WESTCODE, INC. v. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION

Filing 69

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER denying 21 Motion to Compel Arbitration filed by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation: The Court hereby ORDERS that Mitsubishi's motion to compel arbitration (Dkt. No. 21) is DENIED; andthe Court further ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision and Order on all parties in accordance with the Local rules. Signed by U.S. District Judge Mae A. D'Agostino on 7/11/2016. (ban)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________________
WESTCODE, INC.,
Plaintiff,
vs.

3:15-cv-1474
(MAD/DEP)

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION,
Defendant.
____________________________________________
APPEARANCES:

OF COUNSEL:

HANCOCK, ESTABROOK LAW FIRM
100 Madison Street - Suite 1500
Syracuse, New York 13221-4976
Attorneys for Plaintiff

JOHN G. POWERS, ESQ.
ASHLEY D. HAYES, ESQ.

PHILLIPS, CAMPBELL LAW FIRM
314 North Middletown Road
Lima, Pennsylvania 19037
Attorneys for Plaintiff

PATRICK C. CAMPBELL, JR., ESQ.

JENNER, BLOCK LAW FIRM
Clark Street, Chicago Office
353 North Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois 60654
Attorneys for Defendant

CATHERINE L. STEEGE, ESQ.
JOEL T. PELZ, ESQ.
TERRENCE J. TRAUX, ESQ.

JENNER, BLOCK LAW FIRM
District of Columbia Office
1099 New York Avenue - Suite 900
Washington, DC 20001
Attorneys for Defendant

WILLIAM C. PERICAK, ESQ.

Mae A. D'Agostino, U.S. District Judge:
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION

On May 5, 2015, Westcode, Inc. ("Westcode") commenced the instant action, Case No.
15-cv-1474, in the Court of Common Pleas, Chester County, Pennsylvania, against Mitsubishi
Electric Corporation ("Mitsubishi") seeking a declaratory judgment pursuant to the Pennsylvania
Declaratory Judgments Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7351 et seq. See Dkt. No. 1 at 12.1 On April 27,
2015, Mitsubishi commenced Case No. 15-cv-505 in this Court asserting a breach of contract
claim against Westcode. See 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 1. Mitsubishi removed the instant action to the
District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on May 27, 2015. See Dkt. No. 1 at 7. The
case was transferred to this Court on December 11, 2015. See Dkt. Nos. 32, 33. In a
Memorandum-Decision and Order dated March 18, 2016, (the "March 18 Order"), this Court
denied in part and granted in part Mitsubishi's motion to dismiss. See Dkt. No. 65. Currently
pending before the Court is Mitsubishi's motion to compel arbitration. See Dkt. Nos. 21, 22, 26,
29, 60.

II. BACKGROUND
A.

Factual Background
Westcode is a Pennsylvania corporation that manufactures and assembles heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning ("HVAC") components for use in rail cars. See Dkt. No. 11 at 3.
Mitsubishi is a Japanese corporation that also designs and manufactures systems for rail cars. Id.
In 1997, the parties entered into an agreement titled the License and Technical Assistance
Agreement ("LTAA"), which gave Westcode access to Mitsubishi's designs. Id. at 3-4. The
terms of the LTAA required Westcode to "pay a onetime upfront fee of $900,000.00 plus a

All citations will be to the docket of Case No. 3:15-cv-1474, unless otherwise noted.
Citations to the docket of the related Case No. 3:15-cv-505 will be cited as "15-cv-505, Dkt. No.
__."
1

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royalty of 3% of the net sales price on finished product[s] Westcode sold to customers." Id. at 4.
Thereafter, the parties entered into a Joint Venture Agreement ("JVA"), which "was effective for
the term of the project known as the New York City Transit Authorty R142A Project" (the
"R142A project"). Id. Under the JVA, the parties would split revenues generated by the sale of
units for the R142A project, with approximately 47% to Westcode and 53% to Mitsubishi. Id. At
the termination of the JVA for the R142A project, the parties entered into substantially similar
JVAs for the R143, R160, and PATH projects (collectively the "Projects") that continued the
conditions stated in the R142A project's JVA. Id.; Dkt. No. 21 at 15-44. In 2008, Westcode fell
behind on payments to Mitsubishi for the R142A, R143, and R160 projects. Dkt. No. 11 at 4. On
November 13, 2008, the parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") to
restructure the payment terms for said projects with the total amount due of $14,869,967.06. Id.
at 4-5.
On April 27, 2015, Mitsubishi filed Case No. 15-cv-505 in this Court alleging that
Westcode breached its obligation to pay approximately $10.8 million due under the MOU
(hereinafter the "MOU Action"). See 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 1. Thereafter, on May 5, 2015,
Westcode commenced the instant action against Mitsubishi in the Court of Common Pleas in
Chester County, Pennsylvania (hereinafter the "JVA Action"). See Dkt. No. 1 at 12. On May 27,
2015, Mitsubishi removed the JVA Action to the District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. See id. at 7. Mitsubishi then filed a motion to
dismiss that action on July 1, 2015, and subsequent motion to compel arbitration on September 9,
2015. See Dkt. Nos. 10, 21. Prior to reaching the merits of these motions, on December 8, 2015,
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ordered the transfer of the action to this Court, pursuant to

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the first-filed doctrine and in connection with Mitsubishi's pending MOU Action filed in this
Court. See Dkt. Nos. 32, 33.

C.

The JVA Action
In the JVA Action, Westcode seeks a declaration from the Court that Mitsubishi is barred

by the statute of limitations from bringing an action against Westcode for payments due under the
above-listed agreements and projects. Count I addresses payments pursuant to the LTAA, Count
II for payments pursuant to the JVA, and Count III for payments due on the R143, R160, and
PATH projects. Dkt. No. 1 at 16-19 ¶¶ 32-39.

B.

The MOU Action
In the MOU Action, Mitsubishi asserts that Westcode breached its obligations under the

MOU to pay $10,765,876.86 of the $14,869,967.06 due to Mitsubishi under that agreement. See
15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 1 at ¶¶ 21-25. In its answer, Westcode asserts two counterclaims; first, that
Westcode is entitled to an accounting of all items relating to the Projects, such that any excess
payments under the JVAs or other contractual adjustments would offset what Westcode owes
under the MOU. 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 38 at ¶¶ 37-63. Second, Westcode contends that
Mitsubishi breached its obligations under the JVAs by failing to conduct itself in a commercially
reasonable manner and that it breached its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Id. at
¶¶ 64-67. Mitsubishi has also moved to compel arbitration of Westcode's counterclaims in the
MOU Action. See 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 42.

III. DISCUSSION
A.

Standard of Review

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As an initial matter, the Court notes that Second Circuit law applies in deciding
Mitsubishi's motions to compel arbitration, notwithstanding that the motion in the JVA Action
was filed in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. See Smith v. Railworks Corp., No. 10 Civ.
3980, 2012 WL 752048, *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2012) ("Generally, 'a transferee federal court must
apply its own interpretation of federal law, not the construction of the transferring court's
circuit'") (quoting United States v. Sidhu, 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 1366, *4 (2d Cir. 2003) (other
citations omitted).
The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") states that, upon motion of either party to the
contract, a district court shall compel arbitration of claims arising out of that contract if it contains
a valid arbitration clause. See 9 U.S.C. § 4. The terms of the FAA are to be strictly enforced.
See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) ("By its terms, the Act leaves
no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but instead mandates that district courts
shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration agreement has
been signed"). Moreover, "[a]rbitration is especially favored in resolving disputes involving
international commerce . . . ." Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A. v. Blystad Shipping & Trading Inc.,
252 F.3d 218, 223 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth,
Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 631 (1985)). However, "a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration
any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit." Id. (quotation omitted).
The FAA applies to contracts seeking to settle a case by reference to a third party
mediator regardless of if the clause specifically identifies arbitration, or some other form of
mediation, as the vehicle to resolve the dispute. See AMF Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 621 F. Supp.
456, 459-60 (E.D.N.Y. 1985) (discussing the origins and evolution of the FAA and holding that
"[i]f the parties have agreed to submit a dispute for a decision by a third party, they have agreed
5

to arbitration"); see also CB Richard Ellis, Inc. v. Am. Envt'l Waste Mgmt., No. 98-CV-4183,
1998 WL 903495, *2 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 1998) ("Because the mediation clause in the case at bar
manifests the parties' intent to provide an alternative method to 'settle' controversies arising under
the parties . . . agreement, this mediation clause fits within the [FAA's] definition of arbitration").
The threshold question for determining the applicability of an arbitration agreement is
"whether 'the arbitration agreement [is] broad or narrow.'" Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Bldg.
Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted). If the agreement contains a broad
clause, "then there is a presumption that the claims are arbitrable." Id.

B.

The Agreements
Each of the JVAs for the R142A, R160, and PATH projects contain the same arbitration

language:
Any disputes, controversies or claims arising out of this
AGREEMENT or the PROJECT which may arise between the
MEMBERS shall be finally submitted to and settled by arbitration
to take place at The Court of Arbitration of International Chamber
of Commerce, Paris, France in accordance with the Rules of the
International Chamber of Commerce. Proceedings shall be
conducted in the English language.
Dkt. No. 1 at 66 (R142A); Dkt. No. 21 at 25 (R160) & 42 (PATH). While no written agreement
exists for the R143 project, Westcode affirmed that the "R143 joint venture was performed under
the same terms as the written agreements." 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 44-2 at ¶ 9.
Article 27 of the LTAA likewise provides for alternative dispute resolution of any claim
arising under that agreement:
Any disputes between the parties shall be settled by discussion
between the parties, or failing this, by referring the matter in dispute
to the decision of a third party acceptable to both parties. In the
case that a third party acceptable to LICENSOR and LICENSEE
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cannot be determined or if the third party is unable to reach a
decision, the matter may be settled by an appropriate court of law.
Dkt. No. 1 at 40.
Each of the arbitration clauses in the JVAs and the LTAA constitute broad arbitration
agreements given their expansive language that they encompass "any disputes" between the
parties relating to the respective projects. See Collins & Aikman Prods., 58 F.3d at 20 ("The
clause in this case, submitting to arbitration '[a]ny claim or controversy arising out of or relating
to th[e] agreement,' is the paradigm of a broad clause"). While it is presumed that each of the
claims arising out of these agreements is subject to arbitration given the broad arbitration clause,
see id., the Court will briefly discuss the applicability of the clause to each claim that Mitsubishi
seeks to arbitrate.

C.

Westcode's Claims
Count I of the JVA Action seeks a declaration that any "claims that Mitsubishi has, had or

could have had, for payments under the LT[A]A [are] barred by the statute of limitations . . . ."
Dkt. No. 1 at 17. Westcode argues that the LTAA does not contain a binding arbitration
agreement because it does not specifically refer to arbitration and allows for the parties to resort
to an appropriate court of law to resolve issues if they cannot agree on an arbitrator. See Dkt. No.
22 at 12-13. This argument is unpersuasive in light of the broad construction of the FAA in
construing any agreement to submit claims to be settled by a third party as a valid agreement to
arbitrate. See AMF Inc., 621 F. Supp. at 459-60. The LTAA clearly states that, if the parties are
not able to resolve their issues through settlement discussions, "[a]ny disputes between the parties
shall be settled . . . by referring the matter in dispute to the decision of a third party acceptable to

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both parties." Dkt. No. 1 at 40. Thus, the LTAA contains a valid arbitration agreement and the
claims asserted in Count I of the JVA Action fall within its scope.
Count II seeks a declaration that "all claims that Mitsubishi has, had or could have had, for
payments under the JVA [are] barred by the statute of limitations . . . ." Id. at 17. It is undisputed
that Count II falls squarely within the identical arbitration clauses contained in each of the JVAs.
Count III seeks a declaration that "all claims that Mitsubishi has, had or could have had,
for payments under the projects known as R143, R160 and PATH [are] barred by the statute of
limitations . . . ." Id. at 18. While Count III does not specifically cite the JVA for the R160 and
PATH projects, each of these projects was covered by a JVA that contained the same arbitration
clause as the initial JVA between the parties. See Dkt. No. 21 at 25 (R160) & 42 (PATH).
Westcode argues that, to the extent that Count III implicates the R143 project, the claim is
not subject to arbitration because there is "no written arbitration agreement" for that project. Dkt.
No. 22 at 13. Mitsubishi concedes that there was no written agreement for the R143 project. Dkt.
No. 21 at 7 n.2. Thus, the Court must examine outside evidence concerning the R143 project to
determine if, notwithstanding the lack of a separate written agreement, the parties intended to be
bound to arbitration for claims arising out of that project.
"Whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists is determined by state law principles
governing the formation of contracts." Colo.-Ark.-Tex. Distrib., L.L.C. v. Am. Eagle Food Prods.,
Inc., 525 F. Supp. 2d 428, 433 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (citing Shaw Grp. Inc. v. Triplefine Int'l Corp.,
322 F.3d 115, 120 (2d Cir. 2003)) (other citation omitted). New York courts apply the "center of
gravity" approach to determine which state's law applies in a contract case. See Duffey v.
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 14 F. Supp. 3d 120, 129 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citations omitted).
"To find the center of gravity for a particular contract, courts consider the significance of various
8

contacts with the relevant jurisdictions, including where the contract was drafted, negotiated,
executed, and performed; the location of the subject matter; and the domicile or place of business
of the contracting parties." Id. (quoting Lazard Freres & Co. v. Protective Life Ins. Co., 108 F.3d
1531, 1539 (2d Cir. 1997)) (other citation omitted). Here, the potential states that have an interest
interpreting the R143 contract are New York, where the project was located, and Pennsylvania,
where the agreement was negotiated and where Westcode's principal place of business is located.
See Dkt. No. 11 at 17-19. While Mitsubishi is a Japanese corporation and some of the
negotiations may have occurred in Japan, Japanese law is not appropriate to govern this dispute
because the JVAs contain a provision that they shall "be construed and interpreted with the laws
of the U.S.A." See Dkt. No. 1 at 66; see also Dkt. No. 21 at 24, 41-42. The Court finds that it
need not determine which state's laws apply in considering whether the R143 project is subject to
arbitration, as the laws of both New York and Pennsylvania lead to the same conclusion in this
case.
The FAA "requires arbitration agreements to be in writing." Kilmer v. Flocar, Inc., 212
F.R.D. 66, 72 (N.D.N.Y. 2002) (citing In re Arbitration Between Chung & President Enters., 943
F.2d 225, 229 (2d Cir. 1991)). However, in contract disputes arising out of oral contracts, both
New York and Pennsylvania law provides that such claims may be subject to an arbitration clause
in a previously written agreement if the record reflects that the parties prior course of dealing
indicates that they intended to be bound by said arbitration clause. See Westinghouse Elec. Co. v.
Murphy, Inc., 425 Pa. 166, 171-72, 228 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. 1967) (citing Silverstein v. Hornick,
376 Pa. 536, 103 A.2d 734 (Pa. 1954)) (holding that, under Pennsylvania law, if a contract is
"wholly composed of oral communications, the precise content of which is not of record, courts
must look to surrounding circumstances and the course of dealings between the parties to
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ascertain the intention of the parties"); Great N. Ins. Co. v. ADT Sec. Servs., Inc., 517 F. Supp. 2d
723, 742 (W.D. Pa. 2007) (collecting cases that "addressed the issue of whether the parties' prior
course of dealing and/or trade usage is sufficient to show that the parties intended to incorporate
limitation of liability, warranty, or arbitration clauses in their agreements" and noting that "[t]he
courts have granted motions for summary judgment when the evidence established a prior course
of dealing between the parties"); Leadertex, Inc. v. Morganton Dyeing & Finishing Corp., 67
F.3d 20, 25 (2d Cir. 1995) ("New York law allows an arbitration agreement to rest on 'evidence of
a trade usage or of a prior course of dealings'") (quoting Schubtex, Inc. v. Allen Snyder, Inc., 49
N.Y.2d 1, 6, 424 N.Y.S.2d 133, 399 N.E.2d 154 (1979)).
Here, the parties worked together as a joint venture on four separate projects; R142A,
R160, PATH, and R143. Each of these projects involved providing HVAC units to commercial
rail car operators in New York City. See Dkt. No. 1 at 14 ¶¶ 12-15. Three of these projects, the
R142, R160, and PATH, contained the exact same written arbitration agreements. Importantly,
Westcode acknowledges that "the R143 joint venture was performed under the same terms as the
written agreements." 15-cv-505, 44-2 at ¶ 9; 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 38 at ¶ 44. There is no
evidence that the parties intended the R143 project to be covered by any other agreements, or for
the relationship between the parties to be organized any differently than as stated in the terms of
the written JVAs. Moreover, Westcode's allegations in the JVA Action and its counterclaims in
the MOU Action combine its arguments as to each of the Projects together and fail to draw any
meaningful distinction between the Projects, such as would infer that the agreements underlying
each should be interpreted independently by the Court. See Dkt. No. 1 at 15 ¶¶ 20-23, 17 ¶¶ 3537; 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 38 at ¶¶ 27-63. The Court finds that, given Westcode's acknowledgment
that the R143 project was performed under the same terms as the written JVAs, coupled with the
10

identical arbitration clauses contained in the three written agreements and the substantially similar
nature of the R142, R160, PATH, and R143 projects, the record contains sufficient evidence to
conclude that the R143 project was undertaken in accordance with the terms of the written JVAs.
Therefore, the arbitration clause contained in the written JVAs is likewise applicable to the R143
project. See Schubtex, Inc., 49 N.Y.2d at 6 ("[A] determination that a written provision for
arbitration has, in fact, been incorporated in the oral agreement of the parties in consequence of
either trade usage or a prior course of dealings must be supported by evidence in the record").
Thus, the Court finds that each of the projects performed under the terms of the JVAs as stated in
Count III, including the R143 project, are subject to the binding arbitration clause contained
therein. Absent Mitsubishi's waiver of its right to compel arbitration, each of Westcode's claims
are subject to resolution by arbitration.

D.

Waiver
Despite the strong federal policy favoring the enforcement of arbitration clauses in

contracts, a party may nonetheless waive its right to arbitration. See PPG Indus., Inc. v. Webster
Auto Parts, Inc., 128 F.3d 103, 107 (2d Cir. 1997). Waiver should only be found in the most
egregious situations, and "'any doubts concerning whether there has been a waiver are resolved in
favor of arbitration.'" Id. (quoting Leadertex Inc., 67 F.3d at 25). The Second Circuit evaluates
whether a party has waived its right to arbitration by considering "(1) the time elapsed from the
commencement of litigation to the request for arbitration, (2) the amount of litigation (including
any substantive motions and discovery), and (3) proof of prejudice." Id.

1. Whether MOU is Subject to Arbitration

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As a threshold issue, Westcode argues that Mitsubishi waived its right to arbitrate the
claims in this action when it commenced the MOU Action. See Dkt. No. 52-1 at 11-19.
Generally, Westcode contends that the MOU is subject to the arbitration clause contained in the
JVAs, therefore, Mitsubishi's litigation of claims under the MOU waives its right to compel
arbitration of any claims subject to the JVAs arbitration clause. Westcode first argues that the
MOU is not an independent agreement between the parties but, rather, is an amendment of the
R160 JVA and, thus, subject to the arbitration clause contained therein. See Dkt. No. 52-1 at 1115. In the alternative, Westcode argues that, even if the MOU is its own agreement without an
arbitration clause, Mitsubishi's collateral claims in the MOU Action are arbitrable because the
broad arbitration clause in the JVAs covers the claims asserted. See Dkt. No. 52-1 at 15-19. At
this point, the Court need not determine whether the MOU is an amendment to the JVAs, or its
own subsequent contract because, either way, Mitsubishi's claims in the MOU Action clearly fall
within the scope of the arbitration clause contained in the JVAs.
As previously noted, the JVAs contain a broad arbitration clause. Thus, "'there arises a
presumption of arbitrability' and arbitration of even a collateral matter will be ordered if the claim
alleged 'implicates issues of contract construction or the parties' rights and obligations under it."
Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A., 252 F.3d at 224 (quoting Collins & Aikman Prods., 58 F.3d at 23).
As such, "all issues that 'touch matters' within the main agreement" are subject to arbitration. Id.
at 225; see also Collins & Aikman Prods., 58 F.3d at 21 ("If a court concludes that a clause is a
broad one, then it will order arbitration and any subsequent construction of the contract and of the
parties' rights and obligations under it are within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator") (quotation
omitted). The Second Circuit clarified that the relevant inquiry for whether a collateral issue is
subject to an arbitration clause contained in a previous agreement requires an analysis of the
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conduct alleged in the underlying complaint to see if it is within the scope of the arbitration
agreement, rather than relying on the legal titles attributed to the claims:
In determining whether a particular claim falls within the scope of
the parties' arbitration agreement, we focus on the allegations in the
complaint rather than the legal causes of action asserted. If the
allegations underlying the claims ‘touch matters' covered by the
parties' . . . agreements, then those claims must be arbitrated,
whatever the legal labels attached to them.
Collins & Aikman Prods., 58 F.3d at 20-21 (quotation and citations omitted) (emphasis in
original).
The language of the MOU repeatedly states that the obligations contained in that
agreement relate to the parties' obligations under the JVA Projects. The preamble states as
follows:
WHEREAS, the Parties confirmed that Westcode delayed its
payment in due for the [R142A, R143, R160, and PATH] projects .
. . and as a result, Westcode owes [Mitsubishi] the amount of [ ]
Unites States dollars in total as of July 31st, 2008;
WHEREAS, the Parties have discussed these delayed payment
issues and reached an agreement for the revised payment schedule
for the Projects as well as the liquidated damages provision for the
further unjustified delay;
WHEREAS, the Parties agree to enter into this MOU for the
purpose of amending and supplementing the existing contracts for
the Project[s] . . .
Dkt. No. 1 at 71. Article 1 of the MOU explicitly states that the $14,869,967.06 owed under that
agreement represents "overdue payments which Westcode owe[d] [Mitsubishi] . . . under the
[R142A, R143, R160, and PATH] Projects . . . ." Id. Moreover, Mitsubishi has made repeated
assertions that the payments addressed by the MOU arose out of the previous JVA Projects.
Mitsubishi states that the "$14.9 million payment obligation Westcode committed to in the MOU
. . . is a result of Westcode's delayed payments due for transit projects." 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 54
at 5-6 (citing MOU Article 1). In its complaint in the MOU Action, Mitsubishi specifically states
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that the money due under the MOU arose solely out of unpaid invoices for the R160 project and
royalty payments due under the LTAA. See 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 13 ("By July 31, 2008,
Westcode owed Mitsubishi Electric $14,590,876.86 in unpaid New York City Transit R160
invoices. Westcode also owed Mitsubishi Electric $279,090.20 in unpaid royalties pursuant to
the 1997 [LTAA]") (emphasis added).
The Court finds that the obligations in the MOU that form the basis for Mitsubishi's
breach of contract claim clearly "touch matters" contemplated by the JVAs' arbitration clauses.
The simple fact is, without the parties responsibilities arising out of the JVAs, there would be no
payments due under the MOU. Thus, the alleged $14.9 million obligation that Westcode owed
Mitsubishi pursuant to the MOU falls well within the JVAs' broad mandate to arbitrate any claims
"arising out of th[e] AGREEMENT[S] or the PROJECT[S]." Dkt. No. 1 at 66 (R142A); Dkt. No.
21 at 25 (R160) & 42 (PATH). Moreover, the language in the WHEREAS clauses of the MOU
clearly indicates that the parties intended the agreement to apply to the payments that arose under
the Projects covered by the written JVAs. See In re Lehman Bros. Holdings Inc., 439 B.R. 811,
825-26 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2010) ("Although such 'whereas' clauses have no operative effect, they
do offer guidance as to the intentions of the parties when entering into the . . . agreement"); see
also Tromp v. City of New York, 465 Fed. Appx. 50, 53 (2d Cir. 2012).
In the MOU Action, Mitsubishi argues that "when Westcode fell behind on its payments
to [Mitsubishi], the parties did not attempt to resolve those issues through arbitration before the
International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, as would have been required by the JVAs. Rather,
the parties executed a new agreement, with no arbitration provision, to govern the payment
obligation and the schedule through which payments were to be made." 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 54
at 6. To support this argument, Mitsubishi cites Primex International Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores,
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Inc., 89 N.Y.2d 594 (1997) for the proposition that only claims asserted for a direct breach of the
JVAs may be subject to the arbitration clauses, while claims for the breach of the MOU should be
settled through litigation. In Primex, the parties entered into two agreements in 1990 and 1993,
that each contained arbitration clauses, and a subsequent agreement in 1995 that did not contain
an arbitration clause but included a general merger clause. 89 N.Y.2d at 596-97. The New York
Court of Appeals held that "enforcement of the parties' obligations to arbitrate disputes arising out
of their 1990 and 1993 Agreements . . . is not precluded by the merger clause in [the 1995
Agreement]." Id at 600. Thus, the court found that any causes of action arising under the 1990
and 1993 agreements were subject to arbitration, while claims pursuant to the 1995 agreement
should be resolved in court. Id. at 601-02 ("[A]bsent a clear manifestation of contrary intent, it is
presumed that the parties intended that the arbitration forum for dispute resolution provided in an
agreement will survive the termination of the agreement as to subsequent disputes arising
thereunder . . . .") (emphasis in original). Thus, while the Court of Appeals held that the claims
arising solely under the 1995 agreement should be litigated and not sent to arbitration, the case
does not defeat the general rule that claims arising out of a previous agreement containing an
arbitration clause are subject to arbitration, notwithstanding a subsequent agreement between the
parties that does not contain an arbitration clause.
The Court of Appeals decision in Inryco, Inc. v. Parsons & Whittemore Contractors
Corp., 55 N.Y.2d 666, 667 (1981), is also instructive on this issue. In that case, the parties
entered into five written construction contracts, each of which contained broad arbitration clauses,
and then subsequently entered an agreement to settle disputes arising out of the original contracts.
The Court of Appeals held that the parties had to submit all claims arising out of the original
contracts to arbitration, even if they were essentially asserting a cause of action about the
15

subsequent agreement to settle the disputes of the underlying contracts. Id. The court reasoned
that
[t]hese broad [arbitration] provisions encompass all disputes arising
out of the contracts, including those relating to subsequent
agreements concerning obligations under the original contracts. . . .
'[O]nce the parties to a broad arbitration clause have made a valid
choice of forum, as here, all questions with respect to the validity
and effect of subsequent documents purporting to work a
modification or termination of the substantive provisions of their
original agreement are to be resolved by the arbitrator.
Id. (quoting Matter of Schlaifer v. Sedlow, 51 N.Y.2d 181, 185 (1980))
Mitsubishi asserts that the existence of choice-of-law and merger clauses in the MOU
precludes the application of the previously agreed upon arbitration clause in the JVAs. See Dkt.
No. 60 at 7. Article 9 of the MOU states that "[t]his MOU shall in all respects be construed and
interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, the United States of America."
Dkt. No. 1 at 73. Article 10 of the MOU states "[t]his MOU constitutes the entire agreement
between the Parties and supersedes any prior written or oral agreement between the Parties
concerning the subject matter. No modifications of this MOU shall be binding unless executed in
writing by both Parties." Id. While this merger clause may provide support to Mitsubishi's
argument that the MOU is a separate agreement from the written JVAs, rather than merely an
amendment to them, it does not act as a barrier to the broad arbitration clauses contained in the
JVAs from governing disputes that arise out of the Projects. See Primex Int'l Corp., 657
N.Y.S.2d at 600.
The Second Circuit has established that "an agreement to arbitrate is superseded by a
later-executed agreement containing a forum selection clause if the clause 'specifically precludes'
arbitration, but there is no requirement that the forum selection clause mention arbitration."
Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schools Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d 210, 215 (2d Cir. 2014)
16

(internal citations and quotations omitted). The Second Circuit draws a distinction between
forum selection clauses that explicitly supersede previous arbitration agreements, and those that
provide resolution by courts for some issues, but allow the underlying arbitration clauses to be
enforced. In Bank Julius Baer & Co., Ltd. v. Waxfield Ltd., the Second Circuit held that "an
arbitration agreement was not superseded by an agreement providing that a bank's customer
'submits to the jurisdiction of any New York State or Federal court' and 'agrees that any action
may be heard' in such court." Goldman, Sachs & Co., 764 F.3d at 215 (quoting Bank Julius Baer
& Co., Ltd. v. Waxfield Ltd., 424 F.3d 278, 282 (2d Cir. 2005), abrogated on other grounds by
Granite Rock Co. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287 (2010)). The subsequent agreement in
Bank Julius also contained a merger clause that stated "[t]his Agreement supersedes all prior
agreements and understandings between [the parties]. It constitutes the entire agreement of the
parties." 424 F.3d at 282. In contrast, the Second Circuit held in Applied Energetics, Inc. v.
NewOak Capital Markets, LLC that "an arbitration agreement was superseded by an agreement
stating that '[a]ny dispute arising out of this Agreement shall be adjudicated in' New York Courts,
and that the agreement and related documents (not including the earlier arbitration agreement)
'constitute the entire understanding and agreement' of the parties" with respect to the issues
allegedly subject to arbitration. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 764 F.3d at 215 (quoting Applied
Energetics, Inc. v. NewOak Capital Markets, LLC, 645 F.3d 522, 523-24 (2d Cir. 2011))
(emphasis added). The Second Circuit drew the distinguishing line between these two cases as
hinging on whether the merger and forum selection clause in the subsequent agreement
"specifically preclude[s] arbitration" and if the "forum-selection clause was 'all-inclusive' and
'mandatory.'" Id. (quoting Applied Energetics, 645 F.3d at 525).

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Here, the choice of law provision is even less mandatory than that involved in Julius
Bank. Article 9 does not state that the parties shall resolve disputes in New York courts, nor does
it submit the parties to the jurisdiction of New York courts. Rather, it simply states that the laws
of New York shall be applied to the interpretation and construction of the MOU. Thus, far from
being a "mandatory" and "all inclusive" forum-selection clause that precludes subjecting any
dispute to arbitration under the previous arbitration clauses of the JVAs, the MOU's choice of law
provision merely provides a means for interpreting the underlying contract, and those means do
not mandate access to the courts system. Further, the merger clause states that it supersedes any
prior agreements between the parties "concerning the subject matter" of the MOU. Dkt. No. 1 at
73. Since the MOU did not address the subject of arbitration versus adjudication, then the merger
clause cannot apply to specifically preclude arbitration as stated in the JVAs because that issue
was not within the "subject matter" of the MOU. Thus, the Court finds that the choice of law
provision and merger clause in the MOU do not specifically preclude the arbitration of claims
arising out of the JVAs. The parties' disputes over payments due under the MOU, all of which
originated from the obligations established by the Projects covered by the JVAs, are subject to the
arbitration clauses contained in the JVAs. Accordingly, any actions undertaken by Mitsubishi in
an attempt to litigate the MOU claims are relevant to the inquiry as to whether Mitsubishi has
waived its right to enforce the arbitration provisions against Westcode's causes of action in the
JVA Action. See PPG Indus., Inc., 128 F.3d at 109 (noting that actions taken in two separate but
closely related cases can be considered together for purpose of a waiver analysis).

2. Time Elapsed from Commencement of Litigation
While Westcode continues to assert that it commenced the JVA Action on April 14, 2014
by filing a praecipe for a writ of summons, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania decided, prior to
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transferring the case to this Court, that the filing of that praecipe was not the actual
commencement of the case. See Dkt. No. 32 at 11-13. Further, even if filing a praecipe was
considered the commencement of the action for certain purposes, it could not be counted against
Mitsubishi for failing to move for arbitration before the complaint was filed because Pennsylvania
has no mechanism for seeking arbitration based solely on a writ. See PaineWebber Inc. v.
Faragalli, 61 F.3d 1063, 1068 (3d Cir. 1995) ("Pennsylvania courts have emphasized that a Writ
of Summons is not a 'pleading.' Hence the defendant cannot file preliminary objections to the
Writ, which is the Pennsylvania procedure for asserting the defense of an agreement to arbitrate")
(citations omitted). Westcode commenced the JVA Action on May 5, 2015 by filing its complaint
in the Court of Common Pleas in Chester County, Pennsylvania. See Dkt. No. 1 at 12. On May
27, 2015, Mitsubishi removed the action to the District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. See id. at 7. Mitsubishi filed a motion to
dismiss on July 1, 2015 and a motion to compel arbitration on September 9, 2015. See Dkt. Nos.
10, 21. Thus, approximately four months passed from the commencement of the JVA Action to
when Mitsubishi moved to compel arbitration.
Mitsubishi commenced the MOU Action in this court on April 27, 2015. See 15-cv-505,
Dkt. No. 1. Westcode filed its answer asserting two counterclaims on January 28, 2016. See 15cv-505, Dkt. No. 38. Mitsubishi filed its motion to compel arbitration of the counterclaims on
February 18, 2016. See 15-cv-505, Dkt. No. 42. Thus, while approximately ten months passed
from the commencement of the MOU Action until Mitsubishi moved to compel arbitration, less
than a month passed between Westcode's assertion of the allegedly arbitrable counterclaims and
Mitsubishi's motion. Accordingly, the time elapsed prior to Mitsubishi's motions to compel
arbitration, standing alone, is not so egregious as to constitute waiver. See, e.g., Brownstone Inv.
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Grp., LLC v. Levey, 514 F. Supp. 2d 536, 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ("[The] delay of more than ten
months in seeking arbitration is insufficient by itself to support a finding of waiver") (citations
omitted).

3. The Amount of Litigation
The parties have engaged in extensive litigation in both actions up to this point. The
following charts provide a brief overview of the filings to date in each of the actions.
JVA Action
5/5/15

Westcode files complaint in Pennsylvania

5/27/15

Mitsubishi removes to Eastern District of Pennsylvania

7/1/15

Mitsubishi files motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

9/15/15

Mitsubishi files motion to compel arbitration

12/8/15

Order transferring case to the Northern District of New York

1/27/16

Initial pre-trial conference held

2/5/16

Mitsubishi files motion to stay discovery

3/10/16

Order denying motion to stay discovery

3/10/16

Order consolidating the two cases for discovery purposes

3/18/16

Order denying in part and granting in part Mitsubishi's motion to dismiss

4/21/16

Hearing conducted to discuss discovery issues

5/27/16

Mitsubishi files motion to stay discovery

6/17/16

Order granting motion to stay discovery

MOU Action
4/27/15

Mitsubishi files complaint

6/29/15

Westcode files motion to dismiss

12/22/15

Order that mandatory disclosures are to be exchanged by 1/13/16

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1/14/16

Mitsubishi files motion for summary judgment

1/28/16

Westcode files answer asserting counterclaims

1/29/16

Uniform pre-trail scheduling order filed

2/18/16

Mitsubishi files motions to compel arbitration or, in the alternative dismiss,
Westcode's counterclaims

3/7/16

Westcode files motion for judgment on the pleadings

5/27/16

Mitsubishi files motion to stay discovery

6/17/16

Order granting motion to stay discovery

As the record clearly indicates, both parties have engaged in extensive litigation in each of
these cases. In the JVA Action, Mitsubishi filed an initial motion to remove to federal court and
subsequently filed two substantive motions. In the MOU Action, Mitsubishi has filed three
additional dispositive motions. In addition to Mitsubishi's litigious actions, Westcode has
vigorously opposed each of Mitsubishi's motions and asserted two of its own dispositive motions
in the MOU Action, although it later voluntarily withdrew its motion to dismiss. While
Mitsubishi moved to stay discovery on February 5, 2016 in the JVA Action and May 27, 2016 in
the MOU Action, these motions came well after the parties had expended significant amounts of
time and resources litigating the pending motions in each of the cases. Significantly, Mitsubishi
did not move to stay either action pending the decision on the arbitration issue pursuant to 9
U.S.C. § 3. Such a motion to stay the entire action pending arbitration "would have been a clear
statement of [Mitsubishi's] intention to arbitrate." PPG Indus., Inc., 128 F.3d at 109.

4. Prejudice
A finding of prejudice to the non-moving party is the key to a waiver analysis. See
Thyssen, Inc. v. Calypso Shipping Corp., S.A., 310 F.3d 102, 105 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Rush v.
Oppenheimer & Co., 770 F.2d 885, 887 (2d Cir. 1985)) ("[W]aiver of the right to compel
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arbitration due to participation in litigation may be found only when prejudice to the other party is
demonstrated"). Prejudice can be show in either of two ways: "[p]rejudice can be substantive,
such as when a party loses a motion on the merits and then attempts, in effect, to relitigate the
issue by invoking arbitration, or it can be found when a party too long postpones his invocation of
his contractual right to arbitration, and thereby causes his adversary to incur unnecessary delay or
expense." Id. (quoting Kramer v. Hammond, 943 F.2d 176, 179 (2d Cir. 1991)). Sufficient
prejudice to infer waiver has been found in cases "when a party seeking to compel arbitration
engages in discovery procedures not available in arbitration, makes motions going to the merits of
an adversary's claims, or delays invoking arbitration rights while the adversary incurs unnecessary
delay or expense." Cotton v. Slone, 4 F.3d 176, 179 (2d Cir. 1993) (internal citations omitted).
Here, Mitsubishi filed both of its motions to compel arbitration prior to the Court issuing a
decision on any of the other pending motions. Accordingly, any prejudice must be premised on
the fact that Westcode has been required to respond to numerous motions given Mitsubishi's
failure to move for a stay pending arbitration. The JVA Action was initially commenced in
Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas. Rather than move to compel arbitration initially in that
action, Mitsubishi removed the case to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. See Dkt. No. 1; see
also Gaffer Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Discover Reinsurance Co., 936 A.2d 1109, 1113 (Pa. Super. Ct.
2007) (noting that Pennsylvania courts apply the same presumption in favor of arbitrability as the
FAA). Once the case was in the district court, Mitsubishi first moved to dismiss or transfer the
action to this Court prior to moving to compel arbitration of Westcode's claims. See Dkt. Nos. 10,
21. As a result, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania first considered Mitsubishi's motion to
transfer, which was granted without addressing the substantive arguments to dismiss or to compel
arbitration. See Dkt. No. 32. After the action was transferred to this Court, the parties filed
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supplemental briefs on the pending motions to update their arguments with Second Circuit law.
See Dkt. Nos. 47, 50, 52, 53, 60. Thus, as a result of Mitsubishi's delay in moving to compel
arbitration, significant resources from both the litigants and the courts have been expended on
resolving the issues of the JVA Action through litigation, as opposed to proceeding directly to
arbitration. See La. Stadium & Exposition Dist. v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc.,
626 F.3d 156, 160 (2d Cir. 2010) (noting that factors of judicial economy arising from transfers
between district courts and consolidation of related actions, while not dispositive, weigh in favor
of finding waiver).
The most significant evidence of prejudice has been from Mitsubishi's substantial and
continued litigation in the MOU Action. While Mitsubishi filed its motions to compel arbitration
of Westcode's counterclaims shortly after they were asserted and prior to any order by the Court
on a separate dispositive motion, Mitsubishi did not move to stay any further litigation at that
time. This failure to move for an immediate stay required Westcode to respond to Mitsubishi's
motion to dismiss the counterclaims, and its motion for summary judgment. In responding to
these motions, Westcode was required to set forth its litigation strategy and raise any issues that
may be present with Mitsubishi's claims, such that Mitsubishi would receive a substantive
advantage in arbitration by having this insight into Westcode's legal arguments. See id. at 160
(noting that the receipt of a letter from the opposing party detailing the deficiencies within the
plaintiff's complaint evidenced prejudice because the plaintiff would be able to use that
information gained in litigation to its advantage in an arbitration proceeding).
Westcode has expended significant amounts of time and money in defending the claims
that Mitsubishi has pursued in this Court. Westcode filed at least five briefs in opposition to
Mitsubishi's motions in the JVA Action, and in excess of ten briefs related to motions in the MOU
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Action. As of September 24, 2015, Westcode contends that it had incurred $44,430 in legal fees
for the two actions. See Dkt. No. 52-1 at 19. This cost has undoubtedly risen dramatically given
the significant amount of motion practice that has occurred since September of 2015. See PPG
Indus., Inc., 128 F.3d at 107 (noting that incurring unnecessary expense in litigating arbitrable
claims may be evidence of waiver, although "[i]ncurrng legal expenses inherent in litigation,
without more, is insufficient evidence of prejudice to justify a finding of waiver").
Westcode contends that it has been required to disclose evidence in discovery in this case
that would not have been available to Mitsubishi in an arbitration proceeding. See Dkt. No. 52-1
at 21. Specifically, Westcode asserts that as "part of its self-executing disclosure obligations, [it]
produced 585 pages of documents to Mitsubishi on February 12, 2016." See id. at 7; Dkt. No. 522 at 1-4. While it is unclear whether this evidence would have been available to the parties in
arbitration proceedings, such substantial mandatory disclosures prior to arbitration weigh in favor
of finding waiver. See PPG Industries, Inc., 128 F.3d at 109 & n.3 (drawing a distinction
between insignificant disclosures of records already in the opposing party's possession and using
"the judicial process to secure a substantial amount of information that [the moving party]
otherwise would not have had in its possession").
Mitsubishi contends that its actions cannot amount to waiver because it has consistently
sought to enforce arbitration of claims arising out of the JVAs while maintaining its argument that
the MOU is not subject to arbitration. See Dkt. No. 60 at 6-7. In LG Electronics, Inc. v. Wi-Lan
USA, Inc., 623 Fed. Appx. 568 (2d Cir. 2015), the Second Circuit held that a defendant did not
waive its right to compel arbitration of certain claims by first attempting to litigate those claims in
court. 623 Fed. Appx. at 569-70. There, the defendant "colorably maintained" that the claims it
was pursuing were not subject to an arbitration clause contained in a separate agreement. Id. at
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570. It was only after the opposing party raised the issue of arbitrability that the defendant then
moved to compel arbitration. The Second Circuit held that the defendant's actions of initially
pursuing litigation of its claims were not inconsistent with its intent to arbitrate because, as soon
as it became aware that its claims may be subject to arbitration, it moved to compel the entire
action to arbitration. Id. The instant dispute is distinguishable from LG Electronics because
neither party has moved to compel the entire MOU Action to arbitration. Given the Court's
earlier finding that the MOU is, in fact, covered by the JVAs' arbitration clauses, it would be
unduly prejudicial to Westcode to force it to arbitrate its claims, while allowing Mitsubishi to
litigate its related and intertwined arbitrable causes of action in this Court.
The Court recognizes that the FAA requires piecemeal litigation when certain claims are
subject to arbitration and others are non-arbitrable. See, e.g., Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v.
Bldg. Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1995) ("If some claims are non-arbitrable, while others
are arbitrable, then we will sever those claims subject to arbitration from those adjudicable only
in court"). However, Mitsubishi has failed to cite any case, and the Court is unable to find
support for the proposition that a party may compel arbitration of some claims, but choose to
litigate other, interrelated claims that are subject to the same arbitration clause. Accordingly, the
Court finds that Mitsubishi waived its right to compel arbitration of Westcode's claims in the JVA
Action by pursuing substantial and continued litigation in this Court and Mitsubishi's motion to
compel arbitration is denied.

IV. CONCLUSION
After carefully reviewing the entire record in this matter, the parties' submissions and the
applicable law, and for the above-stated reasons, the Court hereby

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ORDERS that Mitsubishi's motion to compel arbitration (Dkt. No. 21) is DENIED; and
the Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision
and Order on all parties in accordance with the Local rules.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: July 11, 2016
Albany, New York

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