Marshall v. New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance et al
Filing
53
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER - ORDERED that OTDA's motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 41) is GRANTED; and it is further ORDERED that Marshalls amended complaint (Dkt. No. 19) is DISMISSED; and it is further ORDERED that the Clerk close this case. Signed by Chief Judge Gary L. Sharpe on 11/19/2014. (jel, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
________________________________
MONIQUE A. MARSHALL,
Plaintiff,
1:12-cv-14
(GLS/CFH)
v.
NEW YORK STATE OFFICE OF
TEMPORARY AND DISABILITY
ASSISTANCE,
Defendant.
________________________________
APPEARANCES:
OF COUNSEL:
FOR THE PLAINTIFF:
Monique A. Marshall
Pro Se
425 Second Avenue
Albany, NY 12209
FOR THE DEFENDANT:
HON. ERIC T. SCHNEIDERMAN
New York State Attorney General
The Capitol
Albany, NY 12224
CATHY Y. SHEEHAN
Assistant Attorney General
Gary L. Sharpe
Chief Judge
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. Introduction
Plaintiff pro se Monique A. Marshall commenced this action against
defendant New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance
(OTDA), alleging violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1
based on race and/or national origin. (See generally Am. Compl., Dkt. No.
19.) Pending before the court is OTDA’s motion for summary judgment.
(Dkt. No. 41.) For the reasons that follow, the motion is granted.
II. Background2
In April 2006, Marshall, an African-American female of Guyanese
descent, (Am. Compl. at 1; Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 7 at 140), was hired by
OTDA as a Housing Specialist I, a grade eighteen position. (Def.’s
Statement of Material Facts (SMF) ¶ 1, Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 2.) In May
2008, Marshall’s direct supervisor, Caroline Wilcox, retired, resulting in her
workload being redistributed among Marshall and the other employees in
her unit “based on program experience.” (Id. ¶¶ 4-5.) In order to assist
Marshall with her new assignments, she was provided with additional
resources, including interns to help her complete the work, as well as other
staff members completing some of her original responsibilities. (Id. ¶¶ 8,
10.)
1
See 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-17.
2
Unless otherwise noted, the facts are not in dispute.
2
Beginning in early August 2009, Marshall expressed concerns to her
supervisors about her continued ability to complete her workload, because
an intern assigned to her had completed his/her internship. (Id. ¶ 12.) A
meeting was set up for the following week with Richard Umholtz, the unit
supervisor. (Id. ¶ 13.) In the meantime, on August 12, Marshall sent a
memorandum to OTDA’s Bureau of Equal Opportunity Development (EOD)
regarding her workload. (Id. ¶ 14; Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 5 ¶ 3.) Marshall
subsequently met with Umholtz, Scott Edwards, Director of the Bureau of
Housing and Support Services, Andrea Collins, Marshall’s supervisor at the
time, and Lester Freeman, OTDA’s EOD Director, to discuss her concerns.
(Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 17-19; Dkt. No. 50 at 11-13.) Following that meeting,
Edwards issued a memorandum, dated August 25, in which he confirmed
meeting with Marshall on August 19, and made “recommendations to
alleviate [her] concerns regarding her work-load.” (Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 19-20;
Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4 at 15-16.) Specifically, Edwards noted that, during
the meeting, “Marshall re-stated her concerns regarding her workload” and
her feelings that she was given “an excessive assignment both in quantity
and comparatively to other programs administered by the unit.” (Dkt. No.
41, Attach. 4 at 15.) As a result, several “duties were immediately relieved
3
from . . . Marshall” pursuant to her “request for re-assignment” and in order
“[t]o reduce the anxiety . . . Marshall has expressed regarding the level of
work required.” (Id. at 15-16.)
Around this same time, OTDA was in the process of making
personnel changes, specifically, promoting four employees—David Szary,
Andrea Collins, Dana Greenberg, and Barbara Roff, who were all at the
time serving as a Housing Specialist II in a provisional capacity—to
permanent roles under that title. (Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 28, 32.) These
appointments occurred after a civil service exam had been conducted, in
January 2009, for Housing Specialist II, a grade twenty-three position. ( Id.
¶ 31.) Marshall scored a seventy-five on the exam; all of the individuals
who were ultimately permanently appointed scored higher than Marshall,
except for Greenberg, who recorded the same score as Marshall. (Dkt. No.
41, Attach. 6 at 47-49.)
On August 31, 2009, Marshall filed a formal complaint with EOD, by
way of an email to Freeman, indicating her belief that her workload was
increased and she was passed over for the promotion to Housing
Specialist II, both because of her race/national origin, and out of retaliation
for her earlier complaints. (Dkt. No. 50 at 20-25.) Although she no longer
4
serves as a Housing Specialist, Marshall is still employed with OTDA as a
Temporary Assistant Specialist I. (Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 36-38.)
III. Standard of Review
The standard of review pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 is well
established and will not be repeated here. For a full discussion of the
standard, the court refers the parties to its decision in Wagner v. Swarts,
827 F. Supp. 2d 85, 92 (N.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d sub nom. Wagner v.
Sprague, 489 F. App’x 500 (2d Cir. 2012).
IV. Discussion
Marshall alleges that OTDA’s decisions to increase her workload and
to decline to promote her to Housing Specialist II were made on the basis
of her race and/or national origin, in violation of Title VII. (Am. Compl. at 1,
¶ 36.) She further appears to allege that OTDA also had a retaliatory
motive for these decisions, and took action against her because she had
complained of unfair treatment. (Id. ¶ 19.) In its motion, OTDA argues that
it is entitled to summary judgment on Marshall’s discrimination claim
because the undisputed facts do not raise an inference of unlawful
discrimination, OTDA’s decisions with respect to Marshall were based on
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons, and Marshall has failed to produce
5
any evidence that the stated reasons for OTDA’s decisions were a pretext
for discrimination. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 8 at 1-9.) OTDA further argues
that no retaliation claim is cognizable here because Marshall did not
engage in any protected activity until after the allegedly retaliatory actions
were taken. (Id. at 9-10.) In response, Marshall has submitted a
memorandum, citing no legal authority and containing only occasional
citations to the factual record, in which she argues, in conclusory fashion,
that OTDA’s actions were motivated by her race and/or national origin, and
were taken in retaliation for her complaints to EOD. (Dkt. No. 48 at 1-9.)
After considering each of Marshall’s claims below, the court agrees with
OTDA, and its motion is therefore granted.
A.
Discrimination
Under Title VII, it is “an unlawful employment practice for an
employer . . . to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate
against any individual with respect to h[er] compensation, terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1).
Discrimination claims are analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burdenshifting rules, which place upon the plaintiff the initial burden of making out
6
a prima facie case of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). To satisfy this initial burden, the plaintiff
“‘must show: (1) [s]he belonged to a protected class; (2) [s]he was qualified
for the position [s]he held; (3) [s]he suffered an adverse employment
action; and (4) that the adverse employment action occurred under
circumstances giving rise to an inference of discriminatory intent.’” Brown
v. City of Syracuse, 673 F.3d 141, 150 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Holcomb v.
Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 138 (2d Cir. 2008)).
“A plaintiff’s establishment of a prima facie case gives rise to a
presumption of unlawful discrimination that shifts the burden of production
to the defendant, who must proffer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason
for the challenged employment action.” Woodman v. WWOR-TV, Inc., 411
F.3d 69, 76 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
If the defendant comes forward with a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason
for the challenged employment action, the presumption of discrimination
drops out of the analysis, and the defendant “will be entitled to summary
judgment . . . unless the plaintiff can point to evidence that reasonably
supports a finding of prohibited discrimination.” James v. New York Racing
Ass’n, 233 F.3d 149, 154 (2d Cir. 2000).
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Ultimately, once the burden shifts back to the plaintiff, she must
show, “without the benefit of the presumption, that the employer’s
determination was in fact the result of racial discrimination.” Holcomb, 521
F.3d at 138. The plaintiff must demonstrate “by a preponderance of the
evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its
true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.” Tex. Dep’t of Cmty.
Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). As further explained by the
Supreme Court, to demonstrate pretext, a plaintiff must show “both that the
[employer’s offered] reason was false, and that discrimination was the real
reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993); see
Fisher v. Vassar Coll., 70 F.3d 1420, 1433 (2d Cir. 1995). However,
conclusory allegations of discrimination are insufficient to defeat a motion
for summary judgment. See Holcomb, 521 F.3d at 137; Schwapp v. Town
of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir. 1997).
Here, assuming, without deciding, that Marshall has established a
prima facie case of discrimination, it is clear that defendants had legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reasons for increasing her workload and declining to
promote her to Housing Specialist II, the two actions of which Marshall
complains here—namely, that her supervisor retired, necessitating a
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redistribution of work assignments among the staff, and that those who
were already serving in the role of Housing Specialist II on a provisional
basis were simply appointed permanently. (Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 4-5, 25, 28-30,
32-33; Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4 ¶¶ 10-13.) Specifically, Wilcox’s retirement
required several members of the Bureau of Housing and Support Services
to assume additional responsibilities. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4 ¶¶ 10-12.)
With respect to the promotion, OTDA indicates that the four employees
appointed permanently as Housing Specialist II had already been serving
in that role in a provisional capacity, (id. ¶ 30), and interviews were not
conducted because the provisional appointees’ scores on the civil service
exam made them “reachable” for the position; thus, they were the ones
selected. (Id.; Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 5 ¶ 15.) OTDA has also indicated that
to hire or promote anyone other than a provisional Housing Specialist II to
that position would have required it to go through a budgetary approval
process that was unlikely to be successful. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4 ¶ 29;
Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 5 ¶ 16.)
Accordingly, the burden rests with Marshall to demonstrate, with
record evidence support, that OTDA’s stated bases for these actions were
pretextual, and that the actions taken against her were actually motivated
9
by her race and/or national origin. See Holcomb, 521 F.3d at 138.
Marshall has failed to do that here. In fact, in its earlier decision denying
OTDA’s motion to dismiss, the court advised Marshall of this potential flaw
in her claims, stressing that she “should take note of the arguments OTDA
raises in its motion papers, specifically regarding the nexus between her
protected characteristics and the alleged misconduct.” (Dkt. No. 28 at 6
n.5.)
The only record evidence even arguably implicating Marshall’s race
and/or national origin as relevant to her employer is her testimony
regarding one comment Edwards made in the course of a conversation
with Marshall in September 2008 about an intern who had not been
working the hours to which he had committed. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 7 at
84-87.) According to Marshall, Edwards commented that she should be
“used to working two or three jobs” because her family was from the
Caribbean. (Id. at 86.) Aside from this isolated comment, made in a
context entirely unrelated to Marshall’s own work situation, when asked
why she felt she was given extra tasks because of her race, she
responded, “this is just my assumption.” (Id. at 105-06.) Such “self-serving
and conclusory statements made at [a] deposition . . . are insufficient to
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avoid summary judgment on an issue as to which the nonmovant bears the
ultimate burden of proof.” Lee v. ITT Standard, 268 F. Supp. 2d 315, 354
(W.D.N.Y. 2002) (citing Goenaga v. March of Dimes Birth Defects Found.,
51 F.3d 14, 18 (2d Cir. 1995)).
Marshall has critically failed to come forth with any evidence 3 that
OTDA’s actions were based on her race or a discriminatory animus. See
Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 42 (2d Cir. 2000) (finding that a
plaintiff must rebut evidence of legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for
dismissal with specific evidence tending to show not only that those
reasons were a pretext, but that unlawful discrimination was the real
reason for the employment decision). It is well settled that “‘conclusory
allegations or unsubstantiated speculation’ [are in]sufficient to raise a
triable issue of fact as to whether . . . discriminatory animus” played a role
in an adverse employment action. DiGirolamo v. MetLife Grp., Inc., 494 F.
App’x 120, 122 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105,
114 (2d Cir. 1998)); see Grady v. Affiliated Cent., Inc., 130 F.3d 553, 561
(2d Cir. 1997) (finding “purely speculative” assertions of discriminatory
3
The court notes that Marshall’s response to OTDA’s motion is rife with references to
“facts” that either contain no citation to any record evidence in support, or simply refer back to
allegations in her amended complaint. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 50 at 4-9.)
11
animus insufficient to defeat summary judgment).
Notably, upon Marshall conveying her concerns about her workload,
her superiors provided her additional resources such as an intern and other
employees to assist her with completing tasks. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4
¶¶ 11, 15, 18.) Additionally, after meeting with supervisors and expressing
her “concerns regarding her workload,” she “was relieved of many duties”
in order to reduce her stress and anxiety. (Dkt. No. 50 at 32-33.)
Marshall’s speculation and assumption that she was initially given
additional tasks because of her race and/or national origin is simply not
supported by the record before the court. Similarly, there is no evidence
that OTDA’s stated reasons for its promotion decision were false, or that
her race or national origin played any role in that decision. OTDA’s motion
for summary judgment on Marshall’s discrimination claim is therefore
granted.
B.
Retaliation
With respect to Marshall’s retaliation claim, OTDA argues that it is
entitled to summary judgment dismissing this claim because the allegedly
adverse employment actions which Marshall asserts were retaliatory—her
increased workload and OTDA’s refusal to promote her—all occurred prior
12
to Marshall communicating her concerns of unfair treatment due to her race
and/or national origin. (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 8 at 9-10.) The court agrees,
and, accordingly, grants summary judgment to OTDA on Marshall’s
retaliation claim.
Title VII provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice
for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because
[that employee] has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment
practice . . . or because [s]he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or
participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under
Title VII, a plaintiff must show: “(1) participation in a protected activity; (2)
that the defendant knew of the protected activity; (3) an adverse
employment action; and (4) a causal connection between the protected
activity and the adverse employment action.” McMenemy v. City of
Rochester, 241 F.3d 279, 282-83 (2d Cir. 2001).
For a plaintiff’s actions to constitute a protected activity, she must
have had a “good faith, reasonable belief that the underlying challenged
actions of the employer violated the law.” Id. at 283 (quoting Manoharan v.
Columbia Univ. Coll. of Physicians & Surgeons, 842 F.2d 590, 593 (2d Cir.
13
1988)). However, complaints about “just any law” do not suffice; the
plaintiff must “have had a good faith, reasonable belief that [she] was
opposing an employment practice made unlawful by Title VII.” Kelly v.
Howard I. Shapiro & Assocs. Consulting Eng’rs, P.C., 716 F.3d 10, 14 (2d
Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“Mere complaints of unfair treatment . . . are not protected speech
under Title VII.” McNutt v. Nasca, No. 1:10-CV-1301, 2013 WL 209469, at
*16 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). In other words, the speaker must make clear to the employer that
she is complaining of unfair treatment due to her membership in a
protected class and that she is not complaining merely of unfair treatment
generally. See Dinice-Allen v. Yale-New Haven Hosp., No. 3:06CV00675,
2008 WL 160206, at *4 (D. Conn. Jan. 10, 2008). “While [a] plaintiff may
have believed that she was the victim of discrimination, an undisclosed
belief of such treatment will not convert an ordinary employment complaint
into a protected activity.” Aspilaire v. Wyeth Pharm., Inc., 612 F. Supp. 2d
289, 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2009); see Woods v. N.M.C. Labs., No. 93-CV-2908,
1997 WL 1038873, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. July 14, 1997), aff’d, 162 F.3d 1149 (2d
Cir. 1998). Similarly, “‘[a]s to the second element [of the prima facie case],
14
implicit in the requirement that the employer have been aware of the
protected activity is the requirement that it understood, or could reasonably
have understood, that the plaintiff’s opposition was directed at conduct
prohibited by Title VII.’” Kelly, 716 F.3d at 15 (quoting Galdieri-Ambrosini
v. Nat’l Realty & Dev. Corp., 136 F.3d 276, 292 (2d Cir. 1998)).
Here, the acts which Marshall alleges were taken in retaliation for her
complaints consist of her increased workload and OTDA’s decision to not
promote her to the Housing Specialist II position. (See generally Am.
Compl.) It is clear that Marshall’s increased workload was precipitated by
the retirement of her supervisor in May 2008. (Def.’s SMF ¶ 4-5; Dkt. No.
41, Attach. 4 ¶¶ 10-11.) As for the failure to promote, this process began in
July 2009, when a list of qualified candidates for the position was created.
(Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 4 ¶ 29.) At some point after that, the four provisional
Housing Specialist II employees were appointed permanently to the
position, effective August 20, 2009. (Id. ¶ 30.) Therefore, in order to
maintain her retaliation claim, Marshall would have to demonstrate that she
made complaints of unlawful discrimination based on her race and/or
national origin at some point prior to these acts taking place.
Marshall alleges that “[t]hree complaints were filed formally with EOD
15
for discrimination and [r]etaliation (August 17th, August 31st and
September 9th—all of 2009).” (Am. Compl. ¶ 13.) However, upon review
of the records submitted by Marshall in opposition to this motion, it appears
as though the earliest documentation of even an informal complaint
communicated by her is an August 19, 2009 email to Freeman, in which
she recaps a meeting attended by Marshall, Freeman, Edwards, Umholtz,
and Collins. (Dkt. No. 50 at 11-13.) Based on Marshall’s own “minutes” of
that meeting, it is clear that she had concerns about her workload, but
nowhere does she even imply her belief that this had occurred because of
her race or national origin. (Id.) She simply states that “[i]t is the work that
is overwhelming.” (Id. at 12.) Marshall has provided a similar email of the
same date, that she had sent to Umholtz about her “workload concerns,”
which is equally devoid of any references to a protected characteristic. ( Id.
at 13.)
Also included in the record is Edwards’ memorandum, dated August
25, 2009, discussing the meeting he had with Marshall. (Dkt. No. 41,
Attach. 4 at 15-16.) Again, nowhere in that document does it indicate that
Marshall complained of discrimination based on any protected
characteristic; instead, Edwards recounts Marshall’s concerns about the
16
overwhelming nature of her workload, and noted that this issue would be
addressed by redistributing some of Marshall’s responsibilities. ( Id. at 15.)
Lastly, Marshall has provided an email to Freeman, dated August 28, 2009,
in which she conveys her intent to file “[a] formal complaint regarding
retaliation, bias, and unfair treatment,” but in her “[r]easons for [the]
complaint,” she merely references her belief that her workload was
“disproportionate.” (Dkt. No. 50 at 34.)
In fact, when asked at her deposition, Marshall herself indicated that
she told Umholtz that she had contacted EOD because she “felt that they
were treating [her] unfair[ly].” (Dkt. No. 41, Attach. 7 at 57.) Similarly,
Marshall claimed that she verbally complained to Edwards in December
2008, but stated that her “exact words” were that she “was feeling
extremely overwhelmed and . . . felt [she] was being treated unfairly,” with
no mention of race or national origin. (Id. at 109.)
The first mention that Marshall made of any of these issues
potentially being motivated by her race or national origin is found in a
complaint she filed with EOD, dated August 31, 2009, which is prefaced by
her explanation that she is filing an “updated complaint, which has the
[bases] for the complaint indicated.” (Dkt. No. 50 at 20.) In that complaint,
17
Marshall asks, “Why does it appear that minorities, persons of color are
excluded from provisional opportunities?” and states her “belie[f] that [she]
was discriminated against and . . . that factors of race, ethnicity and
gender” factored into OTDA’s decisions. (Dkt. No. 50 at 20-22.) However,
this complaint occurred after her workload had already been increased,
and after the promotion decisions had been made, as noted above. In
sum, in response to OTDA’s motion, Marshall has not pointed to any record
evidence, beyond her mere allegations, demonstrating that at any time
prior to her August 31 complaint, in which she finally included the “[bases]
for the complaint”, (Dkt. No. 50 at 20), her complaints to supervisors and
EOD constituted anything more than her concerns about unfair treatment
generally. Such complaints do not constitute protected activity under Title
VII, see Dinice-Allen, 2008 WL 160206, at *4 (“Conduct described as
discriminatory, without specificity does not qualify it as protected activity.”),
and would not serve to put her employer on notice of conduct prohibited by
Title VII, see Kelly, 716 F.3d at 15. See Lehman v. Bergmann Assocs.,
Inc., No. 13-CV-482S, 2014 WL 1315385, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2014)
(noting that, for a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must establish “that she
complained . . . that she was being discriminated against because of her
18
[protected characteristic]” (citing Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560,
566 (2d Cir. 2000)).
Instead, Marshall merely cites back to allegations made in her
amended complaint, and asks the court to “[a]ssum[e] that [her] allegations
are true.” (Dkt. No. 48 at 4-7.) While her allegations alone were sufficient
to survive a motion to dismiss, they do not suffice to defeat OTDA’s
summary judgment motion. See Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 166 (2d
Cir. 2010) (“[M]ere conclusory allegations or denials . . . cannot by
themselves create a genuine issue of material fact where none would
otherwise exist.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Accordingly, OTDA’s motion is granted.
V. Conclusion
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that OTDA’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 41)
is GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that Marshall’s amended complaint (Dkt. No. 19) is
DISMISSED; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk close this case; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk provide a copy of this Memorandum19
Decision and Order to the parties.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
November 19, 2014
Albany, New York
20
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