Crump v. NBTY, Inc.

Filing 50

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER: After a careful analysis using the standards set forth by the Supreme Court and the Second Circuit, this Court finds that a rational fact finder could conclude that the termination of Plaintiff by Defendant arose from intentiona l discrimination. Drawing all inferences in favor of the non-moving party, Plaintiff both has met the minimal burden of establishing a prima facie case and has produced evidence sufficient for a rational finder of fact to conclude that he was fired because of racial discrimination. Therefore, summary judgment for Defendant is denied. Ordered by Judge William F. Kuntz, II on 3/1/2012. (Brucella, Michelle)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

--------------------------------------------------------------)(
TYRONE EDWARD CRUMP,
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiff,
10-cv-632 (WFK) (ETB)
-againstNBTY, INC., and PAT MAHONEY,
Defendants.

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KUNTZ II, United States District Judge
Plaintiff Edward Crump ("Plaintiff') brings this action against his former employer,
NBTY, Inc. ("Defendant"), for alleged violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,42
U.S.C. § 2000e ("Title VII"). Plaintiff asserts Defendant discriminated against and fired him
because he is African-American. Defendant moves for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies the
motion for summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant is a Long Island-based manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer of vitamins and
nutritional supplements. De! 's Supp. Mem. at 2. It operates multiple warehouses in Long Island
and employs stock associates, supervisors, receiving clerks, and other personnel responsible for
managing warehouse and shipping operations.

Id.

Plaintiff began working for Defendant

through an employment agency as a temporary stock associate. Id. Defendant offered Plaintiff a
full-time position on the night shift in February 2008. Id.

In early December 2008, Defendant received an anonymous complaint about the overall
treatment of stock associates on the night shift. Id at 3. Nicole Waldemar, a Human Resources
Generalist, and Patrick Mazzeo ("Mazzeo"), the Vice President of Human Resources, spoke with
various associates on the night shift regarding this complaint, but they could not substantiate it.
Id.

In fact, Plaintiff had good things to say about the company and his supervisor, Charlie

Triebel ("Triebel"). Id However, during this series of conversations, one or more associates
indicated that workers were stealing product from the warehouse. Id

Plaintiff alleges these

employees named himself and two other associates as the culprits, though Defendant asserts no
specific names were given at this time. Pl. 's Opp 'n Mem. at 4; De! 's Supp. Mem. at 3.
One of Plaintiff s co-workers, Shawn Graham ("Graham"), called Defendant at the end of
December 2010 to report an alleged theft. De! 's Supp. Mem. at 3. Defendant alleges Graham
called Triebel and stated he had witnessed Plaintiff exit the warehouse through a side receiving
department door with what he believed to be product concealed under his jacket. Id Plaintiff
denies he stole anything, and Mazzeo testified Graham never actually saw the physical product.
Crump Dep. Tr. at 78:22-24; Mazzeo Dep. Tr. at 18:15-25. Because of this eyewitness account

of the alleged theft, Defendant launched an investigation and placed Plaintiff on suspension
pending its outcome. De! 's Supp. Mem. at 3-4.
Defendant alleges the side receiving door Plaintiff used was off-limits to stock associates
for security purposes, with only truck drivers and the receiving department permitted to use it.
Id at 2-3. Plaintiff testified he was never told of this policy and believed he was free to use this

door like other working crews did, though he claimed this was the only time he ever used the
door during the span of his employment. Crump Dep. Tr. at 62:7-8; 64:2-15; Waldemar Dep.
Tr. at 10:6-14. While video surveillance confirmed Plaintiff used the side receiving door, his

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hands were out of his pockets and no product was visible underneath his jacket.

Pl. 's

Affirmation in Opp 'n to Summ. J, Ex. A. When questioned in early January 2009 about using the

door, Plaintiff stated initially he had only used the door once about a month prior, though
subsequently acknowledged he may have been mistaken about how long ago it was. De! 's Dec!.
in Supp. ofSumm. J, Ex. H.

Based on the eyewitness account of the alleged theft, the video surveillance, and what
Defendant asserts was a lie about when Plaintiff used the door, Defendant decided to terminate
Plaintiff. De! 's Supp. Mem. at 5. During the termination meeting, Plaintiff alleges Mazzeo
stated his "kind" was not allowed to use the side receiving door, which Plaintiff interpreted as a
reference to him being African-American. Pl. 's Opp 'n Mem. at 4-5. Mazzeo denies making the
statement. De! 's Supp. Mem. at 10. Plaintiff testified this alleged remark was the reason he
feels he was discriminated against because of his race by Defendant. Crump Dep. Tr. at 82:1114; 107:13-17.
II. STANDARD OF LAW
A. Summary Judgment

A court "shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). "The role of the court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess

whether there are any factual issues to be tried. In determining whether summary judgment is
appropriate, this Court will construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party
and must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant." Brad v.
Omya, Inc., 653 F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted). No

genuine issue of material fact exists "where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational

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trier of fact to find for the non-moving party." Lovejoy-Wilson v. NaCO Motor Fuel, Inc., 263
F.3d 208, 212 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S.
574, 586 (1986)).
If the moving party satisfies this burden, the non-moving party must "make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of [each] element to that party's case ... since a complete
failure of proof concerning an essential element of the non-moving party's case necessarily
renders all other facts immaterial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986).
Importantly, if the evidence produced by the non-moving party "is merely colorable, or is not
significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986) (internal citations omitted).
The Second Circuit has "emphasized that trial courts must be especially chary in handing
out summary judgment in discrimination cases, because in such cases the employer's intent is
ordinarily at issue." Chertkova v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 92 F .3d 81, 87 (2d Cir. 1996); see

Whidbee v. Garzarelli Food Specialties, Inc., 223 F.3d 62, 71 (2d Cir. 2000). However, it is
"beyond cavil that summary judgment may be appropriate even in the fact-intensive context of
discrimination cases." Abdu-Brisson v. Delta Air Lines, 239 F.3d 456, 466 (2d Cir. 2001).
Therefore, "even in the discrimination context, a plaintiff must provide more than conclusory
allegations of discrimination to defeat a motion for summary judgment." Schwapp v. Town of

Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir. 1997).
B. Title VII Race Discrimination Claim
In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), the Supreme Court of the
United States set forth a three-step burden shifting analysis for courts to apply when analyzing
claims of discrimination under Title VII. First, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of

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discrimination, id at 802, by demonstrating: (1) "membership in a protected class;" (2)
"qualification for the position;" (3) "adverse employment action;" and (4) "circumstances giving
rise to an inference of discrimination." Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560, 567 (2d Cir.
2000). "Although the burden of establishing a prima facie case is not onerous, and has been
frequently described as minimal, the Second Circuit has also noted that a jury cannot infer
discrimination from thin air." Stafford v. NY Presbyterian Hosp., No. 06-cv-2150, 2011 WL
1131104, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2011) (Vitaliano, J.) (internal citations omitted).
If a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the burden "then must shift
to the employer to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason" for its actions.

McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; see Tex. Dep't ofCmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,
254 (1981). "This burden is one of production, not persuasion." Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing

Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000).

Once the employer satisfies this burden, "the

presumption of discrimination drops out of the picture," and the plaintiff bears the burden of
demonstrating "by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the
defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination." Id at 143 (internal
quotations and citations omitted).
III. DISCUSSION

As the McDonnell Douglas framework requires, Plaintiff first must satisfy his burden of
producing a prima facie case of discrimination. Plaintiff is within a protected class because he is
African-American, so he has satisfied the first element of a Title VII claim. He is qualified for
his former position as a stock associate, as various supervisors and human resource professionals
of Defendant testified, and thus satisfies the second element. Plaintiff satisfies the third element
of suffering an adverse employment action because he was fired from his position. In fact,

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Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiff satisfies the first three elements of a prima facie case.
However, Defendant contends that Plaintiff fails to establish the fourth element-that his
discharge occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. Defendant
further asserts that, even if he can make a prima facie showing, Plaintiff cannot demonstrate as a
matter of law the reason proffered by Defendant is a pretext for racial discrimination. The Court
will address these arguments in tum.
A. Prima Facie Case-Inference Of Discrimination
The Second Circuit has "characterized the evidence necessary to satisfy this initial burden
[of a prima facie case] as 'minimal' and 'de minimis.'" Zimmermann v. Assocs. First Capital
Corp., 251 F.3d 376, 381 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal citations omitted). For example, "the mere fact

that a plaintiff was replaced by someone outside the protected class will suffice for the required
inference of discrimination at the prima facie stage of the Title VII analysis." Id

Plaintiff

argues he has met this minimal burden for two reasons: first, he was treated differently than two
similarly situated workers, and second, the Vice President of Human Resources, Patrick Mazzeo,
used a racist remark when he fired Plaintiff.
A plaintiff may demonstrate an inference of discrimination by showing that an employer
treated him differently than other employees similarly situated in all material aspects. Graham v.
Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34,39-40 (2d Cir. 2000). "What constitutes all material respects ...

varies somewhat from case to case . . .. Hence, the standard for comparing conduct requires a
reasonably close resemblance of the facts and circumstances of plaintiff s and comparator's
cases . . . . " Id at 40 (internal citations omitted). Importantly, for other employees to be
similarly situated, they "must have engaged in conduct similar to the plaintiffs .... " Norville v.
Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 196 F.3d 89,96 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal citations omitted).

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Plaintiff claims he was treated differently than two other workers who also were accused
of stealing in that he was the only one investigated and fired. He asserts "there is no explanation
. . . as to why the same accusation would be considered credible as against Plaintiff, but not
credible as against the other two individuals who were accused." PI. 's Opp 'n Mem. at 11.
Plaintiff s argument is undermined because these two employees were fired at a later date for
theft. But, even viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, his argument still fails for
one crucial reason: he is not similarly situated in all material respects because he was the only
one who was the subject of an eyewitness report at the time.

Even assuming arguendo

Defendant had general knowledge that these other two employees might be stealing, Defendant
had both general and specific knowledge about Plaintiff.

There is a significant difference

between general allegations of theft and an eyewitness account of a fellow employee allegedly
seeing Plaintiff steal product. Regardless of the veracity of the specific allegation, it nevertheless
sets Plaintiff apart in a material respect from other employees. Therefore, Plaintiff has not
demonstrated he was treated differently from employees similarly situated in all respects, and
thus he has not met even the minimal prima facie burden under this rationale.
Next, Plaintiff asserts he was subject to a racial remark when he was fired. Specifically,
he alleges Mazzeo told him his "kind" was not allowed to use the receiving department exit,
which made him believe Mazzeo was "racist to the bones." PI. 's Opp 'n Mem. at 4-5. Though
Defendant denies Mazzeo ever made this remark, at the summary judgment stage, the Court must
view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Keeping this and the de
minimis standard for establishing a prima facie case in mind, the Court construes the alleged

remark-though on its face not specifically referring to race-as a racially-based remark, and
therefore Plaintiff has met his initial McDonnell Douglas burden.

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B. Burden Shifts To Defendant

Because Plaintiff established a prima facie case, McDonnell Douglas then requires
Defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action. Again, the
burden of Defendant "is one of production, not persuasion; it can involve no credibility
assessment." Reeves, 530 U.S. at 142 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Defendant
meets its burden by stating it fired Plaintiff based on eyewitness reports of alleged theft.
Plaintiff does not dispute that Defendant received such a report accusing Plaintiff of theft,
but instead contends the report was inaccurate. However, the relevant inquiry is not whether
Plaintiff actually stole product, but rather whether Defendant has proffered a nondiscriminatory
reason for firing Plaintiff. In light of the low production threshold Defendant must meet under
McDonnell Douglas, theft is a sufficiently legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for firing

Plaintiff. See Gorley v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., No. 99-cv-3240, 2000 WL 1876909, at *6
(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2000); Sergilus v. Covenant House Under 21, No. 96-cv-621O, 1999 WL
717274, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 1999). Therefore, the presumption of discrimination drops
out, and the burden shifts back to Plaintiff to provide evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to
conclude Defendant's purported rationale was merely a pretext for racial discrimination.
C. Plaintiff's Burden To Show Pretext
Courts must use a case-by-case approach to determine if judgment as a matter of law is
appropriate in any given action. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 149. The Supreme Court articulated
pertinent factors include: "the strength of the plaintiffs prima facie case, the probative value of
the proof that the employer's explanation is false, and any other evidence that supports the
employer's case and that properly may be considered on a motion for judgment as a matter of
law." Id at 148-149. Although Reeves involved a post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of

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law, "the standard for granting summary judgment 'mirrors' the standard for judgment as a
matter of law, such that 'the inquiry under each is the same. '"

Id. at 150 (internal citations

omitted).
The Second Circuit has held post-Reeves that courts must "examin[e] the entire record to
determine whether the plaintiff could satisfy his 'ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact
that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff. ", Schnabel v. Abramson, 232
F.3d 83, 90 (2d Cir. 2000) (citing Reeves, 530 U.S. at 143). As the Supreme Court noted in
Reeves, "[c]ertainly there will be instances where, although the plaintiff has established a prima
facie case and set forth sufficient evidence to reject the defendant's explanation, no rational fact-

finder could conclude that the action was discriminatory. For instance, an employer would be
entitled to judgment as a matter of law if the record conclusively revealed some other,
nondiscriminatory reason for the employer's decision, or if the plaintiff created only a weak
issue of fact as to whether the employer's reason was untrue and there was abundant and
uncontroverted independent evidence that no discrimination had occurred." Id. at 90 (quoting
Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148).

This case presents a unique set of facts and allegations. In most cases where summary
judgment is denied in a Title VII racial discrimination action, the plaintiff alleges numerous
instances of purportedly racially-charged actions or remarks that tend to demonstrate the reason
proffered by Defendant was pretextual. In most cases where summary judgment is granted, the
plaintiff alleges only isolated, non-probative remarks or actions that are remote from the adverse
employment action, which would not allow a rational jury to find discrimination. However, in
this case, Plaintiff falls in between these usual circumstances: he alleges a single, arguably
racially-based remark during his termination meeting, but he explicitly states that at no other

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time during his entire tenure working for Defendant did he feel or encounter racial
discrimination. Therefore, the dispositive issue is whether a rational fact finder could construe
this one remark as proving intentional discrimination.
The Second Circuit has held "the more remote and oblique the [alleged discriminatory]
remarks are in relation to the employer's adverse action, the less they prove that the action was
motivated by discrimination." Tomassi v. Insignia Fin. Grp., Inc., 478 F.3d 111, 115 (2d Cir.
2007). Conversely, "[t]he more a remark evinces a discriminatory state of mind, and the closer
the remark's relation to the allegedly discriminatory behavior, the more probative that remark
will be." Id; see Stafford, 2011 WL 1131104, at *8. The Second Circuit employs a four-factor
test to evaluate the probative value of a remark made by an employer: "(1) who made the remark
(i.e., a decision-maker, a supervisor, or a low-level co-worker); (2) when the remark was made in
relation to the employment decision at issue; (3) the content of the remark (i.e., whether a
reasonable juror could view the remark as discriminatory); and (4) the context in which the
remark was made (i.e., whether it was related to the decision-making process)." Henry v. Wyeth
Pharm., Inc., 616 F.3d 134, 149 (2d Cir. 2010).

Although Defendant denies Mazzeo made the alleged remark at issue-something with
which a jury may one day agree-the Court must assume he did for the purposes of a motion for
summary judgment. Mazzeo was the Vice President of Human Resources for Defendant, and he
testified he was the ultimate authority within his department involved in making the decision to
fire Plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges Mazzeo made the remark during his termination meeting, so the
remark, if made, was made contemporaneously with the adverse employment action. Again,
though the remark is race-neutral on its face, the Court must assume "your kind" is a raciallycharged remark for the purposes of this motion. Finally, as for context, the remark was made

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following an investigation, during the actual termination meeting, and allegedly as part of the
reason Plaintiff was given for his termination. Defendant argues a single, race-neutral remark is
insufficient to raise an inference of discrimination.

This argument ignores the fact that

disallowing Plaintiff s "kind" from using a specific door reasonably could be interpreted by a
jury as discriminatory, and the Court must draw this inference in favor of the non-moving party.
Further, while Defendant is correct that even a decision-maker uttering stray discriminatory
remarks may be insufficient to raise an inference of discrimination, a racially-based remark made
during a termination meeting by a decision-maker cannot be construed as stray under Henry.
Because the remark is probative of discrimination, it is sufficient to defeat a motion for summary
judgment.
After a careful analysis using the standards set forth by the Supreme Court and the
Second Circuit, this Court finds that a rational fact finder could conclude that the termination of
Plaintiff by Defendant arose from intentional discrimination. Drawing all inferences in favor of
the non-moving party, Plaintiff both has met the minimal burden of establishing a prima facie
case and has produced evidence sufficient for a rational finder of fact to conclude that he was
fired because of racial discrimination. Therefore, summary judgment for Defendant is denied.

SO ORDERED
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
March 1,2012

s/WFK
HON. WILLIAM .
United States Distri

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