Chadha et al v. Tech Matrix Infosolutions, Inc. et al

Filing 131

ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Judge Tomlinsons R&R is adopted in its entirety and the opinion and order of the Court, and Plaintiffs objections are overruled. So Ordered by Judge Eric N. Vitaliano on 8/3/2020. (Almonte, Giselle)

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 1 of 12 PageID #: 1104

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
-------------------------------------------------------------- x
MUNISH CHADHA and
:
CERNO TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.,
:
:
Plaintiffs,
:
:
-against:
:
SANJAY CHADHA,
:
SANTUSHT BHATIA
:
TECH MATRIX INFOSOLUTIONS, INC., and
:
CERNO TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,
:
:
Defendants. x
--------------------------------------------------------------

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
2:16-CV-3739 (ENV) (AKT)

VITALIANO, D.J.
Munish Chadha (“Munish”) 1 and Cerno Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (“CT India”) (collectively
“plaintiffs”) commenced this action against Sanjay Chadha (“Sanjay”), Santusht Bhatia
(“Santusht”), Tech Matrix Infosolutions, Inc. (“Tech Matrix”), and Cerno Technologies, Inc.
(“CT, Inc.”), alleging violations of the Copyright Act, Defense of Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”),
and state law claims, including breach of contract and fraud. See generally Amended Complaint,
Dkt. 75. On December 18, 2018, Judge Bianco ordered a default judgment on the issue of
liability in favor of plaintiffs, but referred the calculation of damages and the request for a
permanent injunction to Magistrate Judge A. Kathleen Tomlinson. Dkt. 100. Before the Court is
the March 2, 2020, Amended Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) of Judge Tomlinson,

1

The parties are referenced by first name rather than surname because there are multiple parties
with the same surname.

1

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 2 of 12 PageID #: 1105

Dkt. 121, which recommended that plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment and entry of
permanent injunction be granted in part and denied in part. R&R at 3. Judge Tomlinson
recommended that Munish’s request for $100,000 in damages against Sanjay for the breach of a
2012 agreement between the parties, as well as pre-judgment interest, post-judgment interest,
and a permanent injunction enjoining Defendants from infringing on or using plaintiffs’
copyrights or trade secrets, be granted. Id. at 35. Judge Tomlinson recommended that all other
requests for damages be denied, although plaintiffs should be granted leave to amend their
request for attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. On May 27, 2020, plaintiffs filed timely written
objections to portions of the R&R, and on July 7, 2020, defendants responded. 2 See Dkts. 125
(“Objection”), 129 (“Response to Objection”). No objections to the R&R were made by any
defendant. For the reasons that follow, the R&R is adopted in its entirety as the opinion of the
Court.
Background
The Court presumes the parties’ familiarity with the procedural history and underlying
facts, which relate to a series of business disputes between plaintiffs and defendants occurring

2

Rule 72(b) does not permit reply briefing unless filed with leave. Plaintiffs have neither sought
nor received leave, and the reply briefing filed on July 14, 2020 (Dkt. 130) will not be considered
in conjunction with plaintiffs’ objections to the R&R. See Duncan v. Cigna Life Ins. Co. of New
York, No. 10-CV-1164 SJF ARL, 2011 WL 6960621, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 2011), aff’d, 507
F. App’x 61 (2d Cir. 2013); In re MTC Elec. Techs. S’holder Litig., 74 F. Supp. 2d 276, 281
(E.D.N.Y. 1999).

2

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 3 of 12 PageID #: 1106

over the period from 2012 to 2015. Because Judge Bianco has already entered a default
judgment in favor of plaintiffs as to liability, Dkt. 100, the Court is bound by the allegations in
plaintiffs’ amended complaint and must accept them as true. Arroyo v. Frontline Asset
Strategies, LLC, No. 13 CV 195 BMC, 2013 WL 1623606, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 2013) (“In
light of defendant's default, all of the well-pleaded allegations in plaintiff’s complaint pertaining
to liability are deemed true.”).
In 2012, Munish Chadha entered into a verbal business agreement (the “2012
Agreement”) with his cousin Sanjay Chadha to form Tech Matrix. R&R at 3-4. Munish and
Sanjay agreed to share ownership and profits of Tech Matrix equally. Id. at 4. In late 2013, a
bookkeeper at Tech Matrix advised Munish that Sanjay had been transferring profits to himself
rather than evenly distributing the profits in accordance with the 2012 Agreement. Id.
Furthermore, Sanjay had unilaterally made himself the sole principal and owner of Tech Matrix.
Id.
In 2014, Munish, Santusht Bhatia, and Guarav Sharma (a non-party) entered into a verbal
agreement (“2014 Agreement”) to form a company, CT India. Id. at 5. Under the 2014
Agreement, the three served as directors and shareholders of CT India. Id. In 2014, Santusht
developed two software applications known as CT Live and CT Legal. Id. Sanjay and Santusht
allegedly colluded to launch CT Live and CT Legal through another company, CT, Inc. Id. at 6.
Santusht ceased working for CT India and began working for CT, Inc., taking the source codes

3

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 4 of 12 PageID #: 1107

for the two applications and several of CT India’s employees with him. Id. Santusht has since
launched and operated CT Live and CT Legal without the consent of CT India. Id.
Munish brought a criminal action against Sanjay and Santusht in India, and the parties
reached a settlement agreement in 2015 (the “2015 Settlement Agreement”). Id. However,
Defendants only tendered one payment of $18,500 out of the six agreed-upon payments and
failed to pay the rest. Id.
Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on February 13, 2018, alleging violations of the
Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”), Copyright Act, and state law claims for breach of contract,
fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of duty of loyalty, conversion, tortious interference with
contracts, unjust enrichment, and an account stated. Id. at 8. Defendants failed to answer or
respond. Id. On December 18, 2018, Judge Bianco granted plaintiffs’ motion for default
judgment as to liability only. Id. Judge Bianco referred the remainder of the motion to
Magistrate Judge Tomlinson for an R&R on the issue of damages and injunctive relief. Id.
Defendants obtained counsel, who appeared in this action on February 14, 2019, and requested to
be heard on plaintiffs’ pending motion on the issue of damages. Id. Plaintiffs re-filed their
motion for default judgment and permanent injunctive relief on May 31, 2019. Id. at 9.

4

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 5 of 12 PageID #: 1108

Plaintiffs seek $855,000 in damages, $131,701.50 in attorney’s fees, $967 in costs, pre-judgment
and post-judgment interest, and permanent injunctive relief. 3 Id. at 10.
Standard of Review
In reviewing a magistrate judge’s report and recommendations, a district judge “may
accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the
magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The district judge need only be satisfied “that there is
no clear error on the face of the record” to accept the report and recommendations, provided no
timely objection has been made in writing. Urena v. New York, 160 F. Supp. 2d 606, 609-10
(S.D.N.Y. 2001) (quoting Nelson v. Smith, 618 F. Supp. 1186, 1189 (S.D.N.Y. 1985)); see also
Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 150, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985).
The district judge, on the other hand, is required to “determine de novo any part of the
magistrate judge’s disposition that has been properly objected to.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); see
also Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 2010). Significantly, though,
objections that are general or conclusory, or that “merely recite the same arguments presented to
the magistrate judge,” do not constitute proper written objections and are reviewed only for clear

3

Specifically, plaintiffs seek statutory damages in the amount of $150,000, pursuant to DTSA;
$150,000 in statutory damages, pursuant to the Copyright Act; $330,000 in compensatory
damages arising from the 2012 Agreement; $100,000 in compensatory damages arising from the
2014 Agreement; $25,000 in compensatory damages arising from the 2015 Settlement
Agreement; and $100,000 in punitive damages in connection with the fraud claims. See Pl.’s
Mem., Dkt. 95.

5

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 6 of 12 PageID #: 1109

error. Sanders v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-0113 (PKC) (LB), 2015 WL 1469506, at *1
(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2015) (citation omitted). Clear error exists “where, upon a review of the
entire record, [the district judge] is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” Saveria JFK, Inc. v. Flughafen Wien, AG, No. 15-CV-6195 (RRM) (RLM),
2017 WL 1194656, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2017).
Discussion
Plaintiffs principally argue that the R&R is wrong on the law and an award of damages
should have been recommended for a greater number of plaintiffs’ claims. Specifically, they
argue that Judge Tomlinson erred in only recommending an award of damages against Santusht
for his breach of the 2014 Agreement, rather, they contend damages should have been awarded
against all defendants. Plaintiffs also argue that they should be awarded attorneys’ fees and
costs. Plaintiffs’ objections are reviewed de novo. 4

4

Plaintiffs have not objected to: (1) Judge Tomlinson’s finding in part IV.A that statutory
damages cannot be awarded under the Copyright Act or DTSA; (2) the finding in part IV.B that
punitive damages cannot be granted in connection with defendants’ fraudulent activities; (3) the
recommendations in parts IV.C and D that pre-judgment and post-judgment interest be granted;
or (4) the recommendation in Part IV.F that a permanent injunction enjoining defendants from
engaging in future infringement and use of plaintiffs’ copyrights and trade secrets be granted.
Therefore, these sections of the R&R are reviewed for clear error. See Dafeng Hengwei Textile
Co. v. Aceco Indus. & Commercial Corp., 54 F. Supp. 3d 279, 283 (E.D.N.Y. 2014). Consonant
with that standard, the Court finds the rulings to be correct, well-reasoned and free of any clear
error.

6

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 7 of 12 PageID #: 1110

A.

The Liability Finding

In a nutshell, plaintiffs argue that, because of the finding by the district judge of liability
against all defendants in deciding plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment, the magistrate judge
conducting an inquest on damages was not free to revisit that liability finding and absolve some
of those defendants from liability, which they claim is what Judge Tomlinson did in her R&R
when she assessed damages only against Santusht. Objection at 8. Following this argument to
its logical conclusion, it was error for Judge Tomlinson to order anything other than the
$100,000 in damages specified in plaintiffs’ damages chart against all defendants jointly and
severally. Id. This argument is fallacious.
In particular, the argument advanced by plaintiffs overlooks well-settled law in the
Second Circuit, holding that “[w]hile a party’s default is deemed to constitute a concession of all
well pleaded allegations of liability, it is not considered an admission of damages.” Greyhound
Exhibitgroup, Inc. v. E.L.U.L. Realty Corp., 973 F.2d 155, 158 (2d Cir. 1992). Even where
default has been entered, the plaintiff still has the burden of establishing damages through
evidentiary proceedings in which the defendant can contest the amount. Id. As plaintiffs
themselves quoted, “[in a default judgment,] the quantum of damages remains to be established
by proof unless the amount is liquidated or susceptible of mathematical computation.” Flaks v.
Koegel, 504 F.2d 702, 707 (2d Cir. 1974); Objection at 7.

7

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 8 of 12 PageID #: 1111

With regard to the 2014 Agreement, plaintiffs have presented no evidence to establish
damages against any defendants other than Santusht. Plaintiffs argue that Santusht and Sanjay
should be held jointly and severally liable for damages because they colluded to oust Munish
from CT India and form CT, Inc., and following this ouster, Sanjay and Santusht agreed to remit
payment to Munish as part of the 2015 Settlement Agreement. 5 Objection at 8. That is what
they say now, but those facts are not pleaded anywhere in the amended complaint upon which
default judgment was entered.
Indeed, according to plaintiffs themselves, the capital investment for the 2014 Agreement
was made between Munish, Santusht, and Sharma (a non-party to this lawsuit); not Sanjay. Id.
at 9. Because Sanjay was not a party to the 2014 Agreement, damages arising from the
agreement cannot be awarded against him. See Amended Complaint at ¶ 21. Moreover, Judge
Bianco and Judge Tomlinson have, throughout this case, declined to recognize any rights or
remedies arising from the 2015 Settlement Agreement. R&R at 16; see Dkts. 59, 73. Therefore,
because plaintiffs’ argument is not grounded in legal authority or supported by new evidence,
their claim fails.

5

Plaintiffs’ Objection refers to the 2015 Settlement Agreement as the 2014 Settlement
Agreement.

8

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 9 of 12 PageID #: 1112

B.

Damages for Breach of Contract

Plaintiffs’ argument that Magistrate Judge Tomlinson incorrectly denied their request for
damages against Sanjay and Tech Matrix’s breach of contract meets the same fate. Objection
at 9. Plaintiffs object to the finding that they have not offered admissible proof to establish their
claim of damages against these defendants, a corollary to Judge Tomlinson’s rejection of
plaintiffs’ proffer of the Quickbooks ledger, which was not properly attached to any sworn
declaration before the court. R&R at 19. Critically, plaintiffs’ written objection on this point is
not proper, as it “merely recite[s] the same arguments presented to the magistrate judge.”
Sanders v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-0113 (PKC) (LB), 2015 WL 1469506, at *1 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 30, 2015) (citation omitted). As such, it may be reviewed only for clear error.
In any case, plaintiffs have failed to call Judge Tomlinson’s evidentiary ruling into
question or to substantiate their claim for damages from Sanjay and Tech Matrix for breach of
contract with any admissible evidence. 6 Without evidentiary support for an award of damages
on these claims, their objection fails. Judge Tomlinson’s denial of damages against Sanjay and
Tech Matrix is sustained.

6

Furthermore, plaintiffs’ request for $82,500 in damages, or approximately half of what Sanjay
withdrew from Tech Matrix’s corporate account for his personal expenses, is merely a back-ofthe-envelope estimate that is unsupported by legal authority. In the absence of supporting legal
authority, Plaintiffs cannot prevail on this claim. See Thalle Const. Co. v. Whiting-Turner
Contracting Co., 39 F.3d 412, 418 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[S]peculation will not be indulged and
damages will be limited to damages actually proven” (citations omitted)).

9

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 10 of 12 PageID #: 1113

C.

Attorneys’ Fees

Although plaintiffs have not previously referred to DTSA as the basis of an award of
attorneys’ fees, they argue in their objection that they should be awarded attorneys’ fees and
costs under this statute. 7 Objection at 12. DTSA permits court to award “reasonable attorneys’
fees” to the prevailing party for the misappropriation of a trade secret “if the trade secret was
willfully and maliciously misappropriated.” 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(3)(D). Confronting the reality
that legal precedent regarding the definitions of “willful” and “malicious” in the context of
DTSA is scarce, plaintiffs have relied on the definitions of “willful” as “done with actual or
constructive knowledge of its probable consequences” and “malicious” as “done with intent to
cause injury.” Objection at 12 (citing 1 Milgrim on Trade Secrets § 1.01 (2018)).
As the R&R makes clear, courts in this Circuit generally find that trademark and
copyright infringement may be deemed willful by virtue of a defendant’s default. See Innovation
Ventures, LLC v. Ultimate One Distrib. Corp., No. 12-CV-5354, 2017 WL 10088143, at *5
(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2017). Plaintiffs argue that defendants acted maliciously by colluding to
block Munish from access to proprietary information, denying plaintiffs access to discovery by
defaulting in this action, and retaining an attorney only to defend against damages. Objection at

7

On a related issue, the R&R determined that plaintiffs are not entitled to recover attorneys’ fees
and costs under the Copyright Act because the foreign copyrights at issue are not registered in
the United States. R&R at 29. Plaintiffs have not objected to this finding.

10

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 11 of 12 PageID #: 1114

13. Plaintiffs support their claims with contemporaneous time records, submitted as part of their
objections to the R&R and with their Motion for Damages and Attorneys’ Fees, that indicate the
number of hours worked and detailed the nature of the work performed. Dkts. 126 Ex. D & E,
115 Ex. C.
In any event, the last shots in this battle have apparently not been fired. Judge Tomlinson
has recommended that, on the showing plaintiffs have thus far made, their request for attorneys’
fees and costs should be denied, but with leave to renew should they believe, in good faith, that
they can make a sufficient supplemental showing of their entitlement to such an award. R&R at
30-31. The Court, as previewed above, does accept and adopt this recommendation in its
entirety. In their objection, plaintiffs have already availed themselves of the grant of leave to
renew their request. Objection at 12. Consequently, promptly after the docketing of this order,
plaintiffs will contact judge Tomlinson to work out with her and appropriate scheduling order for
their renewal application. This matter is respectfully referred to Judge Tomlinson for that
purpose.

11

Case 2:16-cv-03739-ENV-AKT Document 131 Filed 09/02/20 Page 12 of 12 PageID #: 1115

Conclusion
In line with the foregoing, Judge Tomlinson’s R&R is adopted in its entirety and the
opinion and order of the Court, and Plaintiffs’ objections are overruled.
So Ordered.
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
August 3, 2020
/s/ Eric N. Vitaliano
ERIC N. VITALIANO
United States District Judge

12