Warburton v. County of Ulster et al
Filing
84
DECISION AND ORDER that the Clerk of the Court is directed to correct the spelling of the name of Defendant Mattracion in the caption of the docket sheet in this case in accordance with note 1 of this Decision and Order. The Urgent Defendants 9; motion for judgment on the pleadings or in the alternative for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 71 , Attach. 26), and the Ellenville Defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings or in the alternative for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 72 , At tach. 6), are GRANTED. The following claims are DISMISSED: (1) Plaintiff's First Claim (under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause) against all Defendants; (2) Plaintiff's Second Claim (under the Fourth Amendment' s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures) against all Defendants; (3) Plaintiff's Third Claim (under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause) against the Ellenville Defendants; and (4) all of Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Jacobs and Markiewicz. Plaintiff's sole remaining claim, under New York State common law for property damage ("Claim Five"), is DISMISSED without prejudice to refiling in state court pursuant to the applicable limitations period, because the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Signed by Chief Judge Glenn T. Suddaby on 11/13/2020. (sal )
Case 1:17-cv-01219-GTS-CFH Document 84 Filed 11/13/20 Page 1 of 31
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________________
JENNIFER WARBURTON,
Plaintiff,
v.
1:17-CV-1219
(GTS/CFH)
COUNTY OF ULSTER; JOHN DOES I-V;
ABRAM MARKIEWITZ; OSCAR LOPEZ;
ROBERT SHAMRO; ROBERT LEONARDO;
DENNIS DOYLE; ANDRES ARESTIN; RICHARD
JACOBS; and PHILLIP MATTRACION, 1
Defendants.
____________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
OF COUNSEL:
SUSSMAN & ASSOCIATES
Counsel for Plaintiff
1 Railroad Avenue
Goshen, NY 10924
MICHAEL H. SUSSMAN, ESQ.
MCCABE & MACK LLP
Counsel for Defendants County of Ulster
63 Washington Street
Poughkeepsie, NY 12602
DAVID L. POSNER, ESQ.
DRAKE LOEB PLLC
Counsel for Defendants Jacobs and
Phillip Mattracion
555 Hudson Valley Avenue, Suite 100
New Windsor, NY 12553
ADAM RODD, ESQ.
GLENN T. SUDDABY, Chief United States District Judge
1
The Clerk of the Court is directed to correct the spelling of the name of Defendant
Mattracion in the caption of the docket sheet in this case, given that the name is spelled without a
“t” in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint and the parties’ memoranda of law. (See generally Dkt.
No. 12, at 1; Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 26; Dkt. No. 74; Dkt. No. 79.)
1
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DECISION and ORDER
Currently before the Court, in this civil rights action filed by Jennifer Warburton
("Plaintiff") against the County of Ulster, John Does I-V, Abram Markiewitz, Oscar Lopez,
Robert Shamro, Robert Leonardo, Dennis Doyle, Andres Arestin, Richard Jacobs, and Phillip
Mattracion (“Defendants”), are the following two motions: (1) the motion of Defendants County
of Ulster, Markiewicz, Lopez, Shamro, Leonardo, Doyle, and Arestin (“County Defendants” or
“Urgent Defendants”) for a judgment on the pleadings, or in the alternative for partial summary
judgment, with respect to some of Plaintiff’s claims against them (i.e., her Fourteenth
Amendment due process claim, Fourth Amendment unreasonable-search-and-seizure claim, and
state law property-damage claim); and (2) the motion of Defendants Jacobs and Mattracion
(“Ellenville Defendants”) for a judgment on the pleadings, or in the alternative for summary
judgment, with respect to the claims against them. (Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 26; Dkt. No. 72, Attach.
6.) For the reasons set forth below, both the Urgent Defendants’ motion and the Ellenville
Defendants’ motion are granted.
I.
RELEVANT BACKGROUND
A.
Relevant Procedural History
On April 13, 2018, pursuant to a stipulation between Plaintiff and the County Defendants,
Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint against Defendants. (Dkt. No. 12.) Although the County
Defendants submitted a motion to dismiss prior to Plaintiff amending her Complaint, they filed a
letter-brief on April 25, 2018, indicating that their motion was not impacted by Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint and there is no change to the County Defendants’ arguments. (Dkt. No.
15.)
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On September 24, 2018, the Court entered a Decision and Order granting the County
Defendants’ motion to dismiss certain of Plaintiff’s claims against them for failure to state a
claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). (Dkt. No. 18.) Specifically, the Court dismissed the
following: (1) Plaintiff’s Takings Clause claim against the County Defendants pursuant to the
Fifth Amendment (“Claim Three”); (2) Plaintiff’s Monell claims against the County Defendants
(“Claim Four”); and (3) Plaintiff’s failure-to-train-and-supervise claim against Defendant Van
Blarcum (“Claim Six”). (Id.)
On October 30, 2018, Plaintiff entered a stipulation of partial discontinuance with
Defendants County of Ulster and Van Blarcum. (Dkt. No. 30.) That same day, the Court entered
an order approving the stipulation of partial discontinuance with respect to Plaintiff’s first,
second, and fifth causes of action as they related to Defendants County of Ulster and Van
Blarcum only. (Dkt. No. 31.)
The Amended Complaint asserts a claim against Brian Schug. (Dkt. No. 12, at ¶¶ 44-57.)
However, neither the caption of the Amended Complaint nor the caption of the Court’s docket
sheet listed Mr. Schug as a Defendant. As a result, the Court directed the Clerk of the Court to
add Brian Schug as a Defendant in its previous Decision and Order. (Dkt. No. 18.) On July 1,
2019, the Court granted Defendant Shug’s motion to dismiss the claims against him and
terminate him as a Defendant in this action. (Dkt. No. 60.) As a result, he is no longer a
Defendant in this action.
On May 7, 2020, the Urgent Defendants filed their motion for judgment on the pleadings,
or in the alternative, for summary judgment. (See generally Dkt. No. 71.) On May 8, 2020, the
Ellenville Defendants filed their motion for judgment on the pleadings, or in the alternative, for
summary judgment. (See generally Dkt. No. 72.) Plaintiff filed a combined response in
3
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opposition to Defendants’ motions on June 1, 2020. (Dkt. No. 74.) The Urgent Defendants and
Defendant Mattracion each filed a reply memorandum of law in further support of their
individual motions on June 8, 2020. (Dkt. No. 79; Dkt. No. 81.)
B.
Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint
Generally, liberally construed, Plaintiff's Amended Complaint alleges as follows. (See
generally Dkt. No. 12 [Plf.’s Am. Compl.].) She is the owner of 8 Warren Street, Ellenville,
New York (the “Property”). (Id.) The Property contains an apartment building with four
apartments and some shared common areas maintained by Plaintiff. (Id.) As of January 11,
2017, Plaintiff and her husband maintained for their own use and occupancy an apartment on the
Property (designated as Apartment 2), and leased on a yearly basis the other three apartments on
the Property (designated as Apartments 1, 3, and 4). (Id.) On or about January 11, 2017, at 5:30
A.M., Defendants Markiewitz, Lopez, Shamro, Leonardo, Doyle, and Arestin of the Ulster
County Sheriff’s Department, conducted a “raid” at the Property. (Id.) The Ellenville
Defendants (a police officer and chief, respectively, with the Village of Ellenville Police
Department) also participated in the raid at the Property. (Id.) During the raid, Defendants
entered Apartment 2 and caused extensive and unnecessary physical damage, leading to the
condemnation and boarding up of the Property by the building inspector for the Village of
Ellenville. (Id.)
Based upon these allegations, the Amended Complaint asserted seven claims, the
following of which survived the Stipulation of the parties and the Court’s Decision and Orders:
(1) a claim that all Defendants except Brian Schug violated Plaintiff’s due process rights
pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“First Claim”); (2) a claim that all
Defendants except Brian Schug violated Plaintiff’s right to be free from unreasonable searches
4
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and seizures pursuant to the Fourth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Second Claim”); (3) a
claim that the Ellenville Defendants intentionally engaged in an unauthorized taking prohibited
by the Fifth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Third Claim”); and (4) a claim that all
Defendants except Richard Jacobs, Phillip Mattracion, and Brian Schug negligently or recklessly
caused undue and unnecessary damage to Plaintiff’s Property pursuant to New York common
law (“Fifth Claim”). (See generally Dkt. No. 12 [Pl.’s Am. Compl.].)
C.
Undisputed Material Facts
Unless otherwise noted, the following facts were asserted and supported with accurate
citations by Defendants’ in their Statement of Material Facts and expressly admitted or denied
without appropriate record citations by Plaintiff, in her responses thereto. (Compare Dkt. No. 71,
Attach. 1 [Urgent Defs.’ Rule 7.1 Statement] and Dkt No. 72, Attach. 5 [Ellenville Defs.’ Rule
7.1 Statement] with Dkt. No. 73 [Plf.’s Response to Urgent Defs.’ Rule 7.1 Statement] and Dkt
No. 75 [Plf.’s Response to Ellenville Defs.’ Rule 7.1 Statement].)
1.
Plaintiff co-owns income property located on the corner of Park Street and
Warren Street in the Village of Ellenville and its address is known as either 10
Park Street or 8 Warren Street (the “Property”). The building consists of four
rental apartments, identified as Apartments 1, 2, 3, and 4.
2.
Plaintiff and her husband’s primary residence is in Newburgh, New York.
3.
On January 11, 2017, Apartment 1 on the first floor was leased to Jenifer Eadly,
who had been Plaintiff’s tenant since 2008, Apartment 3 on the second floor was
leased to Family of Woodstock, a not-for-profit agency assisting people with
housing, which in turn rented Apartment 3 to Katherine Jennings, and Apartment
4 on the second floor was rented to Carlos Antonio-Lopez, who lived with Ina
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Jennings, Katherine Jennings’ sister. On January 11, 2017, Apartment 2 on the
first floor was being renovated and was without furniture.
4.
During January 2017, Plaintiff and her husband were living at their residence in
Newburgh, New York.
5.
As of January 11, 2017, Antonio-Lopez had spent approximately six months
renovating Apartment 2 for Plaintiff, who was reserving it for herself. During this
time, Antonio-Lopez was not paying rent in return for his work in Apartment 2
and other work at the premises.
6.
Plaintiff was aware that Katherine Jennings would lock herself out of Apartment 3
and would then kick open the door to get in. Prior to January 11, 2017, Plaintiff
wanted Katherine Jennings out of Apartment 3 because she was dealing drugs,
getting arrested, and damaging the apartment.
7.
Prior to January 11, 2017, Katherine Jennings would kick in the exterior door on
the Park Street side of the Property. 2 Katherine Jennings “was a rough tenant on
that apartment,” kicked in the interior entrance door to Apartment 3, and had cats
within Apartment 3, which destroyed the carpets. Plaintiff was also “quite
certain” that Katherine Jennings damaged the walls to Apartment 3.
8.
Since August of 2016, Plaintiff had been attempting to remove Katherine
Jennings from the Property and advised Family of Woodstock she was not going
to renew Katherine Jennings’ tenancy due to various damage she inflicted on the
2
The Court notes that Plaintiff denies the fact as stated; however, Plaintiff does not dispute
that Katherine Jennings kicked in the exterior door. (Dkt. No. 73, at 4.) Plaintiff merely clarifies
that, after Katherine Jennings had kicked in the exterior door, Plaintiff repaired the door on that
one occasion. (Id.)
6
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Property. Family of Woodstock then sent Katherine Jennings a “10 Day Notice to
Quit” Apartment 3 of the Property based on her destructive conduct at the
Property.
9.
A Warrant of Eviction was issued by the Village of Ellenville Justice Court on
December 6, 2016. The execution of this Warrant of Eviction was stayed until
January 13, 2017.
10.
When Plaintiff was last at the Property (one week prior to January 11, 2017)
Plaintiff had no specific recollection of entering apartments 1, 3, or 4.
11.
Since June 2016, Defendant Shamro and the URGENT Team (“Ulster Regional
Gang Enforcement Narcotics Team”) conducted an undercover operation in the
Village of Ellenville targeting Antonio-Lopez.
12.
Defendant Shamro, a Deputy Sheriff employed by the Ulster County Sheriff’s
Office, submitted an affidavit for a search warrant on January 10, 2017, with
respect to the premises occupied by Antonio-Lopez and Ina Jennings at the
Property. The search warrant was signed on January 10, 2017.
13.
On January 11, 2017, Defendant Markiewicz was assigned to supervise the
execution of the search warrant at the subject premises and was in charge of the
operation. No member of the Ellenville police department, including Defendants
Mattracion and Jacobs, played any role in applying for and obtaining the January
10, 2017, search warrant.
14.
The search warrant was sealed, and it was a “No Knock” warrant authorizing its
execution “without giving prior notice.” The warrant authorized, inter alia, a
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search for “any controlled substance,” “marijuana,” “currency,” “weapons,” drug
paraphernalia,” “phones” and “financial records.”
15.
The warrant was executed in the early morning hours of January 11, 2017.
Defendant Markiewicz supervised the execution of the search warrant.
16.
Entry was made through the exterior door (on Park Street) that immediately
accessed a staircase which led directly upstairs to the second-floor apartments
labeled Apartments 3 and 4. Apartments 1 and 2 on the first floor are accessible
through two separate entrances on Warren Street. There is no interior access
between any of the apartments.
17.
Defendants Markiewicz, Lopez, Shamro, Leonardo, Doyle, and Arestin were
members of the URGENT Task Force present for the search warrant execution.
Defendants Mattracion and Jacobs were members of the Ellenville Police
Department who partnered with the URGENT Team on the operation.
18.
Brian Schug, a Code Enforcement Officer/Building Inspector II for the Village of
Ellenville arrived at the Property on January 11, 2017. Mr. Schug is certified by
the New York State Department of State as a Code Enforcement Officer and is
licensed by the National Association of Certified Housing Inspectors and is fully
familiar with State and Village Codes regulating building structures and fire
safety.
19.
After entering the Property, Mr. Schug issued four tickets to Plaintiff for housing
code violations. Mr. Schug also issued and posted notices indicating that the
subject structure is unsafe; that its occupancy had been prohibited; and issued an
order to remedy.
8
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20.
Plaintiff was not present at the property when the execution of the search warrant
took place. Plaintiff had no recollection on being inside any of the rental units
during her last visit prior to January 11, 2017.
21.
Plaintiff has not spoken to any of her tenants about what occurred on the morning
of January 11, 2017. Plaintiff’s first visited the property on January 14, 2017,
approximately three days after the execution of the search warrant.
22.
Upon arrival, Plaintiff claims she found damage to the molding to the interior
door of Apartment 2, but no evidence of any damage inside that apartment. In
apartment 3, Plaintiff found “tenant’s furniture and stuff everywhere,” in addition
to damage to the door.
23.
Plaintiff pled guilty to three of the four tickets, and the fourth ticket was either
withdrawn or dismissed. 3 Plaintiff was fined $100 for each guilty plea.
24.
Neither Defendant Jacobs nor Markiewicz has been served with the summons and
complaint filed in this action.
Familiarity with the remaining undisputed material facts of this action, as well as the
disputed material facts, is assumed in this Decision and Order, which (again) is intended
primarily for review by the parties. (Id.)
D.
Parties’ Briefing on the Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment
1.
The Urgent Defendants’ Memorandum of Law-in-Chief
Generally, in support of their motion, the Urgent Defendants assert the following eight
arguments: (1) the Urgent Defendants are entitled to judgment on the pleadings with respect to
3
Plaintiff admits to pleading guilty to three of the four tickets because she was advised that
pleading guilty was the most expeditious manner to regain access to her building and renovate it
as required to resume renting to tenants. (Dkt. No. 73, at ⁋ 71.)
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Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment due process claim because (a) Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint
merely alleges that the Urgent Defendants’ property damage was the result of random,
unauthorized conduct by those executing the search warrant, (b) Plaintiff has an adequate state
remedy for the alleged property loss through the commencement of this action, and (c) Plaintiff’s
state tort claim in this action negates her Fourteenth Amendment due process claim in that the
state tort claim is an adequate post-deprivation remedy; (2) in the alternative, summary judgment
is appropriate with respect to Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment due process claim because the
record contains no evidence that the Urgent Defendants’ alleged misconduct was authorized in
advance by a high-placed Ulster County official; (3) Plaintiff lacks standing to raise a Fourth
Amendment claim with respect to the search because Plaintiff (a) has no protected Fourth
Amendment rights in the apartments she leased to other individuals, (b) has no expectation of
privacy in the vacant apartment in that standing is measured at the time of the search, and at the
time of the execution of the search warrant, Plaintiff’s apartment was vacant and other
individuals had access to it, and (c) has no admissible evidence to support her claim that the
Urgent Defendants damaged her property, and thus summary judgment is proper; (4) the Urgent
Defendants are entitled summary judgment on Plaintiff’s fifth claim (i.e., her state-law claim of
property damage) because Plaintiff has adduced no admissible evidence to support her claim that
the Urgent Defendants damaged her property; (5) in the event the Court determines that either of
Plaintiff’s federal claims survive, the Urgent Defendants are nevertheless entitled to qualified
immunity on the ground that the Urgent Defendants did not violate clearly established statutory
or constitutional rights; (6) Defendants Arestin, Lopez, and Leonardo had no personal
involvement in the challenged search, and thus Plaintiff cannot hold them liable under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983; (7) the Amended Complaint should be dismissed against Defendant Markiewicz for a
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failure of process in violation of the Court’s Order and Plaintiff’s failure to advance a bona fide
excuse for failing to serve Defendant Markiewicz; and (8) in the event the Court dismisses
Plaintiff’s federal claims but does not award summary judgment with regard to state law claim
for property damage, the Court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state
law claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. (See generally Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 26 [Urgent
Defs.’ Memo. of Law].)
2.
The Ellenville Defendants’ Memorandum of Law-in-Chief
Generally, in support of their motion for judgment on the pleadings, or in the alternative
for summary judgment, the Ellenville Defendants assert the following five arguments: (1)
Plaintiff’s first claim (under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause) should be
dismissed as against the Ellenville Defendants because (a) Plaintiff expressly asserted and
preserved her post-deprivation remedies for the property damages she allegedly sustained,
thereby rendering Plaintiff’s due process claim non-viable as a matter of law, and (b) the
Amended Complaint fails to establish that the Ellenville Defendants took any part in the alleged
property damage; (2) Plaintiff’s second claim (under the Fourth Amendment) should be
dismissed as against the Ellenville Defendants because Plaintiff lacks standing to assert a Fourth
Amendment claim, and, Plaintiff fails to allege the Ellenville Defendants’ personal involvement
in the alleged Fourth Amendment violation; (3) Plaintiff’s third claim (under the Fifth
Amendment’s Takings Clause) should be dismissed as against the Ellenville Defendants on the
ground that the legal theory and factual claims underlying this claim as applied to the Ellenville
Defendants are identical to claims applied to Defendants in the Court’s Decision and Order of
September 24, 2018, and the Court already determined in its Decision and Order of September
24, 2018, that the Defendants’ alleged actions were not a violation of the Takings Clause of the
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Fifth Amendment; (4) in the event the Court denies the Ellenville Defendants motions, they are
nevertheless entitled to qualified immunity because there is no clear precedent that damaging the
exterior door frame to a vacant apartment, without entry or intrusion of the apartment itself,
represented an unlawful “crossing of the threshold” in violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment
rights, and there is no authority that establishes that Plaintiff had a constitutional right to a postdeprivation hearing for alleged property damages independent of her state law claim for property
damage; and (5) all of Plaintiff’s claims asserted against Defendant Jacobs should be dismissed
because he was never properly served with process in this lawsuit, and (despite a Court order
directing Plaintiff to show cause as to why the Court should not dismiss Plaintiff’s action against
Defendant Jacobs) Plaintiff has not attempted to show cause as to why her action against
Defendant Jacobs should not be dismissed because of the lack of service. (See generally Dkt.
No. 72, Attach. 6 [Ellenville Defs.’ Memo. of Law]).
3.
Plaintiff’s Combined Opposition Memorandum of Law
Generally, in her opposition to Defendants’ motions, 4 Plaintiff asserts the following two
arguments: (1) the Urgent Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, or in the
alternative for summary judgment, should be denied because (a) the Urgent Defendants rely on
disputed material facts (including contradicted evidence and misconstructions of Plaintiff’s
testimony) in support of their motion, (b) Plaintiff has standing to assert her Fourth Amendment
claim on the grounds that the Urgent Defendants cite inapposite authority and Plaintiff’s privacy
interest in Apartment 2 is not defeated by another individual’s ability to access the unit for
4
In her opposition to Defendants’ motions, Plaintiff agreed to voluntarily discontinue (1)
her First Claim (under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause) against all Defendants,
(2) all claims against Defendants Jacobs and Markiewicz, who were not properly served, and (3)
her Third Claim (under the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause) against the Ellenville
Defendants. (Dkt. No. 74, at 7.)
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renovation purposes, (c) the Fourth Amendment was triggered by the Urgent Defendants’
damage to the door and door frame of Apartment 2 because the Urgent Defendants rely on
speculation that other individuals could have damaged Plaintiff’s property, (d) the Court should
deny the Urgent Defendants’ claim of qualified immunity on the grounds that Courts have
recognized a clearly established rights that any physical invasion of the structure of a home, even
by a fraction of an inch, is not tolerated, and as the owner of the property, Plaintiff had a
reasonable expectation of privacy in the building itself, (e) Defendants Arestin, Lopez, and
Leonardo are proper Defendants in this action because these individuals were in the building and
granting summary judgment would be tantamount to the Court making an impermissible
credibility determination, and (f) should the Court dismiss Plaintiff’s federal claims, the Court
should nevertheless retain the state law claim because dismissal of a federal claim at this stage in
the action is not fair under Second Circuit precedent; and (2) the Ellenville Defendants’ motions
should be denied because (a) they rely on disputed material facts (whether the search warrant
authorized the search and entry of only one unit [Apartment 4]), (b) the Ellenville Defendants
violated the Fourth Amendment by kicking in the doors of her building, including the door of
Apartment 2, and (c) Defendant Mattracion is not entitled to qualified immunity for the same
reasons the Urgent Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity. (See generally Dkt. No. 74
[Plf.’s Opp’n Memo. of Law].)
4.
The Urgent Defendants’ Reply Memorandum of Law
Generally in their reply, the Urgent Defendants assert the following three arguments: (1)
summary judgment dismissing Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is proper because Plaintiff has
failed to produce evidence and cannot identify the individual(s) who caused the damage to her
property; (2) Plaintiff lacks standing to assert a Fourth Amendment claim on the ground that
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Plaintiff, as the owner of the Property, has an interest in the doors leading to the apartments in
the property itself; and (3) the Urgent Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity because it is
not clearly established that damaging a door and its frame, without entry inside, is a Fourth
Amendment violation. (See generally Dkt. No. 79 [Urgent. Defs.’ Reply Memo. of Law].)
5.
The Defendant Mattracion’s Reply Memorandum of Law
Generally, in his reply to Plaintiff’s opposition, Defendant Mattracion asserts the
following three arguments: (1) Plaintiff’s position fails to raise any genuine issues of material
fact as to his involvement with Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim and because Defendant
Mattracion established a prima facie case demonstrating his lack of involvement in the alleged
violation, he is entitled to summary judgement; (2) even if the Court accepted the facts
underlying Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim as true, Plaintiff cannot assert a valid Fourth
Amendment claim because the law is settled that a property owner has no protected Fourth
Amendment privacy interest in the units rented to and occupied by others; and (3) even if the
Court finds that the damage to Plaintiff’s property was a violation of her constitutional rights,
Defendant Mattracion is nevertheless entitled to qualified immunity on the ground that Plaintiff
has failed to show Defendant Mattracion violated a clearly established constitutional right by
physically damaging a door frame and door to an unoccupied apartment, without entry into the
apartment itself. (See generally Dkt. No. 81.)
II.
RELEVANT LEGAL STANDARDS
A.
Legal Standards Governing Motions for Judgment on Pleadings
“The standard for granting a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is identical
to that of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Patel v. Contemporary Classics of
Beverly Hills, 259 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2001) (collecting cases). It has long been understood
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that a dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6), can be based on one or both of two grounds: (1) a challenge to the “sufficiency
of the pleading” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); or (2) a challenge to the legal cognizability of the
claim. Jackson v. Onondaga Cty., 549 F. Supp. 2d 204, 211, nn. 15-16 (N.D.N.Y. 2008)
(McAvoy, J., adopting Report-Recommendation on de novo review).
Because such dismissals are often based on the first ground, some elaboration regarding
that ground is appropriate. Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a
pleading contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) [emphasis added]. In the Court’s view, this tension between
permitting a “short and plain statement” and requiring that the statement “show[]” an entitlement
to relief is often at the heart of misunderstandings that occur regarding the pleading standard
established by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).
On the one hand, the Supreme Court has long characterized the “short and plain”
pleading standard under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) as “simplified” and “liberal.” Jackson, 549 F.
Supp. 2d at 212, n.20 (citing Supreme Court case). On the other hand, the Supreme Court has
held that, by requiring the above-described “showing,” the pleading standard under Fed. R. Civ.
P. 8(a)(2) requires that the pleading contain a statement that “give[s] the defendant fair notice of
what the plaintiff’s claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Jackson, 549 F. Supp. 2d at
212, n.17 (citing Supreme Court cases) (emphasis added). 5
The Supreme Court has explained that such fair notice has the important purpose of
“enabl[ing] the adverse party to answer and prepare for trial” and “facilitat[ing] a proper decision
Accord, Flores v. Graphtex, 189 F.R.D. 54, 54 (N.D.N.Y. 1999) (Munson, J.); Hudson v.
Artuz, 95-CV-4768, 1998 WL 832708, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 1998); Powell v. Marine
Midland Bank, 162 F.R.D. 15, 16 (N.D.N.Y.1995) (McAvoy, C.J.).
5
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on the merits” by the court. Jackson, 549 F. Supp. 2d at 212, n.18 (citing Supreme Court cases);
Rusyniak v. Gensini, 629 F. Supp. 2d 203, 213 & n.32 (N.D.N.Y. 2009) (Suddaby, J.) (citing
Second Circuit cases). For this reason, as one commentator has correctly observed, the “liberal”
notice pleading standard “has its limits.” 2 Moore’s Federal Practice § 12.34[1][b] at 12-61 (3d
ed. 2003). For example, numerous Supreme Court and Second Circuit decisions exist holding
that a pleading has failed to meet the “liberal” notice pleading standard. Rusyniak, 629 F. Supp.
2d at 213, n.22 (citing Supreme Court and Second Circuit cases); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 677-82 (2009).
Most notably, in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, the Supreme Court reversed an
appellate decision holding that a complaint had stated an actionable antitrust claim under 15
U.S.C. § 1. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). In doing so, the Court
“retire[d]” the famous statement by the Court in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957),
that “a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond
doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him
to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 561-62. Rather than turn on the conceivability of an actionable
claim, the Court clarified, the “fair notice” standard turns on the plausibility of an actionable
claim. Id. at 555-70. The Court explained that, while this does not mean that a pleading need
“set out in detail the facts upon which [the claim is based],” it does mean that the pleading must
contain at least “some factual allegation[s].” Id. at 555. More specifically, the “[f]actual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level [to a plausible
level],” assuming (of course) that all the allegations in the complaint are true. Id.
As for the nature of what is “plausible,” the Supreme Court explained that “[a] claim has
facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
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reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “[D]etermining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief
. . . [is] a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience
and common sense. . . . [W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than
the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged–but it has not show[n]–that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 [internal quotation marks and citations
omitted]. However, while the plausibility standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a
defendant has acted unlawfully,” id. at 678, it “does not impose a probability requirement.”
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556.
Because of this requirement of factual allegations plausibly suggesting an entitlement to
relief, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in the complaint
is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by merely conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Similarly, a
pleading that only “tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement” will not
suffice. Id. (internal citations and alterations omitted). Rule 8 “demands more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. (citations omitted).
Finally, a few words are appropriate regarding what documents are considered when a
dismissal for failure to state a claim is contemplated. Generally, when contemplating a dismissal
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) or Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c), the following matters outside the
four corners of the complaint may be considered without triggering the standard governing a
motion for summary judgment: (1) documents attached as an exhibit to the complaint or answer,
(2) documents incorporated by reference in the complaint (and provided by the parties), (3)
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documents that, although not incorporated by reference, are “integral” to the complaint, or (4)
any matter of which the court can take judicial notice for the factual background of the case. 6
B.
Legal Standard Governing Motions for Summary Judgment
Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, summary judgment is warranted if “the movant shows that
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to a judgment as
a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute of fact is “genuine” if “the [record] evidence
is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the [non-movant].” Anderson v. Liberty
6
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) (“A copy of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a
pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.”); L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC, 647 F.3d 419,
422 (2d. Cir. 2011) (explaining that conversion from a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim to a motion for summary judgment is not necessary under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12[d] if the
“matters outside the pleadings” in consist of [1] documents attached to the complaint or answer,
[2] documents incorporated by reference in the complaint (and provided by the parties), [3]
documents that, although not incorporated by reference, are “integral” to the complaint, or [4]
any matter of which the court can take judicial notice for the factual background of the case);
DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010) (explaining that a district
court considering a dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. 12(b)(6) “may consider the facts alleged in
the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by
reference in the complaint. . . . Where a document is not incorporated by reference, the court
may neverless consider it where the complaint relies heavily upon its terms and effect, thereby
rendering the document ‘integral’ to the complaint. . . . However, even if a document is
‘integral’ to the complaint, it must be clear on the record that no dispute exists regarding the
authenticity or accuracy of the document. It must also be clear that there exist no material
disputed issues of fact regarding the relevance of the document.”) [internal quotation marks and
citations omitted]; Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2009) (“The
complaint is deemed to include any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any
statements or documents incorporated in it by reference.”) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted); Int'l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir.1995) (per
curiam) (“[W]hen a plaintiff chooses not to attach to the complaint or incorporate by reference a
[document] upon which it solely relies and which is integral to the complaint,” the court may
nevertheless take the document into consideration in deciding [a] defendant's motion to dismiss,
without converting the proceeding to one for summary judgment.”) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
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Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 7 As for the materiality requirement, a dispute of fact is
“material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law . . . . Factual
disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the Court must resolve all
ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
In addition, “[the movant] bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the
basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the . . . [record] which it believes
demonstrate[s] the absence of any genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 323-24 (1986). However, when the movant has met its initial burden, the non-movant must
come forward with specific facts showing a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a), (c), (e). 8
Implied in the above-stated burden-shifting standard is the fact that, where a non-movant
willfully fails to respond to a motion for summary judgment, a district court has no duty to
perform an independent review of the record to find proof of a factual dispute. 9
7
As a result, “[c]onclusory allegations, conjecture and speculation . . . are insufficient to
create a genuine issue of fact.” Kerzer v. Kingly Mfg., 156 F.3d 396, 400 (2d Cir. 1998) [citation
omitted]. As the Supreme Court has explained, “[The non-movant] must do more than simply
show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus.
Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-86 (1986).
8
Among other things, Local Rule 7.1(a)(3) requires that the non-movant file a response to
the movant's Statement of Material Facts, which admits or denies each of the movant's factual
assertions in matching number paragraphs, and supports any denials with a specific citation to
the record where the factual issue arises. N.D.N.Y. L. R. 7.1(a)(3).
9
Cusamano v. Sobek, 604 F. Supp. 2d 416, 426 & n.2 (N.D.N.Y. 209) (Suddaby, J.) (citing
cases).
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Of course, when a non-movant willfully fails to respond to a motion for summary
judgment, “[t]he fact that there has been no [such] response . . . does not . . . [by itself] mean that
the motion is to be granted automatically.” Champion v. Artuz, 76 F.3d 483, 486 (2d Cir. 1996).
Rather, as indicated above, the Court must assure itself that, based on the undisputed material
facts, the law indeed warrants judgment for the movant. Champion, 76 F.3d at 486; Allen v.
Comprehensive Analytical Group, Inc., 140 F. Supp. 2d 229, 232 (N.D.N.Y. 2001) (Scullin,
C.J.); N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(b)(3). What the non-movant's failure to respond to the motion does is
lighten the movant's burden.
For these reasons, this Court has often enforced Local Rule 7.1(a)(3) by deeming facts set
forth in a movant's statement of material facts to be admitted, where (1) those facts are supported
by evidence in the record, and (2) the non-movant has willfully failed to properly respond to that
statement. 10
Similarly, in this District, where a non-movant has willfully failed to respond to a
movant’s properly filed and facially meritorious memorandum of law, the non-movant is deemed
to have “consented” to the legal arguments contained in that memorandum of law under Local
Rule 7.1(b)(3). 11 Stated another way, when a non-movant fails to oppose a legal argument
10
Among other things, Local Rule 7.1(a)(3) requires that the non-movant file a response to
the movant's Statement of Material Facts, which admits or denies each of the movant's factual
assertions in matching numbered paragraphs, and supports any denials with a specific citation to
the record where the factual issue arises. N.D.N.Y. L. R. 7.1(a)(3).
11
See, e.g., Beers v. GMC, 97-CV-0482, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12285, at *27-31
(N.D.N.Y. March 17, 1999) (McCurn, J.) (deeming plaintiff’s failure, in his opposition papers, to
oppose several arguments by defendants in their motion for summary judgment as consent by
plaintiff to the granting of summary judgment for defendants with regard to the claims that the
arguments regarded, under Local Rule 7.1[b][3]); Devito v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 02-CV0745, 2004 WL 3691343, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2004) (McCurn, J.) (deeming plaintiff’s
failure to respond to “aspect” of defendant’s motion to exclude expert testimony as “a concession
by plaintiff that the court should exclude [the expert’s] testimony” on that ground).
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asserted by a movant, the movant may succeed on the argument by showing that the argument
possess facial merit, which has appropriately been characterized as a “modest” burden. See
N.D.N.Y. L.R. 7.1(b)(3) (“Where a properly filed motion is unopposed and the Court determined
that the moving party has met its burden to demonstrate entitlement to the relief requested
therein . . . .”); Rusyniak v. Gensini, 07-CV-0279, 2009 WL 3672105, at *1, n.1 (N.D.N.Y. Oct.
30, 2009) (Suddaby, J.) (collecting cases); Este-Green v. Astrue, 09-CV-0722, 2009 WL
2473509, at *2 & n.3 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2009) (Suddaby, J.) (collecting cases).
C.
Legal Standard Governing Exercise of Supplemental Jurisdiction
Because supplemental jurisdiction is “a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff’s right,”
United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966), a “district court ‘cannot exercise
supplemental jurisdiction unless there is first a proper basis for original federal jurisdiction.’”
Cohen v. Postal Holdings, LLC, 873 F.3d 394, 399 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting Nowak v.
Ironworkers Local 6 Pension Fund, 81 F.3d 1182, 1182 [2d Cir. 1996]). “The state and federal
claims must derive from a common nucleus of operative fact.” Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726. Federal
district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim if “the district court
has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); Kolari
v. New York-Presbyterian Hosp., 455 F.3d 118, 122 (2d Cir. 2006); Itar-Tass Russian News
Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 140 F.3d 422, 446-47 [2d Cir. 1998) (”the discretion to decline
supplemental jurisdiction is available only if founded upon an enumerated category of subsection
1367[c].”).
A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction in four circumstances:
“(1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law; (2) the claim substantially
predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction; (3)
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the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction; or (4) in
exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction.” 28
U.S.C. § 1367(c). “Once a district court’s discretion is triggered under [28 U.S.C.] § 1367(c), it
balances the traditional ‘values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity,’
[Carnegie-Mellon Univ., v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)] in deciding whether to exercise
jurisdiction.” Kolari, 455 F.3d at 122 (citing Itar-Tass, 140 F.3d at 446-47). “[I]n the usual case
in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors . . . will point
toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Cohill, 484 U.S.
at 350 n.7. However, “where at least one of the subsection 1367(c) factors is applicable, a
district court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction unless it also determines
that doing so would not promote . . . [judicial] economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.”
Jones v. Ford Motor Credit. Co., 358 F.3d 205, 214 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Gibbs, 383 U.S. at
726). “The principle that the elimination of federal-law claims prior to trial generally points to
declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction ‘in the usual case’ clearly does not mean that the
balance of factors always points that way.” Catzin v. Thank You & Good Luck Corp., 899 F.3d
77, 86 (2d Cir. 2018).
When analyzing judicial economy, district courts consider several issues, including:
“their familiarity with the facts, the timing of the case, the number of parties and claims, the
amount of discovery, and whether there is ongoing parallel litigation[.]” Chenesky v. New York
Life Ins. Co., 942 F. Supp. 2d 388, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (citing Allard v. Arthur Anderson &
Co., 957 F. Supp. 409, 425 [S.D.N.Y. 1997]). “In weighing convenience, courts ask whether the
case is easily resolvable, and, if it is, whether it is more appropriate to resolve the case than
decline to exercise jurisdiction.” Chenesky, 942 F. Supp. 2d at 392 (citing Cement & concrete
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Workers Dist. Council Welfare Fund v. Anthony Frascone, 68 F. Supp. 2d 166, 174 [E.D.N.Y.
1999]). When evaluating fairness, district courts balance “questions of equity; Will declining
jurisdiction prejudice the parties, and are the parties responsible for any such prejudice?” Id.
(citing Pitchell v. Callan, 13 F.3d 545, 549 [2d Cir. 1994]).
III.
ANALYSIS
Plaintiff has agreed to voluntarily discontinue her First Claim (under the Fourteenth
Amendment’s Due Process Clause) against all Defendants, all claims against Defendants Jacobs
and Markiewicz, and her Third Claim (under the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause) against the
Ellenville Defendants (see, supra, note 4 of this Decision and Order), and the Court has decided
to accepted that request under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2). All that remains for the Court’s
consideration, therefore, are Plaintiff’s Second Claim (under the Fourth Amendment’s
prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures) and Fifth Claim (under state law for
property damage).
A.
Whether Plaintiff’s Second Claim (Under the Fourth Amendment) Must Be
Dismissed Against the Urgent Defendants and Defendant Mattracion
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the affirmative
for the reasons stated in the Urgent Defendants’ and Ellenville Defendants’ memoranda of law.
(Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 26; Dkt. No. 72, Attach. 6; Dkt. No. 79.) To those reasons, the Court
would add the following analysis.
1.
Apartments 1, 3, and 4
When analyzing whether the challenged search violated an individual’s Fourth
Amendment rights, courts must first determine whether the search infringed on an interest of the
individual that the Fourth Amendment was designed to protect. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128,
140 (1978). In other words, a party challenging a search must show a “legally cognizable
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privacy interest in the searched premises at the time of the search.” United States v. Ruggiero,
824 F. Supp. 379, 391 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) (citing Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 [1980]; United
States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83 [1980]). “[P]roperty rights are not the singular measure of Fourth
Amendment violations;” Soldal v. Cook Cty., 506 U.S. 56, 64 (1992), “‘the Fourth Amendment
protects people, not places.’” Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2213 (2018) (quoting
Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 [1967]). “To succeed on a Fourth Amendment claim
alleging an unlawful search, a plaintiff must demonstrate standing, which requires a showing that
he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place that was searched.” Tarantino v. City of
Ornell, 615 F. Supp. 2d 102, 109 (W.D.N.Y. 2009), abrogated on other grounds, Analytical
Diagnostic Labs, Inc. v. Kusel, 626 F. 3d 135 (2d Cir. 2010).
In this case, although Plaintiff argues that her status as the building’s owner is different
from individuals who raise Fourth Amendment challenges in criminal cases, she fails to
differentiate her position beyond the fact that Plaintiff is not the subject of a criminal case. (Dkt.
No. 74, at 15.) Plaintiff also seemingly ignores the expectation-of-privacy component of a
Fourth Amendment claim. Specifically, Plaintiff attempts to conflate her Fourth Amendment
claim with her destruction-of-property claim. Plaintiff fails to cite, nor has the Court found, any
Second Circuit authority for the point of law that a building owner has a reasonable expectation
of privacy in the publicly accessible doors and door frames of the building’s individual
apartments. Moreover, despite Plaintiff’s assertion that no tenant consented to the destruction of
property, she fails to account for any non-inculpatory reason that the property could have been
destroyed.
Although the Court is “required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
party opposing summary judgment, to draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that party, and
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to eschew credibility assessments,” Amnesty Am. v. Town of W. Hartford, 361 F.3d 113, 122 (2d
Cir. 2004), Plaintiff nevertheless fails to produce evidence that Defendants, and not some other
individual, caused her property to be damaged. Because it is the movant’s initial burden to
demonstrate an absence of material facts, and the Urgent Defendants (in addition to Defendant
Mattracion) have met their burden by producing evidence that individual Defendants only
entered into Apartment 4 (the subject of the search warrant), 12 Plaintiff must present specific
facts to demonstrate there is a genuine issue that should be left for the fact finder to decide.
Carroll v. Krumpter, 397 F. Supp. 3d 234, 243 (E.D.N.Y. 2019). However, Plaintiff relies on
mere speculation, or a lack of explanation, in support of her argument that Defendants were the
individuals who damaged her property. (Dkt. No. 74, at 15-16.) It is well established that
“[c]onjecture, speculation, or conclusory statements are not enough to defeat summary
judgment.” Carroll, 397 F. Supp. 3d at 243 (citing Kulak v. City of New York, 88 F.3d 63, 71 [2d
Cir 1996]).
The Court also rejects Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim involving the doors and door
frames of each Apartment, among other common spaces of Plaintiff’s building. (Dkt. No. 12, at
⁋ 31.) Second Circuit precedent is clear: “a person does not have a reasonable expectation of
privacy in the common areas of multi-unit buildings.” United States v. Simmonds, 641 F. App’x,
99, 104 (2d Cir. 2016); United States v. Gray, 283 F. App’x 871, 873 (2d Cir. 2008); Wilson v.
Sessoms-Newton, 14-CV-0106, 2017 WL 3575240, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2017). “What a
person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own house or office, is not a subject of
Fourth Amendment protection.” Katz, v. United States, 389, U.S. 347, 351 (1967). In this case,
(Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 15, at ⁋ 6 [Markiewicz Aff.]; Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 16, at ⁋ 5 [Lopez
Aff.]; Dkt. 71, Attach. 17, at ⁋ 7 [Shamro Aff.]; Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 18, at ⁋ 3 [Leonardo Aff.];
Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 20, at ⁋ 4 [Doyle Aff.]; Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 21, at ⁋ 2 [Arestin Aff.].)
12
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it is clear that Plaintiff does not have any expectation of privacy in the door or door frame of her
apartment. See United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 (1976) (“While it may be true that
under the common law of property the threshold of one’s dwelling is ‘private,’ as is the yard
surrounding the house, it is nonetheless clear that under the cases interpreting the Fourth
Amendment [the Defendant] was in a ‘public’ place.”).
2.
Apartment 2
Plaintiff also argues that she has standing to assert a Fourth Amendment claim because
she had a reasonable expectation of privacy in Apartment 2 on the grounds that she maintained
Apartment 2 as her own and had not rented it to any third party. (Dkt. No. 74 at 16-17.)
a.
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
Ownership of the property alone does not create a reasonable expectation of privacy in
the premises. United States v. Cruz, 475 F. Supp. 2d 250, 253 (W.D.N.Y. 2007).
Although the extent of a defendant’s property or possessory interest in the
place searched is a factor generally considered in determining the
reasonableness of a defendant’s expectation of privacy, United States v.
Osorio, 949 F.2d 38, 40 (2d Cir. 1991), a defendant’s lack of such an
interest does not rule out the possibility that he may still show a
reasonable expectation of privacy.
United States v. Fields, 113 F.3d 313, 320 (2d Cir. 1997) (discussing how overnight guests have
a legitimate expectation of privacy in the homes of their hosts). Accordingly, “in the appropriate
circumstances, [an individual] may have a legitimate expectation of privacy when he is there
‘with the permission of his host, who is willing to share his house and his privacy with his
guest.” Fields, 113 F.3d at 321 (quoting Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 99 [1990]). However,
as the Court has previously explained, Plaintiff does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy
in the door or door frame of Apartment 2. See supra Part III.A.1. of this Decision and Order.
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b.
Hearsay
Although Plaintiff cites to her deposition in support of her opposition to Defendants’
motions, the only deposition testimony that Plaintiff identifies is hearsay. (Dkt. No. 71, Attach.
11 at 51-53 [Plf.’s Aff.]; Dkt. No. 73, at ¶ 41; Dkt. No. 75 at ¶ 65). “‘[O]nly admissible evidence
need be considered by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary judgment,’ and a ‘district
court deciding a summary judgment motion has broad discretion in choosing whether to admit
evidence.” Porter v. Quarantillo, 722 F.3d 94, 97 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Presbyterian Church
of Sudan v. Talisman Energy, Inc., 582 F.3d 244, 264 [2d Cir. 2009]). The “principles governing
admissibility of evidence [does] not change on a motion for summary judgment.” Raskin v.
Wyatt Co., 125 F.3d 55, 66 (2d Cir. 1997); Porter, 722 F.3d at 97. Therefore, if hearsay
evidence “‘will be presented in admissible form at trial’ it may be considered during a motion for
summary judgment.” Harleysville Worcester Ins. Co. v. Wesco Ins. Co., 752 F. App’x 90, 93-94
(2d Cir. 2019) (summary order) (quoting Santos v. Murdock, 243 F.3d 681, 683 [2d Cir. 2001]).
In this case, however, Plaintiff fails to address how the evidence relied upon in her opposition to
Defendants’ motions does not amount to inadmissible hearsay. Rule 801 of the Federal Rules of
Evidence defines hearsay as a statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the
statement. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). “If the significance of an offered statement lies solely in the
fact that it was made, no issue is raised as to the truth of anything asserted, and the statement is
not hearsay.” DeNigris v. New York City Health and Hosps. Corp., 552 F. App’x 3, 6 (2d Cir.
2013) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 801[c] advisory committee’s note). Although Plaintiff relies on an
alleged statement by “Officer Brooks” that Defendants entered into Apartment 2 (among the
other apartments), she relies on this statement for the truth of the matter asserted—that the
Urgent Defendants and Defendant Mattracion entered into Apartment 2 during the execution of
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the search warrant. (Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 11 at 51-53.) Plaintiff’s counsel also cites this
statement in Plaintiff’s denial of Defendants’ statements of material facts, further highlighting
Plaintiff’s reliance on the truth of the matter asserted. (Dkt. No. 73, at ¶ 41; Dkt. No. 75 at ¶ 65.)
Moreover, Plaintiff’s deposition testimony speculates that Officer Brooks was present during the
execution of the search warrant at the Property. (Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 11 at 51-53.) If Officer
Brooks was not present during the execution of the search warrant, this raises double hearsay
issues. See Rodriguez v. Modern Handling Equipment of NJ, Inc., 604 F. Supp. 2d 612, 622
(S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“Double hearsay is not admissible unless each level of hearsay is covered by
an exception to the hearsay rule.”). Because Plaintiff has not satisfied the first level of hearsay,
the Court does not analyze whether Officer Brooks’ statement would be admissible as double
hearsay.
c.
Additional Discovery
The deadline for discovery in this action was March 6, 2020. (See generally Docket
Sheet.) To date, Plaintiff has failed to confirm the identify of Officer Brooks, nor has she
produced an affidavit stating that he would be called to testify at trial (or produced an affidavit or
deposition from Officer Brooks that confirmed his prior statements). Instead, Plaintiff’s
opposition focuses on the issue of her standing and reasonable expectation of privacy in a vacant
apartment undergoing renovations. (Dkt. No. 74, at 16-17.) Despite the fact that Plaintiff had a
full and fair opportunity to pursue additional discovery, she has failed to do so. Accordingly,
any additional evidence pertaining to Officer Brooks’ alleged statement will be disregarded by
the Court. See Luntz v. Rochester City School Dist., 515 F. App’x 11, 1 (2d Cir. 2013) (holding
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying additional discovery to oppose a
summary judgment motion). Therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to support her
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assertion with credible evidence that the Urgent Defendants and Defendant Mattracion entered
Apartment 2 in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
For all of these reasons, the Urgent Defendants’ and Defendant Mattracion’s motions for
judgment on the pleadings, or in the alternative for summary judgment, with regard Plaintiff’s
Fourth Amendment claim is granted, and Claim Two is dismissed as against the Urgent
Defendants and Defendant Mattracion. 13
B.
Whether the Court Should Exercise Supplemental Jurisdiction Over
Plaintiff’s Fifth Claim (Under State Law for Property Damage)
After carefully considering the matter, the Court answers this question in the negative for
the reasons stated below.
Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s remaining claim falls under the “usual case”
category and it is not appropriate for the Court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over it. As a
general rule, “when the federal claims are dismissed, the state claims should be dismissed as
well,” and the ordinary case “will point toward declining jurisdiction over the remaining statelaw claims.” In re Merrill Lynch Ltd. P’ships Litig., 154 F.3d 56, 61 (2d Cir. 1998); Meagher v.
State University Construction Fund, 17-CV-0903, 2020 WL 5504011, at *21 (N.D.N.Y. Sept.
11, 2020) (Suddaby, C.J.). Because all of Plaintiff’s federal claims have been dismissed prior to
trial, the Court finds that the judicial economy and comity factors weigh decidedly in favor of
declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s remaining state law claim. See
Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726 (“Needless decisions of state law should be avoided both as a matter of
comity and to promote justice between the parties, by procuring for them a surer-footed reading
of applicable law . . . . [I]f the federal claims are dismissed before trial . . . the state claims should
13
Because the Court has dismissed Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim on multiple
grounds, the Court does not address Defendants’ qualified immunity arguments.
29
Case 1:17-cv-01219-GTS-CFH Document 84 Filed 11/13/20 Page 30 of 31
be dismissed as well.”). The Court also finds that the convenience and fairness factors weigh in
favor of declining to exercise jurisdiction, as New York State courts are better positioned to
address the remaining state law claim, and neither party will be prejudiced by the removal to
New York State court. Moreover, the Court has previously refused to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction at the summary judgment phase of a case. See Meagher, 2020 WL 5504011, at * 22
(declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction in a motion for summary judgment).
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s fifth claim is a state-law question that would be
better handled in the first instance by a state court.
For these reasons, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s
state-law claim, and the claim is therefore dismissed without prejudice to filing in state court
within the applicable limitations period.
ACCORDINGLY, it is
ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to correct the spelling of the name of
Defendant Mattracion in the caption of the docket sheet in this case in accordance with note 1 of
this Decision and Order; and it is further
ORDERED that the Urgent Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings or in the
alternative for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 71, Attach. 26), and the Ellenville Defendant’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings or in the alternative for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 72,
Attach. 6), are GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that the following claims are DISMISSED:
(1) Plaintiff’s First Claim (under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause)
against all Defendants;
30
Case 1:17-cv-01219-GTS-CFH Document 84 Filed 11/13/20 Page 31 of 31
(2) Plaintiff’s Second Claim (under the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against
unreasonable searches and seizures) against all Defendants;
(3) Plaintiff’s Third Claim (under the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause) against the
Ellenville Defendants; and
(4) all of Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Jacobs and Markiewicz; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff’s sole remaining claim, under New York State common law for
property damage (“Claim Five”), is DISMISSED without prejudice to refiling in state court
pursuant to the applicable limitations period, because the Court declines to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction.
Dated: November 13, 2020
Syracuse, New York
31
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