Super Express USA Publishing Corp., et al v. Spring Publishing Corp., et al
Filing
91
ORDER granting 54 Motion for Default Judgment; denying 75 Motion for Damages; adopting in part Report and Recommendations as to 88 Report and Recommendations -- On February 23, 2018, the Hon. James Orenstein, U.S.M.J., issued a Report and Re commendations ("R & R") on Plaintiffs' motions for default judgment against defendant Spring Publishing Corp. ("Spring") and for damages against all defendants. Defendants timely objected and Plaintiffs did not respond to De fendants' objections. Upon due consideration and review, for the reasons discussed in the ATTACHED WRITTEN MEMORANDUM AND ORDER, Defendants' objections to the R&R are overruled in part and sustained in part, and the remainder of the R& R is adopted and modified as follows: Defendants' objection with respect to the magistrate judge's recommendation that Plaintiffs had not shown exclusive copyright is overruled; Defendants' objection with respect to the magistrate jud ge's recommendation that the Court award statutory damages is sustained; and Defendants' objection to the magistrate judge's determination that hypothetical licensing fees provide some approximation of actual damages is overruled in li ght of the recommendation that the Court not award actual damages, which recommendation this Court adopts. The R&R is adopted in all other respects and modified to the extent that no statutory damages are awarded to Plaintiffs. In sum, Plaintiffs w ill not be awarded damages. However, Plaintiffs are entitled to injunctive relief. As such, they are to submit for the Court's approval and endorsement a Permanent Injunction on or before April 30, 2018. Closure of this case is held in abeyance pending this Court's endorsement of the Permanent Injunction. SO ORDERED by Chief Judge Dora Lizette Irizarry on 3/30/2018. (Irizarry, Dora)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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SUPER EXPRESS USA PUBLISHING CORP.
:
on its own behalf,
:
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
:
PARTIALLY ADOPTING
SUPER EXPRESS USA PUBLISHING CORP
:
REPORT AND
as assignee of the rights of PRESSPUBLICA
:
RECOMMENDATION
SP. Z O.O., and
:
13-CV-2814 (DLI)(JO)
:
PRESSPUBLICA SP. Z O.O. ,
:
:
Plaintiffs,
:
-against:
:
SPRING PUBLISHING CORP. d/b/a POLSKA
:
GAZETA and JANUSZ CZUJ,
:
:
Defendants.
:
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DORA L. IRIZARRY, Chief United States District Judge:
Plaintiffs Super Express USA Publishing Corporation and Presspublica SP. Z O.O.
(“Plaintiffs”) assert copyright infringement claims against Spring Publishing Corporation
(“Spring”), doing business as Polska Gazeta, and Janusz Czuj (“Defendants”). See generally,
Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”), Dkt. Entry No. 36. On March 24, 2017, the Court granted
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment as to their copyright infringement claims and instructed
Plaintiffs to file a motion for damages should settlement discussion be unsuccessful. See Super
Express USA Publ’g Corp. v. Spring Publ’g Corp., 2017 WL 1274058, at *11-12 (E.D.N.Y. Mar.
24, 2017).
Also on March 24, 2017, the Court reinstated Plaintiffs’ previously filed motion for default
judgment against Spring, which had been referred to the Honorable James Orenstein, U.S.
Magistrate Judge, for a Report and Recommendation (“R&R”). See Minute Entry dated Mar. 24,
2017 (referring Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment); Mem. of Law In Support of Mot. for
Default Judgment (“Default Mot.”), Dkt. Entry No. 54-2; Mem. of Law In Support of Default
Judgment (“Default Mem.”), Dkt. Entry No. 59-2; Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Mot. for Default
Judgment (“Default Opp’n”), Dkt. Entry No. 61; Reply in Support of Motion for Default Judgment
(“Default Reply”), Dkt. Entry No. 64-2.
On May 26, 2017, after unsuccessful settlement discussions, Plaintiffs filed a motion for
damages. See Mem. of Law in Support of Mot. for Damages (“Damages Mot.”), Dkt. Entry No.
75. Defendants opposed Plaintiffs’ damages motion. See Mem. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for
Damages (“Damages Opp’n”), Dkt. Entry No. 84. Plaintiffs filed a reply in further support of their
damages motion. See Reply Mem. of Law in Support of Damages (“Damages Reply”), Dkt. Entry
No. 86. On October 12, 2017, the Court referred Plaintiffs’ damages motion to Magistrate Judge
Orenstein for an R&R.
On February 23, 2018, the magistrate judge issued his R&R on both referred motions,
recommending that the Court grant Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment against Spring, enter
judgment against the Defendants jointly and severally in the amount of $155,250, and dismiss all
remaining claims. See R&R, Dkt. Entry No. 88, at 1. Defendants timely filed objections to the
R&R. See Defs.’ Objs. to R&R (“Objs.”), Dkt. Entry No. 90. Plaintiffs did not respond to
Defendants’ objections. For the reasons set forth below, Defendant’s objections are overruled in
part, sustained in part, and the remainder of the R&R is adopted as modified.
DISCUSSION1
When a party objects to an R&R, a district judge must make a de novo determination as to
those portions of the R&R to which the party objects. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); United States
The Court assumes the parties’ familiarity with the facts as set out in the R&R and the Court’s Memorandum
and Opinion granting partial summary judgment to Plaintiffs. See R&R at 2; Super Express, 2017 WL 1274058, at
*1-2.
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2
v. Male Juvenile, 121 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir. 1997). Pursuant to the standard often articulated by the
district courts of this Circuit, “[i]f a party . . . simply relitigates his original arguments, the Court
reviews the Report and Recommendation only for clear error.” Antrobus v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of
Sanitation, 2016 WL 5390120, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2016) (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted); see also Rolle v. Educ. Bus Transp., Inc., 2014 WL 4662267, at *1 (E.D.N.Y.
Sept. 17, 2014) (“[A] rehashing of the same arguments set forth in the original papers . . . would
reduce the magistrate’s work to something akin to a meaningless dress rehearsal.”) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted). On the other hand, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has
suggested that a clear error review may not be appropriate “where arguably ‘the only way for [a
party] to raise . . . arguments [is] to reiterate them.’” Moss v. Colvin, 845 F.3d 516, 519 n.2 (2d
Cir. 2017) (quoting Watson v. Geithner, 2013 WL 5441748, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013)).
Nonetheless, a court will not “ordinarily . . . consider arguments, case law and/or evidentiary
material which could have been, but [were] not, presented to the magistrate judge in the first
instance.” Santiago v. City of New York, 2016 WL 5395837, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2016)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
After its review, the district court may then “accept, reject, or modify the recommended
disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with
instructions.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Where a party does not
object to a portion of the R&R, the court “‘need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on
the face of the record.’” Galvez v. Aspen Corp., 967 F. Supp.2d 615, 617 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (quoting
Reyes v. Mantello, 2003 WL 76997, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2003)).
I.
Defendants’ Objections
Defendants object to the R&R on three grounds: (1) Plaintiff has not established exclusive
copyright ownership, as required by the Copyright Act; (2) statutory damages are unavailable
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because Plaintiffs have not registered their foreign copyrights, and the absence of U.S. copyright
registration bars recovery of statutory copyright damages; and (3) the R&R incorrectly
recommends that the Court grant summary judgment to Plaintiffs when there are disputed issues
of fact as to the licensing value of the infringed articles, which the R&R references as an
approximation for actual damages. Objs. at 1-2. The Court will address each of these objections
in turn.
A. Copyright Ownership
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ own evidence demonstrates that they held a nonexclusive right to publish the infringed articles, which is insufficient since, under the Copyright
Act, infringement claimants must have exclusive copyright ownership. Id. at 2-3. In support of
their argument, Defendants point to the language of the Model Employment Contract (Dkt. Entry
No. 75-12 (sample contract); Dkt. Entry No. 75-13 (English translation of sample contract)), in
which the employee agrees that “he will not exercise his copyrights in a way that could restrict the
freedom of use of press material by Employer.” Id. (quoting Model Employment Contract).
Defendants construe this language as providing the employee a right to exercise his or her
copyright, thus rendering Plaintiffs’ copyrights non-exclusive. Id. at 3 (emphasis added) (“The
author’s shared right to publish the copyrighted articles makes the copyright rights of the
newspaper non-exclusive.”).
Defendants presented the identical argument to the magistrate judge. In their opposition
to Plaintiffs’ motion for damages, Defendants argued that “Plaintiffs’ evidence affirmatively
shows that plaintiff has failed to meet the threshold requirement” of an exclusive copyright. See
Damages Opp’n at 2-3 (“[T]he author retains ‘his copyrights’ [under the Model Employment
Contract] and . . . [t]his is the opposite of a transfer of an exclusive economic right in the author’s
work.”). The magistrate judge rejected this argument, finding that the “standard contract explicitly
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assigns to Presspublica the copyright ownership of the employed journalist’s work.” R&R at 6.
Defendants’ rehashing of arguments previously raised before the magistrate judge is insufficient
to warrant de novo review. Rolle, 2014 WL 4662267, at *1. Finding no clear error in the R&R as
to copyright ownership, Defendants’ objection is overruled.
B. Statutory Damages
Defendants next contend that the magistrate judge erred in recommending an award of
statutory damages, which are neither available nor sought by Plaintiffs. Objs. at 4. Specifically,
Defendants claim that, since Plaintiffs failed to register any of the works at issue with the U.S.
Copyright Office, statutory damages are unavailable, and although Plaintiffs initially sought
statutory damages, they have abandoned that claim in favor of actual damages. Id.
The crux of Defendants’ argument before the magistrate judge in opposing Plaintiffs’
damages motion was that Plaintiffs were barred as a matter of law from making a late-in-the-game
switch from seeking statutory damages to seeking actual damages. See Damages Opp’n at 4
(quoting Twin Peaks Prods., Inc. v. Publ’g Int’l Ltd., 996 F.2d 1366, 1380 (2d Cir. 1993)) (“‘Once
a plaintiff has elected statutory damages, it has given up the right to seek actual damages.’”).
Noting an exception to the rule where the change was early in the litigation and posed no prejudice
to defendants, the magistrate judge declined to apply the exception and recommended that
Plaintiffs be held to their initial election of statutory damages. R&R at 8-9 (“I conclude that the
court should award statutory rather than actual damages . . . .”). Specifically, the magistrate judge
recommended an award of statutory damages based on (1) Plaintiffs’ late attempt to change its
election and “too little evidence of actual damages to fit comfortably within the narrow exception
carved out in prior cases” and (2) a lack of prejudice to Plaintiffs in awarding statutory damages.
Id. at 9 (noting that Plaintiffs’ change of heart “comes too late” and “an award of damages does
not prejudice the plaintiffs”).
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Although the R&R seemingly adopted Defendants’ argument that statutory damages were
appropriate under the circumstances,2 Defendants contend that the R&R overlooked their
argument in opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment that statutory damages for
copyright infringement are not available for unregistered foreign works. See Default Opp’n at 45 (quoting The Football Ass’n Premier League Ltd. v. YouTube, Inc., 633 F. Supp.2d 159, 162
(S.D.N.Y. 2009)) (“Section 412 [of the Copyright Act] has no exception excusing foreign works
from its mandate: it requires registration to obtain statutory damages for both domestic and foreign
works.”); Id. at 3 (“Statutory damages are not authorized for works that have not been registered
with the U.S. Copyright Office.”).
While ordinarily courts decline to entertain arguments
previously made before the magistrate judge, the Court finds that Defendants’ argument is properly
asserted and addresses it below. Moss, 845 F.3d at 519 n.2 (quoting Watson, 2013 WL 5441748,
at *2) (noting that sometimes “‘the only way for [a party] to raise . . . arguments [is] to reiterate
them’”).
As this Court has previously held, “‘the Berne Convention does not require the owner of a
foreign copyright to register in the United States before seeking redress for infringement of works
originating in foreign nations . . . that are signatories to the convention.’” Super Express, 2017
WL 1274058, at *9 (quoting Sadhu Singh Hamdad Trust v. Ajit Newspaper Advert. Mktg. &
Commc’ns, Inc., 503 F. Supp.2d 577, 584 (E.D.N.Y. 2007)). Since the infringed works originated
in Poland, a signatory to the Berne Convention, registration with the U.S. Copyright Office is not
required in order to pursue copyright protection. Id. (“[T]he news articles . . . originated in Poland
and, therefore, do not require copyright registration . . . .”).
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The R&R explicitly did not recommend that actual damages were precluded or inappropriate. See R&R at
10 (“I do not mean to suggest that the court would err by awarding actual, rather than statutory damages.”).
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Although the Berne Convention saves owners of foreign copyrights from registering in the
United States before bringing suit, failing to register precludes certain remedies. Under Section
412 of the U.S. Copyright Act, “no award of statutory damages or of attorney’s fees3 . . . shall be
made for . . . any infringement of copyright in an unpublished work commenced before the
effective date of its registration.” 17 U.S.C. § 412. Therefore, unregistered foreign copyright
holders can bring infringement claims, but they may only seek actual damages. See The Football
Ass’n, 633 F. Supp.2d at 164 (“[O]ne could bring an infringement suit (although not obtain
statutory damages) based on an unregistered foreign Berne Convention work.”); See also Haddley
v. Next Chapter Tech. Inc., 2017 WL 1483333, at *3 n.6 (D. Minn. Apr. 25, 2017) (citing 17 U.S.C.
§ 412; The Football Ass’n, 633 F. Supp.2d at 162) (“The holder of a foreign copyright does not
need to register before filing suit, unless he is seeking statutory damages or attorney fees.”).
Here, Plaintiff does not allege that the foreign copyrights at issue are registered. See Am.
Compl. at ¶ 29 (“Protection for intellectual property originating in Poland . . . is found within
Polish laws, and does not require any registration . . . .”); Id. at ¶ 30 (“Such protection extends to
the territory of the USA pursuant to the Berne Convention . . . .”). In declining to register their
copyrights, Plaintiffs foreclosed the possibility of statutory damages.
17 U.S.C. § 412.
Accordingly, Defendants’ objection that the magistrate judge erred in awarding statutory damages
is sustained. The R&R is modified to the extent that statutory damages are precluded because the
foreign copyrights were not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
The Court finds no clear error in the R&R’s recommendations against an award of actual
damages and denying Plaintiffs’ request to amend their election to pursue actual damages. See
Defendants contend that attorney’s fees are not available to Plaintiffs. Objs. at 6. This issue is not properly
before the Court on this motion, and, therefore, the Court declines to address Defendants’ argument. However, the
Court notes that, as discussed above, by failing to register their copyrights in the United States, Plaintiffs are not only
precluded from being awarded statutory damages, but they also are not entitled to recover attorney’s fees.
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R&R at 10 (“I recommend against an award of actual damages.”). Although Plaintiffs insist that
Defendants will not be prejudiced by the election change, and that they are not seeking the change
“on the eve of trial,” (Default Reply at 7), as the magistrate judge noted, the change “comes too
late.” R&R at 9. While the plain language of 17 U.S.C. § 504 permits a copyright plaintiff to elect
to seek statutory or actual damages “at any time before final judgment,” in practice, courts interpret
this right much more narrowly. See, e.g., Marano v. Aaboe, 2010 WL 6350785, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
Oct. 20, 2010), report and recommendation adopted by 2011 WL 1157553 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28,
2011) (precluding plaintiff from changing election during default damages judgment briefing);
Homkow v. Musika Records, Inc., 2008 WL 508597, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2008) (election of
statutory damages in amended complaint and during damages inquest precluded later pursuit of
actual damages).
Here, similar to Marano, Plaintiffs sought statutory damages in their motion for default
judgment and only sought to pursue actual damages only after Defendants argued that statutory
damages are unavailable. See Default Mot. at 11 (“Plaintiffs seek statutory damages under the
Copyright Act . . . .”); Default Reply at 8 (“Plaintiffs should be allowed to amend their election to
seek actual damages.”); Marano, 2010 WL 6350785, at *4 (precluding change of election).
Plaintiffs’ election appears to be less of a strategic decision and more out of necessity. As Plaintiffs
concede in their motion for damages, “Plaintiffs are unable to show out-of-pocket losses.”
Damages Mot. at 3; R&R at 9 (citing Damages Mot. at 3) (“[P]laintiffs have adduced no evidence
of any actual losses or of the defendants’ profits – they acknowledge that they cannot do so.”).
The absence of actual damages does not require an award of statutory damages. Accordingly,
notwithstanding that statutory damages are unavailable for unregistered foreign copyrights, and
given both the late timing of Plaintiffs’ request and the lack of evidence of actual damages,
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Plaintiffs’ election stands. The recommendation that Plaintiffs be denied the opportunity to change
their election is adopted.
C. Amount of Damages
Finally, Defendants contend that the R&R erred in recommending that actual damages—
which the R&R recommends against awarding—could be approximated in the amount of $51,750,
or $250 for each of 207 infringed articles, because there is a material issue of fact as to the value
of the licensing fees the infringed articles might garner.
See Objs. at 7-9 (“[T]he Report
recommends an award of $250 per article if actual damages could [be] awarded.”), R&R at 12 (“I
respectfully recommend a statutory damages award . . . .”).
Although the magistrate judge
concluded that Plaintiffs could not show actual damages, he calculated the above figure, to which
Defendants take exception, based on evidence submitted of hypothetical licensing fees charged for
the Plaintiffs’ articles. See R&R at 11-12 (noting that the hypothetical licensing fees are a “useful
starting point,” but “far too speculative to serve as a basis for awarding damages” and there is
nothing to suggest that Plaintiffs “would have secured” the licensing fees submitted to the Court).
Considering that the R&R recommends against awarding actual damages, and only discussed an
approximation of actual damages in fashioning an appropriate statutory damages figure, the Court
finds this objection puzzling. It is overruled.
D. Remaining Recommendations
Defendants specifically did not object to the magistrate judge’s recommendations that:
(1) damages be assessed against all Defendants; (2) the Court find Plaintiffs abandoned their
additional claims for violations of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, misappropriation and
fraud, unjust enrichment, unfair and deceptive practices, false designation of origin, and unfair
competition; and (3) the Court find that Super Express failed to show ownership of any
copyrighted material. Objs. at 1. Finding no clear error, the Court adopts those portions of the
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R&R to which there are no objections. Galvez, 967 F. Supp.2d at 617 (quoting Reyes, 2003 WL
76997, at *1).
CONCLUSION
Upon due consideration and review, for the reasons discussed above, Defendant’s
objections to the R&R are overruled in part and sustained in part, and the remainder of the R&R
is adopted and modified as follows: Defendants’ objection with respect to the magistrate judge’s
recommendation that Plaintiffs had not shown exclusive copyright is overruled; Defendants’
objection with respect to the magistrate judge’s recommendation that the Court award statutory
damages is sustained; and Defendants’ objection to the magistrate judge’s determination that
hypothetical licensing fees provide some approximation of actual damages is overruled in light of
the recommendation that the Court not award actual damages. The R&R is adopted in all other
respects and modified to the extent that no statutory damages are awarded to Plaintiffs. In sum,
Plaintiffs will not be awarded damages. However, Plaintiffs are entitled to injunctive relief. As
such, they are to submit for the Court’s approval and endorsement a Permanent Injunction on or
before April 30, 2018.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
March 30, 2018
/s/
DORA L. IRIZARRY
Chief Judge
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