Dudek v. Nassau County Sheriff's Department et al
Filing
45
MEMORANDUM & ORDER granting in part and denying in part 41 Defendants' Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. For the reasons set forth in the attached Memorandum & Order, the sole remaining claims are (i) the Section 1983 cla im against Defendant Nassau County and (ii) the declaratory and injunctive relief portions of the Section 1983 claim against Defendants Michael J. Sposato and Robert Mastropieri in their personal capacities. The Clerk of the Court is directed to terminate, as parties to this action, Defendants Nassau County Sheriff's Department, Michael Goropeuschek, Christopher Lee, Francis Gorey, and Michael Linn. Ordered by Judge Pamela K. Chen on 11/19/2013. (Lo, Justin)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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STANLEY DUDEK,
Plaintiff,
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
-against-
12-CV-1193 (PKC)
NASSAU COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT,
et al.,
Defendants.
----------------------------------------------------------------x
PAMELA K. CHEN, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff Stanley Dudek’s Complaint 1 principally alleges that the Nassau County Sheriff’s
Department (the “Sheriff’s Department”) has an unconstitutional policy of refusing to return a
person’s firearms, after the court order to confiscate those firearms is no longer in place. (Dkt.
No. 18 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 14-16, 19.) The alleged policy requires the person to petition a different
court to secure the return of those firearms, once the original court’s order directing their seizure
has been vacated. (Id. ¶¶ 19, 34.) According to Defendants, 2 however, the refusal by the
Sheriff’s Department to return those firearms is not pursuant to a policy, but rather is the
department’s way of giving effect to a “glitch” in state law, namely, that the same court which
1
The “Complaint” refers to Dudek’s Second Amended Complaint, filed on March 11,
2013.
2
Defendants in this action are (i) Nassau County (the “County”); (ii) the Sheriff’s
Department, an “administrative arm” of the County; and (iii) Sheriff Michael J. Sposato and his
Deputy Sheriffs Robert Mastropieri, Michael Goropeuschek, Christopher Lee, Francis Gorey,
and Michael Linn (collectively, the “individual officers”). (Compl. ¶¶ 6-13.) With respect to the
individual officers, this Court construes the Complaint as asserting a claim against them in their
official and personal capacities.
orders the confiscation of those firearms has no legal authority to order that they be returned.
(Dkt. No. 41-7 (“Defs. Br.”), at 6-8.)
Defendants now move to dismiss the Complaint (the “Motion”), mainly on the basis of its
failure to state a claim and the individual officers’ absolute or qualified immunity. Defendants’
Motion also argues that the Complaint is untimely. This Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in
part Defendants’ Motion, for the reasons set forth below.
I.
Background
A. The Law
Under New York’s Family Court Act, a person may commence a “family offense
proceeding” in the Family Court against their spouse, or another member of their family or
household, for committing specific offenses, such as sexual abuse, harassment, or reckless
endangerment. 3 N.Y. Fam. Ct. Act § 812. This proceeding’s purpose is to “attempt[] to stop the
violence, end the family disruption and obtain protection.” Id.
In furtherance of this proceeding, the Family Court “for good cause shown may issue a
temporary order of protection,” prior to making a final decision. Id. § 828. Section 842-a of the
Family Court Act (“Section 842-a”) provides that such an order may (i) suspend the spouse’s
firearm license and (ii) confiscate 4 any firearms that he might have. Id. § 842-a. Although
3
New York established a “state-wide” Family Court in 1962, when enacting Article VI of
the New York State Constitution. People v. Johnson, 20 N.Y.2d 220, 222 (1967). Among other
things, Article VI confers on the Family Court jurisdiction over actions involving “crimes and
offenses by or against minors or between spouses or between parent and child or between
members of the same family or household.” N.Y. Const. art. VI. The Family Court Act
“[i]mplement[s] this constitutional provision” by providing for the institution of family offense
proceedings. Johnson, 20 N.Y.2d at 223.
4
Despite what Dudek argues in his opposition brief (Dkt. No. 42-1 (“Pl. Br.”), at 8), this
Court perceives no difference between a temporary order of protection that confiscates firearms
2
Section 842-a authorizes the Family Court to order the confiscation of those firearms, this
provision does not authorize it to order their subsequent return. See Aloi v. Nassau Cnty.
Sheriff’s Dep’t (“Aloi II”), 800 N.Y.S.2d 873, 874 (Sup. Ct. Nassau Cnty. June 20, 2005)
(holding that “[Section 842-a] does not specifically provide authority to the Family Court judge
to return the firearms ordered to be seized”); see also Engel v. Engel, 807 N.Y.S.2d 383, 384
(2d Dep’t 2005) (holding that the Family Court “did not have jurisdiction to issue such a
directive”); Aloi v. Aloi (“Aloi I”), 781 N.Y.S.2d 613, 614 (2d Dep’t 2004) (same); Blauman v.
Blauman, 769 N.Y.S.2d 584, 585 (2d Dep’t 2003) (same). As one state court has observed, “it
appears to be a legislative oversight in not providing the Family Court judge with continued
jurisdiction to determine whether the firearms seized pursuant to that judge’s order of protection
can be returned to the offending party.” Aloi II, 800 N.Y.S.2d at 874-75.
B. The Facts 5
On November 17, 2008, Dudek’s wife, Claudia Dudek (“Claudia”), commenced a family
offense proceeding in the Family Court against Dudek. (Compl. ¶ 14; Dkt. No. 41-2–41-6
(“Defs. Exs.”), Ex. A, at 1.) The proceeding stemmed from an “alleged domestic incident”
involving one of the couple’s two children. (Defs. Ex. C ¶ 4.) Upon commencement of the
and one that directs their surrender. To direct the surrender of property is to confiscate, or “seize
(property) by authority of law.” Black’s Law Dictionary 340 (9th ed. 2009).
5
This Court draws the following facts from (i) the allegations in Dudek’s Complaint,
which are assumed to be true in deciding the Motion; and (ii) certain exhibits that accompany the
parties’ briefs and are appropriately considered without converting the Motion into one for
summary judgment. See Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc., 987 F.2d 142, 150 (2d Cir. 1993)
(“When determining the sufficiency of plaintiffs’ claim for Rule 12(b)(6) purposes, consideration
is limited to the factual allegations in plaintiffs’ amended complaint, which are accepted as true,
to documents attached to the complaint as an exhibit or incorporated in it by reference, to matters
of which judicial notice may be taken, or to documents either in plaintiffs’ possession or of
which plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit.”); see also Chambers v. Time
Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 & n.3 (2d Cir. 2002) (citing standard in Brass with approval as
“congruent with that of our sister Circuits”).
3
proceeding, the Family Court issued a temporary order of protection for Claudia and the children
(the “Order”). (Compl. ¶ 14; Defs. Ex. A, at 1.) The Order required Dudek to:
[s]urrender any and all handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns and any other
firearms owned or possessed. Such surrender shall take place immediately, but in no
event later than service of this order. [sic] at the appropriate law enforcement agency.
Including all hunting weapons that maybe [sic] in basement[.]
(Defs. Ex. A, at 2.) On the same day, the Sheriff’s Department served Dudek with the Order at
his residence and simultaneously confiscated his handgun 6 and two longarms, 7 a Remington
Model 7600 rifle and Remington Model 870 shotgun. (Compl. ¶ 15; Dkt. No. 42 (“Pl. Exs.”),
Ex. 1, at 1; Pl. Ex. 2, at 1.) Several days later, the licensing section of the Nassau County Police
Department (the “NCPD”) notified Dudek that it had suspended his pistol license, pursuant to the
Order. (Compl. ¶ 15; Defs. Ex. C, Ex. 1, at 1.)
On January 6, 2009, the Family Court, citing the fact that Claudia withdrew her petition,
terminated the family offense proceeding and vacated the Order. (Compl. ¶ 16; Defs. Ex. B, at
6
Handguns are sometimes seen as synonymous with pistols. See Dist. of Columbia v.
Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 691 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting) (representing that one of the challenged
restrictions required a license “in order to carry a ‘pistol,’ i.e., a handgun, anywhere in the
District”). Technically, however, handguns are a category of firearms with “short stock[s]”
which are “designed to be gripped by one hand”; this category consists of pistols, revolvers, and
derringers. Marianne W. Zawitz, Dep’t of Justice, Guns Used in Crime 2 (1995).
7
As compared to handguns, longarms, also referred to as long guns, are a category of
firearms with “longer barrels” which are “generally more effective at distances where the
handgun is nearly irrelevant.” Nicholas J. Johnson, Supply Restrictions at the Margins of Heller
& the Abortion Analogue: Stenberg Principles, Assault Weapons, & the Attitudinalist Critique,
60 Hastings L.J. 1285, 1297 n.87 (2009); see also Razzano v. Cnty. of Nassau, 765 F. Supp. 2d
176, 180 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) (Spatt, J.) (“[The plaintiff] also possessed nine rifles and shotguns,
which, because of the length of their barrels, are referred to collectively as ‘longarms.’”); Heller
v. Dist. of Columbia, 670 F.3d 1244, 1286 n.13 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (Kavanaugh, J., dissenting)
(“Long guns, such as rifles and shotguns, . . . are generally defined as being at least 16 to 18
inches long.”). Longarms are “designed to be fired with two hands.” Clayton E. Cramer &
Joseph Edward Olson, Pistols, Crime, & Public: Safety in Early America, 44 Willamette L. Rev.
699, 699-700 (2008).
4
1.) At that point, the Sheriff’s Department did not return any of the firearms that it seized from
Dudek, nor did the NCPD reinstate Dudek’s pistol license.
On November 30, 2010, Dudek petitioned the Supreme Court of New York, Nassau
County (“New York Supreme Court”), pursuant to Article 78 of the New York Civil Practice
Law and Rules, for the reinstatement of his pistol license by the NCPD. (Compl. ¶ 17; Defs.
Ex. C ¶ 16.) On September 19, 2011, the NCPD agreed, by written stipulation, to reinstate
Dudek’s pistol license and return his handgun. (Compl. ¶ 18; Pl. Ex. 6, at 1.)
Throughout this time, the Sherriff’s Department has “refused to return Dudek’s two
longarms . . . without a Court Order, despite being asked by Dudek.” 8 (Compl. ¶ 19.) On
January 20, 2012, Dudek wrote to two of the individual officers with the Sherriff’s Department,
Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri, requesting the return of his longarms. (Id. ¶ 20.)
No one responded to Dudek’s January 20, 2012 request, and his longarms have yet to be returned
to him. (Id. ¶¶ 20, 24-27.)
C. Procedural History
On March 12, 2012, Dudek commenced this action by filing the first of three complaints.
(Dkt. No. 1.) The original complaint named, as Defendants, the Sheriff’s Department, Sheriff
Sposato, and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri, but not the County or any of the other individual
officers. (Id. ¶¶ 6-8.)
Defendants named in the original complaint initially moved to dismiss it. (Dkt No. 7.)
At a conference on November 29, 2012, Judge Leonard D. Wexler, who was previously assigned
8
Neither party explains how or why the NCPD took possession of the handgun that the
Sheriff’s Department seized from Dudek. The NCPD, however, is the County’s licensing
authority for handguns. See N.Y. Penal Law § 265.00(10) (defining “licensing officer,” for
purposes of pistol licenses pursuant to N.Y. Penal Law § 400.00, as the “commissioner of police
of [the County]”).
5
to this action, orally denied the initial motion from the bench. (Order, dated Nov. 29, 2012.)
There appears to be no written record of Judge Wexler’s reasons for the denial. 9
On December 3, 2012, Dudek filed the amended complaint. (Dkt. No. 13.) The amended
complaint was the same as the original complaint, except that it also named the County as a
Defendant. (Id. ¶¶ 6-9.)
On March 11, 2013, Dudek filed the second amended, and operative, Complaint.
(Compl., at 1.) The only difference between the second amended Complaint and the prior two
complaints is that it also names the other individual officers. (Id. ¶¶ 6-13.) As with the prior two
complaints, the second amended Complaint asserts the following claims against Defendants:
•
A claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983 claim”) that Defendants allegedly
violated Dudek’s Fourteenth Amendment right of procedural due process by
enacting and enforcing the “policy . . . requiring a Court Order for the return of
confiscated longarms” after the Family Court vacated the Order, and thus
“fail[ing] [to] provide a procedure or mechanism” for their return, but rather
“placing the burden on” Dudek to take his own “affirmative steps” (id. ¶¶ 30-35;
see id. ¶ 1); and
9
Insofar as the initial motion propounded similar bases for dismissal, such as timeliness,
its summary denial by Judge Wexler does not otherwise preclude this Court’s consideration of
those bases in the Motion before it. See Dictograph Prods. Co., Inc. v. Sonotone Corp., 230 F.2d
131, 134-35 (2d Cir. 1956) (Hand, J.) (holding that the district court was not “so bound to follow
[the previous judge’s] denial of the defendants’ motion for summary judgment that we must
reverse [the district court’s] summary judgment on the merits without considering whether it was
right”); see also AIG Mexico Seguros Interamericana, S.A. de C.V. v. M/V Zapoteca, 844
F. Supp. 2d 440, 441-42 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (Preska, C.J.) (holding that the previous judge’s
denials of two motions for dismissal based on a forum selection clause, including a denial “for
the reasons stated on the record at the aforementioned Oral Argument,” did not preclude the
court from considering the third motion for dismissal on the same basis). As a practical matter,
“[Judge Wexler’s] order denying [the initial motion] was not appealable, and the consequence of
holding that [this Court] [is] forbidden to reconsider it, would be that, if . . . the complaint should
have been dismissed on the merits, the defendants would be compelled to suffer the loss of time
and money involved in a trial that from the outset was unnecessary.” Dictograph Prods., 230
F.2d at 134. Particularly since Judge Wexler did not record his reasons for the denial, this
situation does not demand that this Court simply “accept[] . . . without reexamination” that its
predecessor rejected, or even intended to reject, those bases for dismissal. Id.
6
•
Supplemental state law claims of conversion and replevin, alleging that
Defendants unlawfully retained Dudek’s longarms “without cause or legal
authority,” when the Family Court’s Order was lifted (id. ¶¶ 47-57).
Specifically, with respect to the Section 1983 claim, Dudek requests monetary relief, as
well as declaratory and injunctive relief. (Id. at 8-9.) The monetary relief requested consists of
compensatory damages, as well as punitive damages against Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff
Mastropieri and attorneys’ fees. 10 (Id.) The declaratory and injunctive relief requested is that
this Court (i) declare the no-return policy unconstitutional and (ii) direct the return of the
longarms retained under the policy and replace the policy with a “fair and adequate procedure for
the handling of firearms in Nassau County that does not violate the due process requirements.”
(Id.)
On July 29, 2013, the parties briefed the Motion presently before this Court, pertaining to
the dismissal of the second amended Complaint. (Dkt. Nos. 41-43.)
10
Although Dudek attempts to assert claims for punitive damages and attorneys’ fees
(Compl. ¶¶ 36-46), this Court construes them as requests for relief and not as claims separate
from the Section 1983 claim. See, e.g., Williams v. Walsh, 558 F.2d 667, 671 (2d Cir. 1977)
(holding, in a Section 1983 action, that “various prayers for relief, including . . . punitive
damages, most certainly do not themselves give rise to separate ‘causes of action’”); Maxineau v.
City of N.Y., No. 11-CV-2657, 2013 WL 3093912, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 18, 2013) (Vitaliano, J.)
(noting that “42 U.S.C. § 1988 does not establish a separate cause of action for an alleged
violation of a plaintiff’s civil rights, but merely provides a means for a prevailing party to
recover reasonable attorney’s fees in a § 1983 action”); Carbajal v. Cnty. of Nassau, 271
F. Supp. 2d 415, 424 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) (Spatt, J.) (“[T]he Court dismisses the claim for punitive
damages against the individual defendants because there is no separate claim for punitive
damages. Rather, the plaintiff may be entitled to an award of punitive damages against the
remaining individual defendants as part of the damages in the remaining claims.”); Ricketts v.
Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., No. 06-CV-3820, 2009 WL 857399, at *5 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30,
2009) (“Requests for punitive damages and attorneys’ fees do not create a separates [sic] cause
of action [in this civil rights action].”); Phillips v. DeAngelis, 571 F. Supp. 2d 347, 350
(N.D.N.Y. 2008) (“[P]laintiffs’ request for punitive damages is a form of relief sought, not a
separate cause of action.”), aff’d, 331 F. App’x 894 (2d Cir. 2009).
7
II.
Discussion
A. Standard of Review
In deciding the Motion, this Court considers whether Dudek’s Complaint meets the
proper pleading standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), as illuminated by the
Supreme Court’s decisions in Ashcroft v. Iqbal (“Iqbal”), 556 U.S. 662 (2009) (Kennedy, J.) and
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly (“Twombly”), 550 U.S. 544 (2007) (Souter, J.).
According to
Iqbal/Twombly, the Complaint survives a motion to dismiss, as long as its allegations of “factual
matter, accepted as true” sufficiently “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678; Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56. At the same time, the Complaint cannot
conclusorily recite the elements of a claim. Ibid. The factual allegations are sufficient when
they allow this Court, at a minimum, to infer that a claim is plausible—an inference which is
more than possible, but less than probable—and thereby warrants proceeding with discovery.
Ibid.
The above principles reinforce a “two-pronged” analysis: this Court should consider
(i) whether the Complaint alleges “no more than [legal] conclusions,” without the factual
allegations to support them; and (ii) whether the “well-pleaded factual allegations . . . plausibly
give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. The analysis draws on this Court’s
“judicial experience and common sense.” Id.
B. Section 1983 Claim
1. Failure to State a Claim
i. Against the Sheriff’s Department
Regardless of whether the factual allegations supporting the Section 1983 claim against
the Sheriff’s Department are otherwise sufficient, Defendants argue that the department does not
have the capacity to be sued. (Defs. Br., at 16-17.) Dudek does not address Defendants’
8
argument in his opposition brief and has therefore abandoned all objections to it. See, e.g.,
Bonilla v. Smithfield Assocs. LLC, No. 09-CV-1549, 2009 WL 4457304, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4.
2009) (Chin, J.) (holding that, because the plaintiff “fails to respond to the remaining two
arguments” for dismissing certain of the claims, he has “effectively abandoned” those claims);
Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. Hasbro, Inc., 958 F. Supp. 895, 907 n.11 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (“[T]he failure
to provide argument on a point at issue constitutes abandonment of the issue.”), aff’d, 130 F.3d
1101 (2d Cir. 1997) (per curiam).
Even if Dudek has not abandoned all objections to the argument, this Court still dismisses
this claim. New York law specifies the capacity of the Sheriff’s Department to be sued. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 17(b). Under New York law, “departments that are merely administrative arms of a
municipality do not have a legal identity separate and apart from the municipality and, therefore,
cannot sue or be sued.” Davis v. Lynbrook Police Dep’t, 224 F. Supp. 2d 463, 477 (E.D.N.Y.
2002) (Spatt, J.) (collecting cases).
Indeed, the Complaint concedes that the Sheriff’s Department is an “administrative arm”
of the County (Compl. ¶ 6), and, as such, the department cannot be sued separately. See
Melendez v. Nassau Cnty., No. 10-CV-2516, 2010 WL 3748743, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2010)
(Feuerstein, J.) (holding that, because the “Nassau County Sheriff’s Department” is an
“administrative arm[] of Nassau County,” the department is not “suable”); see also Cole v.
Nassau Cnty., No. 13-CV-4645, 2013 WL 5652525, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 16, 2013) (Seybert, J.)
(same); Pooler v. Hempstead Police Dep’t, 897 F. Supp. 2d 12, 16 n.4 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (Bianco,
J.) (same).
Accordingly, this Court dismisses with prejudice the Section 1983 claim against the
Sheriff’s Department.
9
ii. Against the County
With respect to the Section 1983 claim against the County (the “Monell claim”),
Defendants argue that the Sheriff’s Department, as the County’s administrative arm, was “merely
carrying out the mandates of state law” in refusing to return Dudek’s longarms. (Defs. Br., at 15;
see Dkt. No. 43 (“Defs. Reply”), at 3.) According to Defendants, the department was required to
retain the longarms until a different court, i.e., the New York Supreme Court, separately ordered
their return, as the Family Court lacked the authority to do so upon vacating the Order. (Defs.
Br., at 15-16; see id. at 6-8; Defs. Reply, at 2-4.) The department’s refusal therefore was “not
because of any policy, practice or custom promulgated by Nassau County,” but rather a
“deficiency” in state law. (Defs. Br., at 16; see Defs. Reply, at 3.) Dudek responds in part,
stating that Defendants “place the blame on” state law when the department was authorized to,
and did not as a matter of the County’s “policy,” return the longarms without an order from
another court. (Pl. Br., at 22 & n.8.)
A municipality may be liable under Section 1983 for any “policy or custom” that causes a
“deprivation of rights protected by the Constitution.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of N.Y., 436
U.S. 658, 690-91, 694 (1978) (Brennan, J.). In Vives v. City of N.Y., 524 F.3d 346 (2d Cir.
2008), the Second Circuit considered, for the first time, whether a municipality creates a policy
for which it may be liable, where it merely carries out a state law. Id. at 351. In this context, the
municipality creates such a policy if it makes a “meaningful” and “conscious” choice to carry out
the law. Id. at 351, 353.
For Vives to apply as a limit on a municipality’s liability under Monell, the threshold
question is, does the municipality merely carry out a state law? The answer here is no. The
Sheriff’s Department refused to return Dudek’s longarms, but not because Section 842-a
required it to. Section 842-a only authorizes the Family Court to order that a person’s firearms
10
be confiscated. See supra at Section I.A (collecting cases). Even though Defendants focus on
the “legislative glitch” in this provision (Defs. Br., at 6 (quoting Aloi II, 800 N.Y.S.2d at 873)),
i.e., its failure to authorize the Family Court to direct the return of those firearms, the “glitch”
does not otherwise limit the authority of any other entities. 11 Indeed, this provision is silent
about who, if not the Family Court, retains the authority to direct that those firearms be returned,
once the court has vacated an order for their confiscation. State courts have construed from the
silence in this provision that the department and the New York Supreme Court each reserve the
independent right to return those firearms. See Engel, 807 N.Y.S.2d at 384 (“If the Sheriff
denies the appellant’s properly supported demand for the return of his firearms, his remedy lies
in challenging that denial in the Supreme Court[.]”); Aloi I, 781 N.Y.S.2d at 614 (same);
Blauman, 769 N.Y.S.2d at 585 (“The appellant’s remedy is to make an application to the officer
that currently has custody of the weapons.”). 12
11
Defendants cite two other state laws, New York Penal Law § 265.20(a)(1)(f) and New
York County Law § 650(1) (Defs. Br., at 15-16), to support the argument that the Sheriff’s
Department lacks such authority in light of Section 842-a. Neither provision supports this
argument.
The first provision specifies that, once the Family Court orders the seizure of a person’s
firearms pursuant to Section 842-a, those firearms may be surrendered to the “sheriff of the
county in which such person resides,” N.Y. Penal Law § 265.20(a)(1)(f). It does not specify that,
after such an order has been lifted, the Sheriff’s Department may not legally return those
firearms.
The second provision defines the “[g]eneral duties of [the] sheriff,” among which are the
“duties prescribed by law as an officer of the court,” N.Y. County Law § 650(1). The fact that
the Sheriff’s Department serves as an “officer” of the Family Court, when directed under Section
842-a to confiscate a person’s firearms, does not prevent the department from returning those
firearms, when it is no longer being directed by the Family Court to retain them.
12
“While the . . . Family Court . . . ha[s] the statutory authority to order the surrender of
firearms, the[] court[] do[es] not have jurisdiction to order the return of such firearms. . . . Rather
the applicant must exhaust administrative remedies, requiring the license holder to demand the
return of the firearms from the law enforcement agency which seized them pursuant to the
11
Defendants therefore may not rely on Vives, as a reason to dismiss the Monell claim.
(Defs. Br., at 16; Defs. Reply, at 3.) The Sheriff’s Department was not applying Section 842-a
when it refused to return Dudek’s longarms. This provision says nothing about returning the
longarms; its silence, though, deprives the Family Court of authority to direct their return, but
leaves intact the authority of the department and the New York Supreme Court to do so.
Cf. Weber v. Dell, 804 F.2d 796, 803 (2d Cir. 1986) (holding that, because “the Sheriff had
interpreted the [state] regulation in a manner not necessarily required by its terms,” he had
adopted a policy for which the County still was liable under Monell).
Even if the Sheriff’s Department was not merely carrying out a state law, this does not
automatically mean that it was acting according to a policy that the County had created, for
purposes of the Monell claim. Defendants argue, along those lines, that the County “has not
promulgated” such a policy for the department. (Defs. Reply, at 3.) Dudek responds in part to
this argument, stating that Sheriff Sposato’s actions reflect such a policy. (Pl. Br., at 22.)
To survive a motion to dismiss the Monell claim, a policy must be alleged by the
Complaint in “sufficient factual detail[]” and not mere “boilerplate allegations.” Plair v. City of
N.Y., 789 F. Supp. 2d 459, 469 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (collecting cases). “[A] single incident alleged
in a complaint, especially if it involved only actors below the policy-making level, does not
suffice to show a municipal policy[.]” Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 941 F.2d 119, 123
(2d Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). At the same time, it may suffice to allege an act based on a
“single decision,” by a policymaker with “final authority to establish municipal policy with
court’s directive. Thereafter, the licensee may seek judicial review of the administrative decision
in the Supreme Court.” 2 N.Y. L. of Dom. Violence § 6:36 (2012).
12
respect to the action ordered.” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480-83 (1986)
(Brennan, J.).
The Complaint alleges that the Sheriff’s Department refused to return Dudek’s longarms,
and that the department based its refusal on a policy of requiring an order from another court
before returning a person’s firearms, where those firearms were previously ordered to be
confiscated by the Family Court. (Compl. ¶¶ 19, 34.) To support this otherwise “boilerplate”
allegation of a no-return policy, the Complaint also alleges that Dudek directed a request for the
return of the longarms to Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri, who declined to
address it. (Id. ¶¶ 19-26.)
The fact that Sheriff Sposato, as an “official policymaker” for the
County in the area of “law enforcement practices,” failed to consider Dudek’s request raises a
plausible inference that a no-return policy existed. Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 483 n.12; see also
Leather v. Ten Eyck, 2 F. App’x 145, 149 (2d Cir. 2001) (holding that the county sheriff was
“sufficiently a policy-maker for the County for it to be liable for his practices”); cf. Jeffes v.
Barnes, 208 F.3d 49, 61 (2d Cir. 2000) (holding that the county sheriff was also “the County’s
final policymaking official” as to the “existence or enforcement of a code of silence” among his
staff).
In addition to the above factual allegation, the inference of a no-return policy is
reinforced by Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri’s admission in a state court case that “the Sheriff’s
Department’s general rule in returning firearms is that the return is made when an order from the
court is provided to the Sheriff’s Department.” Aloi II, 800 N.Y.S.2d at 874 (emphasis added).
The court in that case concluded that, where a person’s firearms were confiscated through a
Family Court order since vacated, “it can reasonably be anticipated that the officer that has
custody of the firearms will refuse to return the firearms without a court order.” Id. (emphasis
13
added). Those descriptions of the department’s refusal to return—as being a “general rule” and
“reasonably . . . anticipated”—demonstrates a broader policy. See Buitrago v. City of N.Y., No.
11-CV-8551, 2012 WL 6621688, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2012) (Sullivan, J., adopting ReportRecommendation of Freeman, Mag. J.) (noting as dicta that, if the sole issue in a motion to
dismiss were whether the plaintiff sufficiently alleged a policy, the district court would
“recommend letting Plaintiff’s Monell claim stand,” where “state court decisions . . . may well
reflect a systemic problem that arguably constitutes a municipal policy, custom, or practice”).
Indeed, Defendants’ position in support of the Motion—i.e., that the refusal to return Dudek’s
longarms was due to a standing interpretation by the department of a “glitch” in state law—
further supports the inference that the department maintains a no-return policy with respect to
firearms seized based on court orders which are later vacated.
Accordingly, this Court declines to dismiss, and allows discovery on, the Monell claim
against the County.
iii. Against the Individual Officers
Dudek also asserts the Section 1983 claim against the individual officers in their official
and personal capacities. At the outset, this Court dismisses with prejudice the claim against the
individual officers in their official capacities (the “official-capacity claim”), because it is
duplicative of the surviving Monell claim against the County. See, e.g., Orange v. Cnty. of
Suffolk, 830 F. Supp. 701, 707 (E.D.N.Y. 1993) (Wexler, J.) (“[I]t would be redundant to allow
the [Section 1983] suit to proceed against both Suffolk County and the individuals in their
official capacity.”); see also Ky. v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 & 167 n.14 (1985) (Marshall,
J.) (holding that “[o]fficial-capacity suits, in contrast [with personal-capacity suits], ‘generally
represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an
agent’” and that “[t]here is no longer a need to bring official-capacity actions against local
14
government officials, for under Monell, supra, local government units can be sued directly”)
(quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690 n.55).
The fact that Dudek has pleaded the Monell claim premised on a policy—which is, as
discussed above, functionally the same as the official-capacity claim—does not otherwise
preclude him from pleading the claim against the individual officers in their personal capacities
(the “personal-capacity claim”). See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 27 (1991) (O’Connor, J.)
(rejecting the argument that “state officials may not be held liable in their personal capacity for
actions they take in their official capacity”).
As for the personal-capacity claim, seeking
monetary, declaratory, and injunctive relief, Defendants argue that this claim should be
dismissed, since the officers were not “personally involved” in allegedly refusing to return
Dudek’s longarms and thereby violating his right of procedural due process. (Defs. Br., at 1315.) Dudek responds that to dismiss this claim on that basis would be “premature,” because,
without the benefit of discovery, “[the officers’] personal involvement or supervisory
responsibilities is still unknown.” (Pl. Br., at 20.)
An individual officer’s personal involvement in the “constitutional deprivation[]” is a
“prerequisite” to a Section 1983 claim against them. McKinnon v. Patterson, 568 F.2d 930, 934
(2d Cir. 1997). As an exception, “courts have pointed out the appropriateness of maintaining
supervisory personnel as defendants in lawsuits stating a colorable claim until the plaintiff has
been afforded an opportunity through at least brief discovery to identify the subordinate officials
who have personal liability.” Davis v. Kelly, 160 F.3d 917, 921 (2d Cir. 1998) (emphasis added)
(collecting cases).
The Complaint in this action fails to contain a single factual allegation that several of
Sheriff Sposato’s subordinate officers—Deputy Sheriffs Goropeuschek, Lee, Gorey, and Linn—
15
were personally involved in the purported violation. Those subordinate officers’ names appear
nowhere in the section of the Complaint that recites the “Factual Allegations.” (Compl. ¶¶ 1429.) The fact that “discovery has not been commenced” (Pl. Br., at 20) is no excuse for this
deficiency.
Due to this deficiency, the personal involvement of those subordinate officers
appears not only tenuous, but also illusory.
To conclude otherwise would be to countenance plaintiffs in Section 1983 actions to
blindly name subordinate officers as defendants and then use discovery to ascertain whether they
had any involvement in the disputed conduct. Permitting plaintiffs to use discovery as a fishing
expedition undermines the principle that only portions of a complaint which satisfy a plausibility
standard, i.e., more than possible and less than probable, should “unlock the doors of discovery.”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79. It would also exact a significant cost on the officers themselves, who
would be prematurely dragged into the process. Cf. Hafer, 502 U.S. at 27 (“[O]fficers sued in
their personal capacity come to court as individuals.”).
Accordingly, this Court dismisses without prejudice the personal-capacity claim with
respect to Deputy Sheriffs Goropeuschek, Lee, Gorey, and Linn. Should discovery reveal that
those subordinate officers were personally involved, Dudek may seek to amend the Complaint to
re-name them as Defendants. See Satchell v. Dilworth, 745 F.2d 781, 786 (2d Cir. 1984)
(“[Supervisory personnel] may be restored as defendants in the suit at least for purposes of
discovery aimed at identifying those of their subordinates who are personally responsible for the
departmental actions complained of.”); see also Davis, 160 F.3d at 921 (collecting cases). With
respect to Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri, this Court perceives no reason to
dismiss this claim for want of personal involvement. The Complaint sufficiently alleges that
16
Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri were personally involved in the purported
violation. (Compl. ¶¶ 20, 25-26.)
2. Immunity from the Monetary Relief Portion of the Personal-Capacity Claim
Against the Individual Officers 13
i. Absolute Immunity
Additionally, for the monetary relief portion of the personal-capacity claim, Defendants
first argue for dismissal based on absolute immunity, because the individual officers “cannot be
held liable for any proper act done in executing a valid court order” by the Family Court to
confiscate Dudek’s longarms. (Defs. Br., at 8-11.) Dudek’s response is that the officers’
“judicial function” ceased, and the Order, once vacated, certainly did not allow them to retain,
and refuse to return, the longarms “indefinitely.” (Pl. Br., at 13-15.)
Absolute immunity protects from liability judges, along with any officers who, in
performing “functions” which are an “integral part of the judicial process” and
“comparab[le] . . . to those of the judge,” are allowed the same protection “derivative of the
immunity of judges.” Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 420, 423 n.20, 430 (1976) (Powell, J.)
(quotations omitted); see also Cleavinger v. Saxner, 474 U.S. 193, 200 (1985) (Blackmun, J.)
(“With this judicial immunity firmly established, the Court has extended absolute immunity to
certain others who perform functions closely associated with the judicial process.”); Butz v.
Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 511-13 (1978) (White, J.) (holding that “[j]udges have absolute
13
“[I]mmunity from damages does not ordinarily bar equitable relief as well.” Wood v.
Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 314 n.6 (1975) (White, J.); see also Vincent v. Yelich, 718 F.3d 157,
177 (2d Cir. 2013) (“[Q]ualified immunity does not protect a public official against a claim for
declaratory or injunctive relief[.]”) (citing Sudler v. City of N.Y., 689 F.3d 159, 177 (2d Cir.
2012) and Adler v. Pataki, 185 F.3d 35, 48 (2d Cir. 1999)). The only exception is that absolute
immunity may also bar injunctive relief, unless “‘declaratory relief was unavailable.’” Montero
v. Travis, 171 F.3d 757, 761 (2d Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (quoting Federal Courts Improvement
Act of 1996, § 309(c), Pub. L. No. 104-317, 110 Stat. 3847, 3853 (1996)).
17
immunity not because of their particular location within the Government but because of the
special nature of their responsibilities,” and that, by extension, officials whose responsibilities
are “‘functionally comparable’ to that of a judge” are also immune). In light of this “functional
approach,” Cleavinger, 474 U.S. at 201 (quotations omitted), the absolute immunity question
may be answered on a motion to dismiss, because “the nature of that function is often clear from
the face of the complaint.” Shmueli v. City of N.Y., 424 F.3d 231, 236 (2d Cir. 2005).
Courts have held that an officer with the sheriff’s department does perform such a
function to which absolute immunity attaches, when “acting pursuant to a court order” that he is
“required to execute.” Maldonado v. N.Y. Cnty. Sheriff, No. 05-CV-8377, 2006 WL 2588911, at
*5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2006) (collecting cases); see also Mays v. Sudderth, 97 F.3d 107, 113
(5th Cir. 1996) (extending absolute immunity to the county sheriff, and noting that the plaintiff
“has not cited any case denying absolute immunity to government officials complying with
facially valid court orders, and cases abound to the contrary”) (collecting cases); Henry v.
Farmer City State Bank, 808 F.2d. 1228, 1238-39 (7th Cir. 1986) (dismissing, based on absolute
immunity, the claim against the county sheriff, because he “was at all times acting pursuant to an
official court order”); Caporicci v. Nassau Cnty. Police Dep’t, No. 05-CV-5764, 2007 WL
764535, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2007) (Wexler, J.) (holding that the Nassau County sheriff was
“mandated by law to carry out orders of the court,” and was therefore entitled to absolute
immunity for “his execution of a facially valid warrant”); Bowers v. U.S., 931 F. Supp. 2d 358,
367 (D. Conn. 2013) (“Several district courts in this Circuit have found the execution of valid
court orders to entitle sheriffs and others to absolute quasi-judicial immunity.”) (collecting
cases).
18
Although the individual officers were acting in accordance with the Family Court’s Order
when they initially seized Dudek’s longarms, the officers were operating in complete judicial
silence, without a directive from any court, once the Order was vacated. At that point, the
officers stopped performing a judicial function within the scope of the Order, for which they
would be absolutely immune, and any decision thereafter to retain the longarms remained in the
sound discretion of the Sheriff’s Department. Cf. Levine v. Lawrence, No. 03-CV-1694, 2005
WL 1412143, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. June 15, 2005) (Hurley, J.) (“[M]ost courts seem to agree that
absolute quasi-judicial immunity should not extend to court officers enforcing judicial orders
if . . . the court officer exceeds the scope of that order[.]”) (collecting cases).
Defendants, however, dispute the fact that the Sheriff’s Department had such discretion,
when the Order was finally vacated. They argue that, because the Family Court did not have the
authority to direct the return of Dudek’s longarms after vacating the Order, the individual
officers remained bound by the Order, requiring them to retain, but not return, the longarms.
(Defs. Br., at 9-10.) Defendants’ argument is inapposite, and again conflates the absence of the
Family Court’s authority to direct the return of a person’s firearms with the department’s
authority to do so, see supra at Section II.B.1.ii. Although the Order, when vacated, did not
amount to a directive from the Family Court that the officers return the longarms, as the court did
not have the authority, it also did not amount to a directive that the officers continue to carry out
the Order and retain the longarms. The lifting of the Order left the officers free to return the
longarms.
Accordingly, this Court declines to dismiss the monetary relief portion of the personalcapacity claim, based on absolute immunity.
19
ii. Qualified Immunity
Defendants’ second argument for dismissing the monetary relief portion of the personalcapacity claim is that the individual officers are entitled to qualified immunity, as Dudek did not
possess, and the officers could not have violated, a “clearly established constitutional right to the
return of his longarms after the expiration of a Temporary Order of Protection.” (Defs. Br., at 1113.) In response, Dudek insists that such a right was “clearly established,” based on a district
court decision and a “trio of Second Circuit cases” cited therein. (Pl. Br., at 15-18 (emphasis
omitted).)
Qualified immunity protects from liability any officer “insofar as their conduct does not
violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982) (Powell, J.) (emphasis added).
As with absolute immunity, the qualified immunity question may also be answered on a motion
to dismiss, as long as the relevant facts “appear[] on the face of the complaint.” McKenna v.
Wright, 386 F.3d 432, 436 (2d Cir. 2004).
To determine whether a right was “clearly established” by law at the time, the “relevant,
dispositive inquiry” is “whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was
unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202 (2001) (Kennedy,
J.), overruled in part on other grounds by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009) (Alito, J.);
see also Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139, 166 (2d Cir. 2007) (Sotomayor, J., concurring)
(“[W]hether a right is clearly established is the same question as whether a reasonable officer
would have known that the conduct in question was unlawful.”) (emphasis in original). This
determination principally relies on “whether or not the law was governed by controlling
precedent of this Circuit.”
Young v. Cnty. of Fulton, 160 F.3d 899, 903 (2d Cir. 1998).
“Decisions of other circuits also may indicate whether the law was clearly established.” Varrone
20
v. Bilotti, 123 F.3d 75, 79 (2d Cir. 1997); see also Bailey v. Pataki, 708 F.3d 391, 405 (2d Cir.
2013) (“We have further held that where the law was established in three other circuits and the
decisions of our own Court foreshadowed the right, the law was sufficiently ‘well
established[.]’”).
The combination of “pre-existing law” in this and the other Circuits need not show that
“the very action in question has previously been held unlawful,” Anderson v. Creighton, 483
U.S. 635, 640 (1987) (Scalia, J.), as long as those decisions are based on “facts not
distinguishable in a fair way from the facts presented in the case at hand,” Saucier, 533 U.S. at
202. At the same time, those decisions should show the “contours of the right” allegedly
violated, such that the action’s unlawfulness would have been “apparent” to a reasonable officer.
Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640.
The only law of this Circuit to which Dudek cites (Pl. Br., at 17)—a decision from this
district and three Second Circuit decisions—is “distinguishable in a fair way” from this action.
Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202.
In Razzano v. Cnty. of Nassau, 765 F. Supp. 2d 176 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) (Spatt, J.), the
officers of the NCPD refused to subsequently return, without a “court order directing their
return,” the plaintiff’s longarms, which were confiscated because of the department’s “policy of
doing so when they believe a person to be dangerous.” Id. at 185. The district court held that the
officers did not afford the plaintiff with adequate “legal process.” Id. at 184, 191. The basis for
the court’s holding was that the officers “plac[ed] the burden of going forward” on the plaintiff,
who would have been forced to commence a time-consuming proceeding to get his longarms
back by an order from the New York Supreme Court. Id. at 188-89. The court, however,
observed that its holding, and prescribed remedies, would not necessarily apply, where, as in this
21
action, the officers confiscated the plaintiff’s longarms pursuant to a court order that prohibited
their possession “by the person from whom they were confiscated.” Id. at 190.
The three Second Circuit decisions that Dudek contends “clearly established” a
constitutional right are discussed in Razzano: McClendon v. Rosetti, 460 F.2d 111 (2d Cir.
1972); Butler v. Castro, 896 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1990); and Alexandre v. Cortes, 140 F.3d 406
(2d Cir. 1998).
See Alexandre, 140 F.3d at 409-10 (describing McClendon, Butler, and
Alexandre as a “string of due process challenges” involving the same issue). Those decisions
involved refusals by the New York City police department and its officers to return the plaintiffs’
property, confiscated in connection with an arrest and then retained, and at times disposed of, by
the department’s property clerk in accordance with procedures for arrestees. Id. The McClendon
court held that those procedures were “fatally deficient,” in that they too placed the “burden of
proof” on the plaintiff to commence a “civil suit,” and not simply request, to recover the
property. 460 F.2d at 113, 115-16.
As a follow-up to McClendon, the Butler and Alexandre courts held that, although the
post-McClendon procedures to secure the return of the property were adequate, notice of those
procedures arguably was not. See Alexandre, 140 F.3d at 413 (“[I]t is certainly understandable
that a prisoner might claim that the City . . . continues systematically to mislead arrestees about
the procedures for redeeming their property.”); Butler, 896 F.2d at 700-701, 703 (holding that the
defendants “misle[d]” the plaintiff about the “procedures to govern the Police Property Clerk’s
custody of seized property,” adopted after McClendon).
None of the above decisions, however, recognized the “contours” of a right relating to the
return of property, where a law enforcement agency’s officers had confiscated the property
pursuant to a prior court order.
Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640.
22
Indeed, those decisions are
distinguishable, in that they involved the refusal to return property, independently confiscated by
the officers and not by order of any court. In Razzano—arguably, the decision that is the most
relevant, in terms of this action—the district court declined to apply its reasoning to any situation
in which a court originally ordered the confiscation of the property sought to be returned. 14
This distinction is important, as it informs the conclusion that a “reasonable officer” in
this action would not have believed, based on those decisions, that his refusal to return Dudek’s
longarms without a court order departed from “clearly established” law. On the contrary, an
officer could have reasonably believed that, because the Family Court had ordered that the
longarms be confiscated, he was not allowed to return the longarms, until a different court with
actual authority ordered that they be returned. It was incorrect, but not unreasonable, for an
officer to have believed, as Defendants do, that an “independent determination that [Dudek] was
entitled to the return of his longarms” would amount to an “impermissibl[e] review[]” of the
Order by a law enforcement agency, rather than another court.
(Defs. Br., at 10.) Even
assuming an officer should have believed that he was allowed to reverse, without direction from
another court, what the Family Court had already directed as far as retaining the longarms, he
14
Dudek’s allegation that “a copy of the Razzano decision was include [sic] with the
demand for the return of the longarms” (Pl. Br., at 16), thus alerting Sheriff Sposato and Deputy
Sheriff Mastropieri that their refusal to do so was unlawful, is irrelevant. The standard for
qualified immunity is “objective,” and not “subjective,” reasonableness, “as measured by
reference to clearly established law” about which a “reasonably competent public official should
know.” Harlow, 457 U.S. at 816-19. The fact that a specific officer should have known about
the Razzano decision is irrelevant to the issue of whether a “reasonable officer” should have
known about it. On its own, the Razzano decision was insufficient to constitute “clearly
established” law. See Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 616 (1999) (Rehnquist, C.J.) (holding that
parties that “have only identified two unpublished District Court decisions” “cannot ‘clearly
establish’” that a constitutional right was violated). At any rate, the Razzano decision would not
have led a “reasonable officer” to believe that the refusal to return Dudek’s longarms was against
“clearly established” law, because, as discussed above, the decision is distinguishable for
qualified immunity purposes.
23
had no reason to believe that his refusal to do so would run afoul of the Constitution. See, e.g.,
10 N.Y. Prac., N.Y. Family Ct. Prac. § 12:17 (2012) (“[The] Family Court [in Aloi II] had
initially issued a temporary order of protection and a § 842-a order, but both had been withdrawn
as part of a negotiated settlement. In the absence of Family Court jurisdiction, the respondent’s
only recourse was a new petition in Supreme Court (the Sheriff understandably refused to return
the firearms in the absence of a court order)[.]”) (emphasis added).
This Circuit’s “pre-existing law” therefore did not suffice to alert a “reasonable officer”
that, in conditionally refusing to return Dudek’s longarms, he had deprived Dudek of procedural
due process. Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640-41. Nor did the law of the other Circuits render the
constitutional deprivation, if any, “apparent” to such an officer. Id. This Court has not found,
and the parties have not pointed to, any decisions outside the Second Circuit that “clearly
established” a right resembling the one allegedly violated in this action.
Accordingly, this Court dismisses with prejudice the monetary relief portion of the
personal-capacity claim, based on qualified immunity.
3. Timeliness
As an alternative basis for dismissing the Section 1983 claim against the County and the
individual officers, Defendants argue that the applicable three-year statute of limitations for this
claim started to accrue on January 6, 2009, when the Family Court vacated the Order; and
therefore this claim, which Dudek did not assert until March 12, 2012, is untimely. (Defs. Br., at
17-18.) Dudek argues that this claim is timely, because the statute of limitations had only been
accruing since January 20, 2012, when he made the request to Sheriff Sposato and Deputy
Sheriff Mastropieri for the return of his longarms. (Pl. Br., at 24.)
Indeed, the applicable statute of limitations for a Section 1983 claim is the particular
state’s “general or residual statute of limitations governing personal injury actions,” which, in
24
New York, is three years. Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 245, 251 (1989) (Marshall, J.).
Although New York’s three-year statute of limitations for personal injury actions applies to the
claim, “federal law determines when a federal claim accrues.” Eagleston v. Guido, 41 F.3d 865,
871 (2d Cir. 1994). According to the Second Circuit, the claim ordinarily accrues “when the
plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of his action.” Singleton v.
City of N.Y., 632 F.2d 185, 191 (2d Cir. 1980) (quotations omitted).
However, “[w]here no single act is sufficiently decisive to enable a person to realize that
he has suffered a compensable injury, the cause of action may not accrue until the wrong
becomes apparent.” Id. at 192-93. Along those lines, the accrual of the claim may be delayed by
the fact that it involves an injury that not-so-clearly stems from a continuing violation, founded
on (i) a municipality’s “policy or custom,” see Pinaud v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 52 F.3d 1139, 1157
(2d Cir. 1995) (“[A] cause of action against the municipality does not necessarily accrue upon
the occurrence of a harmful act, but only later when it is clear, or should be clear, that the
harmful act is the consequence of a county ‘policy or custom.’”); or (ii) a failure to act, see
Remigio v. Kelly, No. 04-CV-1877, 2005 WL 1950138, at *8-11 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2005)
(Dolinger, Mag. J.) (holding that, besides the fact that the “procedural due process claim”
possibly arises from a “policy or practice,” the accrual of the claim should also be delayed,
because it involves the “continuing ill effects” of a “daily failure of defendants to conduct a
hearing” to return the plaintiff’s car, where “each day’s due-process injury was similar to that of
the day before and the day after, part of a continuous injury that was not simply a consequence of
the initial seizure”). The reason for such a delay is that, after only a “single act” that allegedly
infringes on his constitutional rights, a plaintiff could not possibly “know[] or ha[ve] reason to
25
know of” an injury that arises from an ongoing policy or constitutes a persistent failure to act.
Singleton, 632 F.2d at 191-92.
In this action, Dudek satisfies either basis for delaying the accrual of this claim. First,
Dudek’s claim against the County, the sole remaining Defendant from whom Dudek may collect
any money, alleges an injury arising from a policy, pursuant to which the Sheriff’s Department
and its officers refused to return firearms confiscated by court order, without another court order
directing their return. As discussed supra at Section II.B.1.ii, the sufficiency of this claim is
based on the allegation that Dudek requested the return of his longarms from Sheriff Sposato and
Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri on January 20, 2012. Absent the January 20, 2012 request, there
would be no basis for inferring that Dudek suffered an injury by operation of the County’s
alleged policy. In other words, the January 20, 2012 request gives rise to the injury on which the
Section 1983 claim relies. Construing the allegations in Dudek’s favor, this claim did not accrue
until January 20, 2012, and is therefore timely, as it was asserted within three years thereof.
Second, Dudek could not have known, at the time the Order was vacated, that he was
suffering a “continuous injury that was not simply a consequence of the initial seizure” based on
the Order, but rather the “ill effects” of the “daily failure” by the Sheriff’s Department to afford
him with adequate process to secure the return of his longarms. Remigio, 2005 WL 1950138, at
*8, 10. The first day’s failure, after the Order was vacated on January 6, 2009, would not have
alerted Dudek to such an injury. Only the persistent failure on a daily basis would have brought
to light “the defendants’ continuing and incrementally increasing unlawful conduct” in depriving
Dudek of procedural due process. Id. at *10. Again, construing the allegations in Dudek’s
favor, the constitutional deprivation, on which the Section 1983 claim relies, was not wholly
26
apparent until the department disregarded his January 20, 2012 request, and, within the three
years that followed, Dudek timely asserted this claim. 15
Accordingly, this Court declines to dismiss the Section 1983 claim, based on the
applicable three-year statute of limitations.
C. Supplemental State Law Claims
With respect to Dudek’s state law claims of conversion and replevin, Defendants argue
that those claims are untimely, because the applicable three-year statute of limitations for those
claims also began running as of January 6, 2009, 16 the day that the Order was vacated, and
expired before Dudek ever asserted them. (Defs. Br., at 20-21.) In his opposition brief, Dudek
addresses Defendants’ argument about the “three year statute of limitations for a section 1983
claim,” but not their related argument about the timeliness of the conversion and replevin claims.
(Pl. Br., at 24.)
Dudek’s failure to address the timeliness argument regarding those claims is reason alone
to deem all objections thereto abandoned. See supra discussion at Section II.B.1.i (collecting
cases). In his brief opposing Defendants’ initial motion to dismiss back in 2012, however,
Dudek did address the same argument regarding those claims, as they appeared in the original
complaint. (Dkt. No. 8, at 9-10.) As such, this Court declines to resolve the issue of timeliness
15
Potentially, after discovery, the record will reflect that Dudek “realize[d],” far sooner
than January 20, 2012, that (i) the County had promulgated a no-return policy for the Sheriff’s
Department; or (ii) the department’s inaction in returning his longarms, once the Order had been
lifted, amounted to a persistent failure to provide adequate process. Singleton, 632 F.2d at 192.
Defendants may reargue, at that point, that any injury that Dudek allegedly suffered was
“apparent” more than three years prior to his asserting the Section 1983 claim, and that this claim
was thus time-barred. Id. at 193. At this point, however, there is no support for such an
argument.
16
Defendants’ initial brief says “January 5, 2009,” but this Court assumes that they
intended to say January 6, 2009, which is when the Family Court vacated the Order.
27
based solely on Dudek’s abandonment of all objections in his current opposition brief. See
Indep. Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Zanger, 538 F. Supp. 2d 704, 709 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (Rakoff, J.)
(“Although in its response to the motion to dismiss the amended complaint [the plaintiff] failed
to specifically address [the defendant’s] arguments supporting dismissal of [the plaintiff’s]
amended [state law claim], the Court declines to treat [the plaintiff’s] opposition to the second
motion to dismiss as waived. [The defendant] made the same basic arguments relating to the
[state law claim] in both its first and second motions, and [the plaintiff] clearly responded to the
first motion.”).
Under New York law, the applicable statute of limitations for a conversion or replevin
claim is three years. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 214(3). Where the claim involves a plaintiff’s property,
whose possession by a defendant is “originally lawful” but later becomes a “wrongful
withholding,” a demand that the property be returned is a procedural “condition precedent” to
asserting the claim. Berman v. Goldsmith, 529 N.Y.S.2d 115, 116 (2d Dep’t 1988); Al-Roc
Prods. Corp. v. Union Dime Sav. Bank, 425 N.Y.S.2d 525, 526 (2d Dep’t 1980). The claim
starts to accrue, as soon as a plaintiff has the “right to make the demand.” 17 N.Y. C.P.L.R.
§ 206(a) (“[W]here a demand is necessary to entitle a person to commence an action, the time
within which the action must be commenced shall be computed from the time when the right to
make the demand is complete[.]”); see also Berman, 529 N.Y.S.2d at 116 (same); Al-Roc, 425
N.Y.S.2d at 526 (same).
17
The above rule about accrual is distinguishable from the rule that applies to a conversion
or replevin claim against a “good faith purchaser.” Where a purchaser acting in good faith has
obtained a plaintiff’s property, already wrongfully withheld by a third-party through theft, a
demand for the return of the property is a “substantive element of the cause of action” against the
purchaser, and not a “procedural condition precedent.” As a result, the “right to make the
demand” is irrelevant to the accrual of the claim against the purchaser. Solomon R. Guggenheim
Found. v. Lubell, 550 N.Y.S.2d 618, 620 (1st Dep’t 1990).
28
In Smith v. Scott, 740 N.Y.S.2d 425 (2d Dep’t 2002), for instance, the state court found
that the possession of the plaintiff’s car was “initially lawful,” based on the fact that the officers
of the town police department had arrested his son. The possession became unlawful 60 days
later, when the officers continued to impound the car without instituting a forfeiture proceeding.
The plaintiff, at that point, had the “right to demand” that the car be returned, and therefore his
replevin claim began accruing. Id. at 426, 431.
Similarly, in this action, the Sheriff’s Department and its officers lawfully seized and
retained Dudek’s longarms between November 17, 2008 and January 6, 2009, based on the
Order. On January 6, 2009, the Family Court vacated the Order; but the department continued to
retain, and refused to subsequently return, the longarms, even though it no longer had a legal
basis for doing so. The fact that Dudek had the “right to demand” that the longarms be returned
to him also meant that he had the right to bring the conversion and replevin claims beginning on
January 6, 2009. Indeed, those claims turn on the department’s retention of, and refusal to
return, the longarms as of that date. Dudek should have, but did not, assert those claims before
January 6, 2012. Those claims are now time-barred.
Accordingly, this Court dismisses with prejudice the conversion and replevin claims,
based on the applicable three-year statute of limitations. 18
III.
Conclusion
This Court (i) declines to dismiss, and allows discovery on, the Monell claim against the
County and the declaratory and injunctive relief portions of the personal-capacity claim against
Sheriff Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri; and (ii) dismisses with prejudice all other
18
Because this Court dismisses the conversion and replevin claims as time-barred, it does
not address Defendants’ alternative arguments for dismissal, based on the failure to serve a
timely notice of claim and the laches defense. (Defs. Br., at 19-21.)
29
claims, except for the declaratory and injunctive relief portions of the personal-capacity claim
against Deputy Sheriffs Goropeuschek, Lee, Gorey, and Linn, which is dismissed without
prejudice. The Clerk of the Court is directed to terminate, as parties to this action, the Sheriff’s
Department and Deputy Sheriffs Goropeuschek, Lee, Gorey, and Linn.
SO ORDERED:
/s/ Pamela K. Chen
PAMELA K. CHEN
United States District Judge
Dated: November 19, 2013
Brooklyn, New York
30
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