Upstate Shredding, LLC et al v. Northeastern Ferrous, Inc. et al
Filing
130
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDERED, that Plaintiffs Motion (Dkt. No. 91) for reconsideration is DENIED; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants Motion (Dkt. No. 98) to preclude evidence and for an award of attorneys fees is DENIED; and it is further ORDERED, that Plaintiffs Cross-Motion (Dkt. No. 104) for Rule 37 sanctions is DENIED; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants Motion (Dkt. No. 109) for sanctions is DENIED; and it is further ORDERED, that Plaintiffs request (Dkt. No. 115) for att orneys fees in responding to Defendants Motion for sanctions is GRANTED; and it is further ORDERED, that Plaintiffs submit an affidavit in support of their attorneys fees and costs in responding to Defendants Motion for sanctions within ten (10) days of this Memorandum-Decision and Order. Defendants may file a response within seven (7) days of Plaintiffs filing their affidavit; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants Motion (Dkt. No. 112) to enforce the Protective Order is GRANTED; and it is further ORDERED, that Plaintiffs commit no further violations of the Protective Order and pay Defendants attorneys fees and costs of bringing the Motion to enforce the Protective Order; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants submit an affidavit in support of their attorneys fees and costs in filing the Motion to enforce the Protective Order within ten (10) days of this Memorandum-Decision and Order. Plaintiffs may file a response within seven (7) days of Defendants filing their affidavit. Signed by Senior Judge Lawrence E. Kahn on March 02, 2016. (sas)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
UPSTATE SHREDDING, LLC and
WEITSMAN SHREDDING, LLC,
Plaintiffs,
-against-
3:12-CV-1015 (LEK/DEP)
NORTHEASTERN FERROUS, INC., and
JAY GOLDBLATT,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER
I.
INTRODUCTION
On June 21, 2012, Plaintiffs Upstate Shredding, LLC (“Upstate”) and Weitsman Shredding,
LLC (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) commenced this action asserting claims for breach of contract,
common law fraud, conversion, and unjust enrichment. Dkt. No. 1 (“Complaint”). In their Answer,
Defendants Jay Goldblatt (“Goldblatt”) and Northeastern Ferrous, Inc. (“Northeastern”)
(collectively, “Defendants”) counterclaimed against Plaintiffs on the same causes of action
advanced by Plaintiffs, and additionally sued Adam Weitsman (“Weitsman”) individually. Dkt. No.
9 (“Answer”). In a Memorandum-Decision and Order filed September 30, 2014, the Court granted
summary judgment in favor of Defendants on all of Plaintiffs’ claims and on Northeastern’s breach
of contract counterclaim against Plaintiffs. Dkt. No. 39 (“September Order”).
This matter returns to the Court on Plaintiffs’ Motion for reconsideration of the Court’s
September Order and to reopen discovery. Dkt. Nos. 91 (“Motion for Reconsideration”); 91-26
(“Plaintiffs Reconsideration Memorandum”).1 Defendants opposed the Motion and Plaintiffs filed a
Reply. Dkt. Nos. 97-6 (“Defendants Response Memorandum – Motion for Reconsideration”); 102
(“Plaintiffs Reply – Motion for Reconsideration”).2 Defendants have filed a Motion to preclude
evidence and for the award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. Dkt.
Nos. 98 (“Motion to Preclude”); 98-5 (Motion to Preclude Memorandum”). Plaintiffs oppose this
Motion and cross-moved for attorneys’ fees. Dkt. Nos. 104 (“Plaintiffs Cross-Motion”); 104-4
(“Plaintiffs Cross-Motion Memorandum”). Defendants also moved for sanctions pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927 against Plaintiffs. Dkt. Nos. 109-9
(“Motion for Sanctions”); 109-9 (“Motion for Sanctions Memorandum”). Finally, Defendants
moved to enforce the Protective Order entered by the Court. Dkt. Nos. 112 (“Motion to Enforce
Protective Order”); 112-2 (“Motion to Enforce Protective Order Memorandum”).3
For the following reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion for reconsideration, Cross-Motion for
attorneys’ fees, Defendants’ Motion to preclude, and Motion for sanctions are all denied. Plaintiffs’
request for attorneys’ fees in response Defendants’ Motion for sanctions and Defendants’ Motion to
enforce the Protective Order are granted.
1
Certain documents in support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for reconsideration, including the
Memorandum of law, were filed with the Court under seal. Dkt. Nos. 92; 93.
2
Defendants’ Memorandum of law in support of their Response to Plaintiffs’ Motion for
reconsideration was filed with the Court under seal. Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons. Plaintiffs’
Reply in support of their Motion was also filed with the Court under seal. Dkt. No. 105.
3
In anticipation of the trial on damages, the Court set deadlines for filing motions in limine.
Dkt. Nos. 50; 63; Text Minute Entry (June 23, 2015). On July 16, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a Motion in
limine. Dkt. No. 83. However, on July 21, 2015, due to Plaintiffs’ Motion for reconsideration, the
deadline to file motions in limine was adjourned indefinitely. Dkt. No. 88. Accordingly, the Court
will not address Plaintiffs’ Motion in limine in this Memorandum-Decision and Order. The
deadline to file motions in limine will be reset when the Court sets a new trial date.
2
II.
BACKGROUND
The Court recounts the background and procedural history of the case. For further
background, reference is made to the September Order. Plaintiffs are New York corporations
engaged in the purchase and processing of scrap metals. Sept. Order at 2. In or around September
2010, Plaintiffs began purchasing scrap metal from Northeastern, a Canadian corporation. Id.
Plaintiffs would quote Northeastern a price per ton of scrap and Northeastern would then arrange for
a shipping company to haul the scrap to Plaintiffs’ New York facility. Id.
When a shipment arrived at Plaintiffs’ facility, Plaintiffs’ employees would weigh the
shipment and determine the amount of dirt and other non-processable materials present. Id. The
amount of non-scrap material would be deducted from the total weight of the shipment in order to
determine the price owed to Northeastern. Id.
Starting in June or July of 2011, Plaintiffs began to withhold payments for received
shipments. Id. at 3. Northeastern subsequently stopped making shipments to Plaintiffs. Id.
Weitsman then met Goldblatt, an owner of Northeastern, and assured him that Plaintiffs would
resume payments if Northeastern resumed shipments. Id. Northeastern resumed shipments, but
Plaintiffs did not pay for any of them. Id.
Plaintiffs allege that they stopped making payments when Weitsman received a voice
message from a shipping company driver who claimed to have delivered Northeastern scrap to
Plaintiffs. Id. In the message, the driver claimed that the drivers had orders from Northeastern to
pay Plaintiffs’ employees to under-record the amount of dirt in Northeastern’s shipments. Id.
Plaintiffs contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), which began an investigation into
the matter. Id. The FBI directed Weitsman to meet with Northeastern representatives wearing a
3
wire. Id. The FBI suggested that Weitsman get Northeastern to resume shipments. Id. at 3-4.
Plaintiffs commenced this action on June 21, 2012, Compl., and following discovery, the
parties moved for summary judgment on all claims. Dkt. Nos. 25; 31. In the September Order, the
Court found that Defendants had made a prima facie case for breach of contract because it was
undisputed that Plaintiffs did not make payments for all shipments after July 2011. Sept. Order at 5.
Plaintiffs asserted that Defendants’ bad faith conduct excused Plaintiffs’ nonperformance under the
contract, but the Court found that Plaintiffs did not raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding
bad faith because they failed to offer any admissible evidence. Id. at 6-7. Accordingly, the Court
granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on all of Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendants
and on Defendants’ breach of contract claim against Plaintiffs. Id. at 9. Defendants’ breach of
contract claim against Weitsman was dismissed. Id.
Following the September Order, Defendants moved for an award of damages consistent with
the Order. Dkt. No. 40. On December 29, 2014, the action was reassigned to the Honorable Brenda
K. Sannes, U.S. District Judge. Dkt. No. 44. In December 2014, Plaintiffs’ counsel was informed
by the United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of New York that the FBI’s
investigation was closed. Dkt. No. 51-1 ¶ 3. During the investigation, the FBI had declined to
disclose details of the investigation to Plaintiffs. Dkt. No. 104-1 (“Devendorf Cross-Motion
Declaration”) ¶ 7. Accordingly, on December 31, 2014, Plaintiffs submitted a subpoena to the FBI
for the production of materials from the investigation. Id. ¶ 4. In February 2015, after the Court
denied Defendants’ Motion to quash the subpoena, Dkt. No. 55, the FBI produced certain materials.4
4
The materials produced by the FBI are subject to a Protective Order. Dkt. No. 58
(“Protective Order”).
4
Dkt. No. 91-1 (“Devendorf Reconsideration Declaration”) ¶ 17.5
Upon receipt of the FBI materials, Plaintiffs submitted a Letter Request to adjourn the trial
on damages and to conduct an investigation as to the subpoenaed materials. Dkt. No. 59.
Defendants opposed that request. Dkt. No. 60. On April 14, 2015, the parties appeared before
Judge Sannes for a hearing (“April Hearing”) regarding Plaintiffs’ request to adjourn the trial. See
Text Minute Entry (Apr. 14, 2015); see also Dkt. No. 98-2 (“Transcript”). At the conference,
Plaintiffs argued that there were outstanding FBI materials that they had not received. Tr. at 3:2023. Plaintiffs also argued that the FBI investigation, while ongoing, had impeded their ability to
contact and depose certain witnesses. Id. at 10:4-9. Based on Plaintiffs’ representations, Judge
Sannes adjourned the damages trial and allowed Plaintiffs to conduct additional discovery and
depositions of witnesses who either were unavailable because of the FBI investigation or whose
identities were not previously known. Id. at 23:25-24:8; see also Text Minute Entry (Apr. 14,
2015).
In May 2015, the FBI produced additional documents. See Dkt. No. 65. In July 2015,
Plaintiffs conducted depositions of Peter Wangler (“Wangler”) and Aaron Posner (“Posner”).
Devendorf Recons. Decl. ¶ 36; see also Dkt. Nos. 91-16 (“Posner Deposition”); 91-17 (“Wangler
Deposition”). Plaintiffs also conducted depositions of two former employees of Northeastern,
Richard G. Cross (“Cross, Sr.”) and Richard S. Cross (“Cross, Jr.”). Devendorf Recons. Decl. ¶ 26.
Defendants moved to prevent the deposition of Cross, Sr. on the ground that he was an individual
known by all parties before the close of discovery. Dkt. No. 72. Judge Sannes denied Defendants’
5
The Devendorf Reconsideration Declaration was filed with the Court under seal. Dkt. No.
93.
5
Motion and permitted Cross, Sr.’s deposition. Text Minute Entry (June 30, 2015). Judge Sannes
also permitted Defendants to take Weitsman’s deposition and Plaintiffs to serve Defendants with
supplemental interrogatories. Id.; Dkt. No. 79.
On July 21, 2015, Judge Sannes filed an Order of Recusal and this action was reassigned to
the Court. Dkt. No. 89. On July 27, 2015, Plaintiffs filed their Motion for reconsideration. Mot.
Recons. Defendants then filed Motions to preclude evidence, for sanctions, and to enforce the
protective order, and Plaintiffs cross-moved for attorneys’ fees. Mot. Preclude; Pls. Cross-Mot.;
Mot. Sanctions; Mot. Enforce Prot. Order.
III.
DISCUSSION
A. Rule 11 Motion and Motion to Preclude Evidence
Because Defendants’ Motion for sanctions and Motion to preclude evidence involve
common issues of fact, the Court addresses them together. Claiming that Plaintiffs made
misrepresentations at the April 14, 2015 hearing that led the Court to reopen discovery, Defendants
request that the Court preclude all evidence that the Plaintiffs obtained after the reopening of
discovery. Mot. Preclude Mem. at 14. In addition, Defendants request attorneys’ fees and costs
they incurred from the reopening of discovery. Id. at 15. Defendants also filed a Motion for
sanctions pursuant to Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Mot. Sanctions.
1. Legal Standard
Under Rule 11(b)(3), an attorney presenting “a pleading, written motion, or other paper” to
a court must certify “to the best of [their] knowledge, information, and belief” that “the factual
contentions have evidentiary support.” FED. R. CIV. P. 11(b)(3). The appropriateness of sanctions
under Rule 11 is determined by “an objective standard of reasonableness.” United States v. Int’l
6
Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffers, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 948 F.2d 1338, 1344
(2d Cir. 1991). A particular factual contention is subject to sanctions where it is “utterly lacking in
support.” Storey v. Cello Holdings, L.L.C., 347 F.3d 370, 388 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting O’Brien v.
Alexander, 101 F.3d 1479, 1489 (2d Cir. 1996)). “[A]n attorney is entitled to rely on the objectively
reasonable representations of the client.” Hadges v. Yonkers Racing Corp., 48 F.3d 1320, 1329-30
(2d Cir. 1995).
When ruling on a motion for Rule 11 sanctions, a district court “must adhere to the
procedural rules which safeguard due process rights.” Baffa v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec.
Corp., 222 F.3d 52, 58 (2d Cir. 2000). Rule 11 requires that a motion for sanctions be filed as a
separate motion and describe the specific conduct that allegedly violates Rule 11(b). FED. R. CIV. P.
11(c)(2). Furthermore, Rule 11 contains a “safe harbor” that requires a party seeking sanctions to
first provide the opposing party with formal notice of their intent to seek sanctions. Id. The
opposing party then has twenty-one days to withdraw or appropriately correct the potentially
offending statements before the Rule 11 motion can be filed with the court. Id. The purpose of the
safe harbor is to encourage parties to abandon questionable contentions by allowing them to avoid
sanctions with the timely withdrawal of meritless claims. FED. R. CIV. P. 11; Adv. Comm. Notes,
1993 Amend. Rule 11 motions “have been disallowed as untimely when filed after a point in the
litigation when the lawyer sought to be sanctioned lacked an opportunity to correct or withdraw the
challenged submission.” In re Pennie & Edmonds LLP, 323 F.3d 86, 89 (2d Cir. 2003).
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, an attorney “who so multiples the proceedings in any case
unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs,
expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927. The
7
imposition of sanctions under § 1927 requires a “clear showing of bad faith.” Oliveri v. Thompson,
803 F.2d 1265, 1273 (2d Cir. 1986) (quoting Kamen v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 791 F.2d 1006, 1010
(2d Cir. 1986)). “[A]n award under § 1927 is proper when the attorney’s actions are so completely
without merit as to require the conclusion that they must have been undertaken for some improper
purpose such as delay.” Id.
Additionally, courts have inherent power to sanction bad faith conduct. Chambers v.
NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 50 (1981). A court may assess attorneys’ fees and costs “where a party
has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.” Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,
948 F.2d at 1345 (internal quotation marks omitted). There must be “a particularized showing of
bad faith to justify the use of the court’s inherent power.” Id. Generally, where conduct may be
“adequately sanctioned” under Rule 11 or § 1927, a court should apply sanctions under those
provisions; however, where conduct would not be adequately sanctioned by Rule 11 or § 1927, “the
court may safely rely on its inherent power.” Chambers, 501 U.S. at 50.
2. Analysis
Defendants’ Motion to preclude evidence and Motion for sanctions are both based on the
same underlying conduct, which the Court summarizes here. Defendants’ assertions center on
Plaintiffs’ representations at the April Hearing and Judge Sannes’ ruling to reopen discovery on a
limited basis due to Plaintiffs’ representations.
Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs misrepresented that the FBI directed Plaintiffs to not
contact certain witnesses. Mot. Preclude Mem. at 4-6. At the hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel referred to
a “directive from the FBI that there is an open investigation” and that Plaintiffs were to “stand
down.” Tr. at 8:20-23. Plaintiffs stated that they “were dealing with the FBI telling [them] don’t
8
. . . go into Canada . . . and basically to stand down in terms of any effort that [they] might make.”
Id. at 10:4-9. Relying on Plaintiffs’ representations, Judge Sannes stated that “[a]s I understand the
[P]laintiffs’ claims, they were told to stand down with respect to discovery . . . because of the FBI
investigation” and ruled that “[n]ow that the FBI investigation is completed, I would be inclined to
give them some amount of time to subpoena those witnesses at trial or take their deposition.” Id. at
23:25-24:7.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ representations were false, relying on the Declaration of
FBI agent John P. Bokal, Jr. (“Agent Bokal”), dated July 9, 2015. Mot. Preclude Mem. at 8-9; see
also Dkt. No. 98-4 (“Bokal Declaration”). Agent Bokal was in charge of the FBI investigation.
Dkt. No. 104-3 (“Perticone Declaration”) ¶ 3. In his Declaration, Bokal states that “[a]t no time did
I tell council [sic] for the plaintiffs, council [sic] for the defendants or anyone involved in the civil
suit between Northeastern Ferrous, Inc. and Upstate Shredding LLC, Weitsman Shredding and
Adam Weitsman what witnesses could or could not be contacted.” Bokal Decl. ¶ 3.
In response to Defendants’ assertions, Plaintiffs’ counsel filed Declarations, which clarify
their statements at the April Hearing. See Dkt. No. 104-2 (“Johnson Declaration”); Devendorf
Cross-Mot. Decl.; Perticone Decl. Plaintiffs’ counsel John L. Perticone (“Perticone”) states that
over the course of the investigation, he periodically asked Agent Bokal to disclose witness
identities, tape recordings, and any other information that could be relevant to Plaintiffs’ action
against Defendants, but Agent Bokal denied all such requests because the investigation was
ongoing. Perticone Decl. ¶ 13. Perticone “believed that Special Agent Bokal would not have
refused to provide information and evidence unless he believed that the investigation would be
jeopardized.” Id. ¶ 19. Additionally, Weitsman was cooperating with the FBI investigation and
9
Bokal “would tell [him] who to talk to.” Dkt. No. 91-20 (“Weitsman Deposition”) at 102:25. After
talking with Wangler on the phone, Weitsman was instructed by Bokal not to go to Canada to meet
with Wangler in person. Johnson Decl. ¶ 6(k). Accordingly, Plaintiffs were “careful so as not to
interfere with the ongoing investigation.” Perticone Decl. ¶ 18. Perticone’s statements concerning
Plaintiffs’ understanding of the FBI investigation are echoed by Johnson and Devendorf. Johnson
Decl. ¶ 10 (“[Plaintiffs] in good faith believed that the FBI was opposed to any attempt by plaintiffs
and their counsel to contact and interview any potential nonparty witnesses located in Canada.”);
Devendorf Decl. ¶ 25 (“[T]he statements that were made by Agent Bokal about the investigation
gave [Plaintiffs] the clear understanding that they could not conduct an independent investigation
that would interfere with the FBI’s investigation.”). In their Motion for sanctions, Defendants claim
that the Johnson and Devendorf Declarations establish that Plaintiffs’ statements at the April
Hearing were false. Mot. Sanctions Mem. at 10-14.
Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs misrepresented that they did not have contact
information for Sher-Singh Bains (“Bains”), a former truck driver for Ontario Trucking. Mot.
Preclude Mem. at 3-4. Judge Sannes asked Plaintiffs if they had sought to depose Bains during
discovery because they had his identity and had met with him. Tr. at 7:23-8:3. Plaintiffs stated that
they did not have his full identity and contact information—all they had was a cell phone number
and a last name—and that Weitsman had only met with him for “a minute or two.” Tr. at 8:4-8:19.
Defendants argue that recordings submitted in support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for reconsideration
contradict Plaintiffs’ representation that Weitsman had only met with Bains for “a minute or two.”
Mot. Preclude Mem. at 10-12. The recordings, Defendants assert, demonstrate that Weitsman met
with Bains for approximately one hour in July 2011, not “a minute or two.” Id.
10
The Court finds that Defendants have failed to show that either preclusion of the depositions
taken after the close of discovery or that any other sanction is appropriate.6
The Court first observes that Defendants’ assertions center on Plaintiffs’ oral representations
at the April Hearing. Rule 11 applies to “pleading[s], written motion[s], or other paper[s],” which
an attorney “present[s] . . . by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating.” FED. R. CIV. P. 11(b).
As the Advisory Committee explained, “[t]he rule applies only to assertions contained in papers
filed with or submitted to the court. . . . However, a litigant’s obligations with respect to the contents
of these papers are not measure solely as of the time they are filed with or submitted to the court, but
include reaffirming to the court and advocating positions contained in those pleadings and motions.”
Adv. Comm. Notes, 1993 Amend. Thus, “not all oral statements are sanctionable under Rule 11,
even when they advance baseless allegations.” O’Brien, 101 F.3d at 1489. In order to be subject to
Rule 11, “the oral statement must relate directly to a particular representation contained in the
document that the lawyer is then advocating.” Id. at 1490; see also Nike, Inc. v. Top Brand Co., 216
F.R.D. 259, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“[R]epresentations made by counsel in conferences, before the
court, even if inaccurate, are not subject to Rule 11 sanctions unless presented in conjunction with
an offending filing.”). Aside from Plaintiffs’ representations at the April Hearing, the only written
filings that Defendants cite to are a letter dated June 26, 2015, a letter dated June 30, 2015, and the
Devendorf and Johnson Declarations. Mot. Preclude Mem. at 7-8; Mot. Sanctions Mem. at 10-14.
6
The Court notes that Defendants’ Motion to preclude does not identify the rule or statute
under which Defendants seek preclusion of the depositions. The Motion seeks
sanctions—preclusion of the depositions and attorneys’ fees—based on Plaintiffs’ alleged
misrepresentations. However, Defendants deny that the Motion is brought under Rule 11 and did
not comply with Rule 11’s safe harbor provision. Dkt. No. 109-2. Accordingly, the Court construes
the Motion as appealing to the Court’s inherent power to impose sanctions.
11
Furthermore, Defendants do not argue that the Devendorf and Johnson Declarations contain false
statements, but rather that they prove that Plaintiffs’ statements at the April Hearing were false. See
Mot. Sanctions Mem. at 10-14. Thus, the only written filings by Plaintiffs that Defendants identify
as containing misrepresentations are the two letters filed after the April Hearing. In those letters,
Plaintiffs represent that the FBI instructed them not to contact Wangler. Dkt. No. 73. Since the
letters were filed after the April Hearing, Defendants have not shown that Plaintiffs were advocating
a representation contained in a written document at the April Hearing. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’
statements at the April Hearing are not subject to Rule 11.
Moreover, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to show that Plaintiffs’ statements at
the April Hearing are sanctionable misrepresentations. Defendants contend that Plaintiffs
misrepresented that there was a “mandate” or “directive” from the FBI not to pursue certain
discovery. Defendants rely on Agent Bokal’s statement that he never told Plaintiffs not to contact or
depose any witness. Mot. Sanctions Mem. at 5. However, Agent Bokal’s statement does not
contradict Plaintiffs’ assertions which provide a factual basis for their representations to the Court.
It is undisputed that Plaintiffs were cooperating with an ongoing FBI investigation. Weitsman, in
particular, followed Agent Bokal’s directions. Agent Bokal stated that he was in charge of the
investigation, and “would tell [Weitsman] specifically if he wanted [Weitsman] to contact a
witness” and “who to talk to, where to meet, what wire to wear.” Weitsman Dep. at 102:9-12,
102:25-103:1. At Agent Bokal’s directions, Weitsman met with Goldblatt wearing a wire, and
convinced him to resume shipments. Sept. Order at 3-4. Weitsman was directed to not meet with
Wangler. Johnson Decl. ¶ 6(k). Additionally, Plaintiffs’ counsels’ requests for information
regarding the FBI investigation were uniformly denied. Perticone Decl. ¶ 16. Thus, Plaintiffs argue
12
that they had a good faith basis for their understanding that they were on “stand down” and could
not interfere with the FBI investigation. Pls. Cross-Mot. Mem. at 19.
Defendants argue that there is a fundamental difference between what Plaintiffs now
assert—that they declined to pursue depositions in Canada because of a good faith belief that doing
so would have interfered with the FBI investigation—and their representation at the April Hearing
that the FBI directed them not to contact certain witnesses in Canada. See Mot. Sanctions Mem. at
6-9. The Court does not agree that Plaintiffs’ statements at the April Hearing misrepresent
Plaintiffs’ interactions with the FBI. Defendants cite the following statements by Plaintiffs’
counsel, which Defendants claim are inaccurate:
•
•
•
•
•
“[T]he directive from the FBI that there is an open investigation, stand down, don’t
pursue that information . . .” (Tr. at 8:20-24).
“[T]he real problem is the FBI mandate of we’re doing an investigation, there is a
criminal investigation that is underway, which was ultimately the biggest
impediment.” (Tr. at 9:15-18).
“[W]e didn’t make efforts to try to investigate that further because at all times we
were dealing with the FBI telling us don’t you go into Canada, don’t you interfere
with the investigation, you know, we’re in charge of this now, and basically to stand
down in terms of any effort that we might make.” (Tr. at 10:4-9).
“Literally up until December of 2014 we were on a stand down in terms of these
people in Canada as far as the FBI was concerned.” (Tr. at 11:14-16).
“We were instructed by the FBI, as we were continuously through this process, don’t
you try to do anything, stand down, we’re taking care of this.” (Tr. at 16:2-6).
All of these statements have a foundation in Plaintiffs’ assertions that Weitsman was directed by
Agent Bokal to contact certain witnesses and not contact others and that Agent Bokal refused to
provide any information concerning the investigation. Plaintiffs reasonably believed that they could
not interfere with the FBI investigation and represented such at the April Hearing. Defendants argue
that Plaintiffs’ language represented that Plaintiffs had received express directions not to contact
certain witnesses; however, Plaintiffs’ statements are consistent with what Weitsman heard from
13
Agent Bokal, that the FBI was in charge of the investigation and that Weitsman was only to talk to
witnesses at Agent Bokal’s directions.
The Court also finds that to the extent that Plaintiffs misstated the length of their meeting
with Bains—stating that the meeting was “a minute or two” when it was in fact approximately one
hour—that was not a material misrepresentation. Plaintiffs represented that they only knew Bains’
cell phone number, did not know his first name or his address, and that Weitsman only met Bains
once, in an FBI monitored meeting. The length of Weitsman’s meeting with Bains—whether one or
two minutes or approximately one hour—is immaterial to Plaintiffs’ representation that they did not
have full contact information for Bains.
Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to preclude evidence and Motion for sanctions are denied.
B. Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion for Attorneys’ Fees
Plaintiffs cross-move pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, for attorneys’ fees and
costs incurred as a result of Defendants’ failure to disclose certain witnesses. Pls. Cross-Mot.
Plaintiffs also argue that Defendants’ Motion for sanctions was filed in bad faith and that they
should be entitled to recover their expenses from responding to that Motion. Dkt. No. 115-1
(“Plaintiffs Response – Motion for Sanctions”) at 23-25.7
Under Rule 37, a court may order a party who fails to comply with their discovery
obligations without “substantial justification” to pay “reasonable expenses, including attorney’s
fees.” FED. R. CIV. P. 37(d)(3); see also Tse v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 568 F. Supp. 2d 274, 321-22
(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (listing cases where courts awarded attorneys’ fees for incomplete discovery
7
Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of law in support of their Response to Defendants’ Motion for
sanctions was filed with the Court under seal. Dkt. No. 118.
14
responses). “Sanctions are appropriate ‘[w]hen a party seeks to frustrate [discovery] by preventing
disclosure of facts essential to an adjudication on the merits.’” Tse, 568 F. Supp. 2d at 321 (quoting
Daval Steel Prods. v. M/V Fakredine, 951 F.2d 1357, 1365 (2d Cir. 1991) (alteration in original)).
“[C]onduct is substantially justified if there was a ‘genuine dispute’ or if ‘reasonable people could
differ’ as to the appropriateness of the contested action.” Underdog Trucking, L.L.C. v. Verizon
Servs. Corp., 273 F.R.D. 372, 377 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). The award of attorneys’ fees and costs
pursuant to Rule 37 is within the court’s discretion. Jockey Int’l, Inc. v. M/V “LEVERKUSEN
EXPRESS”, 217 F. Supp. 2d 447, 452 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
Plaintiffs assert that Defendants did not fully and truthfully answer Plaintiffs’ discovery
requests in an effort to conceal the identities of witnesses. Specifically, Plaintiffs requested that
Defendants
•
•
“State where and by whom were the scrap materials loaded onto the trucks of Ontario
Trucking for delivery to plaintiffs, and what equipment was used in the loading
process.” Dkt. No. 91-13 (“Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ First Set of
Interrogatories”) ¶ 9.
“Identify by name, position and job duties all employees of Northeastern Ferrous,
Inc., who were involved in the sale, preparation and shipping of scrap materials to
the plaintiffs.” Id. ¶ 13.
In response to interrogatory nine, Defendants stated that they were “not able to state, with certainty,
the identity of the individuals that personally loaded materials onto trucks destined for delivery to
the plaintiffs,” and did not identify any individuals. Id. ¶ 9. In response to interrogatory thirteen,
Defendants again stated that they were unable to identify with certainty the individuals involved in
the sale and shipment of scrap metal to Plaintiffs, but identified Goldblatt, Dave Laidlow
(“Laidlow”), and Heather Lalonde. Id. ¶ 13. Plaintiffs claim that they were prejudiced by
Defendants’ failure to disclose the individuals—in particular, Cross, Sr. and Cross, Jr.—involved in
15
loading the trucks that went to Plaintiffs. Pls. Cross-Mot. Mem. at 13-14.
Defendants explain that their answers were truthful because Northeastern made scrap
shipments to companies other than Upstate and could not state with certainty which individuals
were involved in loading shipments to Upstate. Dkt. No. 108-2 (“Defendants Reply – CrossMotion”) at 4. Defendants further argue that they identified the individual who oversaw the
operations of the scrap yard, Laidlow. Id. Plaintiffs elected not to depose Laidlow. Id. at 5.
The burden is on the party answering interrogatories “to make an inquiry and obtain
information to answer the interrogatories which would include obtaining the information to fully
and completely answer the interrogatories from” from former employees of that party. Nat’l Fire
Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Jose Trucking Corp., 264 F.R.D. 233, 239 (W.D.N.C. 2010); see also
Zanowic v. Reno, No. 97Civ.5292, 2000 WL 1376251, at *3 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2000) (“In
responding to interrogatories . . . a party is under a duty to make a reasonable inquiry concerning the
information sought in the interrogatories, and a party’s failure to describe his efforts to obtain the
information sought . . . renders his responses insufficient.”). The Court accordingly finds
Defendants’ response to interrogatories nine and thirteen inadequate. It was Defendants’ burden,
not Plaintiffs, to inquire of their employee, Laidlow, what individuals loaded trucks bound to
Plaintiffs. See Dkt. No. 91-25 (“Goldblatt Deposition”) at 56-57 (stating that Laidlow was manager
of scrap yard and still employed by Northeastern in November 2013). Defendants’ responses do not
identify any individuals who loaded trucks bound for Plaintiffs’ facility and do not detail any efforts
to obtain such information.
Nonetheless, the Court does not find that sanctions are appropriate. Plaintiffs did not move
to compel Defendants to provide more specific answers to their interrogatories, when those answers
16
were served in September 2013. Indeed, Plaintiffs argued that Defendants had not disclosed Cross,
Sr. and Cross, Jr. as early as June 2015, but did not move for attorneys’ fees and costs based on the
sufficiency of Defendants’ interrogatory responses until they responded to Defendants’ own motion
for sanctions, in September 2015. See Dkt. No. 73. Based on the untimely nature of Plaintiffs’
Motion, the Court declines to impose sanctions pursuant to Rule 37(d) for conduct that occurred
more than two years ago.
Plaintiffs also assert that Defendants acted in bad faith to delay the depositions of Cross, Sr.
and Cross, Jr., causing Plaintiffs significant costs. Pls. Cross-Mot. Mem. at 14-16. Specifically,
Plaintiffs assert that Defendants waited until the day of Cross, Sr.’s deposition to file a Motion for a
protective order, causing the deposition to be adjourned, even though Plaintiffs’ counsel had
traveled to Canada. Id. at 14-15. However, the record shows that Defendants’ Motion was not filed
in bad faith. On June 26, 2015, Plaintiffs served notice of their intent to depose Cross, Sr. on June
30. Dkt. No. 72-1 ¶ 13. Defendants had already objected to Cross, Sr.’s deposition on June 24, and
repeated those objections in a letter and by phone on June 29. Id. ¶¶ 28-29. The parties did not
reach an agreement, but Defendants understood that the deposition would be adjourned and
presented to the Court for resolution. Id. ¶ 33. However, in a email sent at 12:02 a.m. on June 30,
Plaintiffs’ counsel informed Defendants that they intended to proceed with the deposition and noted
that Defendants had not sought a protective order. Id. ¶ 34. Defendants then filed their Motion for a
protective order on June 30. Dkt. No. 72. Thus, the Court finds that Defendants did not
unreasonably delay filing their Motion; Defendants conferred with Plaintiffs in good faith, as
required by Rule 26(c), and believed that the deposition would be adjourned, until Plaintiffs
declared their intent to proceed with the deposition unless Defendants filed a motion for a protective
17
order. Plaintiffs next contend that Defendants’ Motion caused additional scheduling conflicts. Pls.
Cross-Mot. Mem. at 15. However, the conflicts were due to Cross, Sr.’s work schedule, not
Defendants. Id. Finally, Plaintiffs accuse Defendants of contacting Cross, Sr. before the deposition
and telling him that he did not have to appear. Id. The Court does not find that the evidence of
Defendants’ phone call to Cross, Sr. compels the imposition of sanctions.
Plaintiffs additionally argue that Defendants’ Motion for sanctions was filed in bad faith
because it addresses the same conduct as Defendants’ Motion to preclude and Defendants could
have raised their Rule 11 arguments in that Motion. Pls. Resp. – Mot. Sanctions at 24-25. Plaintiffs
contend that Defendants’ Rule 11 Motion was filed for tactical purposes. Id.
“If warranted, the court may award to the prevailing party [on a Rule 11 motion] the
reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred for the motion.” FED. R. CIV. P. 11(c)(1).
“Requests for sanctions seek court orders and are, therefore, subject to the same Rule 11 analysis as
all other motions.” Nakash v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 708 F. Supp. 1354, 1368 (S.D.N.Y. 1988). “A
request for sanctions under Rule 11 is not a tactical device.” Id. at 1370; see also Caribbean
Wholesales & Serv. Corp. v. U.S. JVC Corp., 101 F. Supp. 2d 236, 246 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
While Defendants’ arguments in its Rule 11 Motion are well-founded, the Court agrees with
Plaintiffs that the Motion is duplicative and does not further the litigation. The Rule 11 Motion
complains of exactly the same conduct as the Motion to preclude. Compare Mot. Sanctions, with
Mot. Preclude. The only new conduct asserted by Defendants consists of the Declarations filed in
support of Plaintiffs’ Response to the Motion to preclude; however, Defendants do not argue that
the Declarations themselves contain misrepresentations, but rather that they are evidence that
Plaintiffs’ statements at the April Hearing were false. See Mot. Sanctions Mem. at 10-14. As
18
Plaintiffs argue, Defendants clearly could have raised their Rule 11 arguments in the Motion to
preclude. Pls. Resp. – Mot. Sanctions at 24. The Bokal Affidavit—which is the basis of
Defendants’ Rule 11 Motion and Motion to preclude—is dated July 10, 2015. Bokal Aff.
Defendants could have filed their Rule 11 Motion, allowing for the twenty-one day safe harbor
period, anytime thereafter. Defendants filed their Motion to preclude on August 18, but did not file
their Motion for sanctions until October 7. Accordingly, the Court awards Plaintiffs reasonable
attorneys’ fees and costs of responding to Defendants’ Motion for sanctions. Plaintiffs shall submit
an affidavit supporting its attorneys’ fees and expenses in responding to Defendants’ Motion for
sanctions within ten (10) days of this Memorandum-Decision and Order. Defendants may file a
response no later than seven (7) days after Plaintiffs file their affidavit.
C. Motion for Reconsideration
Plaintiffs move for reconsideration of the September Order and to reopen discovery on the
basis of the Cross, Sr., Cross, Jr., Wangler, and Posner Depositions, and the FBI materials. Mot.
Recons. Defendants claim that Plaintiffs’ Motion is untimely and is either based on evidence that is
not new or is inadmissible. Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons.
1. Legal Standard
A motion for reconsideration may be granted where there is “an intervening change of
controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent a
manifest injustice.” Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Color Tile, Inc. v. Coopers &
Lybrand, LLP, 322 F.3d 147, 167 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Virgin Atl. Airways, Ltd. v. Nat’l
Mediation Bd., 956 F.2d 1245, 1255 (2d Cir. 1992)). When newly discovered evidence is the basis
for reconsideration, ‘the proponent must demonstrate that the newly discovered evidence was
19
neither in his possession nor available upon the exercise of reasonable diligence at the time the
interlocutory decision was rendered.” In re Rezulin Prods. Liab. Litig., 224 F.R.D. 346, 350
(S.D.N.Y. 2004); see also Tri-Star Pictures, Inc. v. Leisure Time Prods., B.V., No. 88 Civ. 9127,
1992 WL 296314, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 6, 1992) (stating that the test for “new evidence” on a
motion for reconsideration is the same as on a motion brought under Federal Rule of Procedure
60(b)(2)). “The standard for granting a motion for reconsideration ‘is strict and reconsideration will
generally be denied unless the moving party can point to controlling decisions or data that the court
overlooked—matters, in other words, that might reasonably be expected to alter the conclusion
reached by the court.’” Advanced Fiber Techs. Trust v. J&L Fiber Servs., Inc., 751 F. Supp. 2d 348,
382-83 (N.D.N.Y. 2010) (Kahn, J.) (quoting Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir.
1995)). “[R]econsideration ‘should not be granted where the moving party seeks solely to relitigate
an issue already decided.’” Id. at 383 (quoting Shrader, 70 F.3d at 257).
2. Timeliness
Local Rule 7.1(g) requires that a motion for reconsideration be filed “no later than
FOURTEEN DAYS after the entry of the challenged judgment, order, or decree.” N.D.N.Y. L.R.
7.1(g). The September Order was filed September 30, 2014; Plaintiffs’ Motion was filed on July 27,
2015. Sept. Order; Mot. Recons. Plaintiffs’ Motion therefore is untimely. However, the Court will
not deny the Motion for untimeliness. Plaintiffs informed Judge Sannes at the April Hearing that
they believed the FBI materials would support a motion for reconsideration. Tr. at 4:9-11. Judge
Sannes subsequently set and extended deadlines for Plaintiffs to file a motion for reconsideration
based on the FBI materials. See Text Minute Entry (July 20, 2015); Dkt. No. 87. Accordingly, the
Court will consider Plaintiffs’ Motion on the merits.
20
3. Analysis
Plaintiffs rely on the following new evidence: (1) the depositions of Cross, Sr. and Cross, Jr.,
Northeastern employees who loaded trucks bound for Upstate; (2) the depositions of Wangler and
Posner, non-party witnesses; and (3) the FBI materials. Pls. Recons. Mem. Plaintiffs argue that this
new evidence establishes Defendants’ bad faith and is sufficient to reinstate Plaintiffs’ claims for
breach of contract and fraud. Id. at 22-23. The Court first considers whether Plaintiffs newly
offered evidence qualifies as “new evidence.” The Court also considers the admissibility of the FBI
materials. Finally, to the extent that Plaintiffs have offered any admissible, “new evidence,” the
Court considers whether that evidence warrants reconsideration of the September Order.
1. New Evidence
Defendants assert that Plaintiffs were aware of Cross, Sr., Wangler, and Posner during
discovery and made a tactical decision not to pursue these witnesses.8 Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot.
Recons. at 12-13. Defendants also assert that the evidence in the FBI materials was available to
Plaintiffs because they were aware of Ontario Trucking. Id. at 20-21. Defendants therefore argue
that Plaintiffs did not exercise reasonable diligence and that the testimony of these witnesses and the
evidence of the FBI materials is not new evidence sufficient to support a motion for reconsideration.
i. Cross, Sr.
Defendants assert that Plaintiffs themselves identified Cross, Sr. as a witness with personal
knowledge of the loading of trucks with dirt and non-metal debris to Upstate. Defs. Resp. Mem. –
Mot. Recons. at 14-15. Defendants cite Plaintiffs’ response to Northeastern’s second set of
interrogatory requests, dated December 13, 2013, which identifies “Richard Cross,” “upon
8
Defendants do not argue that Cross, Jr.’s deposition is not new evidence.
21
information and belief” as an individual with “personal knowledge” of the allegations that
shipments from Northeastern to Upstate contained “amounts of dirt and non-metal debris in excess
of the amounts that were recorded and deducted on the delivery Tickets.” Id. at 15-16.
Accordingly, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs had the opportunity to depose Cross, Sr. and made a
deliberate decision not to take his deposition.
Plaintiffs argue that Defendants misrepresent Plaintiffs’ knowledge of Cross, Sr. Pls. Reply
– Mot. Recons. at 4-5. Plaintiffs claim that they only became aware of Cross, Sr. after he was
disclosed in Goldblatt’s deposition, which was only twenty days before the close of discovery. Id. at
4; Dkt. No. 102-2 ¶ 14; see also Goldblatt Dep. at 64:3-4. Goldblatt only mentioned Cross, Sr. as a
“shear operator” and thus Plaintiffs claim that they only identified him as an individual with
personal knowledge of the loading of trucks bound for Upstate upon “information and belief.” Pls.
Reply – Mot. Recons. at 4. Additionally, Plaintiffs argue that the reason they were unaware of
Cross, Sr. was Defendants’ inadequate disclosures in response to Plaintiffs’ interrogatories. Id.
The Court agrees that Plaintiffs would not have been aware of Cross, Sr.’s role with
Northeastern with the exercise of reasonable diligence. Cross, Sr. was responsive to Plaintiffs’
discovery request for the names of individuals who loaded trucks bound for Upstate, but was not
disclosed by Defendants. As the Court discussed supra, Defendants had the burden to make a
reasonable inquiry to obtain information to answer Plaintiffs’ interrogatories. See Nat’l Fire Ins.,
264 F.R.D. at 239. Plaintiffs were not required—as Defendants argue, Defs. Resp. – Mot. Recons.
at 13 n.6—to file a motion to compel or assume that Defendants were withholding information. See
Kettenbach v. Demoulas, 901 F. Supp. 486, 495 (D. Mass. 1986) (stating that the “failure to make
full use of discovery does not require a finding of lack of due diligence”). Although Plaintiffs
22
otherwise became aware of Cross, Sr., they were not aware that he loaded trucks bound for Upstate.
Where a party is aware of an individual, but does not know that the individual possesses certain
information, it does not evidence a lack of diligence if they fail to contact that individual. See
Hornor, Townsend & Kent, Inc. v. Hamilton, No. Civ.A.1:01 CV 2979, 2004 WL 2284503, at *7
(N.D. Ga. Sept. 30, 2004); cf. Hall v. Daka, Int’l, Inc., 172 F.R.D. 19, 22 (N.D.N.Y. 1997) (finding
that affidavit was not new evidence where party was aware of witness and information that they
possessed); see also United States v. Potamkin Cadillac Corp., 697 F.2d 491, 493 (2d Cir. 1983).9
Accordingly, the Court finds that the Cross, Sr. deposition is new evidence.10
ii. Wangler
Plaintiffs assert that before the September Order they did not have any information about
Wangler other than his telephone number, a belief as to the spelling of his name, and a statement
that he had information on the loading of contaminants into trucks bound for Upstate. Pls. Recons.
Mem. at 15-16. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs had the ability to obtain Wangler’s testimony
throughout the lawsuit. Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 18-19. Plaintiffs spoke to Wangler in
February 2013. Dkt. No. 97-3 (“Plaintiffs’ Response to Defendants’ Second Set of Interrogatories”)
at 6-7. Plaintiffs also identified Wangler as an individual with personal knowledge of how dirt and
non-metal debris were loaded on trucks bound for Upstate. Id. at 4. Plaintiffs argue in response that
the FBI investigation impeded their ability to contact Wangler. Pls. Reply – Mot. Recons. at 6.
9
The Court also notes that Defendants presented the same arguments that Plaintiffs were
aware of Cross, Sr. before the September Order in their Motion for a protective order. See Dkt. No.
72 ¶¶ 22-23. Judge Sannes rejected these arguments and allowed the Cross, Sr. deposition to
proceed. Text Order (June 30, 2015).
10
For the same reasons, the Court also finds that Cross, Jr.’s deposition constitutes new
evidence.
23
Although the Court found that Plaintiffs did not misrepresent their belief that they were
precluded from contacting certain witnesses, it finds that Plaintiffs were not diligent in pursuing
Wangler’s testimony. Plaintiffs had Wangler’s phone number and knew that he possessed
information of how dirt and non-metal debris were loaded on trucks bound for Upstate. Plaintiffs
did not contact him based on their belief that doing so would interfere with the FBI investigation.
However, Plaintiffs never confirmed that contacting Wangler would interfere with the FBI’s
investigation, either by seeking permission from the FBI—as they did before conducting depositions
of their own employees, Perticone Decl. ¶ 14—or attempting to contact Wangler.
Waddell v. Hendry County Sheriff’s Office, 329 F.3d 1300 (11th Cir. 2003), is instructive.
In that case, the plaintiffs sought to introduce the testimony of a criminal defendant after summary
judgment had been granted in the plaintiffs’ civil case. Waddell, 329 F.3d at 1309. The plaintiffs
had earlier obtained a statement from the defendant, but when they attempted to depose him, he
invoked his Fifth Amendment rights. Id. at 1310. The plaintiffs did not seek to extend discovery or
stay the proceedings until after the criminal trial. Id. The court found that because the plaintiffs
“never indicated dissatisfaction” with the statement they had, they could not, after the entry of
summary judgment, “persuasively complain that [the defendant] had additional evidence of which
they were unaware and which might have helped them to avoid summary judgment.” Id.; see also
Betterbox Commc’ns LTD v. BB Techs., Inc., 300 F.3d 325, 332 (3d Cir. 2002) (finding that party
was not diligent where it “did not attempt to depose or subpoena anyone from the PTO” and stating
that even though it was likely “that the PTO would have refused to provide any evidence . . . the fact
remains that [the party] did not take the obvious steps that would have demonstrated this”).
Thus, a party who claims that the witness is unavailable must take affirmative steps to obtain
24
that witness’ testimony, including moving to extend discovery or stay the proceedings, in order to
demonstrate diligence. See Washington v. Patlis, 916 F.2d 1036, 1038 (5th Cir. 1990) (finding that
plaintiff did not evidence due diligence where she knew of witness and substance of testimony, but
did not move for a continuance in order to locate that witness). Plaintiffs were aware of Wangler
and the information he possessed, but did not confirm that he was unavailable due to the FBI
investigation and did not seek to extend discovery or stay the proceedings.
iii. Posner
Plaintiffs claim that they were unaware of Posner prior to the September Order. Pls. Recons.
Mem. at 15. Defendants argue that, as with Wangler, Plaintiffs had talked to Posner by phone
before the September Order. Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 22.
Posner’s testimony indicates that he spoke to Plaintiffs in 2011 regarding a conversation he
had with Gurdayal Madesha (“Goldie”), who owned Ontario Trucking, the trucking company that
made deliveries to Upstate. Dkt. No. 91-16 (“Posner Deposition”) at 19:20-23, 45:5-7, 46:10-13.
Thus, like Wangler, Plaintiffs were aware of Posner and the substance of the information he
possessed prior to the September Order. Plaintiffs do not offer any additional reasons for why they
did not contact Posner. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs did not exercise reasonable
diligence and that Posner’s testimony does not constitute new evidence.
iv. FBI Materials
It is undisputed that Plaintiffs requested evidence from the FBI regarding its investigation
while it was ongoing and those requests were uniformly denied. Perticone Decl. ¶ 13. Defendants
argue that the FBI materials do not constitute new evidence because the information contained
therein was otherwise available to Plaintiffs or is merely cumulative of evidence already offered.
25
Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 20-21, 23-27. Alternatively, Defendants argue that the FBI
materials are inadmissible. Id. at 23-27.
For the purposes of the Motion for reconsideration, Plaintiffs rely on four groups of evidence
from the FBI materials: (1) handwritten statements of Plaintiffs’ former employees; (2) photographs
of dirt delivered to Upstate and money; (3) FBI seizure tickets recording the receipt of alleged bribe
money from Plaintiffs’ former employees; and (4) the statements of an Ontario Trucking driver
(“Ontario Trucking Whistleblower”) in an FBI 302 statement and a recorded conversation between
the Whistleblower and Weitsman. Pls. Recons. Mem. at 17.11
The handwritten statements of Plaintiffs’ former employees do not qualify as new evidence.
The Court considered the depositions of Plaintiffs’ former employees in the September Order and
found that they did not create an issue of material fact as to Defendants’ bad faith. Sept. Order at 78. Specifically, the Court found that the testimony did not show that the payments received by
Plaintiffs’ employees could be traced back to Northeastern. Id. The handwritten statements now
submitted do not materially add to the testimony considered by the Court in the September Order.
See Am. Civil Liberties Union v. Dep’t of Defense, 406 F. Supp. 2d 330, 332 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)
(stating that new evidence must not be “merely cumulative . . . of evidence already offered”).
Moreover, the handwritten statements are hearsay. While Plaintiffs argue that the statements are
admissible under the residual exception to the hearsay rule, in Federal Rule of Evidence 807, Pls.
Reply – Mot. Recons. at 8, the Court does not find that the statements are probative of the point on
11
Plaintiffs state that they intend to move in limine to have all of the FBI materials admitted
into evidence. Pls. Recons. Mem. at 17 n.12. The FBI materials were filed with the Court under
seal. Dkt. No. 93; see also Dkt. Nos. 91-4 (“First Employee Statement”); 91-5 (“Second Employee
Statement”); 91-6 (“302 Report”); 91-7 (“ FBI Recording”); 91-8 (“FBI Photographs”); 91-9 (“FBI
Tickets”).
26
which they are offered. Finally, to the extent that Plaintiffs suggest that the statements are
admissible for impeachment, impeachment is not a proper basis for reconsideration. See United
States v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 179 F.R.D. 444, 447-48 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (“It is well established
that evidence offered solely to impeach the credibility of a witness does not meet the stringent
standards for relief under Rule 60(b)(2).”).
Next, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs were aware of Ontario Trucking and had the
opportunity to depose its employees. Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 20-21. Weitsman met
with the Ontario Trucking Whistleblower in July 2011 and Plaintiffs had his cell phone number.
Defendants assume that if Plaintiffs deposed the Whistleblower, they could have obtained the
information in the statements he made to the FBI. Where a party lacks access to evidence, but the
evidence is available through other means, a court may find an absence of diligence. See In re
Neurontin Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 799 F. Supp. 2d 110, 115-16 (D. Mass. 2011) (finding
that scholarly article providing meta-analysis of studies which were available during trial was not
new evidence because party could have performed similar meta-analysis). Thus, Defendants’
argument is that while Plaintiffs exercised diligence as to the FBI materials, they did not exercise
diligence as to contacting the Ontario Trucking Whistleblower. While Defendants’ argument has
some logic, the Court will not speculate as to what evidence Plaintiffs could have obtained if they
had deposed the Whistleblower. Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiffs were diligent in seeking
the FBI materials; accordingly, the Court will consider the 302 Report and recorded conversation as
new evidence and will address their admissibility.
The 302 Report contains several levels of hearsay: it is an out-of-court statement that
summarizes the FBI’s interview with the Ontario Trucking Whistleblower, who reported matters he
27
learned about from others. The 302 Report itself is admissible as a business record or a public
record. See Spanierman Gallery, Profit Sharing Plan v. Merritt, No. 00CIV5712, 2003 WL
22909160, at *5-6 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2003) (citing FED. R. EVID. 803(6); 803(8)). The statements
within the 302 Report are admissible if they fall within an exception to the hearsay rule. See FED.
R. EVID. 805. Plaintiffs first assert that the statements contained in the report are admissible as
statements against interest of an unavailable witness. Pls. Reply – Mot. Recons. at 8 (citing FED. R.
EVID. 804(b)(3)). A “statement against interest” is a statement that “a reasonable person . . . would
have made only if the person believed it to be true because, when made, it was so contrary to the
declarant’s proprietary or pecuniary interest or had so great a tendency . . . to expose the declarant to
civil or criminal liability.” FED. R. EVID. 804(b)(3)(A). Having reviewed the Report, the Court
does not find that the Whistleblower’s statements contained therein are so clearly against his interest
as to fall within 804(b)(3). See Dora Homes, Inc. v. Epperson, 344 F. Supp. 2d 875, 885 (E.D.N.Y.
2004). Rather, the Report states that the Whistleblower made deliveries to Upstate; that he was not
permitted to see where the trucks were loaded; and that he made payments to Upstate employees to
unload the trucks more quickly. 302 Report.
Plaintiffs next argue that the Ontario Trucking Whistleblower was an agent of Northeastern
when he made the statements. Pls. Reply – Mot. Recons. at 8 (citing FED. R. EVID. 801(d)(2)(D)).
“In order for evidence to be admissible pursuant to Rule 802(d)(2)(D), the proponent of the
evidence must establish (1) the existence of the agency relationship, (2) that the statement was made
during the course of the relationship, and (3) that it relates to a matter within the scope of the
agency.” Crigger v. Fahnestock & Co., Inc., 443 F.3d 230, 238 (2d Cir. 2006). The proponent of
hearsay evidence bears the burden of showing that an exception applies. Torres v. Gristede’s
28
Operating Corp., 628 F. Supp. 2d 447, 469-70 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). However, Plaintiffs have not
established that the Ontario Trucking Whistleblower was an agent of Northeastern. Indeed,
Defendants’ responsibility for the conduct of Ontario Trucking is a disputed fact. See Defs. Resp.
Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 20.
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the 302 Report is admissible under the residual exception to the
hearsay rule. Pls. Reply – Mot. Recons. at 8. “Congress intended that the residual hearsay
exceptions will be used very rarely, and only in exceptional circumstances.” Parsons v. Honeywell,
Inc., 929 F.2d 901, 907 (2d Cir. 1991). The Court does not find that the 302 Report “is more
probative on the point for which it is offered than any other evidence that the proponent can obtain
through reasonable effort.” FED. R. EVID. 807(a)(3). As discussed supra, the 302 Report does not
show that the Whistleblower had personal knowledge that the trucks were loaded with dirt and that
Northeastern made payments to Plaintiffs’ employees to inaccurately record the amount of dirt.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not identified a hearsay exception under which the Whistleblower’s
statements in the 302 Report are admissible.
Defendants argue that the audiotape recording of the conversation between the Ontario
Trucking Whistleblower and Weitsman lacks proper authentication and is hearsay. Defs. Resp.
Mem. – Mot. Recons. at 23-24. Even assuming that the recording was properly authenticated,
Plaintiffs have not established that a hearsay exception applies. The recording is an out-of-court
statement offered to prove the truth of the matters contained therein. See Pls. Recons. Mem. at 21.
Plaintiffs do not identify a hearsay exception applicable to the recording other than the exceptions
they argued apply to the 302 Report, which the Court rejected. Pls. Reply – Mot. Recons. at 9.
Moreover, to the extent Plaintiffs argue that the recording is admissible “to establish a conspiratorial
29
relationship between them, Northeastern, and Plaintiffs’ former employees,” that argument is
misguided. The fact that Weitsman met with a driver from Ontario Trucking is not evidence of a
conspiracy between Ontario Trucking, Northeastern, and Plaintiffs’ employees. Accordingly, the
recording is inadmissible.
Finally, Plaintiffs offer photographs of buckets of dirt and money and FBI Tickets recording
the receipt of money from Plaintiffs’ former employees. “To satisfy the requirement of
authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to
support its finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” FED. R. EVID. 901(a). Plaintiffs
offer the declaration of Agent Bokal to authenticate the photographs. Dkt. No. 91-10. Agent Bokal
states generally that the photographs in the FBI materials “fairly and accurately reflect the locations,
vehicles, people, and scenes depicted as of the time the photographs were taken.” Id. ¶ 6. However,
there is no foundation for what the photographs represent; as Defendants argue, there is no
“explanation for the context, timing, source, or location of the photos.” Defs. Resp. Mem. – Mot.
Recons. at 27. Accordingly, the Court will not consider the photographs as evidence on Plaintiffs’
Motion for reconsideration. The FBI Tickets are admissible as records of a regularly conducted
activity. FED. R. EVID. 803(6).
2. Reconsideration of the September Order
Thus, the Court finds that the only admissible new evidence that Plaintiffs have offered are
the Crosses’ depositions and FBI Tickets. Accordingly, the Court must consider whether the
Crosses’ depositions would have altered the conclusion reached by the Court in the September
Order. Shrader, 70 F.3d at 257. In the September Order, the Court found that Defendants had made
out a prima facie case for breach of contract, which Plaintiffs could only refute by showing that
30
Defendants’ bad faith conduct excused Plaintiffs’ nonperformance under the contract. Sept. Order
at 5-6. The Court further found that Plaintiffs failed to raise a genuine dispute of fact regarding
Defendants’ bad faith. Id. at 6.
The Court finds that the Crosses’ depositions do not meet the “strict” standard for
reconsideration. Shrader, 70 F.3d at 257. Cross, Sr. and Cross, Jr. were both employed in the
Northeastern yard during the relevant period of dealings between Plaintiffs and Defendants. Dkt.
Nos. 91-11 (“Cross, Sr. Deposition”) at 24:10-17; 91-12 (“Cross, Jr. Deposition”) at 17:9-11. Both
Crosses operated a shearer, Cross, Sr. Dep. at 24:13; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 17:15-17, which is a cutting
machine, Cross, Sr. Dep. at 13:6-8; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 15:19-16:6. The shearer was used, inter alia,
to process cars. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 25:23-26:2. Cross, Sr. described the following steps in
processing a car: removing the battery, radiator, air conditioner, wire harness, heater core, and
electric motor; cutting the shock towers; removing the gas tank; taking off the front end; removing
the motor and transmission; and cutting off one side of the roof to lift it up. Id. at 27:1-31:21. After
the roof was cut open, the car would be taken to the baler. Id. at 32:1-3. The baler was used to
crush the cars into cubes. Cross, Jr. Dep. at 24:8-13. Northeastern employees then loaded the cars
into trucks. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 36:20-22; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 28:7-9.
The relevant part of the Crosses’ testimony, Plaintiffs argue, is their explanation of how dirt
and fill material were loaded into outgoing trucks in order to increase their weight. The capacity for
most trucks was thirty-two tons. Cross, Jr. Dep. at 22:8-9. The trucks would be weighed when
arriving empty at Northeastern’s yard and then weighed when leaving with a full load. Id. at 34:7-8.
The Crosses explain that dirt and fill were added to the loads at several points. First, at the baler,
31
each car would be loaded, through the open roof, with dirt and mill scale12 before being crushed.
Cross, Sr. Dep. at 32:8-13; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 40:14-19. Cross, Jr. estimated that one to two grapples
of dirt, weighing approximately one ton to one and a half tons, and one grapple of mill scale,
weighing approximately two tons, would be put into each car. Cross, Jr. Dep. at 43:21-25. After
the dirt and mill scale were loaded into the car, the roof would be folded back over and the baler
would be used to cube the car. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 34:11-13; Cross Jr. Dep. at 44:4-6. Cross, Jr.
stated that he was told by Laidlow to put scrap into the cars. Cross, Jr. Dep. at 40:20-41:1.
Each truck was then loaded beginning with three flattened cars across the bottom. Cross, Jr.
Dep. at 45:14-18. A layer of shred—crushed household items, like stoves, microwaves, and fridges,
id. at 22:12-18—would be loaded on top of the flattened cars, id. at 45:13. The truck would then be
weighed, and depending on the weight, mill scale and dirt would be spread across the load. Id. at
47:15-19; Cross, Sr. Dep. at 49:15-19. Finally, a layer of cubed cars—containing dirt and mill
scale—would be put on top.13 Cross, Jr. Dep. at 46:7-8. Cross, Jr. estimated each thirty-two ton
capacity truck was loaded with seven to ten tons of non-scrap material. Id. at 50:6-8. The Crosses
observed piles of dirt, Cross, Sr. Dep. at 35:22-25; piles of mill scale, Cross, Jr. Dep. at 48:9-12; a
12
Cross, Jr. said that mill scale is “basically a black sand, but it’s heavy.” Cross, Jr. Dep. at
42:24-43:1.
13
It is unclear how may cubed cars would be loaded into each truck; at some points, the
Crosses testified that three cars were added to each truck, Cross, Sr. Dep. at 49:22; Cross, Jr. Dep. at
47:24, at others, they testified that six to eight cars were added, Cross, Jr. Dep. at 46:12-15. See
also Cross, Sr. Dep. at 52:11-15 (estimating that 32-36 cubes would fit into a 45-foot trailer).
32
pile of slag,14 Cross, Jr. Dep. at 53:19-20; and a pile of radioactive materials,15 Cross, Jr. Dep. at
61:25-62:3. The Crosses observed the amount of materials in these piles increasing and
decreasing.16 Cross, Sr. Dep. at 36:4-6; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 49:22-24.
The Crosses state that they were informed by Goldie that shipments containing excessive
amounts of non-scrap materials were going to Upstate. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 46:15-17; Cross, Jr. Dep.
at 50:20-23. They also state that they raised concerns about the amount of non-scrap materials in
outgoing loads with Goldblatt, but that their concerns were never addressed. Cross, Sr. Dep. at
64:12-18; 65:13-15; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 65:20-25.
The Crosses’ depositions fail to raise an issue of material fact as to Defendants’ bad faith.
First, the Crosses had no personal knowledge that the trucks they loaded with non-scrap materials
were heading to Upstate. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 78:25-79:4; Cross, Jr. Dep. at 69:12-18; 70:13-16.
Northeastern shipped materials to other customers, including landfills. Cross, Jr. Dep. at 69:2070:4. Second, the Crosses’ testimony does not connect Northeastern to the alleged payments made
by Ontario Trucking to Plaintiffs’ employees to under-record the amount of non-scrap material in
incoming loads. Nor do the FBI Tickets permit the inference that the payments could be traced to
Defendants. Thus, Plaintiffs have failed to meet the strict standard for reconsideration.
D. Motion to Enforce Protective Order
14
Cross, Sr. described slag as “metal all melted together.” Cross, Sr. Dep. at 58:8-9.
15
Less radioactive material was added to loads in order to avoid being “detected” because
the radioactivity of each outgoing truck was measured before leaving the yard. Cross, Sr. Dep. at
63:25-64:8.
16
Cross, Sr. estimated the amount of the dirt pile at 20-30 tons and the mill scale pile at 4050 tons. Cross, Sr. Dep. at 36:1-3; 57:21-22.
33
On March 2, 2015, the Court entered a Protective Order as to the FBI materials. Prot. Order.
The Protective Order was entered upon stipulation of the parties that certain information in the FBI
materials may be subject to the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a.17 Id. The Protective Order provides
that
a.
The disc containing the Subpoenaed Information and the cover letter enclosing
it shall be marked “SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” when disclosed.
Counsel for the parties shall ensure . . . that anyone viewing Subpoenaed
Information is aware that it is subject to this Protective Order.
b.
Access to the Subpoenaed Information shall be limited to the Court, Court
personnel (including all Court staff, court reporters, and translators), the
parties to the above styled litigation, counsel for the parties and counsels’
personnel, expert witnesses and their personnel, any government agency or
government employee with whom counsel for the United States shares the
information, and any other person mutually authorized by all counsel or this
Court to examine such materials. . . .
d.
All Subpoenaed Information shall be used by the parties only for purposes of
litigating the above-captioned case, including any subsequent appeals.
Persons receiving copies of the Subpoenaed Information or its contents shall
not use such material for any other purpose.
e.
Except as otherwise provided in this Order, no person having access to the
Subpoenaed Information shall make any public disclosure of those materials
without further Order of this Court or stipulations by all counsel.
Id. at 2-3.
Defendants assert, and Plaintiffs admit, that James Land (“Land”), Upstate’s Chief
Operations and Security Officer, made certain of the FBI materials available to the Ontario Ministry
17
The Privacy Act “sets forth conditions for disclosure of private information and precludes
an agency from disclosing information in its files to any person or to another agency without the
prior written consent of the individual to whom the information pertains.” Devine v. United States,
202 F.3d 547, 550 (2d Cir. 2000) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)). The Privacy Act contains certain
exceptions under which disclosure is authorized, including “pursuant to the order of a court of
competent jurisdiction.” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)(11).
34
of Environment and Climate Change. Dkt. No. 116 (“Plaintiffs Response – Motion to Enforce
Protective Order”) at 1;18 see also Dkt. No. 116-1 (“Land Affidavit”). Defendants request that the
Court order Plaintiffs to show cause how they violated the Protective Order; retrieve all improperly
disclosed materials and copies thereof; not commit any further violations of the Protective Order;
and pay Defendants the costs of bringing this Motion. Mot. Enforce Prot. Order Mem. at 1.
Plaintiffs argue that the disclosure did not violate the Protective Order and that even assuming it
was a violation, the disclosure was made for a legitimate purpose. Pls. Resp. – Mot. Enforce Prot.
Order at 2.
Plaintiffs argue that the Protective Order was not violated because (1) the disclosure was not
public, (2) the FBI disclosed the same materials to the New York State Police Department, and (3)
the FBI had previously worked with Canadian authorities in its investigation of Northeastern. Id.
The Court does not find Plaintiffs’ arguments that the Protective Order was not violated persuasive.
“A protective order should be read in a reasonable and common sense manner so that its
prohibitions are connected to its purpose.” On Command Video Corp. v. Lodgenet Entm’t Corp.,
976 F. Supp. 917, 921 (N.D. Cal. 1997). The Protective Order specifies the parties who shall access
the FBI materials; the disclosure of the materials to non-listed parties is “public.” Prot. Order at 2-3.
Accordingly, contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument, the disclosure to the Canadian authorities was a
“public” disclosure. Furthermore, the Protective Order mandates that the FBI materials shall only
be used for the purpose of litigating this action. Id. at 3. Plaintiffs disclosed the FBI materials to the
Canadian authorities not for the purposes of litigating this action, but in the hope that the Canadian
18
Plaintiffs’ Response in opposition to Defendants’ Motion to enforce the Protective Order
was filed with the Court under seal. Dkt. No. 118.
35
authorities would commence criminal proceedings against Northeastern. Plaintiffs’ arguments that
the Protective Order was not violated because the FBI shared the materials with other governmental
entities have no bearing on whether Plaintiffs violated the Protective Order by disclosing the
materials to the Canadian authorities.
Plaintiffs assert that any violation of the Protective Order was harmless because all of the
individuals whose Privacy Act information is contained in the FBI materials have otherwise been
publically referred to in this action. Pls. Resp. – Mot. Enforce Prot. Order at 10-11, 13 (citing
references to individuals whose Privacy Act information is contained in the FBI materials).
Plaintiffs are correct that the individuals whose Privacy Act information act is contained in the FBI
materials have been otherwise referred to throughout this action. However, the Court does not agree
with Plaintiffs’ attempts to discount the protections of the Privacy Act.19 The “protected interests”
in the Privacy Act “reflect a congressional judgment that certain delineated categories of documents
may contain sensitive data which warrants a more considered and cautious treatment” in discovery.
Laxalt v. McClatchy, 809 F.2d 885, 889 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Friedman v. Bache Halsey Stuart
Shields, Inc., 738 F.2d 1336, 1344 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). “Procedurally, then, when the District Court
considers a request for a Privacy Act order in the discovery context it must consider the use of
protective orders and the possibility of in camera inspection.” Id. In this case, the Court entered a
Protective Order, which Plaintiffs knowingly violated by disclosing materials to a foreign
governmental agency in the hope of initiating criminal proceedings against Defendants. Although
the identities of the individuals had otherwise been publically referred to, the Protective Order
19
The Court denies Plaintiffs’ request to modify the Protective Order. Pls. Resp. – Mot.
Enforce Prot. Order at 11-12.
36
explicitly prohibits the use of the FBI materials for any purposes other than litigating this action.
See On Command Video, 976 F. Supp. at 922 (finding that “use of protected information to file a
separate state court lawsuit—as opposed to this litigation—is tantamount to no compliance at all”).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs are ordered to not commit any further violations of the Court’s Protective
Order. Defendants are also awarded reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses for bringing their
Motion to enforce the Protective Order. See In re Biovail Corp. Sec. Litig., 247 F.R.D. 69, 71
(S.D.N.Y. 2007). Defendants shall submit an affidavit supporting its attorneys’ fees and expenses
in filing the Motion to enforce the Protective Order within ten (10) days of this MemorandumDecision and Order. Plaintiffs may file a response no later than seven (7) days after Defendants
have filed their affidavit.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, it is hereby:
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs’ Motion (Dkt. No. 91) for reconsideration is DENIED; and it is
further
ORDERED, that Defendants’ Motion (Dkt. No. 98) to preclude evidence and for an award
of attorneys’ fees is DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion (Dkt. No. 104) for Rule 37 sanctions is
DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED, that Defendants’ Motion (Dkt. No. 109) for sanctions is DENIED; and it is
further
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs’ request (Dkt. No. 115) for attorneys’ fees in responding to
Defendants’ Motion for sanctions is GRANTED; and it is further
37
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs submit an affidavit in support of their attorney’s fees and costs in
responding to Defendants’ Motion for sanctions within ten (10) days of this MemorandumDecision and Order. Defendants may file a response within seven (7) days of Plaintiffs filing their
affidavit; and it is further
ORDERED, that Defendants’ Motion (Dkt. No. 112) to enforce the Protective Order is
GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs commit no further violations of the Protective Order and pay
Defendants attorneys’ fees and costs of bringing the Motion to enforce the Protective Order; and it
is further
ORDERED, that Defendants submit an affidavit in support of their attorneys’ fees and costs
in filing the Motion to enforce the Protective Order within ten (10) days of this MemorandumDecision and Order. Plaintiffs may file a response within seven (7) days of Defendants filing their
affidavit; and it is further
ORDERED, that the Clerk of the Court serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision and
Order on all parties in accordance with the Local Rules.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED:
March 02, 2016
Albany, NY
38
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