Treistman v. Wacks, Esq. et al
Filing
121
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER - ORDERED that Counts I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIV, and XV and Supplemental Counts I, II, IV, V, and X are dismissed as against remaining defendants; and it is further ORDERED that plaintiff's second amended complaint (Dkt. No. 98) isdismissed; and it is further ORDERED that the Clerk close this case. Signed by Senior Judge Gary L. Sharpe on 11/9/2017. (Copy served via regular and certified)(jel, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
________________________________
BEN GARY TREISTMAN,
Plaintiff,
1:12-cv-1897
(GLS/CFH)
v.
AMY GREENE et al.,
Defendants.
________________________________
APPEARANCES:
OF COUNSEL:
FOR THE PLAINTIFF:
Ben Gary Treistman
Pro Se
28 Garrison Road
Shady, NY 12409
FOR THE DEFENDANTS:
Amy Greene, Kelly Whittaker,
Denise Woltman, Charlene Boswell,
Mary Ellen Schneider, Joseph Bennett,
Karin Hubbs, and Pamela Joern, Esq.
Cook, Netter Law Firm
P.O. Box 3939
85 Main Street
Kingston, NY 12402
Gary L. Sharpe
Senior District Judge
ERIC M. KURTZ, ESQ.
ROBERT D. COOK, ESQ.
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. Introduction
On January 4, 2016, plaintiff pro se Ben Gary Treistman filed a
second amended complaint against defendants Amy Greene, Kelly
Whittaker, Denise Woltman, Charlene Boswell, Mary Ellen Schneider,
Joseph Bennett, Karin Hubbs, and Pamela Joern, Esq., which consisted of
eighteen counts from his original complaint, (Compl., Dkt. No. 1), and ten
supplemental counts pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 and New York
common law, (2d Am. Compl., Dkt. No. 98). The court previously disposed
of both parties’ motions for summary judgment, (Dkt. Nos. 90, 94), and
ordered them to file supplemental briefs after identifying alternative
grounds for summary judgment, (Dkt. No. 115).
Specifically, the court directed the parties to brief whether qualified
immunity applies and the viability of state law claims. (Dkt. No. 115 at 24.)
Additionally, the court gave each party an opportunity to supplement their
original filings in light of the subsequent addition of Hubbs and Joern as
parties. (Dkt. No. 115 at 18, n.8.)
After considering the parties’ supplemental papers, (Dkt. Nos. 116,
2
117, 120), and for the reasons that follow, the court grants summary
judgment in favor of defendants and dismisses all remaining claims.
II. Background
A.
Facts
The court presumes a basic familiarity with the undisputed material
facts of this case from the court’s previous summary judgment decision,1
(Dkt. No. 115 at 3-9), which guide the present analysis.
B.
Procedural History
Likewise, the procedural posture of this case has been fully outlined
in the court’s previous summary judgment decision, (id. at 10-12), wherein
the court granted Valerie Lynn Wacks Esq.’s motion to dismiss, (Dkt. No.
1
Plaintiff belatedly attempts to controvert undisputed facts in his supplement brief.
(Dkt. No. 117 at 5-10.) However, it is an inappropriate time to present additional evidence for
issues that were already decided. To the extent that plaintiff’s subsequently-submitted
evidence could have been discovered with due diligence, does not relate to the narrow issues
now before the court, or is an attempt to controvert previously undisputed facts, it is
disregarded. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60. Nonetheless, insofar as the court is able to liberally
construe the pro se plaintiff’s belated response to defendants’ statement of material facts,
(Dkt. No. 117, Attach. 1), as cites to the record in support or his current arguments, it has done
so.
In a similar vein, plaintiff spends over half of his supplemental memorandum of law
disagreeing with the court’s prior decision. (Dkt. No. 117 at 1-10.) The opportunity to make
such arguments passed fourteen days after the entry of the challenged judgment, which was
the deadline to submit a motion for reconsideration. See N.D.N.Y Local Rule 7.1(g). Whereas
plaintiff’s pro se status may constitute “good cause” to consider untimely filed papers pursuant
to N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(b)(3), the court has already reminded plaintiff about the consequences of
filing a late request for reconsideration. (Dkt. No. 37.)
3
109), and defendants’ motion for summary judgment, (Dkt. No. 90), with
respect to Krisjanis, Jackson, and Sorkin in their individual capacities and
all defendants in their official capacities,2 and denied plaintiff’s cross
motion for summary judgment, (Dkt. No. 94; Dkt. No. 115 at 26). As such,
the remaining defendants are state child care workers, Greene, Whittaker,
Woltman, Boswell, Schneider, Bennett, and Hubbs, and an attorney for the
Ulster County Department of Social Services, Joern.3 The parties’
supplemental briefs are now before the court for consideration. (Dkt. Nos.
116,117,120.)
III. Standard of Review
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f), district courts have
discretion to grant summary judgment sua sponte “[a]fter giving [parties]
notice and a reasonable time to respond” and “after identifying for the
parties material facts that may not be genuinely in dispute.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(f), (f)(3); see, e.g., Swatch Grp. Mgmt. Servs. Ltd. v. Bloomberg L.P.,
2
Including Ulster County itself.
3
Plaintiff does not argue with defendants’ contention that Joern is entitled to
prosecutorial immunity, (Dkt. No. 116, Attach. 1 at 11-14), and concedes that “Joern should be
dismissed as a party to this case,” (Dkt. No. 117 at 3). Given plaintiff’s consent to dismissal of
his claim against this defendant, the court summarily dismisses all claims against her. See
N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(b)(3).
4
756 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir. 2014).
The standard of review pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 is well
established and will not be repeated here. For a full discussion of the
standard, the court refers the parties to its decision in Wagner v. Swarts,
827 F. Supp. 2d 85, 92 (N.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d sub nom. Wagner v.
Sprague, 489 F. App’x 500 (2d Cir. 2012).
IV. Discussion
A.
Qualified Immunity
Qualified immunity is intended to “strike a fair balance between (1)
the need to provide a realistic avenue for vindication of constitutional
guarantees, and (2) the need to protect public officials who are required to
exercise their discretion and the related public interest in encouraging the
vigorous exercise of official authority.” Jemmott v. Coughlin, 85 F.3d 61,
66 (2d Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“[T]o submit all officials, the innocent as well as the guilty, to the
burden of a trial and to the inevitable danger of its outcome, would
dampen the ardor of all but the most resolute, or the most
irresponsible, in the unflinching discharge of their duties. Again
and again the public interest calls for action which may turn out to
be founded on a mistake[.]”
Amore v. Novarro, 624 F.3d 522, 529-30 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Gregoire
v. Biddle, 177 F.2d 579, 581 (2d. Cir. 1949) (Learned Hand, J.)). As such,
5
appellate courts have “expressly encouraged the use of summary
judgment to quickly extricate government officials from the burdens of
defending against insubstantial suits.” Kaminsky v. Rosenblum, 929 F.2d
922, 925 (2d Cir. 1991) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 815-16
(1982)); see Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991) (“[The Supreme
Court] repeatedly ha[s] stressed the importance of resolving immunity
questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.”).
Therefore, “government officials performing discretionary functions
generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their
conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow, 457 U.S.
at 818. The Second Circuit extends this shield if either: “(1) the official’s
actions did not violate clearly established law, or (2) . . . the official was
objectively reasonable in believing in the lawfulness of his actions.”4
Connecticut ex rel. Blumenthal v. Crotty, 346 F.3d 84, 101-02 (2d Cir.
2003).
1.
Objective Reasonableness
4
Courts are permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of these
prongs to address first based on the circumstances of the particular case. See Pearson v.
Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
6
In the Second Circuit, “[a] party is entitled to summary judgment on
qualified immunity grounds if the court finds that . . . no reasonable jury,
looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to, and drawing all
inferences most favorable to, the plaintiff[], could conclude that it was
objectively unreasonable for the defendant[s] to believe that [they were]
acting in a fashion that did not clearly violate an established federally
protected right.” Lee v. Sandberg, 136 F.3d 94, 102 (2d Cir. 1997)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“An [official]’s actions are objectively reasonable if [officials] of
reasonable competence could disagree on the legality of the defendants’
actions.” Ford v. Moore, 237 F.3d 156, 162 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted); see Anderson v. Creighton, 483
U.S. 635, 638 (1987) (finding that qualified immunity protects officials
performing discretionary functions “as long as their actions could
reasonably have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to
have violated.”). This lenient standard “gives ample room for mistaken
judgments by protecting all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.” Manganiello v. City of New York, 612 F.3d 149,
165 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As a
7
result, “[t]he presumption in favor of finding qualified immunity is
necessarily high,” Crotty, 346 F.3d at 102, especially when defendants’
conduct adheres to a valid statute. See id. at 102, 104. Additionally,
officials acting to safeguard the health and welfare of a child are entitled to
qualified immunity in the performance of discretionary functions. See
Defore v. Premore, 86 F.3d 48, 50 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[Qualified immunity]
insure[s] that publicly employed caseworkers have adequate latitude to
exercise their professional judgment in matters of child welfare.”); Robison
v. Via, 821 F.2d 913, 922 (2d Cir.1987) (extending qualified immunity for
state officials who removed child from home because of suspected abuse).
Plaintiff asserts that “defendants knew, or should have known, that to
curtail the rights of a parent to care for and speak with his daughter as his
legal discretion and conscious dictates, was a violation of law.” (Dkt. No.
117 at 12.) Defendants argue that New York’s Social Services Law (SSL)
counterbalances plaintiff’s rights with the compelling governmental interest
in the protection of minor children and thus they are entitled to qualified
immunity. (Dkt. No. 116, Attach. 1 at 3-8.) They further contend that the
undisputed facts demonstrate nothing more than “caseworkers and their
supervisors making discretionary decisions in the best interests of
8
plaintiff’s daughter.” (Id. at 8.) Plaintiff responds by arguing that “the acts
that [the SSL] provides immunities for have nothing to do with the acts,
subject matter[,] or claims made in the [second] amended complaint,” (Dkt.
No. 117 at 14), and that defendants’ acts were unauthorized, (id. at 6,16).5
Indeed, a parent has a fundamental liberty interest in the care,
custody, and management of his or her child. See Santosky v. Kramer,
455 U.S. 745, 753; United States v. Myers, 426 F.3d 117, 125 (2d Cir.
2005); Kia P. v. McIntyre, 235 F.3d 749, 758 (2d Cir. 2000). However,
“[n]o matter how important the right to family integrity, it does not
automatically override the sometimes competing ‘compelling governmental
interest in the protection of minor children, particularly in circumstances
where the protection is considered necessary as against the parents
themselves.’” McIntyre, 235 F.3d at 758 (quoting Wilkinson ex rel.
5
Plaintiff also argues that a state-created qualified immunity cannot shield an official
from liability for claims created under federal law. (Dkt. No. 117 at 12-14.) To be sure, the
subjective mens rea elements of wilful misconduct or gross negligence, as proscribed by
SSL § 419, do not negate the proper objective analysis for evaluating qualified immunity. (Id.
at 14.) The Supreme Court made this clear when it abandoned a subjective good faith inquiry
in favor of an objective analysis. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 816-18. The court also agrees with
plaintiff that the Supremacy Clause may prohibit a state from immunizing its citizens from
federal lawsuits. (Dkt. No. 117 at 13.) However, plaintiff overlooks the important role that a
presumptively valid state statute plays in analyzing defendants’ objective reasonableness.
See Crotty, 346 F.3d at 102, 104. Thus, although the “good faith” test set forth by the state
statute may be inapplicable, the scope of the immunization provided by the state statute and
related guidelines provided by SSL are pertinent to this analysis insofar as they would
reasonably lead a child care worker to believe that they were not violating plaintiff’s clearly
established rights.
9
Wilkinson v. Russell, 182 F.3d 89, 104 (2d Cir. 1999)); see van Emrik v.
Chemung Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 911 F.2d 863, 866 (2d Cir. 1990). By
the same token, this important governmental interest buttresses the SSL.
See SSL § 411.6
SSL § 419’s scope of immunity, upon which defendant relies, (Dkt.
No. 116, Attach. 1 at 4), incorporates various sections of the SSL. See
SSL § 419. Specifically, § 424 of the SSL requires child protective
services (CPS) to commence an investigation and render an evaluation to
determine whether a report of child maltreatment is founded. See id.
§ 424(3),(7). The section also requires CPS to offer appropriate
recommendations based on their investigation and allows them to inform
parents of their authority to take action that corresponds with their findings.
See id. § 424(10). Additionally, CPS is mandated to act to promote the
best interest of the child in initiating court proceedings, making referrals,
6
Abused and maltreated children in this state are in urgent need of
an effective child protective service to prevent them from suffering
further injury and impairment. It is the purpose of [Title 6] to
encourage more complete reporting of suspected child abuse and
maltreatment and . . . a child protective service capable of
investigating such reports swiftly and competently and capable of
providing protection for the child . . . from further abuse or
maltreatment and rehabilitative services for the child . . . and
parents involved.
SSL § 411.
10
assisting the family court during all stages of a proceeding, and
coordinating and monitoring rehabilitative services for families. See id.
§ 424(11)-(13). However, SSL § 419 is but one of many statutes that
provides guidelines for child care workers.
Additionally, social services officials are broadly required to
safeguard a child’s welfare and stabilize the familial relationship. See id.
§ 397(2)(a). Further, as mandatory reporters, social workers are obligated
to report when they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child or
parent coming before them in their official capacity reveals circumstances
demonstrative of child maltreatment. See id. § 413(1)(a). As such, it is
reasonable for child care workers to take steps to avoid circumstances that
may facilitate child maltreatment and the subsequent filing of a
report—especially since they face criminal penalties for failing to do so.
See id. § 420.
The evidence fails to demonstrate that any defendants exceeded the
scope of these statutory requirements; thus, there is a presumption in favor
of qualified immunity. See Crotty, 346 F.3d at 102, 104. To the extent that
defendants’ actions are not directly covered by statutory guidelines as
plaintiff contends, (Dkt. No. 117 at 14, 16), the undisputed facts show
11
nothing more than child care workers making discretionary decisions in the
best interests of plaintiff and plaintiff’s daughter. See Robison, 821 F.2d at
922; Anderson, 483 U.S. at 638; Defore, 86 F.3d at 50. As discussed
below, no rational finder of fact could conclude that defendants’ conduct
“was so flawed that no reasonable [child care worker] would have made . .
. similar choice[s].” Lennon v. Miller, 66 F.3d 416, 425 (2d Cir.1995).
a.
Schneider and Bennett
Plaintiff alleges that Schneider violated his First Amendment rights
and Fourteenth Amendment right to parent-child association, (Dkt. No. 98
at 36-37), and conspired with others to violate the same, (id. at 37), by
directing him to avoid discussing certain topics with his daughter, (id. at 36,
37). Plaintiff also alleges Schneider and Bennett interfered with his
parental rights by seeking to have Dr. Kathleen Caproni stop administering
therapy to plaintiff and plaintiff’s child. (Id. at 52-53.)
The undisputed facts, (Dkt. No. 115 at 7-8), fail to demonstrate
anything more than Schneider and Boswell coordinating and monitoring
rehabilitative services and issuing recommendations based on findings of
harm to plaintiff’s daughter. See SSL § 424(10)-(13). Any actions aimed
at addressing “duplicative treatment,” (Dkt. No. 115 at 8), were taken to
12
further the best interests of the child and promote rehabilitation. See SSL
§§ 397(2)(a), 424(10)-(13). Specifically, communications with mental
health professionals involved in the case were in-line with SSL § 424(11).
Additionally, Schneider’s suggestions that plaintiff stop discussing topics
that negatively affected his daughter were designed to protect the child
and stabilize her relationship with her father. See id. § 397(2)(a). As such,
no rational jury could find that a social worker of reasonable competence
could believe that Schneider and Bennett’s actions were unlawful. See
Ford, 237 F.3d at 162.
b.
Woltman, Boswell, and Hubbs
Next, plaintiff alleges that Woltman and Boswell conspired with
Schneider to violate plaintiff’s First Amendment rights and right to parentchild association under the Fourteenth Amendment. (Dkt. No. 98 at 3738.) He also alleges that Woltman and Boswell violated his First and
Fourteenth Amendment rights by prohibiting certain actions, including
conversations between plaintiff and his daughter, (id. at 38-39), and
directing plaintiff not to use certain excessive discipline and suggesting
that plaintiff complete parenting classes as a result, (id. at 42-43). Plaintiff
further alleges claims against Woltman and Boswell for warning him to
13
stop letting his daughter eat certain foods and access certain media
content. (Id. at 56.) Additionally, plaintiff alleges that Woltman, Boswell,
and Hubbs violated his rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendment
by directing him to stop speaking about certain matters involving family
court and past experiences regarding custody, (id. at 57-58), and interfered
with his litigation efforts by prohibiting communications between him and
his daughter that were related to this lawsuit, (id. at 59-61).
The undisputed facts, (Dkt. No. 115 at 6-7), demonstrate that plaintiff
was engaging in certain activities and conversations about the lawsuit,
custody issues, and proscribed medication that negatively affected his
daughter. As a result, plaintiff was advised on several occasions that his
actions were upsetting his daughter.7 (Id.) These facts fail to demonstrate
that defendants’ conduct would lead a rational jury to conclude that an
7
To support these particular claims, plaintiff provided an undercover video recording of
meetings with these defendants to the court after filing his response to defendants’
supplemental motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 118.) Defendants argue that this
attempt to introduce evidence is untimely, inadmissable, and contrary to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
(Dkt. No. 120 at 5.) Regardless of whether this belated video submission is properly before
the court or admissible, the tape merely displays various defendants expressing their
professional opinions while plaintiff attempts to manipulate them into making damaging
statements. The recording demonstrates that defendants were concerned about
inappropriate, adult conversations initiated by plaintiff during his supervised visits that
negatively affected his young daughter. Ironically, plaintiff’s clandestine video perhaps best
demonstrates the difficult position that child care workers find themselves in when balancing
their duty to protect the best interests of the child with the fundamental rights of said child’s
parent(s).
14
objectively reasonable child care worker would believe that their actions
were violating plaintiff’s federal rights. To the contrary, defendants acted
within statutory guidelines when they assisted the Family Court in plaintiff’s
compliance with the temporary orders of protection and provided
recommendations for the parent to promote the child’s best interests upon
identifying maltreatment. See SSL §§ 424(10),(12). To the extent that
defendants directed plaintiff to avoid activities that they concluded harmed
plaintiff’s daughter, it is clear that they undertook such actions to safeguard
the health and welfare of the child. See id. § 397(2)(a); Robison, 821 F.2d
at 922. The court agrees with defendants that the record demonstrates
nothing more than officials “standing by [their] decision requesting plaintiff
to refrain from discussing his federal lawsuit and status with his daughter
as it was in her best interest.” (Dkt. No. 116, Attach. 1 at 15.) The facts do
not indicate that these child care workers were “plainly incompetent” or that
they “knowingly violated” the law. See Manganiello, 612 F.3d at 165. As
such, application of qualified immunity assures that these child care
workers retain “adequate latitude to exercise their professional judgment in
matters of child welfare.” Defore, 86 F.3d at 50.8
8
Additionally, there is no evidence in the record that any defendants interfered with
plaintiff’s litigation efforts. On the contrary, the record demonstrates that plaintiff’s daughter
15
c.
Whittaker and Greene
Additionally, plaintiff alleges that Whittaker and Greene interfered
with his parental rights and violated other associated rights under the First
and Fourteenth Amendments by directing him to adhere to certain
requirements related to communications with his daughter. (Dkt. No. 98 at
44-45.) Plaintiff also alleges that these defendants discriminated against
him based on his gender, namely by finding an incident he reported to be
unfounded and instituting a neglect proceeding against him instead. (Id. at
46, 47-48.)
The court agrees with defendants that “[plaintiff] cites to no specific
facts where the[se] defendants were making decisions outside of the
scope of their duties as caseworkers for . . . [CPS].” (Dkt. No. 116,
Attach. 1 at 7.) Rather, the undisputed facts, (Dkt. No. 115 at 4-5), show
these child care workers reasonably carried out their statutory
duties—including their investigation that revealed potential neglect on
plaintiff’s part. As mandatory reporters, Whittaker and Greene both had a
duty to bring a report if circumstances evidenced child abuse. See SSL
independently decided that she did not wish to be a part of her father’s litigation. (Dkt. No. 31
at 3-4.) Therefore, to the extent that this portion of plaintiff’s claims survives the court’s
application of qualified immunity, it is summarily dismissed pursuant to Rule 56(e)(3).
16
§ 413(1)(a). They were also well within their scope of employment when
recommending that plaintiff not discuss topics that detrimentally affected
his daughter’s mental health. See id. § 397(2)(a). As such, no rational
finder of fact could conclude that their conduct “was so flawed that no
reasonable [child care worker] would have made a similar choice.”
Lennon, 66 F.3d at 425.
B.
Viability of Remaining State Law Claims
Plaintiff also asserts several state law claims against defendants:
negligent infliction of emotional distress against Whittaker and Greene,
(Dkt. No. 98 at 43-44), tortious interference with contractual relations
against Schneider and Bennett, (id. at 51-52), and negligent breach of duty
against Woltman, Hubbs, and Boswell, (id. at 66).
Although the qualified immunity analysis for federal purposes
centered on objective reasonableness, the immunity issue for state law
purposes turns on whether defendants acted in good faith. See Van Emrik
v. Chemung Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 191 A.D.2d 143, 147 (3d Dep’t.
1993); SSL § 419. As such, defendants are shielded from liability if they
acted within the scope of employment and did not engage in willful
misconduct or gross negligence. See SSL § 419. In this context, there is
17
a statutory presumption that actions taken to protect a child are made in
good faith. See id.
For the aforementioned reasons stated in the qualified immunity
analysis above and given that the undisputed evidence demonstrates that
defendants “[were] acting in the discharge of their duties and within the
scope of their employment, and that such liability did not result from [their]
willful[] misconduct or gross negligence,” Van Emrik, 191 A.D.2d at 147,
defendants are also immune from the remaining state law claims.
C.
Declaratory and Injunctive Relief
The court’s grant of qualified immunity only bars monetary damages.
See Robinson v. New York, 486 F. App’x. 905, 907 (2d Cir. 2012).
Therefore, it does not foreclose plaintiff’s claims to the extent they seek
declaratory and injunctive relief. (2d Am. Compl. ¶ 273.) However, that
relief is nonetheless unavailable.
By seeking a declaration that defendants’ conduct violated his rights,
plaintiff “asks the court only to recognize a past wrong, which, in the
context of declaratory relief, does not in itself amount to that real and
immediate threat of injury necessary to make out a case or controversy.”
Morales v. City of New York, 59 F. Supp. 3d 573, 581-82 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
18
A court cannot be “asked to answer the hypothetical question whether the
defendants would have been liable apart from their defense of good faith.”
Ashcroft v. Mattis, 431 U.S. 171, 172 (1977). Rather, “[f]or a declaratory
judgment to issue, there must be a dispute which calls . . . for an
adjudication of present right upon established facts.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Because the Second Circuit, in reviewing plaintiff’s earlier appeal,
found that “the neglect proceedings against [plaintiff] have been dismissed,
and . . . he currently has unrestricted and unsupervised visitation with his
child,” Treistman v. Wacks, 578 F. App’x. 18, 19 (2d Cir. 2014), there is no
present right at stake and plaintiff’s claim for prospective declaratory relief,
(2d Am. Compl. ¶ 273), is moot. See Ashcroft, 431 U.S. at 172.
Likewise, the portion of plaintiff’s second amended complaint seeking
injunctive relief, (2d Am. Compl. ¶ 273), must also fail because “[i]njunctive
relief may only be recovered from parties in their official capacities.”
Ziemba v. Armstrong, No. 3:02CV2216, 2004 WL 1737447, *2 (D. Conn.
July 30, 2004). Because the only remaining claims are against defendants
in their personal capacities, (Dkt. No. 115 at 24), plaintiff is barred from
injunctive relief as well.
19
V. Conclusion
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that Counts I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIV, and XV and
Supplemental Counts I, II, IV, V, and X are dismissed as against remaining
defendants; and it is further
ORDERED that plaintiff’s second amended complaint (Dkt. No. 98) is
dismissed; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk close this case; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk provide a copy of this MemorandumDecision and Order to the parties.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
November 9, 2017
Albany, New York
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