, by purchasing and/or registering, in its own name, several
domain names containing the words “nuttybavarian” or “nuttyb.” (Am. Answer ¶¶ 32-45.)
Defendant claims that Plaintiff automatically redirected these websites to Plaintiff’s own website
(first counterclaim) and Plaintiff had a bad faith intent to profit from Defendant’s distinctive
mark (second counterclaim). (Id.) Second, Defendant alleges that Plaintiff breached the non-
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solicitation and non-competition provisions of the Agreement by: (1) selling nut products to
Defendant’s current customers and other retailers during the term of the Agreement (third
counterclaim), and (2) purchasing/registering TNB-related domain names and redirecting them
to Plaintiff’s own website (fourth counterclaim). (Id. ¶¶ 46-62.) Third, Defendant alleges that
Plaintiff breached Paragraph 3(b) of the Agreement by instructing its independent sales
representatives that they could not represent Defendant while representing Plaintiff, even though
the one-year term of the provision had expired (fifth counterclaim). (Id. ¶ 69.) Defendant
moved for summary judgment on all of its counterclaims, while Plaintiff moved for summary
judgment on Defendant’s third, fourth and fifth counterclaims.
1) Defendant’s First Counterclaim regarding the Lanham Act
It is undisputed that Plaintiff purchased and registered, in its own name, several domain
names containing the words “nuttybavarian” or “nuttyb,” and automatically redirected these
websites to Plaintiff’s own website. (See Pl. 56.1 ¶ 79; Def. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 79.) Defendant
contends that since Plaintiff does not dispute registering the TNB-related domain names, it is,
therefore, an issue of law for the court to determine whether these acts constituted an
infringement claim in violation of 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(a). (See Defendant’s Memorandum of
Law in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def. Memo in Support”), Doc. Entry No.
81 at 16.) Plaintiff disagrees and argues that Defendant fails to establish the absence of any issue
of material fact related to its Lanham Act claims.
(See Plaintiff Calico Cottage, Inc.’s
Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant TNB’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl. Memo in
Opp.”), Doc. Entry No. 83 at 21-24.)
“To prevail on a Lanham Act infringement claim, a plaintiff must [] show that ‘it has a
valid mark entitled to protection and that the defendant’s use of it is likely to cause confusion.’”
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GC Property v. Wainscott/Sagaponack Property Owners, Inc., 250 F. Supp. 2d 136, 142
(E.D.N.Y. 2003) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A)).
In deciding whether a plaintiff has
“established likelihood of confusion, courts must consider the eight factors that were outlined in
Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Electronics Corp., 287 F. 2d 492, 495 (2d Cir. 1961): (1) strength of
the plaintiff’s mark; (2) the degree of similarity between the two marks; (3) the proximity of the
products; (4) the likelihood that the prior owner will ‘bridge the gap’; (5) actual confusion; (6)
the defendant’s good faith in adopting its mark; (7) the quality of the defendant’s product; and
(8) the sophistication of the buyers.” GC Property, 250 F. Supp. 2d at 142.
Defendant, as a counter-claim plaintiff, has failed to plead sufficient undisputed facts to
establish that it both possess a valid mark entitled to protection and that Plaintiff’s registration
and use of the Disputed Domain Names was likely to cause confusion. Defendant’s scant
analysis, which is limited to labeling the Disputed Domain Names as “TNB-themed” and noting
Defendant’s long-standing use of the name, “The Nutty Bavarian,” is inadequate in order to
prevail at the summary judgment stage. (See Def. Memo in Support at 17.)
Within the Second Circuit, “[t]he degree to which a mark is entitled to protection under
the Act depends on whether the mark is classified as (a) generic, (b) descriptive, (c) suggestive,
or (d) fanciful or arbitrary.” Estee Lauder v. Gap, Inc., 108 F. 3d 1503, 1508 (2d Cir. 1997).
Further, “[a] mark is classified as descriptive if it ‘tells something about a product, its qualities,
ingredients or characteristics.’” Id. at 1508 (citing Gruner + Jahr USA Publishing v. Meredith
Corp., 991 F. 2d 1072, 1076 (2d. Cir. 1993). As the Second Circuit explained, “[a] descriptive
mark generally ‘may be protected only if it has acquired secondary meaning.’” Gruner + Jahr
USA Publishing, 991 F. 2d at 1076. Such a secondary meaning attaches to a mark only when
‘the consuming public primarily associates the term with a particular source.’” Bristol-Myers
16
Squibb Co. v. McNeil-P.P.C., Inc., 973 F. 2d at 1040; see, e.g., Arrow Fastener Co. v. Stanley
Works, 59 F. 3d at 390 (secondary meaning attaches when “the [term] and the business have
become synonymous in the mind of the public” (internal quotation marks omitted)). While
Defendant’s alleged protecible mark apparently should be classified as “descriptive,” Defendant
surprisingly offers no arguments as to how its alleged marks should be classified, whether
descriptive or otherwise.
Regardless of whether Defendant’s mark is entitled to protection, under the Second
Circuit’s Polaroid analysis, “summary judgment based on likelihood of confusion is appropriate
where ‘the undisputed evidence would lead only to one conclusion.’” The Sports Authority, Inc.
v. Prime Hospital Corp., 89 F. 3d 955, 960 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting Cadbury Beverages, Inc. v.
Cott Corp., 73 F. 3d 474, 478 (2d Cir. 1996)).
The Second Circuit has admonished: “‘If a
factual inference must be drawn to arrive at a particular finding on a Polaroid factor, and if a
reasonable trier of fact could reach a different conclusion, the district court may not properly
resolve that issue on summary judgment.’” Patsy’s Brand, Inc. v. I.O.B. Realty, Inc., 317 F. 3d
209, 215 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Cadbury Beverages, Inc., 73 F. 3d at 478).
Here, with only a cursory analysis, Defendant asserts in equally conclusory fashion that
“Plaintiff’s use of the mark by registering TNB-themed domain names and linking those domain
names to Plaintiff's website is likely to cause confusion as to the origin or sponsorship of the
defendant’s goods, as it will create the false impression that TNB’s goods originate from or are
associated with Plaintiff.” (Def. Memo in Support at 17.) Defendant failed to analyze the
Polaroid factors in the context of its claim. As such, a trial is necessary to assess and weigh the
Polaroid factors, which are material issues of fact. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment
on its first counterclaim is denied.
17
2) Defendant’s Second Counterclaim regarding the Lanham Act
Defendant’s second counterclaim against Plaintiff asserts a cause of action for violations
of the Anti-Cybersquatting Protection Act (“ACPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d)(1). The ACPA was
passed “to protect consumers and American businesses . . . by prohibiting the bad-faith and
abusive registration of distinctive marks--as Internet domain names with the intent to profit from
the goodwill associated with such marks--a practice commonly referred to as cybersquatting.”
Sporty’s Farm LLC v. Sporty’s Market Inc., 202 F. 3d 489, 495 (2d Cir. 1998). “To successfully
assert a claim under the ACPA, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) its marks were distinctive
at the time the domain name was registered; (2) the infringing domain names complained of are
identical to or confusingly similar to plaintiff’s mark; and (3) that the defendant has a bad faith
intent to profit from that mark.” New York City Triathlon, LLC v. NYC Triathlon Club, Inc., 704
F. Supp. 2d 305, 324 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d)(1)); Sporty’s, 202 F. 3d at
497-99.
The Court finds that an issue of material fact exists as to whether Plaintiff acquired the
Disputed Domain Names in bad faith with the intent to profit from Defendant’s purported mark.
As the Second Circuit has held, the issue of a party’s intent “is best left in the hands of the trier
of fact.” Sports Auth., 89 F. 3d at 964; see also Lang v. Retirement Living Pub. Co., 949 F. 2d
576, 583 (2d Cir. 1991) (noting that “issues of good faith are generally ill-suited for disposition
on summary judgment”). Defendant has failed to present sufficient undisputed facts to establish
Plaintiff’s men rea.
Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on its
cybersquatting claim is denied.
18
3) Defendant’s Third and Fourth Counterclaims regarding the Restrictive
Covenants
Defendant contends, that if the restrictive covenants are enforceable, they are enforceable
against Plaintiff, not Defendant. (See Am. Answer ¶ 47.) Defendant maintains that Plaintiff
breached the Agreement’s non-solicitation and non-competition provisions by selling nut
products to various customers, including those of Defendant.
(Id. ¶ 50-55.)
Similarly,
Defendant alleges that Plaintiff breached the non-solicitation of the Agreement by registering the
Disputed Domain Names and linking those to Plaintiff’s website.
(Id. ¶ 59-62.)
Just as
Plaintiff’s summary judgment motion for Defendant’s alleged violation of the non-compete and
non-solicitation restrictive covenants must be denied, so to must Defendant’s summary judgment
motion on these grounds be denied, and for the same reasons. See supra pp. 8-14.
As part of its third and fourth counterclaims, Defendant also alleges that Plaintiff’s
purported sale of nut products and use of the Disputed Domain Names constituted a breach of an
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (See Am. Answer ¶¶ 53, 60.)
Defendant’s
claim of a breach of an implied covenant is based on the same conduct that Defendant claims
violate the Agreement’s non-solicitation and non-competition provisions in these same
counterclaims.
“A claim for breach of an implied covenant will be dismissed as redundant
where the same conduct is the predicate for an alleged breach of an express provision of the
underlying contract.” See ICD Holdings S.A. v. Frankel, 976 F. Supp. 234, 243-244 (S.D.N.Y.
1997). (internal quotation omitted). Accordingly Defendant’s counterclaims of a breach of an
implied covenant in its third and fourth counterclaims are dismissed.
19
4) Defendant’s Fifth Counterclaim for Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith
and Fair Dealing
Paragraph 3(b) of the Agreement established a one-year moratorium on each party
attempting to hire each other’s independent sales representatives, after which the parties were
free to try to recruit each other’s sales representatives. (See Wurzel Decl., Exh. 3, ¶ 3(b)(i).)4
Defendant alleges that Plaintiff breached the Agreement’s implied covenant of good faith and
fair dealing by instructing its independent representatives that they could not represent Defendant
while representing Plaintiff, even though the one-year term of the provision had expired. (See
Wurzel Decl., Ex. 7.)
Plaintiff responds that its actions were permissible and that the
Agreement’s implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not extend as far as to require
Plaintiff to act against its own interests and allow its representatives to represent Defendant
simultaneously. (Pl. Memo in Opp. at 18.) The Court agrees with the Plaintiff’s assessment.
Under New York law, a covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied in every
contract. See Travellers Int’l, A.G. v Trans World Airlines. Inc., 41 F. 3d 1570, 1575-77 (2d Cir.
1994). A breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing occurs “where the contract is not
technically breached, but one party has acted to destroy or injure the right of the other party to
receive the benefit of the contract.” Witherspoon v. Rappaport, 65 Fed. Appx. 356, 359 (2d Cir.
2003). However, “[t]he scope of potential liability for breach of the covenant is quite narrow:
such a breach cannot give rise to additional liability if it merely replicates the liability for breach
of the underlying contract, nor can it create new contractual rights or impose additional duties.”
4
Paragraph 3(b) of the Agreement, also known at the Representative Protection Provision,
provides in relevant part: “Non-Solicitation. . . . For a period of one year from the effective date
the parties shall not, directly or indirectly: (i) Engage the services or seek to engage the services
of any representative of the other party without the express written consent of the other party.
(ii) Attempt to solicit or sell products and services to a customer doing business with the other
party by utilizing an employee or representative of the other party.”
20
Id. (internal citations omitted). Consistent with this limited scope, “[t]he implied covenant can
only impose an obligation consistent with other mutually agreed upon terms in the contract. It
does not add to the contract a substantive provision not included by the parties.” Broder v.
Cablevision Sys. Corp., 418 F. 3d 187, 198-199 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal citation omitted).
Here, regardless of whether the restrictive covenants within the Agreement are
enforceable, the Defendant’s invocation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is
misguided and does not give rise to a cause of action as a matter of law. This implied covenant
cannot transform a limited one-year prohibition on the parties seeking to employ each other’s
employees to an extended prohibition on each party from directing its own representatives about
the scope of their previously agreed-to employment contracts.
Plaintiff’s directive to its
representatives did not destroy Defendant’s bargained-for-rights in the Agreement, which
protected each party against the poaching of each other’s employees for one year. This provision
does not purport to impose the obligation that each party must facilitate, or even refrain from
obstructing, such poaching after the one-year period. Defendant received the benefit of this
provision and cannot now seek to employ this provision to punish the Plaintiff for reasonably
acting in its own interests.
Separately, Defendant has not alleged facts showing that Plaintiff acted with any bad
faith in directing its representatives about which types of products they could not represent while
under their Calico Independent Representative Agreement, which is the agreement between
Plaintiff and its independent representatives. (See Wurzel Decl., Ex. 7.) Within the very email
cited by Defendant, Plaintiff notes a specific provision of this agreement that provides a
seemingly legitimate basis for Plaintiff’s directive to its representatives. Notably, there are no
indicia of bad faith within this email. See Hunter v. Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch, 56
21
A.D.3d 274, 274 (1st Dep’t 2008) (granting summary judgment on the claim of breach of the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on lack of evidence of bad faith).
Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment with respect to Defendant’s fifth
counterclaim based on the implied covenant, which is hereby dismissed.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted to the
extent that the Court finds there is consideration in support of the Agreement. Plaintiff’s motion
is denied in all other respects. Defendant’s third, fourth, and fifth counterclaims with regard to
the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing are dismissed. Defendant’s motion for
summary judgment is denied in all other respects. As for other defenses put forward by the
parties regarding attorney’s fees, failure to mitigate, and the doctrines of waiver, ratification,
estoppel and/or laches, the Court concludes that those issues are sufficiently intertwined with the
unresolved issues as not to be determinable at this stage. This case shall proceed to trial on the
remaining issues.
SO ORDERED.
DATED: Brooklyn, New York
September 29, 2014
____________/s/_____________
DORA L. IRIZARRY
United States District Judge
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