Krause v. CSX Transportation
Filing
46
DECISION & ORDER denying # 29 Defendant's motion for Summary Judgment; denying # 30 Plaintiff's motion for Partial Summary Judgment; and granting # 28 Defendant's Motion in Limine to preclude Leslie R. Hinds, Ph.D. from testifying a t trial. Counsel are directed to appear for a pretrial conference on 12/18/13 at 11:30 am in Syracuse with settlement authority. Plaintiff is directed to forward a written settlement demand to defendant no later than 12/4/13. In the event that settlement is unlikely, counsel may request in writing one week prior to the pretrial conference to participate via telephone conference for the limited purpose of scheduling a trial date. Signed by Judge Glenn T. Suddaby on 11/20/13. (lmw)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________________
DENNIS F. KRAUSE,
Plaintiff,
v.
1:11-CV-0098
(GTS/RFT)
CSX TRANSPORTATION,
Defendants.
____________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
OF COUNSEL:
FINKELSTEIN & PARTNERS
Counsel for Plaintiff
80 Wolf Road
Suite 503
Albany, NY 12205
MARSHALL P. RICHER, ESQ.
WILLIAMS CUKER BEREZOFSKY, LLC
Counsel for Plaintiff
1515 Market Street
Suite 1300
Philadelphia, PA 19102
SAMUEL ABLOESER, ESQ.
ECKERT SEAMANS CHERIN & MELLOTT, LLC
Counsel for Defendant
10 Bank Street
Suite 1061
White Plains, NY 10606
LAWRENCE R. BAILEY, Jr., ESQ.
HON. GLENN T. SUDDABY, United States District Judge
DECISION and ORDER
Currently before the Court, in this FELA action filed by plaintiff, Dennis F. Krause
(“Plaintiff”) are a motion for summary judgment by defendant, CSX Transportation (“Defendant”), a
motion for partial summary judgment by Plaintiff, and a motion in limine to preclude certain expert
testimony by Defendant. See Dkt. Nos. 29, 30, and 28, respectively. For the reasons set forth
below, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is denied, Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary
judgment is denied, and Defendant’s motion in limine is granted.
I.
RELEVANT BACKGROUND
A.
Plaintiff’s Claim
Generally, Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts a claim to recover damages from Defendant for
personal injuries under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. (“FELA”). (See
generally Dkt. No. 1 [Pl.’s Compl.].)
More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that on February 19, 2009, while performing his duties as
a carman employed by Defendant at its railroad yard in Selkirk, New York, he was injured when he
fell off of a railcar and struck the ground. (Id., at ¶ 5.) Plaintiff alleges that as a result, he sustained
injuries to his right knee and back. Plaintiff further alleges that his injuries were caused by the
negligence of Defendant.
B.
Recitation of Undisputed Facts
The following material facts1 are gleaned from Defendant’s Local Rule 7.1 Statements of
Undisputed Material Facts and Plaintiff’s response thereto (see Dkt. No. 29-20 [Def.’s Rule 7.1
Statement]; Dkt. No. 33 [Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Rule 7.1 Statement]) as well as Plaintiff’s Local Rule
7.1 Statements of Undisputed Material Facts and Defendant’s response thereto (see Dkt. No. 30
[Pl.’s Rule 7.1 Statement]; Dkt. No. 32-13 [Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Rule 7.1 Statement]). Local Rule
1
Conclusions of law in a Local Rule 7.1 Statement, even when unopposed, are not
deemed admitted. See Johnson v. Enu, No. 08-CV-158, 2011 WL 3439179, at *1 (N.D.N.Y.
July 13, 2011) (Homer, M.J.), adopted in its entirety by, 2011 WL 3439524 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 5,
2011) (Scullin, J.).
2
7.1(a)(3) of the Local Rules of Practice for this Court requires that the nonmoving party file a
response to the moving party’s Statement of Material Facts, which admits or denies each of the
moving party’s factual assertions in matching numbered paragraphs, and supports any denials with a
specific citation to the record where the factual issue arises. See N.D.N.Y. L. R. 7.1(a)(3). It further
provides that, to the extent that the nonmoving party fails to do so, the facts asserted in the movant’s
Statement of Material Facts will be deemed admitted, as long as they are supported by the record.
Id.
Leading up to the February 19, 2009 accident underlying this action, Plaintiff worked for 38
years as a carman, inspected thousands of railcars and had climbed up and on thousands of railcars
in the process of inspecting them. On February 19, 2009, around 2:00 p.m., Plaintiff fell from a
railcar. Plaintiff alleges that, as of the time of the accident, he had not yet had a lunch break during
his shift.
In 2009, carmen employed by Defendant were part of the Transport Workers Union and
worked under the collective bargaining agreement for the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen. Under
the agreement in place on February 19, 2009 (“the Agreement”), the standard shift was eight hours.
Up to three shifts could be employed on a given day. The timing of a lunch break varied depending
on the number of shifts employed. If three shifts were employed, lunch was to be given within the
limits of the fifth hour of the shift. On February 19, 2009, three carmen shifts were employed.
Lunch break was typically twenty minutes. However, under Rule 3 of the Agreement, carmen could
be asked to work through lunch, as long as they were compensated for that time and allowed to
3
procure lunch afterward.2
On the day of the accident, Plaintiff’s shift began at 7:00 a.m. and ended at 3:00 p.m. As was
his usual habit, Plaintiff arrived for work that day at 6:30 a.m. On his way to work, Plaintiff would
typically stop at a convenience store and buy coffee or a bun. Plaintiff testified that he routinely
stopped to get coffee and a bun or have a bowl of cereal, but he could not remember what in
particular he ate on the morning of the accident.
On an average day, with the help of another carman, Plaintiff typically inspected three to
four trains. On the morning of February 19, 2009, after attending a job briefing and receiving his
assignment for the day, Plaintiff began his inspections with his regular teammate, Vic Jurevis. At
some point, either during the break between the first and second train, or during the break between
the second and third train, Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis went to the yard shanty to input bad orders into
the system. Although Plaintiff could have eaten something at that time, Plaintiff claims he did not
do so. During that same window – between the first and third trains – Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis
received a call from senior general foreman Jeff Hensley, requesting a meeting with them in the west
end receiving yard. After completing the train they were working, Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis met Mr.
2
Although Plaintiff admits this statement of fact, he points out that on the day of
his accident, he was told that he did not need a lunch break because he already had one earlier
that day. In support of this point, Plaintiff cites a handwritten “statement” from Derek A.
Douglas that is not signed under penalty of perjury and is not dated. Moreover, the statement is
filed as “Exhibit A” to Plaintiff’s memorandum of law and has not been ushered into the record
by attorney affidavit, which is the proper procedure for submitting evidence on a motion for
summary judgment. Accordingly, in its current form, the statement from Mr. Douglas is not
authenticated. However, there is no need to comply with the formal requirement that evidence
be authenticated where it is clear that documents submitted by a non-moving party could be
produced in admissible form at trial. See Rosenthal v. Nierenberg, No. 09-CV-8237, 2010 WL
3290994, at *2, n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
324, 106 S. Ct. 2548 (1986) (nonmoving party need not “produce evidence in a form that would
be admissible at trial in order to avoid summary judgment”)).
4
Hensley as requested. According to Mr. Hensley, the meeting lasted probably thirty to forty-five
minutes, during which time both Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis ate and drank coffee. According to
Plaintiff, the meeting lasted between ten and fifteen minutes. Also, Plaintiff testified that he hadn’t
had anything to eat between the time of his morning coffee and bun or cereal and the time of the
accident. Likewise, Mr. Jurevis testified that he hadn’t had anything except coffee between the time
he reported to work and the time of the accident.3 In any event, after the conclusion of their meeting
with Mr. Hensley, Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis began working on the third train.
While working on the third train, Plaintiff asked another carman, Derek Douglas, to call Mr.
Hensley or the general foreman, Matt Sams, to request help so that Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis could
take a lunch break. According to Mr. Douglas, this conversation took place sometime between noon
and 1 p.m. Shortly after, Mr. Douglas radioed back to Plaintiff that Mr. Sams had spoken with Mr.
Hensley, and Mr. Hensley had said he considered their earlier meeting as their lunch break, they
would not be relieved for lunch, and that they were to continue working the trains. Therefore,
Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis began to work the fourth train.
Plaintiff began working at the west end of the train. While performing his inspections,
Plaintiff came upon a series of tank cars used for carrying dangerous materials, which did not have
the required placards denoting the contents of the tanks. As a result, Plaintiff began writing up bad
order tickets for those cars. As he was writing a bad order ticket for one of the cars, Plaintiff crossed
3
In his response to Defendant’s Rule 7.1 Statement, Plaintiff quotes deposition
testimony of Mr. Jurevis, citing the respective transcript. However, Plaintiff fails to submit the
cited transcript to the Court as part of the record on summary judgment. Assuming the transcript
is available and Plaintiff has accurately cited the testimony from it, the Court will consider it.
However, the appropriate method is for counsel to submit an affidavit ushering evidence into the
record and to submit copies of the evidence as exhibits to the affidavit.
5
over the tank car to tag the other side, since federal law requires both sides be tagged. As he was
returning, Plaintiff fell to the ground. Specifically, Plaintiff testified that he got light-headed, and
the next thing he knew, he was on the ground. Plaintiff also testified that prior to fainting, he did not
feel like he was going to faint and did not tell anyone that he felt like he might faint. This was the
first time Plaintiff ever fainted, even though he missed meals before. Consequently, Plaintiff never
told Mr. Sams, Mr. Hensley or any other of Defendant’s managers that he was prone to fainting if he
did not eat.
As Plaintiff was getting hold of himself, he called Mr. Jurevis on the radio and explained
what happened. These events occurred around 2:00 p.m. Upon getting up from the ground, Plaintiff
experienced pain in his right leg, and thus sat down on the cut lever of the tank car. While Plaintiff
was sitting there, Tommy Rosario, a fellow rail worker, drove up and helped Plaintiff get into the
truck. Mr. Rosario drove Plaintiff to the east end gate, which was chained shut. Consequently, Mr.
Rosario turned around and drove to the west end gate. When they arrived at the west end gate, they
found an ambulance waiting. After Plaintiff informed the EMS personnel that his right knee hurt, he
was put on a stretcher, loaded into the ambulance, and taken to the hospital.
Prior to the date of the accident, Plaintiff had a history of right knee problems. Plaintiff was
treated at Capital Region Orthopaedics from 2002 through 2006, and then again after the accident on
February 19, 2009. On April 3, 2006, Dr. Jeffrey Lozman, M.D. noted that x-rays showed
significant degenerative change in the right knee and opined that Plaintiff “may come to knee
replacement [at] some point in the future.” (Dkt. No. 32-9 [Ex. G to Decl. of Lawrence R. Bailey,
Jr., July 30, 2012].) In a report dated November 30, 2011, Dr. Lozman noted that another doctor in
his medical group, Dr. Striker, saw Plaintiff on February 21, 2009, two days after the accident. Dr.
6
Striker noted that Plaintiff “sustained a twisting injury to his knee and fell,” and thereafter was “seen
at St. Peter’s Hospital for evaluation since he lost consciousness.” (Dkt. No. 30-4 [Ex. B. to Bailey
Decl.].) Plaintiff eventually underwent a total right knee replacement on September 1, 2009. On
September 18, 2009, Dr. Lozman clarified that Plaintiff’s “operative necessity for total knee
replacement was hastened by the traumatic injury that he had at work, (sic) certainly this was not the
cause of his arthritis.” (Dkt. No. 32-10 [Ex. H to Bailey Decl.].)
On April 4, 2012, Plaintiff was evaluated by Dr. Barry Constantine, M.D. at the request of
Defendant. Dr. Constantine, an orthopedic surgeon, reviewed Plaintiff’s medical records and opined
that “it is apparent that [Plaintiff] has significant and advanced degenerative arthritic change in his
right knee which well antedated the industrial accident of February 19, 2009.” (Dkt. No. 30-5, at 5
[Ex. C to Pl.’s Mem. of Law].) Dr. Constantine opined that “[Plaintiff’s] right total knee
replacement was necessitated as a result of both the severe pre-existing and progressive arthritis as
well as the industrial accident of February 19, 2009.” (Id., at 6.) Accordingly, Dr. Constantine
noted that he “would apportion two-thirds of the need for the right total knee replacement to the preexisting arthritis and one-third to the industrial accident of February 19, 2009.” (Id.) Finally, Dr.
Constantine stated, “Due to the advanced degenerative arthritis and irrespective of the February 19,
2009 incident, in my medical opinion [Plaintiff] would have eventually required a right total knee
replacement.” (Id.)
In its response to Plaintiff’s Rule 7.1 Statements, Defendant asserts additional statements of
fact that Plaintiff has not opposed. Specifically, Defendant asserts that there was no accident as
described by Plaintiff on February 19, 2009 and that Plaintiff did not pass out, faint or fall while
inspecting the tank cars on February 19, 2009. (See Dkt. No. 32-13, at ¶¶ 10-12 [Resp. to Pl.’s
7
Statement of Material Facts].) In support of these statements, Defendant cites Plaintiff’s testimony
that he got light-headed and the next thing he knew he was on the ground, that he does not know if
he blacked out completely, and that he has been over-hungry before but has never fainted. In
addition, Defendant cites Dr. Lozman’s April 3, 2006 treatment note that Plaintiff reported that his
right knee had occasionally kicked out on him and almost sent him into a moving train. Finally,
Defendant cites Dr. Constantine’s note that there is no evidence or documentation indicating
whether Plaintiff actually passed out. All of this evidence merely creates factual questions for a jury
to decide about whether Plaintiff’s version of events are true. Accordingly, because the record does
not support Defendant’s conclusory additional Rule 7.1 statements, the Court will not deem them
admitted.
C.
Expert Report of Leslie R. Hinds, Ph.D.
In opposing Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff relies in part on the report
of his proffered expert, Leslie R. Hinds, Ph.D. According to Plaintiff, Dr. Hinds is an expert in
railroad safety with more than 48 years of experience in the railroad industry. In his report, Dr.
Hinds sets forth eight separately numbered opinions and corresponding conclusions. Defendant
seeks to preclude each of those opinions and conclusions except the first and third, which, Defendant
asserts, have been withdrawn by Plaintiff.
Generally, Defendant challenges the following numbered opinions and/or conclusions of Dr.
Hinds.
(2) As a full member of the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), Defendant has the
obligation, responsibility and ability to develop safe work practices and safe equipment for use by its
employees and other personnel working in railroad transportation. (See Dkt. No. 28-1, at 27 [Ex. A
to Def.’s Mot. in Limine].)
8
(4) On February 19, 2009, Defendant supervisors Jeffrey Hensley and Matthew Sams were
devoid of concern for the health and welfare of Plaintiff and Victor Jurevis when they, as
supervisors, ordered Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis to work through their lunch break. When they ordered
these employees to work through their lunch break, they changed the working conditions and
endangered their well being. They also failed to hold a job briefing which they were required to do
because they were changing their working conditions. The injury to Plaintiff was a result of his
supervisors’ negligent actions when they refused to allow him to eat lunch. The injury was
reasonably foreseeable and preventable. (See id., at 28.)
(5) An employee who works under these conditions will become fatigued and his stress level
will increase. As a result, it is vital that railroad workers such as Plaintiff obtain timely nourishment
in order to maintain their strength and be able to properly do their job. (See id., at 29.)
(6) On February 19, 2009, Plaintiff did not violate any rules and regulations of Defendant,
AAR or the Federal Railroad Administration while performing his duties inspecting rail cars.
Plaintiff was dressed properly and he complied with all safety rules of Defendant. (See id..)
(7) Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis had inspected several trains before they requested their lunch
break. To request lunch was not an unreasonable request. The fact that Mr. Hensley and Mr. Sams
refused to allow Plaintiff and his partner to eat was unreasonable and unsafe. The railroad and the
union agreed that a lunch break would be given to the carmen within the fifth hour. It is recognized
that employees on the railroad and those working in other industrial jobs need to eat lunch during the
middle part of their work day to maintain their strength. Managers and supervisors are responsible
to plan their work to ensure that there are enough employees available to work the trains in the
receiving yard. Management’s failure to fill the jobs does not justify ordering employees to work
through their lunch period. (See id., at 30-31.)
9
(8) On the day of the accident, Plaintiff was entitled to eat his lunch within the fifth hour as
stated in the Agreement. Under the Agreement, Plaintiff was entitled to eat between the fourth and
fifth hour. It is clear that the failure of Defendant supervisors Hensley and Sams to abide by the
Agreement and allow Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis to eat a good meal jeopardized the health and safety
of the employees. Employees like carmen/car inspectors who work in the cold performing duties
such as walking extreme distances on ballast, climbing up and down on rail cars, crawling under rail
cars, bending and stooping, reaching and pulling and using tools to make repairs need nourishment
in order to perform these duties. They can only maintain their strength and health by eating a good
meal . . . . Employees who work in all types of jobs in all walks of life eat their lunch in the middle
of their work day. This is the only way workers can remain healthy and stay alert. With a
reasonable degree of safety certainty, the cause of the accident to Plaintiff was the negligence and
failure of Defendant and its supervisors to provide Plaintiff with a safe place to work for the reasons
stated in the body of this report. (See id., at 31-32.)
D.
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
Generally, in support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant asserts the following
arguments: (1) Defendant did not breach its duty of care because its denial of Plaintiff’s request for
lunch (a) did not constitute a “hazard” and (b) was not unreasonable because it was not reasonably
foreseeable that Plaintiff would faint; and (2) Plaintiff’s claim fails as a matter of law because he has
not and cannot establish causation. (See generally Dkt. No. 29-19, at 7-18 [Def.’s Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in response to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff asserts the
following arguments: (1) Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s request for lunch constituted a potential
hazard under FELA because (a) a potential hazard under FELA need not be a tangible object,
10
condition or defect and (b) Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s request for a lunch break was not
permitted under the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreement; (2) Defendant’s denial
of Plaintiff’s request for a lunch break was unreasonable under FELA because it was reasonably
foreseeable that, as a result of the denial, Plaintiff would suffer an injury, given that (a) under FELA,
Plaintiff need not establish that the particular consequence of Defendant’s negligence was
foreseeable to Defendant and (b) under FELA, Plaintiff is not required to establish that Defendant
had either actual or constructive notice that Plaintiff would faint; and (3) Plaintiff has established
and can establish causation under the applicable relaxed FELA standard. (See generally Dkt. No.
33, at 8-15 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in its reply memorandum of law, Defendant asserts the following arguments: (1)
there was no “hazard” or “potential hazard,” (2) no injury was reasonably foreseeable, and (3) Dr.
Charash’s report does not and cannot establish the requisite causation for Plaintiff’s claim. (See
generally Dkt. No. 37, at 2-7 [Def.’s Reply Mem. of Law].)
E.
Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
Generally, in support of his motion for partial summary judgment, Plaintiff assets the
following arguments: (1) the issue of medical causation is ripe for summary judgment; (2) the
United States Supreme Court has interpreted FELA as prescribing a relaxed standard of causation
that departs from the ordinary proximate cause requirement of common law negligence; and (3)
there is no genuine factual dispute as to the medical causation of Plaintiff’s injury. (See generally
Dkt. No. 30, at 3-7 [Pl.’s Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in response to Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment, Defendant asserts
the following arguments: (1) Plaintiff’s medical causation argument is premature and inappropriate
for resolution by summary judgment because (a) there is a fact issue about whether the February 19,
11
2009 accident occurred, and whether it occurred as Plaintiff claims it did, (b) Dr. Constantine’s
opinions were based on Plaintiff’s disputed account of events, and (c) Dr. Lozman’s own pre and
post incident treatment notes contradict the opinions in his report; and (2) Defendant, not Plaintiff, is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Plaintiff cannot establish that Defendant breached its
duty of care and because Plaintiff has not and cannot establish causation. (See generally Dkt. No.
32-14, at 2-9 [Def.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in his reply memorandum of law, Plaintiff asserts the following arguments: (1)
Plaintiff’s medical causation argument is ripe for resolution by summary judgment because (a) there
is no dispute as to Plaintiff’s account of the accident, (b) Dr. Constantine’s opinion is not based on
Plaintiff’s disputed account of events, and (c) Dr. Lozman’s opinion that the incident of February 19,
2009 resulted in Plaintiff’s permanent pain and disability and necessitated a total knee replacement
is not contradicted by any evidence; and (2) Defendant’s argument that it is entitled to summary
judgment is inappropriate. (See generally Dkt. No. 35, at 4-13 [Pl.’s Reply Mem. of Law].)
In its sur-reply, filed with permission of the Court, Defendant asserts the following
arguments: (1) Plaintiff inappropriately raised issues for the first time in its reply brief and filed a
reply brief in excess of the page limit set by the Local Rules; and (2) Plaintiff’s reply actually
demonstrates why summary judgment on the issue of medical causation is inappropriate. (See
generally Dkt. No. 40, at 1-5 [Def.’s Sur-Reply Mem. of Law].)
F.
Defendant’s Motion in Limine to Preclude Expert Testimony
In support of its motion in limine seeking to preclude the expert testimony, report, or any
mention of the report of Plaintiff’s proffered expert, Leslie R. Hinds, Ph.D., Defendant asserts the
following arguments: (1) Dr. Hinds is not qualified to give medical opinions or conclusions because
12
he is not a medical doctor; (2) Dr. Hinds’s opinions and conclusions regarding the Association of
American Railroads and the lunch time for all workers are unreliable because they are based on pure
speculation and conjecture; and (3) Dr. Hinds’s opinions should be excluded because they do not
assist the trier of fact in that they improperly usurp the function of the jury and concern matters that
the average juror is capable of understanding and determining. (See generally Dkt. No. 28-3, at 1-13
[Def.’s Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in response to Defendant’s motion in limine, Plaintiff asserts the following
arguments: (1) Defendant’s motion in limine should be denied because it is untimely and (2) Dr.
Hinds’s testimony and expert report are admissible because (a) Dr. Hinds offers safety opinions and
conclusions, not medical opinions and conclusions, (b) Dr. Hinds’s opinions and conclusions are not
based on speculation and conjecture, (c) Dr. Hinds’s opinions assist the trier of fact and do not
improperly usurp the function of the jury, and (d) Dr. Hinds’s expert opinions are not improper legal
conclusions. (See generally Dkt. No. 31, at 2-14 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].)
Generally, in its reply memorandum of law, Defendant asserts the following arguments: (1)
Defendant’s motion in limine is timely and (2) the thrust of Dr. Hinds’s opinions and conclusions are
not about railroad operations or safety, but are (a) medical opinions, (b) speculation and conjecture,
(c) unhelpful and unnecessary, and (d) legal conclusions. (See generally Dkt. No. 34, at 2-4 [Def.’s
Reply Mem. of Law].)
II.
GOVERNING LEGAL STANDARDS
A.
Standard Governing a Motion for Summary Judgment
A motion for summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
13
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In determining whether a genuine dispute as to a material fact exists, the
Court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party. See
Vermont Teddy Bear Co., Inc. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing
Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S. Ct. 1598 (1970)). In addition, “[the moving
party] bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and
identifying those portions of the ... [record] which it believes demonstrate[s] the absence of any
genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S. Ct. 2548 (1986).
However, when the moving party has met this initial responsibility, the nonmoving party must
identify evidence in the record that creates a genuine issue of material fact. See Matsushita Elec.
Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348 (1986)).
As for the materiality requirement, a dispute of fact is “material” if it “might affect the
outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248,
106 S. Ct. 2505 (1986). “Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.”
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (citation omitted).
As for the genuineness requirement, a dispute of fact is “genuine” if “the [record] evidence is
such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the novmoving party.” Id. As a result,
“[c]onclusory allegations, conjecture and speculation ... are insufficient to create a genuine issue of
fact.” Kerzer v. Kingly Mfg., 156 F.3d 396, 400 (2d Cir. 1998) (citation omitted; emphasis added).4
Similarly, inadmissible hearsay is insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact, “absent a showing
that admissible evidence will be available at trial.” Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp. v.
Esprit De Corp., 769 F.2d 919, 924 (2d Cir. 1985) (citations omitted).
4
As the Supreme Court has famously explained, “[the nonmoving party] must do
more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-86, 106 S. Ct. 1348
(1986) (citations omitted).
14
B.
Standards Governing Expert Evidence
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony. Specifically,
the rule provides as follows:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education, may testify thereto in the form of opinion or otherwise, if (1)
the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is
the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has
applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
Fed. R. Evid. 702. Under this rule, the trial judge stands as a “gatekeeper,” charged with
determining whether the proffered testimony satisfies a number of standards, including, among other
things, that “the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Kirby, —
F.3d —, —, 2013 WL 4016875 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702(a)). “In other words,
‘[e]xpert testimony must be helpful to the [trier of fact] in comprehending and deciding issues
beyond the understanding of a layperson.’” Id. (quoting DiBella v. Hopkins, 403 F.3d 102, 121 (2d
Cir.2005)).
Additionally, the proposed expert must be “qualified” to give the proffered opinion. Daubert
v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 509 U.S. 579, 589-90, 597 & nn. 7, 10, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993). “To
determine whether a witness qualifies as an expert, courts compare the area in which the witness has
superior knowledge, education, experience, or skill with the subject matter of the proffered
testimony.” U.S. v. Tin Yat Chin, 371 F.3d 31, 40 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). In assessing
whether a proposed expert is “qualified,” the trial judge should remember the “liberal[] purpose” of
Fed. R. Evid. 702, and remain “flexibl[e]” in evaluating the proposed expert’s qualifications. See
15
U.S. v. Brown, 776 F.2d 397, 400 (2d Cir. 1985) (holding that Fed. R. Evid. 702 “must be read in
light of the liberalizing purpose of the rule”); Lappe v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 857 F. Supp. 222, 227
(N.D.N.Y. 1994 (Hurd, M.J.) (“[L]iberality and flexibility in evaluating qualifications should be the
rule; the proposed expert should not be required to satisfy an overly narrow test of his own
qualifications.”), aff’d without opinion, 101 F.3d 682 (2d Cir. 1996). Having said that, of course, “a
district court may properly conclude that witnesses are insufficiently qualified . . . [where] their
expertise is too general or too deficient.” Stagl v. Delta, 117 F.3d 76, 81 (2d Cir. 1997), accord,
Dreyer v. Ryder Auto. Carrier Group, Inc., 367 F. Supp. 2d 413, 425-26 (W.D.N.Y. 2005); Byrne v.
Liquid Asphalt Systems, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d 491, 494 (E.D.N.Y. 2002); Trumps v. Toastmaster,
Inc., 969 F. Supp. 247, 252 (S.D.N.Y. 1997); see, e.g., McCullock v. H.B. Fuller Co., 981 F.2d 656,
657-58 (2d Cir. 1992) (affirming district court’s ruling that plaintiff’s proffered expert did not
possess the required qualifications to testify as an expert on the subject of warning labels for hot
melt glue).
A witness qualified as an expert will be permitted to testify if his testimony “will assist the
trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” United States v. Lumpkin,
192 F.3d 280, 289 (2d Cir. 1999) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702). “To be admissible, expert testimony
must be both relevant and reliable.” Melini v. 71st Lexington Corp., 07-CV-0701, 2009 WL 413608,
at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 13, 2009) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589). “Specifically, expert opinion
testimony must be (1) ‘based upon sufficient facts or data,’ (2) ‘the product of reliable principles and
methods,’ and (3) the result of applying those principles and methods to the facts of the case in a
reliable manner.” Melini, 2009 WL 413608, at *4 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702). “The proponent of
expert testimony must establish its admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. (citing
Astra Aktiebolag v. Andrx Pharm., Inc., 222 F. Supp. 2d 423, 487 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (citing Fed. R.
Evid. 104(a))).
16
In Daubert, the Supreme Court set forth a non-exclusive list of factors for a trial court to use
when assessing the reliability of expert testimony: (1) whether the expert’s technique or theory can
be, or has been, tested–that is, whether the expert’s theory can be challenged in some objective
sense, or whether it is instead simply a subjective, conclusory approach that cannot reasonably be
assessed for reliability; (2) whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and
publication; (3) the known or potential rate of error of the technique or theory when applied; (4) the
existence and maintenance of standards and controls; and (5) whether the technique or theory has
been generally accepted in the scientific community. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94; see also Fed. R.
Evid. 702, Advisory Committee Notes: 2000 Amendments.
In addition, “[c]ourts both before and after Daubert have found other factors relevant in
determining whether expert testimony is sufficiently reliable to be considered by the trier of
fact.” Fed. R. Evid. 702, Advisory Committee Notes: 2000 Amendments. These factors include the
following: (1) whether the expert is “proposing to testify about matters growing naturally and
directly out of research they have conducted independent of the litigation, or whether they have
developed their opinions expressly for the purposes of testifying”;5 (2) whether the expert has
unjustly extrapolated from an accepted premise to an unfounded conclusion;6 (3) whether the expert
has adequately accounted for obvious alternative explanations for the plaintiff’s condition;7 and (4)
whether the field of expertise claimed by the expert is known to reach reliable results for the type of
5
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1317 (9th Cir. 1995).
6
See General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146, 118 S. Ct. 512 (1997) (noting
that, in some cases, a trial court “may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap
between the data and the opinion proffered”).
7
See Claar Burlington N.R.R., 29 F.3d 499, 502 (9th Cir. 1994) (precluding
expert’s testimony where expert failed to consider other obvious causes for plaintiff’s condition).
17
opinion the expert would give.8
The Second Circuit has further explained the trial court’s duties when evaluating expert
testimony in the following manner:
First, . . . Daubert reinforces the idea that there should be a
presumption of admissibility of evidence. Second, it emphasizes the
need for flexibility in assessing whether evidence is admissible. Rather
than using rigid ‘safeguards’ for determining whether testimony
should be admitted, the Court’s approach is to permit the trial judge to
weigh the various considerations pertinent to the issue in question.
Third, Daubert allows for the admissibility of scientific evidence, even
if not generally accepted in the relevant scientific community,
provided its reliability has independent support. Finally, the Court
expressed its faith in the power of the adversary system to test ‘shaky
but admissible’ evidence, and advanced a bias in favor of admitting
evidence short of that solidly and indisputably proven to be reliable.
Borawick v. Shay, 68 F.3d 597, 610 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal citation omitted). “A minor flaw in an
expert’s reasoning or a slight modification of an otherwise reliable method will not render an
expert’s opinion per se inadmissible.” Amorgianos v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 303 F.3d 256,
267 (2d Cir. 2002). Instead, “the rejection of expert testimony is the exception rather than the rule.”
Fed. R. Evid. 702, Advisory Committee’s Note; see also E.E.O.C. v. Morgan Stanley & Co., 324 F.
Supp. 2d 451, 456 (S.D.N.Y. 2004); U.S. Info. Sys., Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers Local Union,
313 F. Supp. 2d 213, 226 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). “This principle is based on the recognition that ‘our
adversary system provides the necessary tools for challenging reliable, albeit debatable, expert
testimony.’” Melini, 2009 WL 413608, at *5 (quoting Amorgianos, 303 F.3d at 267).
However, “when an expert opinion is based on data, methodology, or studies that are simply
inadequate to support the conclusions reached, Daubert and Rule 702 mandate the exclusion of that
unreliable opinion testimony.” Amorgianos, 303 F.3d at 266; accord, Ruggiero v. Warner-Lambert
8
See Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 149, 119 S. Ct. 1167, 1175
(1999).
18
Co., 424 F.3d 249, 253 (2d Cir. 2005).9 Furthermore, “it is critical that an expert’s analysis be
reliable at every step.” Amorgianos, 303 F.3d at 267. Of course, “the district court must focus on
the principles and methodology employed by the expert, without regard to the conclusions the expert
has reached or the district court’s belief as to the correctness of those conclusions.” Id. at 266
(citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595). Nevertheless, “conclusions and methodology are not entirely
distinct from one another.” General Elec. Co., 522 U.S. at 146. Accordingly “[a] court may
conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.”
Id.
Finally, the Daubert rule applies to scientific knowledge, as well as technical or other
specialized knowledge. See Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141, 119 S. Ct. 1167
(1999) (“We conclude that Daubert’s general holding – setting forth the trial judge’s general
‘gatekeeping’ obligation – applies not only to testimony based on ‘scientific’ knowledge, but also to
testimony based on ‘technical’ and ‘other specialized’ knowledge.”) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702).
In sum, in acting as a gatekeeper, the court is responsible for “keep[ing] unreliable and
irrelevant information from the jury,” because of its “inability to assist in factual determinations, its
9
See also Zaremba v. Gen. Motors Corp., 360 F.3d 355, 358-60 (2d Cir. 2004)
(holding that expert testimony that was speculative and unreliable was properly not considered
by the district court on summary judgment); Dreyer, 367 F. Supp.2d at 416-17 (noting that “[a]n
otherwise well-credentialed expert’s opinion may be subject to disqualification if he fails to
employ investigative techniques or cannot explain the technical basis for his opinion”); Dora
Homes, Inc. v. Epperson, 344 F. Supp. 2d 875, 887-89 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (declining to consider
plaintiff’s expert’s testimony in deciding pending motions for summary judgment based on a
finding that the expert’s testimony “is unreliable under Fed. R. Evid. 702 and the principles
articulated in Daubert and its progeny,” given that the expert (1) qualified his opinions, (2) failed
to support his opinions with any methodology which the Court could analyze, and (3) rested his
opinions “upon nothing more than subjective belief and unsupported speculation”); Mink Mart,
Inc. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 65 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (“In order for an expert’s
opinion to be reliable and thus admissible, it must be grounded on verifiable propositions of
fact”) (citations omitted), aff’d, 99-CV-9211, 2000 WL 33223395 (2d Cir. May 30, 2000).
19
potential to create confusion, and its lack of probative value.” Allison v. McGhan Med. Corp., 184
F.3d 1300, 1311-12 (11th Cir. 1999).
C.
Standards Governing Plaintiff’s FELA Claim
Section 1 of FELA provides that “[e]very common carrier by railroad ... shall be liable in
damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier ... for such injury or
death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of
such carrier.” Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532, 542, 114 S. Ct. 2396, 2403
(1994) (quoting 45 U.S.C. § 51). When Congress enacted FELA, its “attention was focused
primarily upon injuries and death resulting from accidents on interstate railroads.” Urie v.
Thompson, 337 U.S. 163, 181, 69 S. Ct. 1018, 1030 (1949). Cognizant of the physical dangers of
railroading that resulted in the death or maiming of thousands of workers every year, Congress
crafted a federal remedy that shifted part of the “human overhead” of doing business from
employees to their employers. Tiller v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 318 U.S. 54, 58-59, 63 S. Ct.
444, 447 (1943); see also Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 542, 114 S. Ct. at 2404. In order to further FELA’s
humanitarian purposes, Congress “did away with several common-law tort defenses that had
effectively barred recovery by injured workers.” Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 542, 114 S. Ct. at 2404.
Consequently, courts have “liberally construed” FELA to further Congress’ remedial goal. Id. at
543, 114 S. Ct. at 2404. For example, the Court held in Rogers v. Missouri Pacific R. Co., 352 U.S.
500, 506, 77 S. Ct. 443, 448 (1957), that a relaxed standard of causation applies under FELA. See
Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 543, 114 S. Ct. at 2404 (citing Rogers, 352 U.S. 500, 77 S. Ct. 443). Toward
that end, the Court stated that “[u]nder this statute the test of a jury case is simply whether the proofs
justify with reason the conclusion that employer negligence played any part, even the slightest, in
producing the injury or death for which damages are sought.” Rogers, 352 U.S. at 506, 77 S. Ct. at
448.
20
“That FELA is to be liberally construed, however, does not mean that it is a workers’
compensation statute.” Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 543, 114 S. Ct. at 2404. The Supreme Court has
“insisted that FELA ‘does not make the employer the insurer of the safety of his employees while
they are on duty. The basis of his liability is his negligence, not the fact that injuries occur.’” Id.
(quoting Ellis v. Union Pacific R. Co., 329 U.S. 649, 653, 67 S. Ct. 598, 600 (1947)). A plaintiff
bringing a FELA action must still demonstrate the four common law elements of negligence: duty,
breach, foreseeability, and causation. See Tufariello v. Long Island R.R. Co., 458 F.3d 80, 87 (2d
Cir. 2006). “A railroad may be liable under FELA for failure to provide a safe workplace ‘when it
knows or should know of a potential hazard in the workplace, yet fails to exercise reasonable care to
inform and protect its employees.’” Syverson v. Consol. Rail Corp., 19 F.3d 824, 826 (2d Cir.1994)
(quoting Gallose v. Long Island R.R. Co., 878 F.2d 80, 84-85 (2d Cir.1989)). Significantly, the
essential element of reasonable foreseeability in FELA actions, requires proof of actual or
constructive notice to the employer of the defective condition that caused the injury. See Gallose,
878 F.2d at 85 (“The catalyst which ignites [the duty to provide a safe workplace] is knowledge,
either actual or constructive.”).
Under FELA, “the case must not be dismissed at the summary judgment phase unless there is
absolutely no reasonable basis for a jury to find for the plaintiff.” Syverson, 19 F.3d at 828 (2d
Cir.1994) (citing Gallick v. Baltimore and O.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 120-21, 83 S. Ct. 659, 667
(1963)). On the other hand, although FELA plaintiffs are entitled to have reasonable inferences
drawn in their favor from the facts, they may not survive a motion for summary judgment when the
inferences they ask a court to draw are mere possibilities. See Connors v. Consol. Rail Corp., No.
90-CV-464, 1993 WL 169646, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. May 19, 1993) (citing Gibson v. American
Broadcasting Cos. Inc., 892 F.2d 1128, 1132 (2d Cir.1989)).
21
III.
ANALYSIS
A.
Whether Defendant’s Motion in Limine is Timely
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the affirmative,
generally for the reasons stated by Defendant in its reply memorandum of law. (Dkt No. 34, at 1
[Def.’s Reply Mem. of Law].) Moreover, regardless of the issue of timeliness of Defendant’s
motion to preclude Dr. Hinds’s expert report and testimony, the Court, in its role as gatekeeper, must
still decide whether such evidence is reliable before it is presented to a jury. In addition, Plaintiff is
not prejudiced by Defense counsel’s assertion to the Court that Defendant would be filing its motion
in limine by June 19, 2012, despite seeking a two-week extension to file its motion for summary
judgment. In the Court’s previous Orders, as well as filings of counsel, it is clear the parties
understood that the deadline for filing of dispositive motions includes motions to preclude expert
witness testimony. (See Dkt. Nos. 10, 14, 20, 21, 22.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s argument that
Defendant’s motion should be denied as untimely is rejected.
B.
Whether Certain Opinions of Doctor Hinds Are Admissible Under Fed. R. Evid.
702
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the negative,
generally for the reasons stated by Defendant in its memorandum of law. (Dkt No. 28-3, at 1-13
[Def.’s Mem. of Law].) The Court would add the following points.
Defendant argues that certain of Dr. Hinds’s opinions and conclusions are inadmissible
because they are either opinions that he is not qualified to give, unreliable because they are based on
speculation and conjecture, and/or they do not assist the trier of fact because they are either
irrelevant, are legal conclusions, or concern matters that the average juror is capable of
understanding and determining. Plaintiff counters that Dr. Hinds’s opinions are regarding railroad
safety, not medical conditions or causation, are based on his extensive experience in the railroad
22
industry, and are regarding what constitutes a safe working environment at a rail yard, which is
beyond the ken of the average juror.
1.
Dr. Hinds’s Qualifications
Defendant argues that Dr. Hinds is not qualified to give medical opinions or conclusions
because he is not a medical doctor. Specifically, Defendant challenges three of Dr. Hinds’s
conclusions on this ground. First, Dr. Hinds concludes that an employee who works under the
conditions that carmen/inspectors work under at Defendant’s Selkirk Yard will become fatigued and
his stress level will increase, thus requiring timely nourishment in order to maintain his strength.
Next, Dr. Hinds concludes that “[i]t is recognized that employees on the railroad and those working
in other industrial jobs need to eat lunch during the middle part of their work day in order to
maintain their strength.” (Id. at 30.) Finally, Dr. Hinds concludes that “[e]mployees like carmen/car
inspectors who work in the cold performing duties such as walking extreme distances on ballast,
climbing up and down on rail cars, crawling under rail cars, bending and stooping, reaching and
pulling and using tools to make repairs need nourishment in order to perform these duties. They can
only maintain their strength and health by eating a good meal . . . . Employees who work in all types
of jobs in all walks of life eat their lunch in the middle of their work day. This is the only way
workers can remain healthy and stay alert.” (Id. at 31.)
The Court is mindful, as indicated above in Part II.B. of this Decision and Order, that it must
remain flexible in evaluating the qualifications of an expert, but that, where a witness’s expertise is
too deficient, it may properly deem that witness insufficiently qualified. Moreover, it is the
Plaintiff’s burden to show that his expert is qualified to testify competently regarding the matters he
intends to address. See Akin v. Hankook Tire Amer. Corp., No. 02-CV-1537, 2004 WL 6041788, at
*2 (N.D.N.Y. May 19, 2004). Here, Plaintiff argues that Dr. Hinds’s experience renders him
23
qualified to give opinions regarding what constitutes a safe workplace and Defendant’s failure to
provide one in direct contravention of FELA. Plaintiff argues that because Dr. Hinds does not give a
medical diagnosis or use medical jargon, his opinions are not medical opinions, but opinions
regarding railroad safety. Specifically, Plaintiff contends that the opinions that Defendant argues Dr.
Hinds is not qualified to give are opinions about what is typical and customary in the railroad
industry.
According to Dr. Hinds’s report and attached Curriculum Vitae, he has a total of 49 years of
experience in the railroad industry, beginning with twenty years in railroad management, including
safety management and 22 years as a railroad accident investigator/consultant for various law firms,
and more recently as a railroad safety consultant/expert witness. Dr. Hinds’s educational
background includes a B.S. and a Ph.D. in business administration. Dr. Hinds has also published
various booklets and manuals and given presentations regarding the railroad industry in general as
well as railroad safety issues and railroad accident investigations. In his report, Dr. Hinds states that
during the course of his career, he has “investigated over 5,600 train accidents, derailments,
collisions, personal injuries and fatalities to determine the cause of and the responsibility for the
accident.” (Ex. A1 to Def.’s Mot. in Limine, at 11.)
“[W]hile experience can provide the basis to qualify a witness as an expert, the experience
must be demonstrated and have direct relevance to the issues in the case.” Dreyer v. Ryder
Automotive Carrier Group, Inc., No. 98-CV-82A, 2005 WL 1074320, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 9,
2005) (citing Wilson v. Woods, 163 F.3d 935, 938 (5th Cir.1999)). Here, there is nothing in Dr.
Hinds’s report to support a finding that he is qualified to give opinions regarding a railroad worker’s
stress level, fatigue, and requirement for nourishment in the middle part of their day. For this
reason, the Court grants Defendant’s motion to preclude Dr. Hinds’s report and testimony regarding
these opinions.
24
2.
Reliability of Dr. Hinds’s Opinions
Defendant argues that four of Dr. Hinds’s opinions or conclusions are not reliable because
they are based on speculation and conjecture. First, Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s conclusion
that, “[a]s a member of the AAR, [Defendant] has the obligation, responsibility and ability to
develop safe work practices and safe equipment for use by their employees and other personnel
working in railroad transportation.” (Dkt No. 28-1, at 27.) Second, Defendant challenges Dr.
Hinds’s conclusion that, “[o]n February 19, 2009, [Defendant] Supervisors Jeffrey Hensley and
Matthew Sams were devoid of concern for the health and welfare of [Plaintiff] and Victor Jurevis
when they, as Supervisors, ordered [Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis] to work through their regular lunch
break.” (Id. at 28.) Third, Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that “[i]t is recognized that
employees on the Railroad and those working in other industrial jobs need to eat lunch during the
middle part of their work day in order to maintain their strength.” (Id. at 30.) Fourth, and finally,
Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that “[e]mployees who work in all types of jobs in all
walks of life eat their lunch in the middle of their work day. This is the only way workers can
remain healthy and stay alert.” (Id. at 31.)
To be sure, the Court has determined that the latter two conclusions that Defendant
challenges as unreliable are inadmissible because they are opinions that Dr. Hinds is not qualified to
give. Accordingly, the Court need not address the parties’ arguments regarding their reliability.
Regarding Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that Defendant has the obligation to develop safe work
practices and safe equipment for use by their employees and other personnel working in railroad
transportation, the Court finds that it is a legal conclusion and is inadmissible on that basis. See
Tufariello, 458 F.3d at 87 (citing Ulfik v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 77 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir.
1996)) (“It is [indisputable] that [defendant railroad] had a duty to provide its employees with a safe
workplace.”)
25
Finally, Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that Mr. Hensley and Mr. Sams “were devoid of concern for
the health and welfare” of Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis when they ordered Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis to
work through their regular lunch break is inadmissible because, as Defendant correctly points out,
“[e]xpert witnesses are not permitted to testify as to the ‘knowledge, motivations, intent, state of
mind, or purposes’ of others.” Fleischman v. Albany Medical Center, 728 F. Supp. 2d 130, 167-168
(N.D.N.Y. 2010) (citing In re Fosamax Products Liability Litigation, 645 F. Supp. 2d 164, 192
(S.D.N.Y. 2009); In re Rezulin Products Liability Litigation, 309 F. Supp. 2d 531, 546 (S.D.N.Y.
2004) (“[T]he opinions of these witnesses on the intent, motives, or states of mind of corporations,
regulatory agencies and others have no basis in any relevant body of knowledge or expertise.”)).
3.
Whether Dr. Hinds’s Opinions Assist the Trier of Fact
Lastly, Defendant argues that four of Dr. Hinds’s opinions or conclusions should be excluded
because they do not assist the trier of fact. First, Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that,
“[w]hen [Mr. Hensley and Mr. Sams] ordered [Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis] to work through their lunch
break, they changed the working conditions and endangered their well being. They also failed to
hold a job briefing which they were required to do because they were changing their working
conditions. The injury to [Plaintiff] was a result of his supervisors[’] negligent actions when they
refused to allow him to eat lunch. The injury was reasonably foreseeable and preventable.” (Dkt
No. 28-1, at 28.) Second, Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s conclusion that, on February 19, 2009,
Plaintiff did not violate any rules and regulations of Defendant, AAR or the Federal Railroad
Administration while performing his duties inspecting rail cars. Plaintiff was dressed properly and
he complied with all of Defendant’s safety rules. (See id. at 29.) Third, Defendant challenges Dr.
Hinds’s conclusion that “[t]o request lunch was not an unreasonable request . . . . The fact that Mr.
26
Hensley and Mr. Sams refused to allow [Plaintiff] and his partner to eat was unreasonable and
unsafe. The Railroad and the Union agreed that a lunch break would be given to the Carmen within
the fifth hour. . . . It is recognized that employees on the Railroad and those working in other
industrial jobs need to eat lunch during the middle part of their work day to maintain their strength . .
. . Managers and supervisors are responsible to plan their work to ensure that there are enough
employees available to work the trains in the Receiving Yard. Management’s failure to fill the jobs
does not justify ordering employees to work through their lunch period.” (See id., at 30-31.) Fourth,
and finally, Defendant challenges Dr. Hinds’s opinion that, on the day of the accident, Plaintiff “was
entitled to eat his lunch within the fifth hour as stated in [the Agreement] . . . . Under [the
Agreement, Plaintiff] was entitled to eat between the fourth and fifth hour[,]” and his respective
conclusion that, “it is clear [that the failure of Defendant supervisors Hensley and Sams] to abide by
the Agreement and allow [Plaintiff] and Mr. Jurevis to eat a good meal jeopardized the health and
safety of the employees . . . . With a reasonable degree of safety certainty, the cause of the accident
to [Plaintiff] was the negligence and failure of [Defendant] and its supervisors to provide [Plaintiff]
with a safe place to work for the reasons stated in the body of my Report.” (See id., at 31-32.)
These opinions either usurp the role of the court because they are legal conclusions, or usurp
the role of the fact finder since they are regarding matters that are not scientific or technical or in any
way beyond the ken of the average juror. See Andrews v. Metro N. Commuter R.R. Co., 882 F.2d
705, 708 (2d Cir. 1989). Moreover, as indicated above, there is nothing in Dr. Hinds’s report to
support a finding that he is qualified to give an opinion regarding the requirement for nourishment in
the middle part of one’s workday.
27
For these reasons, the opinions of Dr. Hinds that have been challenged by Defendant are
inadmissible as expert testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 702. Accordingly, Defendant’s motion in
limine is granted.
C.
Whether Defendant is Entitled to Summary Judgment Regarding the Issue of
Whether Its Denial of Plaintiff’s Request for a Lunch Break Was a Hazard or a
Potential Hazard Under FELA
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the negative, in part
for the reasons stated by Plaintiff in his memorandum of law. (Dkt No. 33, at 9-10 [Pl.’s Mem. of
Law].) The Court would add the following point.
Defendant argues that its denial of Plaintiff’s request for a lunch break was not a hazard
under FELA because the Agreement provided for such a denial under the circumstances existing
here. However, Plaintiff has raised a triable issue of fact regarding whether Defendant complied
with the terms of the Agreement when it directed Plaintiff to finish inspecting the third train.
Specifically, there is a dispute as to whether an earlier meeting between Plaintiff, Mr. Jurevis and
Mr. Hensley constituted a lunch break.10 Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to summary
judgment regarding this element of Plaintiff’s FELA claim.
10
First, there is a dispute regarding the length of the earlier meeting between
Plaintiff, Mr. Jurevis and Mr. Hensley. Hensley testified that the meeting lasted between thirty
to forty-five minutes, but Plaintiff testified that it lasted between ten and fifteen minutes, which
is less that a typical twenty minute lunch break. (See Dkt. No. 29-12, at 43:2-4 [Dep. of Jeffrey
Hensley, Nov. 18, 2011]; Dkt. No. 29-9, at 68:23-69:3 [Dep. of Dennis Krause, Nov. 11, 2011].)
Further, there is a dispute regarding whether Plaintiff ate anything during that meeting. Hensley
testified that both Plaintiff and Mr. Jurevis ate and drank coffee at the meeting, while Plaintiff
testified that he had nothing to eat between the time of his usual morning bun or cereal and the
time of the accident. (See Dkt. No. 29-12, at 43:11-22[Hensley Dep.]; Dkt. No. 29-9, at 81:2-7
[Krause Dep.].)
28
D.
Whether Defendant is Entitled to Summary Judgment Regarding the Issue of
Whether Injury was Reasonably Foreseeable
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the negative, in part
for the reasons stated by Plaintiff in his memorandum of law. (Dkt No. 33, at 10-13 [Pl.’s Mem. of
Law].) The Court would add the following points.
In support of his argument that injury was reasonably foreseeable, Plaintiff relies on the
proposed expert testimony of Dr. Hinds that the failure to provide a lunch break at a certain point in
an employee’s work day creates an unsafe working condition. To be sure, for the reasons indicated
Part III.B. of this Decision and Order, Dr. Hinds’s opinion in that regard is inadmissible. However,
the Court concluded that the question of whether Defendant’s failure to allow an employee to take a
lunch break creates an unsafe working condition is a factual question that is not beyond the ken of
the average juror, and therefore, Dr. Hinds’s testimony in that regard would not be helpful to the
trier of fact. Accordingly, because a factual question exists for a jury to decide, summary judgment
is not appropriate.
Morever, there is evidence in the record that the applicable Collective Bargaining Agreement
set forth the circumstances under which Defendant could direct an employee to finish inspecting a
train before taking a lunch break and there is conflicting evidence regarding whether Defendant
complied with the Agreement in that regard. Accordingly, there are factual questions for a jury to
decide regarding whether Defendant’s failure to allow an employee to take a lunch at a time as set
forth by the Agreement created a hazard or a potential hazard under FELA and if so, whether
Defendant failed to comply with the Agreement when it directed Plaintiff to finish inspecting the
third train. Therefore, Defendant is not entitled to summary judgment on this element of Plaintiff’s
FELA claim.
29
E.
Whether Either Party is Entitled to Summary Judgment on the Issue of
Causation
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the negative, in part
for the reasons stated by the parties in their respective opposition memoranda of law. (Dkt No. 33,
at 13-15 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law]; Dkt. No. 32-14, at 2-8 [Def.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) The
Court would add the following points.
In support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot
establish that Mr. Sam’s and Mr. Hensley’s denial of Plaintiff’s request for a lunch break directly
caused Plaintiff’s injury. As indicated above in Part II.C. of this Decision and Order, under FELA,
the test is whether the Defendant’s negligence played any part, even the slightest, in causing
Plaintiff’s injury. Therefore, Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff has not shown that the denial of his
request for a lunch break directly caused him to faint is misplaced. The test is whether the denial of
Plaintiff’s request for a lunch break played even the slightest part in causing Plaintiff’s injury, which
is a question to be resolved by the fact finder. For this reason, Defendant is not entitled to summary
judgment on the issue of causation.
In support of his motion for partial summary judgment regarding the issue of “medical
causation,” Plaintiff argues that there is no question of fact that the February 19, 2009 injury to
Plaintiff’s right knee caused, at least in part, Plaintiff’s need for a total knee replacement. As
Defendant correctly points out, the only direct evidence of the manner of injury is Plaintiff’s
testimony. Because “matters of credibility are not to be determined on a motion for summary
judgment[,]” Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 702 F.3d 685, 696 (2d Cir. 2012),
the Court cannot grant summary judgment regarding a fact question that depends on resolution of a
credibility issue. Therefore, for this reason, Plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment on the
issue of medical causation.
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ACCORDINGLY, it is
ORDERED that the motion for summary judgment by Defendant, CSX Transportation (Dkt.
No. 29) is DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED that the motion for partial summary judgment by Plaintiff, Dennis F. Krause
(Dkt. No. 30) is DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED that the motion in limine by Defendant, CSX Transportation (Dkt. No. 28) is
GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that counsel are directed to appear on DECEMBER 18, 2013 at 11:30 a.m. in
chambers for a pretrial conference, at which counsel are directed to appear with settlement authority,
and in the event that the case does not settle, trial will be scheduled at that time. Plaintiff is further
directed to forward a written settlement demand to defendant no later than DECEMBER 4, 2013,
and the parties are directed to engage in meaningful settlement negotiations prior to the pretrial
conference. In the event that counsel feel settlement is unlikely, counsel may request to participate
via telephone conference for the limited purpose of scheduling a trial date by electronically filing a
letter request at least one week prior to the scheduled conference.
Dated: November 20, 2013
Syracuse, New York
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