Zheng v. Warden Sing Sing Correctional Facility

Filing 12

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER: Petitioner's application for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is denied in its entirety, and, because Petitioner has not "made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right," 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a certificate of appealability will not issue. SO Ordered by Judge Raymond J. Dearie on 9/17/2019. (Almonte, Giselle)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

HAI GUANG ZHENG,

Petitioner,
MEMORANDUM & ORDER

-against16 CV 1166(RJD)
WARDEN,SING SING CORRECTIONAL
FACILITY

Respondent.
X

DEARIE, District Judge.

Before the Court is Petitioner Hai Guang Zheng's ("Petitioner") application for a writ of

habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Petitioner was convicted in 1996, after a jury trial
in New York Supreme Court, Queens County, offour counts of kidnapping in the first degree,
two counts of rape in the first degree, one count of kidnapping in the second degree, two counts
of sexual abuse in the first degree and one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the

second degree. He was sentenced to an aggregate term of eighty-four years to life.^
Petitioner's conviction arises out of the abduction of one man and two women at JFK

Airport in 1995. As a result of entering the United States from China illegally in 1992, Petitioner

'The court sentenced Petitioner to four indeterminate terms of25 years to life for the kidnapping counts—two
concurrent terms of25 years to life with respect to each victim that were to run consecutively to each other, two to
run concurrently with respect to one victim, two to run concurrently with respect to the other victim, and each
couple to run consecutively. The court also sentenced Petitioner to indeterminate terms of imprisonment from eight
and one-third to 25 years on each rape and second-degree kidnapping count. Finally, the court sentenced Petitioner
to indeterminate terms of imprisonment from two and one-third to seven years for each sexual abuse count and from
five to 15 years for the weapon possession count. These sentences were to run consecutively to each other and to
the first-degree kidnapping sentence.

incurred a significant financial debt to his smuggler, AK Guan ("Guan"). Three years later, and
still indebted to Guan, Petitioner agreed to meet Guan at JFK Airport on March 31, 1995 to pick

up some of Guan's fnends. When Petitioner arrived at the airport, Guan joined Petitioner in his
car. At the same time, Guo Bang Liu("Guo")and his wife Liu Yan Wu ("Liu"), arrived at JFK

Airport from Los Angeles, California, and were greeted by Guo's sister, Jin Hao Liu ("Jin"),
who lived in Manhattan. As Guo, Liu and Jin left the airport via limousine service, Guan
directed Petitioner to cut off the car, at which point. Petitioner testified, Guan approached the car

carrying a pistol. Trial Tr. 901:2-902:16(Hai Guang Zheng). At trial, the victims gave
conflicting accounts regarding whether both Petitioner and Guan or just Guan approached the car
and whether one or both men were carrying guns. Trial Tr. 349: 17-350:5(Guo Bang Liu);

395:5-396:4 (Jin Hao Liu); 451:19-23 (Liu Yan Wu). Ultimately, Guo, Liu and Jin were ordered
out of their car and into Petitioner's car. While Petitioner was driving, Guan demanded Guo and

Liu hand over their passports; however, when Guan examined the passports, he apparently
realized he and Petitioner had abducted the wrong people. Trial Tr. 351:5-l 1 (Guo Bang Liu);
428:13-22 (Jin Hao Liu). Nevertheless, Petitioner continued driving and eventually stopped the
car at a location near the Brooklyn Bridge. Guo was released, made his way to his family's
apartment in Manhattan and went to the local police precinct with a family member. From
Brooklyn, Petitioner and Guan drove the women to a basement apartment in Flushing, Queens
where they were joined by a third man, Petitioner's codefendant. The victims testified that the
codefendant was quite a bit shorter and heavier than the "tall" man driving the car—later
identified as Petitioner. Trial Tr. 400:7-13 (Jin Hao Liu); 455: 22-25 (Liu Yan Wu). Guan left
Petitioner and his codefendant in the apartment and instructed Petitioner to call the women's

family and demand ransom money. Petitioner claimed that he protested, but Guan responded

that if Petitioner asked any questions or failed to follow instructions, he would kill Petitioner's

family in China and send Petitioner back to China. Trial Tr. 905:4-10(Hai Guang Zheng). The
women spent the night in the apartment, but did not sleep because, as they later testified, they
observed a gun next to Petitioner's pillow and feared for their safety. Trial Tr. 404:8-18 (Jin Hao
Liu); 457:15-19(Liu Yan Wu). Petitioner testified that after Guan left the apartment, he
telephoned a friend, who told Petitioner to call the police. Trial Tr. 932:7-15 (Hai Guang
Zheng). Petitioner did not call the police, he claimed, because he feared retribution from Guan.
Id.

The women testified they were raped the next morning, one after the other, by Petitioner
and his codefendant. Trial Tr. 403:4-408:2 (Jin Hao Liu); 457:22-465:21 (Liu Yan Wu).

Petitioner raped Liu while the codefendant raped Jin and then Petitioner raped Jin while the

codefendant raped Liu. Id. Liu testified that she resisted the "taller man," later identified as
Petitioner, and thus was not sure where he ultimately ejaculated. Trial Tr. 494:4-495:9(Liu Yan

Wu). Liu testified that she was not strong enough to resist Petitioner's codefendant and he

ejaculated in her vagina. Trial Tr. 465:7-18 (Liu Yan Wu). There was no testimony at trial
confirming whether Petitioner ejaculated while raping Jin, and if so, where he ejaculated.
Petitioner denies raping the two women.

According to Petitioner, he spoke to Guan the morning after the kidnapping, who was

angry he had not yet demanded ransom from the women's family. Trial Tr. 933:8-24(Hai
Guang Zheng). Petitioner finally called the family and around 10:00 PM,more than 24 hours
after the abduction, a family member transported $15,000 in a bag of groceries to 217 Henry
Street in Manhattan. Because the family had already gone to the police, the calls between the

women's family and Petitioner were recorded and traced and police were dispatched to the area

where the two women were held. Shortly after midnight, a detective observed two men and two

women walk out of a house and get into a car. Trial Tr. 727:5-729:22(Det. Steven Banks). The

detective and his partner followed the car for a few blocks and then pulled up alongside it where
they were able to confirm that the women resembled those in photographs provided to the police.
Id. The detective arrested Petitioner and his codefendant and the women were taken to Beekman

Hospital in Manhattan. Neither of the women had any physical bruising or scratching. Tests
showed semen in Liu's vagina and on her underwear. There was semen found only in Jin's
underwear. At trial, Liu testified that prior to her rape she had sexual intercourse with her

husband two days earlier. Trial Tr. 499:17-501:13 (Liu Yan Wu). Jin testified that prior to her

rape she had sexual intercourse in January 1995—approximately three months earlier. Trial Tr.
444:19-445:6 (Jin Hao Liu). Additional testimony revealed that spermatozoa can remain on the

skin for "up to 72 hours" and on clothing for "years" and still elicit a "positive" test result. Trial
Tr. 563:4-15(Thomas Hickey).
Petitioner testified at trial and asserted his innocence. He confessed to kidnapping but

explained he was acting under duress and feared for his own life as well as the lives and safety of
his family in China. Petitioner testified that he never raped the women. Trial Tr. 911:2-18 (Hai
Guang Zheng). Petitioner asked the trial court to instruct the jury on the defense of duress,
which the court declined to do, noting Petitioner (i)"was free to go any time he wanted to. He

had a phone. He left the place many, many times. He could have called the police. He could
have left completely," and (ii) that the exception to duress for those who "intentionally or
recklessly" place themselves in a situation where they will be subject to duress applied. Trial Tr.
996:20-998:21. Petitioner was convicted on July 8, 1996 on ten of the twelve charges against
him.

Since his conviction, Petitioner has continuously asserted his innocence. Petitioner filed

a direct appeal to the Appellate Division, Second Department. The Appellate Division vacated
Petitioner's conviction of Sexual Abuse in the First Degree and his corresponding sentence,

because no evidence pertaining to that count had been presented at trial, and otherwise affirmed
Petitioner's conviction with respect to the kidnapping, rape and weapons charges. The Appellate
Division concluded the trial court appropriately declined to instruct the jury on the affirmative
defense of duress because "[vjiewing the evidence adduced at trial in the light most favorable to
the defendant, there is no reasonable view of the evidence to support the defendant's claim of
duress. The defendant failed to establish that the force or threat of force was capable of

immediate exercise o[r] realization." People v. Hai Guang Zheng, 268 A.D.2d 443,444(2d

Dept. 2000). Petitioner's motion for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals was denied on June
15,2000.

Since then. Petitioner has filed two motions in the trial court pursuant to NY GPL

§§ 440.10 and 440.30 to vacate his conviction: first, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel as
a result of his attorney's failure to have DNA evidence available at the time of his trial, and

second, seeking post-conviction DNA testing. In both motions, Petitioner claimed DNA testing
would exonerate him. On June 18, 2001,the trial court denied Petitioner's ineffective assistance
of counsel claim because it was a record-based claim that should have been raised in Petitioner's

direct appeal. The Appellate Division denied Petitioner's application for leave to appeal.
Petitioner filed his second motion to vacate pursuant to NY GPL § 440.30 on April 24,

2007, requesting DNA testing. The trial court denied Petitioner's motion on September 21,
2007, because Petitioner failed to show that there was a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been more favorable had DNA tests been performed— in light of other evidence

against Petitioner, including the victims' testimony regarding the circumstances of the rapes,
even a negative DNA test result would not exonerate him. People v. Hai Guang Zheng, 2007
WL 2825997(N.Y. Sup. Ct. Sept. 21, 2007). The trial court also concluded that the District

Attorney's office satisfied its burden of establishing that, after over ten years, the rape kits could
not be located, and, declined to draw an adverse inference on that basis. People v. Flax. 162

A.D.3d 1667, 1668 (4th Dept. 2018)(citing NY CPL § 440.30)(precluding "the court from
drawing an adverse inference based on a purported failure to preserve evidence where...the
People established that, despite their efforts, the physical location of the specific evidence is
unknown"). The Appellate Division affirmed on January 19, 2010. People v. Hai Guang Zheng,
69 A.D.3d 878(2d Dept 2010). The Court of Appeals denied petitioner's leave to appeal.
In 2016, Petitioner filed the instant petition claiming ineffective assistance of counsel for
failing to conduct DNA testing, which he claims would have established his actual innocence.
Petitioner also claims he was denied his right to a fair trial because the trial court refused to

charge the jury on the affirmative defense of duress. Respondent argues Petitioner's claims are
time-barred and also that his ineffective assistance of counsel claim is barred by independent and

adequate state grounds because he failed to raise an ineffective assistance claim in his direct
appeal to the Appellate Division. In any event. Respondent argues Petitioner's procedural errors
should not be excused because he cannot demonstrate cause for the late filing of his Petition or

prejudice resulting from the supposed errors, and, mistakes aside, Petitioner has not
demonstrated the state court unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court precedent

in denying his habeas claims. In sum and substance, Respondent cites to a record of compelling
trial evidence corroborating Petitioner's participation in the charged crimes, including the fact

that Petitioner readily confessed to a number of those crimes. And, with respect to the crimes to

which Petitioner did not confess, Respondent argues the credible evidence presented at trial
supports Petitioner's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
As discussed below, Petitioner has not overcome the formidable burden required for this

Court to grant habeas relief, because, even setting aside the fact that these claims are

procedurally barred, Petitioner does not proffer a sufficient factual or legal basis to disturb the
state court rulings denying his requests for relief. First, even if DNA evidence were available
and tested negative for Petitioner's DNA,such a result would not exonerate him: there was

ample evidence in the trial record from which the jury could have found Petitioner guilty ofthe
charged offenses, including the two rapes. To that end, counsel's decision not to independently
test the DNA evidence was strategically motivated, and a prudent exercise of caution and

professional judgment, designed to reinforce to the jury the People's burden of proof and
highlight reasonable doubt, rather than risk the possibility of a positive DNA test affirmatively
establishing his client's guilt. Second, the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to warrant a

jury instruction on the affirmative defense of duress because the record reveals (i) Petitioner had
multiple opportunities to escape the illicit activity,(ii) Petitioner intentionally and recklessly put
himself in a situation where he was likely to be subjected to duress and (iii) the proffered threats
were not sufficiently imminent to constitute duress. Accordingly, Petitioner cannot demonstrate
a fundamental miscarriage ofjustice if his claim is denied, nor has he shown that the state court
unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court precedent.
DISCUSSION

1.

General Habeas Standards

A. Threshold Requirementsfor Habeas Relief

As an initial matter, a petitioner seeking federal habeas corpus relieffaces a remarkably
high hurdle, in large part because such "relief does not lie for errors of state law." Lewis v.

Jeffers. 497 U.S. 764,780(1990). Rather,"28 U.S.C. §2254 allows a court to entertain a habeas

petition 'only on the ground that [an individual] is in custody in violation of the Constitution or
laws or treaties ofthe United States^ Gamer v. Lee. 908 F.3d 845, 860(2d Cir. 2018)
(emphasis added)(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a)).

Procedurally, before a petitioner convicted in state court can bring bona fide federal
claims to the habeas court,(i) the petitioner must exhaust those claims at the state level by fully
and fairly presenting the substance of each claim to the highest state court,^28 U.S.C.§

2254(b)(1)(A); Picardv. Connor,404 U.S. 270,275(1971)("a state prisoner seeking federal
habeas review of his conviction ordinarily must first exhaust available state remedies"); Dave v.
Attomev Gen, of State of New York. 696 F.2d 186, 191 (2d Cir. 1982)("the petitioner must have

informed the state court of both the factual and the legal premises of the claim he asserts in

federal court"), and (ii) the petitioner's claim cannot be procedurally defaulted—that is, the

reviewing federal court cannot review a habeas claim that the state court denied based on an
adequate and independent state procedural mle," Davila v. Davis. 137 S. Ct. 2058,2064(2017);
Coleman v. Thompson. 501 U.S. 722, 729(1991)(habeas claim is procedurally barred if it was
decided "on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to
support the judgment.").

The exhaustion requirement is waivable only to the extent "there is an absence of
available State corrective process" or "circumstances that render such process ineffective to

protect the [petitioner's] rights." 28 U.S.C. §2254(b)(l)(B). On the other hand, a petitioner who
fails to exhaust available state court remedies may nevertheless see his habeas petition denied, on
the merits, by the reviewing federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2).

The bar against review of procedurally-defaulted claims "ensure[s] that state-court

judgments are accorded the finality and respect necessary to preserve the integrity of legal
proceedings within our system of federalism." Martinez v. Rvan. 566 U.S. 1,9(2012). This bar
applies "even where the state court has also ruled in the alternative on the merits of the federal
claim," Velasquez v. Leonardo, 898 F.2d 7, 9(2d Cir. 1990); see also Harris v. Reed,489 U.S.

255, 264 n. 10,(1989)("a state court need not fear reaching the merits of a federal claim in an

alternative holding")(emphasis in original), unless the state court fails to "clearly and expressly
state[] that its judgment rested on a state procedural bar," and that its merits-based finding was
only an alternative ruling. See Gamer v. Lee, 908 F.3d 845, 859(2d Cir. 2018)("While a state

court may rest its judgment on a state procedural bar if it rejects the merits of a federal claim
only in the alternative,... the Supreme Court has admonished that, when in doubt, courts should
presume that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits")(emphasis in original), cert,
denied. 139S.Ct. 1608 (2019).

Moreover, the state court's decision "must rest not only on an independent procedural bar

under state law, but also on one that is adequate to support the judgment." Murden v. Artuz, 497
F.3d 178,191 (2d Cir. 2007)(internal quotation and citation omitted), cert, denied. 552 U.S.

1150(2008). A state procedural bar "is 'adequate' if it 'is firmly established and regularly
followed by the state in question' in the specific circumstances presented," id.(quoting, Monroe
V. Kuhlman.433 F.3d 236, 241 (2d Cir. 2006)). For example, the rule that a claim based upon a

matter of record at trial must be raised on direct appeal and cannot be pursued in a motion for
collateral relief under NY CPL § 440.10 is an "adequate" state procedural bar. Dominique v.

Artus. 25 F. Supp. 3d 321, 333(E.D.N.Y. 2014)(finding the rule that record-based claims

"cannot serve as the basis for relief[in a post-conviction motion to vacate] is firmly established
and regularly followed in New York"(collecting cases)).

Importantly, although "adequacy is itself a federal question," Lee v. Kemna,534 U.S.
362, 375(2002)(internal quotation and citation omitted), the "[habeas courts'] function ... is not
to ... peer over the shoulder of the state courtjudge ruling on questions of state law. Downs v.

Lape. 657 F.3d 97, 101 (2d Cir. 2011)(internal quotations and citations omitted), c^. denied,
566 U.S. 1014(2012). The habeas court need only decide "whether the state ruling falls within

the state's usual practice and is justified by legitimate state interests, not whether the state court
ruling was correct." Id.; see also Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764,780(1990)("federal habeas
corpus relief does not lie for errors of state law.").

Finally, the "independent and adequate state ground" bar may be excused only if a
petitioner demonstrates either "cause" for failing to comply with the state rule and "actual

prejudice" ifthe claim is not reached, or that a lack offederal review will result in a fundamental
miscarriage ofjustice because he is actually innocent. Harris v. Reed. 489 U.S. 255, 262(1989);
Wainwright v. Svkes,433 U.S. 72, 87(1977). Typically, petitioners attempt to show "cause"

through a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, but to qualify as "cause" for this purpose the
ineffectiveness claim must be independently exhausted. Edwards v. Carpenter. 529 U.S. 446,

452(2000). If a petitioner fails to show cause the Court need not consider whether he would be
prejudiced by the failure to reach his claim. Murrav v. Carrier. 477 U.S. 478,498 (1986).
B. Substantive Review Standards

The current habeas statute provides in relevant part:

An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody
pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any
claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the

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adjudication of the claim ... resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(1), as amended by the Antiterrorism and Death Penalty Act of 1996
("AEDPA").

The Supreme Court has repeatedly explained that this statute "erects a formidable barrier
to federal habeas relief," Burt v. Titlow. 571 U.S. 12,19(2013), because it embodies "a

foundational principle of our federal system: state courts are adequate forums for the vindication

of federal rights ... and are thus presumptively competent[]to adjudicate claims arising under
the laws of the United States," id. at 19. Indeed, federal habeas courts "will not lightly conclude

that a State's criminal justice system has experienced the extreme malfunction for which federal
habeas relief is the remedy." Id. at 16 (internal quotations, citations and alterations omitted). See
also Virginia v. Le Blanc, 137 S.Ct. 1726,1728(2017)("In order for a state court's decision to

be an unreasonable application of this Court's case law, the ruling must be objectively
unreasonable, not merely wrong; even clear error will not suffice")(internal quotation marks and
citations omitted); Renico v. Lett. 559 U.S. 766, 773(2010)
("AEDPA[]imposes a highly
deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings" and "demands that state-court decisions

be given the benefit of the doubt")(internal quotations omitted),

s^ Brumfield v. Cain, 135

S.Ct. 2269, 2277(2015)("As we have also observed, however, even in the context offederal
habeas, deference does not imply abandonment or abdication ofjudicial review, and does not by

definition preclude relief")(internal quotation marks, citation and alterations omitted). Rather,
"a state court's ruling must be so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood
and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-minded disagreement." Shoop
V. Hill, 139 S.Ct. 504, 506-07(2019)(internal quotations and citations omitted). Accord Orlando

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V. Nassau Ctv. Dist. Attorney's Office. 915 F.3d 113, 121 (2d Cir. 2019)("unreasonable

application" standard of § 2254(d)(1) is a "bar [that] is not reached where fairminded jurists
could disagree on the correctness of the state court's decision")(internal quotation and citation
omitted). In short, "[i]f this standard is difficult to meet—and it is—that is because it was meant

to be." Burt. 571 U.S. at 20 (internal quotations, citations and alterations omitted).^
Alternatively, under the less frequently invoked second branch of§ 2254(d), a petitioner
may seek habeas relief by challenging the factual basis of the adverse state court ruling. See 28
U.S.C. §2254(d)(2)(habeas court may overturn the state court's decision only if it was "based on
an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State Court

proceedings." Id. A "state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely because the
federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance." Wood v.

Allen. 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010). Further, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) provides that "a determination

of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct," and that the petitioner
"shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing
evidence."^

Ultimately,"[djeciding whether a state court's decision 'involved' an unreasonable

application offederal law or 'was based on' an unreasonable determination of the facts requires
the federal habeas court to train its attention on the particular reasons—both legal and factual—

^ Although most claims involve the "unreasonable application" clause of §2254(d)(I), a petitioner occasionally
invokes the "contrary to" clause, which requires that he show that the state court, when rejecting his claim,"directly
contradict[ed] a holding of the Supreme Court." Evans, v. Fischer. 712 F.3d 125, 132(2d Cir. 2013)(internal
quotation and citation omitted), cert, denied. 571 U.S. 899(2013).

^ The Supreme Court and the Second Circuit have declined to address the relationship between §2254(d)(2) and
§2254 (e)(1). S^ Brumfield. 135 S.Ct. at 2282("We have not yet defined the precise relationship between §
2254(d)(2) and § 2254(e)(1)")(internal quotation and citation omitted); Garauilio v. Heath. 586 F. App'x 764, 766
n. I (2d Cir. 2014).

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why [the] state courts rejected a state prisoner's federal claims...and to give appropriate
deference to that decision." Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S.Ct. 1188,1191-92(2018)(internal

quotations and citations omitted). When the last state court decision is a simple affirmance,
denial ofleave, or otherwise not accompanied with reasons, Wilson "hold[s] that the federal

court should 'look through' the unexplained decision to the last related state-court decision that
does provide a relevant rationale." Id. at 1192.
II.

Analysis of Petitioner's Claims
A. Procedural Default
i. Time Barred

Respondent argues that Petitioner's claim is time-barred because, notwithstanding the
one-year statute of limitations for bringing AEDPA actions, this petition was filed 16 years after
the date on which Petitioner's judgment of conviction became final, and, even though

Petitioner's post-conviction motions tolled the statute of limitations, they did so only during the

pendency of such motions, resulting in well over a year untolled time. Petitioner, on the other
hand, claims his tardy filing should be excused in light of(i)"continuous efforts to secure post-

conviction relief," (ii) language barriers preventing him from performing research and drafting

his papers, and (iii) erroneous advice that all efforts to secure post-conviction relief would toll
the AEDPA statute of limitations. Petition, EOF No. 1, at 16.

Petitioner's post-conviction motions do not toll the statute of limitations for the entire 16-

year period between his final judgment of conviction and the instant petition and the
explanations Petitioner proffers to excuse this belated filing are insufficient. Equitable tolling is
only appropriate in the "rare and exceptional" case where the petitioner "demonstrate[s] that he
acted with reasonable diligence during the period he wishes to have tolled, but that despite his

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efforts, extraordinary circumstances beyond his control prevented successful filing during that
time." Romero v. Ercole. 2009 WL 1181260, at *2(E.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 20091: see also Holland

V. Florida. 560 U.S. 631,649(2010); Smith v. McGinnis. 208 F.3d 13, 17(2d Cir. 2010).

First, though the one-year statute of limitations does not count "the time during which a
properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review...is pending," there
is no tolling if the relevant post-conviction motions are submitted after the limitations period has

already expired. Doe v. Menefee. 391 F.3d 147, 154(2d Cir. 2003). Petitioner's judgment of
conviction became final on September 13, 2000. Petitioner filed a motion to vacate his
conviction alleging ineffective assistance of counsel shortly thereafter, and the denial of that
motion became final on October 9,2001. Petitioner did not file his second post-conviction

motion until April 2007,almost six years later, even though the AEDPA statute of limitations
had run by roughly 2002.

Second, with respect to language barriers,"the diligence requirement of equitable tolling

imposes on the prisoner a substantial obligation to make all reasonable efforts to obtain
assistance to mitigate his language deficiency." Diaz v. Kellv. 515 F.3d 149, 154(2d Cir. 2008).
Petitioner does not aver any specific facts suggesting he made efforts to obtain language

assistance "throughout the period he seek[s] to toll," and, in any event. Petitioner clearly had
access to translation services to pursue his post-conviction motions, and thus cannot rely on a
language barrier eirgument solely with respect to this federal action. Then v. Griffin. 2018 WL
2390124, at *5(E.D.N.Y. May 25, 2018); Ouezada v. Canra. 2015 WL 2130217, at *9(S.D.N.Y.

May 6,2015)(no equitable tolling where petitioner "allege[d] in vague terms that he was unable
to find, locate a knowledgeable person to assist him with his legal problems"); see also Cobas v.
Burgess. 306 F.3d 441 (6th Cir. 2002)(no equitable tolling due to language difficulties where

14

petitioner "was able to file two post-conviction motions in state courts, as well as the instant
habeas petition"). Indeed, whatever translation services Petitioner used for his post-conviction
motions, he could have sought out for this petition.

Finally,"mere ignorance of the law is insufficient to support equitable tolling," and thus
Petitioner cannot rely on "erroneous advice" to extend the one-year statute of limitations.

Walker v. Graham. 955 F. Supp. 2d 92, 103 (E.D.N.Y. 2013)("Courts in New York consistently
have held that reliance on a jailhouse lawyer, or even on erroneous advice of a licensed attorney,

does not qualify as an extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable tolling"(citing

Baldavaque v. United States, 338 F.3d 145,150-53(2d Cir. 2003)); Then, 2018 WL 2390124, at
*4; Worsham v. West. 2006 WL 2462626, at *2(S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2006)("Mere ignorance of

the law does not qualify as an extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable tolling in habeas
cases"). Because this is not the "rare and exceptional" case where equitable tolling is
appropriate. Petitioner's claims are time-barred.
ii. Independent and Adequate State Law Grounds

Even if Petitioner's claims were not time-barred. Respondent argues Petitioner's

ineffective assistance of counsel claim is procedurally defaulted because it was rejected by the
state court on independent and adequate state law grounds: in denying Petitioner's postconviction ineffective assistance of counsel motion, the trial court held that Petitioner's claim

was barred by section 440.10(2)(c) of the NY CPL because the claim could have been raised on
Petitioner's direct appeal.
"Under New York law, if a criminal defendant fails to raise a record-based claim on

direct appeal, before both the Appellate Division and the Court of Appeals, he is not permitted to
otherwise collaterally attack his conviction with that claim." Bovd v. Saunders. 2018 WL

15

5313763, at *8(E.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2018)(citing Anaricio v. Artuz. 269 F.3d 78, 91 (2d Cir.
2011)). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is "record-based" where "a reviewing court
could conclude that defendant's counsel was ineffective simply by reviewing the trial court
record." Id. Petitioner's ineffective assistance of counsel claim is record-based because a

reviewing court could conclude by consulting only the trial record whether "there was a

reasonable possibility" that counsel's alleged error "might have contributed to the conviction"
United States v. Brutus. 505 F.3d 80, 88(2d Cir. 2007). Accordingly, Petitioner's ineffective
assistance claim should have been raised on direct appeal and the trial court properly barred his

claim from review on procedural grounds, independent of any federal law. Notwithstanding, the
Court considers the merits of Petitioner's claims below.

B. Actual Innocence and Ineffective Assistance ofCounsel

Petitioner's assertion of actual innocence is packaged within an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim which relates to his trial attorney's decision not to conduct DNA testing of the

spermatozoa recovered from the victims' rape kits. Petitioner claims trial counsel should have
conducted DNA testing, and, relatedly, that the state court should have granted his postconviction motion for DNA testing, because such testing would establish his actual innocence.
Petitioner's ineffective assistance of counsel claim must be denied on its merits.

First, considering and then assuming Petitioner's claims are time-barred or that he has
procedurally defaulted on his ineffective assistance claim. Petitioner has not made the requisite
showing to excuse his default because no fundamental miscarriage ofjustice will occur if the
Court does not review his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Even if DNA testing returned

a "negative" result, it is not "more likely than not" that no reasonable juror would have convicted
Petitioner. Second, issues of procedural default aside. Petitioner has not established that the trial

16

court decision denying his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and request to test DNA was
contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Relatedly, Petitioner has not
demonstrated the state court erred in denying his post-conviction motion for DNA testing. Not

only were the rape kits missing by the time Petitioner made his 2007 motion for post-conviction
DNA testing, but even if DNA tests were performed on the rape kits prior to trial, a negative

result would not necessarily result in Petitioner's acquittal of the rape charges against him."* As
discussed below, the evidence and testimony at trial revealed that Petitioner's spermatozoa

would not necessarily appear in the victims' rape kits, even if he, in fact, raped the two women.
Confronting this dilemma—where a negative DNA test result would not foreclose a rape
conviction, but the possibility of a positive result would leave Petitioner defenseless—counsel
made the strategic, prudent decision not to conduct DNA testing.
i. Petitioner Has Not Demonstrated That Failure to Review His Claim

Would Result in a Fundamental Miscarriage of Justice.

"Federal courts may address the merits of a claim that was procedurally defaulted in state

court only upon a showing of cause for the default and prejudice to the petitioner." Bossett v.
Walker. 41 F.3d 825, 828-29(2d Cir. 1994). Absent cause and prejudice,"[a] federal court may

review a procedurally defaulted claim...only if the petitioner demonstrates that failure to
consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage ofjustice." Coleman v. Thompson.

501 U.S. 722, 750(1991). In the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this

'' With respect to the missing rape kits containing DNA evidence, the District Attorney's office provided the state
court with as much information as possible regarding the location of the rape kits, including affidavits from
individuals who, at some time or another, had custody of the rape kits. The state court concluded the District
Attorney's office satisfied its burden of establishing that the rape kits could not be located, and, indeed, NY CPL
§ 440.30(1-a)(b)"expressly precludes the court from drawing an adverse inference based on a purported failure to
preserve evidence where...the People established that, despite their efforts, the physical location ofthe specific
evidence is unknown." People v. Flax. 162 A.D.3d 1667, 1668 (4th Dept. 2018)(citing NY CPL § 440.30)).

17

means that the petitioner must show that his counsel's deficiencies were of constitutional
proportions, likely resulting in or contributing to the conviction of an innocent person. See
United States v. Spencer. 267 F. App'x 35, 37(2d Cir. 2008)(where possible error "was of
constitutional magnitude," court must inquire "whether there is a reasonable possibility that the

error complained of might have contributed to the conviction"(quoting Brutus. 505 F.3d at 88));
see also Dixon v. Miller. 293 F.3d 74, 81 (2d Cir. 2002). To do so, the petitioner must establish
"actual innocence"—that it is "more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him if the constitutional error had not occurred." Hernandez v. Goord. 2003 WL

23199521, at *14(E.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 2003) rauotine Schluo v. Delo. 513 U.S. 298, 327-28

(1995)). "Actual innocence means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency." Larcco v.
Senkowski. 65 F. App'x 740, 742(2d Cir. 2003)(quoting Dixon. 293 F.3d at 81).
To the extent Petitioner's ineffective assistance of counsel claim is time-barred or

otherwise procedurally defaulted, he is unable to revive his claim in this Court. Petitioner
contends that independent DNA testing would exonerate him; however, regardless of what such
DNA testing may or may not have revealed, there was ample evidence of Petitioner's guilt

presented at trial and that evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to readily conclude
Petitioner was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt even ifthe DNA evidence tested negative for
Petitioner's DNA. Indeed,(i) Petitioner confessed to all crimes except rape, and (ii) the evidence

presented at trial indicated that a negative DNA test result would not foreclose Petitioner's guilt
because Petitioner may not have ejaculated at all, or may have ejaculated on a surface that was
not part ofthe victims' rape kits. Specifically, the trial record revealed the following:

• Eyewitness identification of the Petitioner by two of the victims. Trial Tr.

355:12-356:22; 391:23-25(saw the defendant "immediately" during the lineup

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identification and pointed him out in courtroom)(Guo Bang Liu); 400:7-401:23

(describing the defendant's physical appearance and pointing him out in the
courtroom)(Jin Hao Liu).

A physical description by the other female victim that matched Petitioner's
physical appearance. 455:22-25 (Liu Yan Wu).

Positive testing for spermatozoa on Liu's panties and vaginal swabs, Liu's
testimony that her rapist gave her a cloth to "wipe" herself, Liu's testimony that
she had sexual intercourse with her husband two days before the rape and

testimony from an NYPD chemist that spermatozoa can stay in a female for up to

72 hours and spermatozoa on panties would "get a positive reaction" for "years".
Trial Tr. 463:6-8 (Liu Yan Wu); 499:17-501:13 (Liu Yan Wu); 563:4-15(Thomas
Hickey).

Liu's testimony that Petitioner did not ejaculate inside her vagina when he raped
her, but somewhere "near her vagina," but that his codefendant ejaculated inside
her vagina. Trial Tr. 463:12-17; 465:14-21; 495:7-496:11 (Liu Yan Wu).
Jin's testimony that Petitioner raped her, positive testing for spermatozoa on her

panties, and lack of any testimony regarding where Petitioner ejaculated while
raping her.

Highly credible testimony from the victims corroborated by the testimony from
investigating and arresting police officers regarding the circumstances and details
of the kidnappings.
Petitioner's confession to all of the charged crimes, except for rape and sexual
assault.

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In defense, Petitioner's attorney highlighted (i) the absence of DNA testing linking the

victims' rape kits to Petitioner, and (ii) that one victim provided only a physical description of
her rapist without making an in-court identification. However, in light of the compelling
evidence against him,even replacing Petitioner's first defense with an affirmatively "negative"
DNA test result it is not more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him.
Williams v. Bradt. 2016 WL 1273228, at *10(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2016k see also Rivas v.

Fischer. 687 F.2d 514, 541 (2d Cir. 2012)(reviewing courts must "consider all the evidence, old

and new, incriminating and exculpatory, and, viewing the record as a whole, to make a
probabilistic determination about what reasonable, properly instructed jurors would do"). A
rational juror could conclude that, notwithstanding a "negative" DNA test result. Petitioner raped
the victims but either (i) ejaculated on a surface that was not subject to rape kit testing, or (ii) did
not ejaculate at all. This conclusion would be buttressed by Liu's testimony that, because she
was pushing the "taller" rapist, he ejaculated outside her vagina, but because she was not strong
enough to push her "shorter" rapist, the shorter rapist ultimately ejaculated inside her vagina.
Petitioner's conviction was amply supported by the evidence and testimony at trial and declining

to entertain Petitioner's procedurally defaulted claims would not result in a fundamental

miscarriage ofjustice. Though a "positive" DNA test result would have unequivocally resulted in
Petitioner's conviction, a "negative" result would clearly not have exonerated him.

ii. Petitioner Has Not Demonstrated the State Court's Decision Contravened

Clearly Established Supreme Court Precedent.

Even setting aside Petitioner's belated filing and procedural default. Petitioner has not
established that the state court decision denying his ineffective assistance of counsel claim
contravened clearly established Supreme Court precedent. The Sixth Amendment guarantees a
criminal defendant "the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense." U.S. Const.

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amend. VI. This right guarantees the '''"effective assistance of counsel," McMann v. Richardson,
397 U.S. 759, 771 n.l4(1970)(emphasis added), meaning assistance that will ensure the
defendant receives a fair trial, Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668,686 (1984). To that end,

the appropriate "benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel's
conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be
relied on as having produced ajust result." Strickland. 466 U.S. at 686. To satisfy this
benchmark inquiry, the petitioner must prove that counsel's representation "fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness" with respect to "prevailing professional norms," or that
because of deficiencies in counsel's representation,"there is a reasonable probability that...the

result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at 688, 690,694("the court deciding an
actual ineffectiveness claim mustjudge the reasonableness of counsel's challenged conduct on

the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel's conduct" and "must[]
determine whether the [challenged actions or decisions] were outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance"). In other words, the petitioner must demonstrate counsel's
ineffective representation resulted in prejudice. Id. at 692("[Cjonstructive denial of the
assistance of counsel altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice").

To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,"reasonable probability" of a
different result means a "probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. at
694. "It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on
the outcome of the proceeding," id. at 693, or that "counsel's deficient conduct more likely than
not altered the outcome in the case," id. Instead,"a reasonable probability...sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome" must focus on the reliability of the proceedings and

whether,"consider[ing] the totality of the evidence,""the defendant has met the burden of

21

showing that the decision reached would reasonably likely have been different absent [counsel's]
errors" while "exclud[ing] the possibility of arbitrariness, whimsy, caprice, nullification." Id. at
696.

With respect to whether counsel's representation "fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness," there is a "strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the range of
reasonable professional assistance." Pierotti v. Harris. 350 F. Supp. 3d 187, 195 (E.D.N.Y.

2018)(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 6891: see also Parisi v. United States, 529 F.3d 134, 141
(2d Cir. 2008); Green v. Lee. 964 F. Supp. 2d 237,252(E.D.N.Y. 2013)("[A] reviewing court

must avoid confusing true ineffectiveness with mere losing tactics and according undue

significance to retrospective analysis"). For example,"strategic choices made by counsel after a
thorough investigation...are virtually unchallengeable," and, even a less than complete

investigation will generally warrant deference, at least "to the extent that reasonable professional
judgment supports the limitations on investigation." Hernandez. 2003 WL 23199521, at * 11
(citing Strickland. 466 U.S. at 690-91). This means that counsel "has a duty to make reasonable
investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations
unnecessary." Id.

To prevail on an ineffectiveness claim already rejected by the state habeas court on the
merits, a petitioner must show that "the state court applied Strickland to the facts of his case in
an objectively unreasonable manner." Woodford v. Visciotti. 537 U.S. 19,25 (2002). The lens
through which the reviewing court must analyze such a claim is doubly, and undeniably,
deferential—the reviewing court must defer both to trial counsel's strategy, arguments and
tactics, as well as the state court's judgment regarding the petitioner's ineffective assistance of
counsel habeas claim. Cullen v. Pinholster. 563 U.S. 170, 190(2011)("review of[state courtj's

22

decision is ... doubly deferential [because][w]e take a highly deferential look at counsel's

performance [under Strickland! through the deferential lens of §2254(d)")(internal quotations
and citations omitted)(emphasis added).

Here, as in Hernandez, counsel's alleged less-than-complete investigation and decision

not to independently conduct DNA testing is entitled to deference because it was supported by

"reasonable professional judgment." Hernandez. 2003 WL 23199521, at *11. What Petitioner
viewed as his key to exoneration, counsel viewed as a strategic decision clearly executed to

expose sources of reasonable doubt and highlight the People's failure to meet their burden of
proof.

Trial Tr. 1025:13-22(Defense Summation)("Test the underwear. Test the

spermatozoa. Send it for DNA testing...But the People did not do that. They had the burden of
proving him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. They have failed to do that as to these charges");
see also Greiner v. Wells. 417 F.3d 305, 320(2d Cir. 2005)(court must "look for legitimate

justifications for [counsel's] conduct, including justifications transparent on the record and

justifications offered by counsel"). The absence of a definitive DNA test result—positive or
negative—allowed counsel to avoid the obvious perils associated with a positive test result and
instead provided an opportunity to press the argument that the People's decision not to test the
DNA demonstrated reasonable doubt, indicative of the weaknesses plaguing the prosecution's

case. Trial Tr. 562:17-563:16(Thomas Hickey); 1025:6-1027:11 (Defense Summation). Indeed,

foreshadowing the prosecution's likely rebuttal—that Petitioner ejaculated on a surface not
included in the rape kit, or did not ejaculate at all—counsel concluded that even a "negative"
result would not foreclose a guilty verdict and chose instead to emphasize the People's
substantial burden of proof and the reasonable doubt apparent from the untested DNA. Compare
with Pavel v. Hollins. 261 F.3d210, 223(2d Cir. 200H Tciting Hart v. Gomez. 174 F.3d 1067,

23

1071 (9th Cir. 1999)(counsel's assistance was constitutionally ineffective where "having chosen

to pursue a particular line of defense, counsel did not introduce readily-available evidence that
would have corroborated that line of defense, and there was no plausible strategic reason for not
introducing the evidence")).

In Pavel and Hart, counsel declined to, inter alia, call expert witnesses who were (i)

"readily available" and (ii) could enhance a defense strategy with virtually no downside. Here,
on the other hand, there was a very real possibility that the DNA test results would unravel the

entire defense strategy and leave Petitioner defenseless. And, because the testimony

(i) suggested Petitioner did not ejaculate on a surface that was ultimately part of the rape kit with
respect to Liu's rape and (ii) did not indicate where and whether Petitioner ejaculated with
respect to Jin's rape, a negative test result would not, by itself, exonerate him.
Even in cases of rape or sexual abuse, where physical evidence is preferred to avoid a
"credibility contest," in this particular case, because the trial record contained persuasive proof
of Petitioner's guilt, counsel made a reasoned and tactical choice to avoid the possibility of a
positive DNA test that would affirmatively establish Petitioner's guilt.

Trial Tr. 1025:13-22

(Defense Summation). Compare with Pavel. 261 F.3d at 224 (failure to call medical expert to
provide testimony regarding physical evidence in a sex abuse case constituted ineffective
assistance because physical evidence should have been "a focal point of defense counsel's pre-

trial investigation and analysis of the matter" but counsel instead "sat on his hands, confident that
his client would be acquitted"). Petitioner's counsel did not "sit on his hands." Instead, counsel,

cognizant of the weaknesses in his client's case, emphasized the People's burden of proving
Petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and pointed to the People's failure to conduct DNA

testing as an indication that they failed to meet their burden. Trial Tr. 1025:13-22(Defense

24

Summation). The state court's alternative merits-based decision denying Petitioner's ineffective
assistance of counsel claim was thus consistent with prevailing Supreme Court precedent and
will not be disturbed.

C. Denial ofFair Trial as a Result ofAbsence ofDuress Charge

As a general matter,"due process does not require the giving of a jury instruction when
such charge is not supported by the evidence." Blazic v. Henderson. 900 F.2d 534, 541 (2d Cir.

1990). "To overturn a state conviction on the basis of an erroneous jury charge, it must be
established not merely that the instruction is undesirable, erroneous or even universally
condemned, but it violated some right which was guaranteed to the defendant by the
constitution." McCollv v. Brunelle, 980 F. Supp. 691,695 (W.D.N.Y. 1997)(citing Cupp v.
Naughten.414 U.S. 141, 146 (1973')'): see also Davis v. Strack, 270 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2001).

Indeed,"the jury instruction must by itself so infect the entire trial as to result in a conviction
that violates [the defendant's] rights guaranteed by the Due Process Clause." Bass v. Scullv.
1995 WL 347040, at *4(E.D.N.Y. May 25, 1995)(citing Henderson v. Kibbe. 431 U.S. 145,

154-55 (1977)). This formidable burden "is especially great when [the petitioner's] claim is
based on an omitted charge, rather than an erroneous one" because "the unlikely assumption that

the jury might have reached a different verdict pursuant to additional instruction...is too
speculative to justify the conclusion that constitutional error was committed." Id.
Under New York law, a duress instruction is appropriate "provided that any reasonable

view of the evidence could support a finding of duress." Farrel v. Ercole. 2011 WL 8198114, at

*22(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 2011)(citing New York v. Famsworth,65 N.Y.2d 734, 735 (1985)). NY
Penal Law § 40.00 provides:

In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant engaged
in the proscribed conduct because he was coerced to do so by the use or threatened use of

25

unlawful physical force upon him or a third person, which force or threatened force a
reasonable firmness in his situation would have been unable to resist.

The coercion to commit an offense must stem from an imminent threat of physical force

capable of"immediate exercise or realization," that does not merely indicate "danger of future
harm." People v. Thompson. 825 N.Y.S. 2d 26 (1st Dept., 2006); People v. Staggieri. 251

A.D.2d 998, 998-999(4th Dept. 1998). "[T]here must be no opportunity to escape, or abandon
the commission ofthe crime, without suffering the use or threatened imminent use of physical
force." Thompson. 825 N.Y.S. 2d at 26. The defendant bears the burden of establishing the

defense of duress by a preponderance of the evidence. NY Penal Law § 25.00(2).
After a review of the trial record in this case, a duress instruction was not supported by
the evidence and thus Petitioner has not been deprived of any right guaranteed by the

Constitution. Any threats were not "capable of immediate realization," People v. Morrison. 133
A.D.3d 892(2d Dept. 2015), and with respect to the rape charges specifically, there was no
evidence that anyone directed Petitioner to rape the women or threatened any sort of physical
force if Petitioner did not rape the women. Compare with Trial Tr. 969:12-17(Q:[the
codefendant] never held a gun on you or showed you any gun, did he?...A: Yes. Q: AK Guan
never held a gun to you personally at any time, did he? A: No."). Moreover, if the defendant

"ha[s] the opportunity to abandon the criminal activity and escape the alleged acts of duress" or

where the defense "relie[s] on unspecific threats of violence at a future time," then a duress jury
instruction is not appropriate. Id.; see also People v. Lane. 112 A.D.2d 247, 248(2d Dept. 1985)
(defense of duress not applicable where,"by his own testimony," defendant exited the apartment
his coercer was robbing but "chose to wait outside for his coercer" rather than "abandon his
criminal activity and escape his [coercer's] alleged acts of duress"); People v. Amato. 99 A.D.2d
495 (2d Dept. 1984)(defendant was left alone by his coercer for "five minutes" but "voluntarily

26

put himself back in a position where he could be subjected to duress"). Here too,(i) the alleged
acts of duress were not capable of immediate realization—Petitioner testified he believed Guan's
threats would be executed at a later time, and, as a matter of practical reality, Guan himself was

in the United States when he made the alleged threats, and thus could not imminently harm

Petitioner's family in China,^ Trial Tr. 925:2-926:3; 969:12-17, and (ii) Petitioner had an
"opportunity to abandon the criminal activity and escape the alleged acts of duress"—Guan left
Petitioner within a few hours of the kidnapping and Petitioner could come and go from the house

as he pleased. Trial Tr. 966:9-967:24("At first I was making phone calls inside...[Ijater on...I
just left and made phone calls outside").

Furthermore, the defense of duress is not available where the defendant "intentionally or

recklessly places himself in a situation in which it is probable that he will be subjected to
duress." Blount v. Napoli. 2012 WL 4755364, at *9(E.D.N.Y. Oct. 5, 2012)(citing NY GPL

§ 40.00(2)). Petitioner's only contacts with Guan were in furtherance of illegal activity.
Petitioner hired Guan to smuggle him into the United States illegally, agreed to pay Guan many

thousands of dollars to do so, even though he could not afford it, and thus knew that by paying
Guan to help him break the law, he would remain indebted to his lawless smuggler. Compare
with People v. Campos. 108 A.D.2d 751 (2d Dept. 1985)(no duress defense where defendant

went back to crime scene after already being threatened by cohort and thus intentionally and
recklessly put himself in a position to be subjected, again, to duress).

Petitioner was not deprived of his right to fair trial because the state court did not instruct

the jury on the defense of duress. The alleged threats were not sufficiently imminent. Petitioner

^ Moreover, there was no evidence that Guan had the ability to immediately harm Petitioner's family in China
through his association with someone physically closer to them.

27

had multiple opportunities to abandon or escape the criminal activity, and Petitioner intentionally
placed himself into a situation where he could be subjected to duress.
CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed, Petitioner's application for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254

is denied in its entirety, and, because Petitioner has not "made a substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right," 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a certificate of appealability will not issue.
SO ORDERED.

Dated: Brooklyn, New York

September^2019
s/ Raymond J. Dearie
DEARIE

^es District Judge

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