Camillus Clean Air Coalition et al v. Honeywell International, Inc.

Filing 117

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER: The Court hereby ORDERS that Defendant's # 109 motion to dismiss is GRANTED. The Court further ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor of Defendant and close this case. Signed by Senior Judge Frederick J. Scullin, Jr. on 5/19/2017. (nmk)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
_______________________________________________
ROBERT and COLLEEN BARTLETT;
WLLIAM and MICHELLE BARRINGTON, III;
KIM CALVERASE; DANIEL and VERUSKA
DANTUONO; DAVID and JULIETTE DEDO;
TIMOTHY and SALLY DELANY; BRIAN and
TRACY DELLOW; RON GRYZLEC; BRENDA
CARPENTER; DOUGLAS and CHARLENE
HART; THOMAS and KIMBERLY KSHYNA;
MATTHEW and TRACY LICAMELI; JOHN and
KATHLEEN MARINELLI; WILLIAM and
STEPHANIE MATHEWSON; PETER and
JENAFER MEDINA; BRYAN MIGNONE;
ELAINE EVERITT; BRIAN and KIMBERLY
MURPHY; SCOTT and JILL MUSEMECI;
JERRY and KRISTINA PARZYCH; JONATHAN
and MARGARET PATCH; TIMOTHY and
SHARON PIEPER; FREDERICK and HEATHER
PUCHTA; LYNORE and MARK de la ROSA;
ROBERT and LORI SMITH; JOEY ST. LOUIS;
ROBERT and MEGAN VERTUCCI; MICHAEL
and LYNDA WADE; DAVID CORRENTE; GARY
CORRENTE; LUCY CORRENTE; SARAH
MARTINELLI; DEBORAH ROSS, individually and
as the representative of the Estate of Edward Wilbur;
THOMAS and KIMBERLY GDULA; MICHAEL and
ALPHA KSHYNA; and MCKENZIE YOST,
Plaintiffs,
v.

5:13-CV-365
(FJS/DEP)

HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
Defendant.
_______________________________________________

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APPEARANCES

OF COUNSEL

MCALLION & ASSOCIATES, LLP
100 Park Avenue – 16th Floor
New York, New York 10017
Attorneys for Plaintiffs

KENNETH F. MCCALLION, ESQ.

LARSEN ADVOCATES, P.C.
104 First Place
Brooklyn, New York 11231
Attorneys for Plaintiffs

KRISTIAN K. LARSEN, ESQ.

ARNOLD & PORTER KAYE SCHOLER
601 Massachusetts Avenue N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20001
Attorneys for Defendant

ANDREA M. BROACH, ESQ.
BRIAN D. ISRAEL, ESQ.
GEOFFREY J. MICHAEL, ESQ.

GILBERTI, STINZIANO, HEINTZ
& SMITH, P.C.
555 East Genesee Street
Syracuse, New York 13202
Attorneys for Defendant

ANTHONY P. RIVIZZIGNO, ESQ.

OFFICE OF LISA DIPOALA HABER
217 Montgomery Street
Syracuse, New York 13202
Attorneys for Defendant

LISA A. DIPOALA HABER, ESQ.

SCULLIN, Senior Judge

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Pending before the Court is Defendant's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' amended complaint
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and (7) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See generally Dkt.
No. 109.

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II. BACKGROUND 1
In 1989, New York State sued Allied-Signal Inc., seeking to compel Allied-Signal to
undertake the cleanup of Onondaga Lake under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"). In 1992, Allied-Signal Inc. and New York State
entered into a consent decree requiring Allied-Signal to undertake a remedial investigation and
feasibility study for the Onondaga Lake Superfund Site in compliance with the regulations
promulgated under CERCLA. See 42 U.S.C. § 9605. Defendant is the successor to AlliedSignal Inc.
In 1993, the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") and New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation ("DEC") entered into a cooperative agreement
pursuant to CERCLA § 104(d), 42 U.S.C. § 9604(d), with respect to the Onondaga Lake
Superfund Site ("Cooperative Agreement"). The Cooperative Agreement provided that DEC
would be the lead agency with respect to the site and would prepare, subject to EPA's approval,
draft records of decisions setting forth the proposed remedial actions for each of the subsites of
the Onondaga Lake Superfund Site, including the Onondaga Lake Bottom Subsite ("Site"),
which is the subject of this action.
In 2004, following the completion of a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study
("RI/FS"), DEC issued a proposed cleanup plan for the Site ("Proposed Plan"), which DEC
determined to be "protective of human health and the environment." The Proposed Plan called
for dredging up to 2.65 million cubic yards of sediment from the lake and transporting those
sediments to a sediment consolidation area that Defendant would construct on its property in the

1

The Court has drawn much of the following background information from its previous
Memorandum-Decision and Order. See Dkt. No. 49.
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Town of Camillus. The Proposed Plan was subject to public comment from November 29, 2004,
until March 1, 2005, and, after the concurrence of EPA, again from April 1, 2005, until April 30,
2005.
Following public comment, in accordance with CERCLA's requirements, EPA and DEC
issued a joint record of decision ("ROD") for the Site that set forth the selected remedy for the
Site. Among other things, the ROD required dredging an estimated 2.65 million cubic yards of
sediment from the lake bottom. In addition, the ROD required that dredged sediment be
transported via pipeline to a sediment contamination area ("SCA") located in the Town of
Camillus for treatment and storage. The ROD stated that EPA and DEC had determined that the
selected remedy met the requirements set forth in CERCLA § 121, 42 U.S.C. § 9621, because,
among other things, it was "protective of human health and the environment."
In 2006, Defendant and DEC agreed to enter into a proposed consent decree requiring
Defendant to conduct the selected remedy for the Site set forth in the ROD that the DEC and
EPA had issued. The proposed consent decree was subject to public comment from October 12,
2006, to November 13, 2006. On January 4, 2007, this Court entered the proposed consent
decree ("Consent Decree") as an Order of the Court. The Statement of Work, Appendix C to the
Consent Decree, required that Defendant make good faith efforts to design and construct the
SCA within five years of entry of the Consent Decree and complete dredging operations within
four years of construction.
Following entry of the Consent Decree, pursuant to its Cooperative Agreement with EPA,
DEC retained primary oversight authority for the Site. Notably, DEC retained authority to
review and approve Defendant's technical submittals prior to the start of dredging. Following

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DEC approval, all submittals were "incorporated into and bec[a]me an enforceable part of [the]
Consent Decree."
Throughout the design of the SCA, Defendant submitted to DEC for approval a range of
documents regarding a variety of technical issues at the SCA, including those relevant to the
health and safety of the project. In 2012, DEC approved the Community Health and Safety Plan
for the project ("CHASP"), which detailed health and safety measures integrated into the project
for the protection of the community and required the implementation of a comprehensive air
monitoring program. Later that year, DEC approved the Quality Assurance Project Plan for the
Air Quality Monitoring Program ("QAPP"), which detailed the air monitoring program for the
SCA, including the air quality standards established for the Site. Pursuant to its obligations
under the Consent Decree, Defendant initiated dredging of the lake bottom and transporting
dredged materials to the SCA in 2012.
On March 18, 2013, Plaintiffs filed their original complaint in this action in New York
Supreme Court, Onondaga County. In their complaint, Plaintiffs asserted four causes of action
grounded on the following theories: (1) negligence, (2) nuisance, (3) premises liability, and (4)
trespass. In their complaint, Plaintiffs also asked for injunctive relief.
This Court subsequently granted Defendant's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' claims for
injunctive relief because it concluded that "it [did] not have subject matter jurisdiction over"
those claims. Camillus Clean Air Coal. v. Honeywell Int'l, Inc., 947 F. Supp. 2d 208, 216
(N.D.N.Y. 2013).
After additional motion practice regarding remand, Defendant filed a motion for
judgment on the pleadings. See Dkt. No. 101. After conferring with Plaintiffs, Defendant

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withdrew its motion and allowed Plaintiffs to file an amended complaint, which Plaintiffs
thereafter filed on April 13, 2015. See Dkt. No. 107.
In their amended complaint, Plaintiffs assert three causes of action: (1) Defendant failed
to employ reasonable care under the circumstances in implementing and in choosing the various
methods for remediation at the Site, see id. at ¶¶ 254-269; (2) Defendant maintained a dangerous
condition on its property that created a private nuisance, see id. at ¶¶ 271-274; and (3)
Defendant's actions "caused toxic chemical particulates, both visible and invisible, to be released
into the air in the form of vapor and dust which then landed on Plaintiffs’ real property and
persons," see id. at ¶ 276.
Defendant subsequently filed the pending motion to dismiss based on the following
grounds: (1) Plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the Consent Decree; (2) CERCLA
§ 122(e)(6) preempted Plaintiffs' claims; (3) DEC was an indispensable party that could not be
joined because of sovereign immunity; and (4), regardless of the merits of the first three grounds,
Plaintiffs failed to allege any plausible state-law causes of action. See generally Dkt. No. 109.

III. DISCUSSION
A.

Standard of review
Courts use a two-step inquiry when addressing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. "First, they

isolate the moving party's legal conclusions from its factual allegations." Hyman v. Cornell
Univ., 834 F. Supp. 2d 77, 81 (N.D.N.Y. 2011). Second, courts must accept factual allegations
as true and "determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). A pleading must contain more than a "blanket assertion[ ] of
entitlement to relief." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 n.3 (2007). Thus, to

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withstand a motion to dismiss, a pleading must be "plausible on its face" such that it contains
"factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable
for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted).
Furthermore, when addressing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may "consider documents
attached to or incorporated by reference in [a] complaint[.]" Cooper v. Parsky, 140 F.3d 433,
440 (2d Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). Even where "'a plaintiff chooses not to attach to the
complaint or incorporate by reference a [document] upon which it solely relies and which is
integral to the complaint,' the court may . . . take the document into consideration in deciding the
defendant’s motion to dismiss, without converting the proceeding to one for summary
judgment." Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995)
(quotation omitted).
In this case, the Court has considered Plaintiff’s amended complaint as well as the
documents appended to the complaint.

B.

Conflict preemption
1. The parties' positions
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs' amended complaint alleges that "certain choices in

designing and implementing the Onondaga Lake remediation were made in error and give rise to
State common law claims, even though these choices were thoroughly considered and approved
by DEC and are enforceable requirements under the Consent Decree." See Dkt. No. 109-1 at 7.
More specifically, Defendant characterizes Plaintiffs' amended complaint as resting "upon the
premise that [Defendant] should have undertaken remedial actions other than those thoroughly
considered and authorized by DEC, such as using a different sediment containment strategy or a

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different air monitoring plan." See id. at 9. However, Defendant contends that CERCLA
§ 122(e)(6), 42 U.S.C. § 9622(e)(6), explicitly prohibits it from undertaking any remedial actions
other than those that the Consent Decree authorizes. See id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9622(e)(6))
According to Defendant, "Congress left no question here -- potentially responsible parties
("PRPs") such as [Defendant] must act in accordance with agency direction and may not engage
in remedial activity that is not authorized by the agency." See id. at 10. Therefore, according to
Defendant, "[a]llowing Plaintiffs' claims to proceed would contravene not only the plain text of
§ 122(e)(6), but also its purpose -- to reinforce administrative agency authority over the
implementation of a CERCLA remedy by prohibiting remedial actions that have not been
approved by the agency through the formal remedial plan procedures of CERCLA." See id.
Defendant further asserts that § 122(e)(6) serves "'to promote the policy of environmentally
sound and cost effective clean up through governmental, community and private party input into
the decisionmaking process.'" See id. (quoting Allied Corp. v. Acme Solvents Reclaiming, Inc.,
691 F. Supp. 1100, 1110 (N.D. Ill. 1988)). Indeed, Defendant contends that "unauthorized
remedial actions would undermine the public participation and input that occurred during this
formal decision-making process." See id. (citing United States v. Drum Serv. Co. of Fla., 109 F.
Supp. 2d 1348, 1357-59 (M.D. Fla. 1999)).
In essence, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs base their common-law claims on
Defendant's failure to take remedial action that the overseeing agencies never authorized. See id.
at 11. Accordingly, Defendant asserts that "Plaintiffs cannot, through the imposition of state
common law liability, force [Defendant] to pay damages for failure to undertake remedial actions
that would have been contrary to the authorized, carefully considered remedy in the cleanup plan
and Consent Decree." See id.

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Defendant further contends that CERCLA § 302(d), 42 U.S.C. § 9652(d), one of
CERCLA's savings clauses, "does not necessarily operate to preserve any and all state law
claims." See Dkt. No. 115 at 4 (citing New Mexico v. Gen. Elec. Co., 467 F.3d 1223 (10th Cir.
2006)). In that vein, Defendant asserts that state-law claims are preempted if they request relief
that is inconsistent with the mandates of CERCLA. See id. (citing New Mexico, 467 F.3d at
1244). Defendant explains that, "[i]n New Mexico, the Tenth Circuit found that CERCLA
preempted plaintiffs' state law claims because the natural resource damages plaintiffs sought
were duplicative of damages available under CERCLA, and if those damages had been sought
under CERCLA, rather than state law, their post-awarded uses would be more restricted." See
id. According to Defendant, the Tenth Circuit's rationale was "that if state law damages sought
by a plaintiff directly conflict with some other mandate within CERCLA, those claims cannot
proceed." See id. at 5.
Defendant argues that, in this case, Plaintiffs seek damages premised on its failure to
perform remediation activities that the Consent Decree did not approve. See id. Defendant
contends that "[a]llowing Plaintiffs' claims to proceed would mean that a CERCLA responsible
party . . . could be faced with the untenable choice between either: (a) violating CERCLA
§ 122(e)(6); or (b) violating state law." See id.
Finally, Defendant asserts that CERCLA's savings clause was not meant to preserve the
type of claims that Plaintiffs bring in this suit. According to Defendant, "the congressional intent
behind CERCLA was to 'provide a vehicle for cleaning up . . . improperly disposed of hazardous
substances,' and the purpose of the Savings Clause was 'merely to nix an inference that the
statute in which it appears is intended to be the exclusive remedy for harms caused by the
violation of the statute.'" See id. (internal citation omitted). In other words, the savings clause

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"is intended to preserve state law claims relating to the underlying contamination CERCLA was
enacted to address (i.e., the contamination of the sediment in Onondaga Lake), and not those
relating to remediation activities mandated by a consent decree." See id. at 6. Thus, Defendant
argues that the savings clause does not give Plaintiffs a right to bring state-law claims for alleged
harms arising out of activities that it was required to perform pursuant to a CERCLA remedial
order. See id.
Plaintiffs description of the nature of their claims is, not surprisingly, very different than
Defendant's. In this regard, Plaintiffs assert that their "Amended Complaint clearly alleges that
[Defendant's] actions give rise to a tort action, both independent of, and in connection with [its]
negligent performance of its obligations under the Consent Decree." See Dkt. No. 113 at 8.
According to Plaintiffs, Defendant was obligated to ensure that emissions of toxic substances
from the remediation site would not be harmful to the surrounding community. See id. Plaintiffs
argue that they are not seeking to "challenge" or "enforce" the provisions of the Consent Decree.
See id. Rather, Plaintiffs contend that they are merely bringing common law claims based on
Defendant's negligent remediation. See id. at 9. Thus, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant's "attempt
to use the Consent Decree as a shield against common law liability must fail." See id. at 10. In
other words, according to Plaintiffs, "the Consent Decree does not immunize [Defendant] for the
grievous injuries inflicted on Plaintiffs, and Plaintiffs have standing to redress these wrongs."
See id.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs assert that CERCLA § 122(e)(6) does not preempt their claims.
See id. According to Plaintiffs, Defendant's argument blatantly ignores "the plain language of
CERCLA § 302(d), which provides that
[n]othing in this chapter shall affect or modify in any way the obligations or
liabilities of any person under other Federal or State law, including common law,
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with respect to releases of hazardous substances or other pollutants or
contaminants. The provisions of this chapter shall not be considered, interpreted,
or construed in any way as reflecting a determination, in part or whole, of policy
regarding the inapplicability of strict liability, or strict liability doctrines, to
activities relating to hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants or other
such activities.
See id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9652(d)).
Furthermore, Plaintiffs point to two additional CERCLA provisions that they contend show that
their claims are not preempted. For example, CERCLA § 309(a)(1), 42 U.S.C. § 9658(a)(1),
provides for when the state statute of limitations applies to personal injury claims brought under
state law. See id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 9658(a)(1)). Moreover, CERCLA § 301(e)(1), 42 U.S.C.
§ 9651(e)(1), which is entitled "Adequacy of existing common law remedies," authorized a study
"'to determine the adequacy of existing common law and statutory remedies in providing legal
redress for harm to man and the environment caused by the release of hazardous substances.'"
See id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9651(e)(1)).
In further support of their position, Plaintiffs cite Abbo-Bradley v. City of Niagara Falls,
No. 13-CV-487, 2013 WL 4505454 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2013), for the proposition that
"'Congress expressly disclaimed an intent to preempt state tort liability for damages caused by
the release of hazardous substances.'" See id. at 11 (quoting Abbo-Bradley, 2013 WL 4505454 at
*6). Furthermore, Plaintiffs argue that Vill. of DePue, Ill. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 537 F.3d 775
(7th Cir. 2008), "explicitly recognized that CERCLA contemplates 'action[s] brought under State
law for personal injury, or property damages.'" See id. (quoting DePue, 537 F.3d at 786
[(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9652(d))]).
Additionally, Plaintiffs assert that Defendant's reliance on New Mexico is inappropriate
because "'CERCLA's savings clauses (as well as other CERCLA provisions) undoubtedly
preserve a quantum of state legislative and common law remedies related to the release and
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cleanup of hazardous waste.'" See id. (quoting New Mexico, 467 F.3d at 1246). Furthermore,
Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish New Mexico because it involved "a state plaintiff's attempt to
seek natural resource damages ('NRD') under duplicative and conflicting CERCLA and state
public nuisance and negligence theories of recovery, while the plaintiffs here seek damages for
personal injuries and property damages available only under common law." See id.
In that regard, Plaintiffs assert that their "common law claims for personal injuries and
property damages are neither duplicative of other claims under nor 'contrary to the authorized,
carefully considered remedy in the cleanup plan and the Consent Decree.'" See id. at 12 (quoting
Dkt. No. 109-1 at 11). Plaintiffs argue that they "do not challenge the DEC or the EPA's
regulatory authority to choose and authorize remedial actions, or any other provisions of the
Consent Decree; nor are Plaintiffs' claims contrary to Congress' objectives in enacting
CERCLA." See id. In fact, Plaintiffs assert that
the gravamen of [their] claims are that [Defendant], through its failure to perform
and use due care in performing the required APA and other procedures, as
mandated by the Consent Decree, CERCLA, the NCP, the ECL, and the DECapproved Work Plans, and through its inaccurate representations to the DEC, the
EPA and the public, circumvented the authority of the DEC and the EPA and the
right of the public to meaningfully participate in the remedial decision making
process.
See id.

2. Analysis
The Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the United States Constitution allows Congress to
enact laws that preempt state or local law. Federal preemption can operate in one of three ways.
See Bedford Affiliates v. Sills, 156 F.3d 416, 426 (2d Cir. 1998) (overruled on other grounds)
(citations omitted).

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First, Congress may in express terms declare its intention to preclude state
regulation in a given area. . . . Second, preemption may be implied when federal
law is "sufficiently comprehensive to make reasonable the inference that
Congress 'left no room' for supplementary state regulation." . . . Third, state law
may be preempted to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid federal
statute." . . .
Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted).
With respect to the first form, known as "express preemption," it is well established that
CERCLA does not expressly preempt state law. See State of N.Y. v. Shore Realty Corp., 759
F.2d 1032, 1041 (2d Cir. 1985) (citation omitted). As to the second form, known as "field
preemption," the courts have held that Congress did not intend "that CERCLA be a
comprehensive regulatory scheme occupying the entire field of hazardous wastes[.]" Bedford,
156 F.3d at 426.
Therefore, in this case, whether CERCLA preempts Plaintiffs' state-law claims for
negligence, private nuisance, and trespass turns on the third form, "conflict preemption."
Conflict preemption occurs where "'compliance with both federal and state [law] is a physical
impossibility'" or where state law "'stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of
the full purposes and objectives of Congress.'" Id. (quotations omitted).
Defendant contends that CERCLA § 122(e)(6) explicitly prohibits it from undertaking
any remedial actions other than those that the Consent Decree authorizes. Specifically,
CERCLA § 122(e)(6) provides that,
[w]hen either the President, or a potentially responsible party pursuant to an
administrative order or consent decree under this chapter, has initiated a remedial
investigation and feasibility study for a particular facility under this chapter, no
potentially responsible party may undertake any remedial action at the facility
unless such remedial action has been authorized by the President.

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42 U.S.C. § 9622(e)(6). 2
In essence, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs seek to hold it liable for damages allegedly resulting
from activities that were consistent with the Consent Decree, on a theory that Defendant should
have conducted additional or different remediation. However, Defendant contends that it would
have violated CERCLA § 122(e)(6) had it engaged in any alternative remedial measures.
Accordingly, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs' claims directly conflict with CERCLA because it
is impossible for Defendant to comply with federal law (the Consent Decree and CERCLA
§ 122(e)(6)) and also avoid potential exposure to state common-law claims.
A number of courts have held that consent decrees entered into pursuant to environmental
laws sufficiently conflict with state law to warrant preemption. For example, in Feikema v.
Texaco, Inc., 16 F.3d 1408 (4th Cir. 1994), a group of property owners sued a defendant alleging
nuisance and trespass as a result of the release of toxic substances on their property. See id. at
1411. Prior to the plaintiffs' suit, EPA -- under the authority of the Resource Conservation and

2

Section 122(e)(6) "serve[s] to promote the policy of environmentally sound and cost effective
clean up through governmental, community and private party input into the decisionmaking
process." Allied Corp. v. Acme Solvents Reclaiming, Inc., 691 F. Supp. 1100, 1110 (N.D. Ill.
1988). In Allied Corp, the court held that a defendant could not argue that EPA approved its
remediation plan by "passive acquiescence." See id. The court further stated that,
[i]n by-passing the safeguards of Section 122, passive acquiescence would serve
to undermine this policy. Surely Congress did not intend under Section 122(e)(6)
that, once the EPA initiates a remedial investigation and feasibility study, PRP's
are free to undertake their own chosen form of remedy and then recover costs in
federal court under the theory, "the agency didn't tell us we couldn't!"
Authorization under Section 122(e)(6) cannot be proved by a showing of Agency
passive acquiescence.
Id.
Thus, the policy underpinning CERCLA § 122(e)(6) is to create a careful partnership between
the PRP and the responsible agency to ensure the appropriate remedial action is taken.
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Recovery Act ("RCRA") -- entered into a consent decree whereby the defendant agreed to
undertake a specific clean-up plan. See id. Similar to Defendant here, the defendant in Feikema,
"argue[d] that homeowners are, through their state law actions for nuisance and trespass, seeking
injunctive relief that would conflict with the existing Consent Order between [defendant] and the
EPA." Id. at 1415. The defendant argued "further that complying with any court order based on
state law would force [the defendant] to violate the Consent Order's requirement that any
corrective action be submitted to and approved by the EPA." Id. After holding that the consent
decree carried the same weight as any other federal law, the Fourth Circuit ultimately held that
the injunctive relief that the plaintiffs requested "would conflict with the remedial measures
selected and supervised by the EPA." Id. at 1416.
In his concurring opinion in Feikema, Judge Murnaghan stated that, "[b]ecause it
apparently would be impossible for [the defendant] to comply with both orders, we hold that, so
long as the (federal-law) Consent Order remains in effect, it preempts the (state-law) injunctive
order that plaintiffs have requested." Id. at 1418 (Murnaghan, J., concurring). Judge Murnaghan
further concluded that the analysis is the same with regard to damages claims. 3 In that vein, he
stated that the court "would not allow the plaintiffs to gain indirectly, through the threat of
monetary damages, what [the court has] expressly prevented them from gaining directly through
an injunction -- mandatory clean-up measures that are incompatible with those already approved
by the EPA." Id. He stressed that, whatever the relief sought, a "claim is preempted only to the
extent that it may actually conflict with the EPA's Consent Order and only while that Order
remains in effect." Id.

3

The majority opinion held that the damages claims were not preempted because the Consent
Order did not provide for damages payments to homeowners, thus, awarding damages to the
plaintiffs would not conflict with the Consent Order. See Feikema, 16 F.3d at 1417-18.
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The Fourth Circuit later addressed Feikema in Cavallo v. Star Enter., 100 F.3d 1150 (4th
Cir. 1996), and held that a PRP "cannot be held liable for activities in conformity with the EPA
Orders." Id. at 1156. In doing so, the court recognized that Feikema allowed the plaintiffs'
damages claims to go forward but only to the extent, as Judge Murnaghan alluded to, that they
do not conflict with the Consent Order. See id. The court then determined that "[d]amages
claims conflict with EPA Orders only if the allegedly tortious activities (1) were required,
directed, or supervised by the EPA, and (2) were performed properly." Id. In discussing the
plaintiffs' claims in that case, the court advised that "incidents of improper operation,
supervision, management, design, installation, repair, and updating of the [waste site or its
equipment] may be actionable if not compelled by the EPA Orders." Id. at 1157.
Two district court cases in the Second Circuit involve somewhat analogous factual
situations. First, in Town of Halfmoon v. Gen. Elec. Co., 105 F. Supp. 3d 202 (N.D.N.Y. 2015),
the plaintiffs sought damages for the defendants' allegedly negligent dredging operation that was
undertaken in conformance with a court-ordered Consent Decree. See id. at 217. The court
recognized that the CERCLA savings clauses may allow for common law claims that concern the
original hazardous waste deposit, but plaintiffs were instead attacking "the dredging project and
the environmental and health threats stemming therefrom." Id. at 218. The court found that "[i]t
is impossible for [the defendant] to comply with the requirements of the Consent Decree without
subjecting itself to liability under state statutory and common law, which is an obstacle to the
execution of the dredging project." Id. at 217-18. Ultimately the court concluded that the
"plaintiffs' state law claims interfere with the implementation of a remedial action ordered by a
federal agency (EPA), per federal law (CERCLA), approved by this federal court." Id. at 218.

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Furthermore, the court rejected the plaintiffs' argument that they only sought monetary damages.
See id. (citing New Mexico, 467 F.3d at 1249-50).
Similarly, in Coastline Terminals of Conn., Inc. v. USX Corp., 156 F. Supp. 2d 203 (D.
Conn. 2001), the court held that the plaintiffs' "state law actions pursuant to [a state statute] and
common law negligence related to hazardous waste releases disrupt[ed] CERCLA's settlement
incentive scheme by providing a potential avenue for recovery against a potentially responsible
party that has settled a CERCLA action." Id. at 208. Therefore, the court held that "the state law
claims based on allegations of hazardous waste releases [were] preempted." Id. at 209
In addition, in New Mexico, the Tenth Circuit held that "CERCLA's comprehensive NRD
scheme preempts any state remedy designed to achieve something other than the restoration,
replacement, or acquisition of the equivalent of a contaminated natural resource." Id. at 1247.
The Tenth Circuit reasoned that allowing the state to by-pass CERCLA's statutory scheme to
collect NRD damages based on negligence and nuisance theories would conflict with CERCLA
because it could lead to double-recovery. See id. at 1248.
The Tenth Circuit went on to dismiss the plaintiff's common-law claims arguing that the
site cleanup was inadequate, stating that "[a]ny relief provided the State would substitute a
federal court's judgment for the authorized judgment of both the EPA and NMED (lest we forget
an arm of the State) that the cleanup is not only comprehensive but flexible and dynamic, readily
adjusting as new data is received." Id. at 1249-50 (citation omitted). The court further stated
that it would "not permit the State to achieve indirectly through the threat of monetary damages, .
. . what it [could not] obtain directly through mandatory injunctive relief incompatible with the

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ongoing CERCLA-mandated remediation." Id. at 1250 4 (citing Feikema v. Texaco, Inc., 16 F.3d
1408, 1418-19 (4th Cir. 1994) (Murnaghan, J., concurring)) (other citations omitted).
Plaintiffs rely on Abbo-Bradley v. City of Niagara Falls, No. 13-CV-487-JTC, 2013 WL
4505454 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2013), for the proposition that "it is uniformly recognized that, in
enacting CERCLA, Congress expressly disclaimed an intent to preempt state tort liability for
damages caused by the release of hazardous substances." Id. at *6. However, that statement and
the case as a whole only addressed express preemption while considering a district court's
decision to remand a case back to state court. See id.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege that Vill. of DePue, Ill. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 537 F.3d 775
(7th Cir. 2008), "explicitly recognized that CERCLA contemplates 'action[s] brought under State
law for personal injury, or property damages, which are caused or contributed to by exposure to
any hazardous substance, or pollutant or contaminant, released into the environment from a
facility.'" See Dkt. No. 113 at 11 (quoting DePue, 537 F.3d at 786). However, the text in DePue
to which Plaintiffs refer simply quotes CERCLA's savings clause without any analysis. See
DePue, 537 F.3d at 786 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9658(a)(1)). Thus, DePue only "recognized" the
uncontroversial reality that CERCLA does not expressly preempt all state law. The court in
DePue declined to decide whether conflict preemption existed in that case because the defendant
had not shown that there was any federal law that conflicted with the plaintiffs' claims. See id.

4

The Tenth Circuit's discussion cited in this section addressed a CERCLA jurisdictional
requirement, which provides that "[n]o Federal Court shall have jurisdiction . . . under State law .
. . to review any challenges to removal or remedial action selected. . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 9613(h).
The court dismissed those claims that challenged aspects of the selected remedy because the
remediation was not completed. See New Mexico, 467 F.3d at 1250. The court reasoned that,
"§ 9613(h) reflects Congress's judgment that residual injury, if any . . . be addressed at the
conclusion of the EPA-ordered remediation." Id. (citation omitted).
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Finally, Plaintiffs contend that CERCLA § 302(d)'s plain language expressly allows their
claims. CERCLA § 302(d) provides that "[n]othing in this chapter shall affect or modify in any
way the obligations or liabilities of any person under other Federal or State law, including
common law, with respect to releases of hazardous substances or other pollutants or
contaminants." 42 U.S.C. § 9652(d) (emphasis added). However, as is clear from the Second
Circuit's decision in Bedford, as well as many of the above-cited cases, CERCLA's Savings
Clause does not contemplate that any and all common-law claims can go forward. Further, as
Defendant persuasively argues, "[t]he logical reading of the Savings Clause is that it is intended
to preserve state law claims relating to the underlying contamination CERCLA was enacted to
address (i.e., the contamination of the sediment in Onondaga Lake), and not those relating to
remediation activities mandated by a consent decree." See Dkt. No. 115 at 6; accord Town of
Halfmoon, 105 F. Supp. 3d at 217.
Based on the foregoing, several principles appear. First, state-law claims that create an
actual conflict with CERCLA are preempted. Second, consent decrees entered into pursuant to
CERCLA, which require a PRP to undertake specific action or contravene CERCLA § 122(e)(6),
qualify as federal law that can conflict with state law. Third, preemption may apply if the
plaintiffs' claims merely allege activity that is consistent with a consent decree, regardless of the
damages that plaintiffs seek, i.e., injunctive relief or monetary damages. In sum, these principles
track the test the court articulated in Cavallo, that "[d]amages claims conflict with [a consent
decree and, are thus preempted,] only if the allegedly tortious activities (1) were required,
directed, or supervised by the EPA, and (2) were performed properly." Cavallo, 100 F.3d at
1156. Thus, the Court adopts these principles to analyze Plaintiffs' claims.
Plaintiffs assert that

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the gravamen of [their] claims are that [Defendant], through its failure to perform
and use due care in performing the required APA and other procedures, as
mandated by the Consent Decree, CERCLA, the NCP, the ECL, and the DECapproved Work Plans, and through its inaccurate representations to the DEC, the
EPA and the public, circumvented the authority of the DEC and the EPA and the
right of the public to meaningfully participate in the remedial decision making
process.
See Dkt. No. 113 at 12.
A closer examination of Plaintiffs' amended complaint, however, reveals that each of Plaintiffs'
claims is based exclusively on the premise that Defendant should have conducted a more robust
cleanup effort than the Consent Decree mandated.
The amended complaint first outlines each of the individual Plaintiffs' health and safety
concerns, see Dkt. No. 107 at ¶¶ 3-86, and then explains in detail the alleged deficiencies in
Defendant's implementation of the measures agreed upon in the Consent Decree to manage the
Site (a/k/a "Wastebed 13").
First, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant's Community Health and Safety Plan ("CHASP")
"described the Remedy selection and design as reducing or eliminating health hazards, including,
but not limited to, use of a closed system, double containment, and geotextile tubes." See id. at
¶ 106. However, according to Plaintiffs, Defendant "negligently and/or falsely represented in its
CHASP" that Wastebed 13 was a "closed system." See id. at ¶ 107. Furthermore, Plaintiffs
maintain that Defendant negligently and/or misleadingly reported that the method selected
(pumping dredged sediments into geotextile tubes) would minimize the amounts of contaminants
that are exposed to the atmosphere. See id. at ¶ 109. Plaintiffs add that, "[w]hen the highly
contaminated slurry reached Wastebed 13, it was pumped and dewatered into and through porous
geotextile tubes (or 'geotubes'). The removed water was treated, and the geotubes were placed in

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onsite impoundments while they 'cured,' sequestering the contaminants (in theory) until such
time the geotubes were dry enough for the impoundment to be capped." See id. at ¶ 112.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege that an Air Pathways Analysis ("APA") must be performed
at any Superfund site. See id. at ¶ 114. However, Plaintiffs maintain that Defendant "ultimately
failed to conduct and/or supervise a complete and proper [APA] to quantify potential emissions
of [compounds of interest ("COIs")] from the sediment dewatering system component of the
Remediation, as required under the Consent Decree and Defendant's own work plans." See id. at
¶ 118. In that vein, Plaintiffs allege that, after Defendant completed a Phase I bench-scale
emissions testing, which tested the emissions of 21 COIs, it stopped testing for ten of twenty-one
original COIs. See id. at ¶ 128. According to Plaintiffs, Defendant should have never
discontinued its study because further testing showed that there was a significant amount of these
COIs in the dredged sediment. See id. at ¶ 134. Thus, Plaintiffs contend that, "[a]t the very least,
additional bench-scale testing should have been performed[.]" See id. at ¶ 136. Furthermore,
Plaintiffs allege that "all bench-scale testing was discontinued" after Defendant "decided to
eliminate the open basin in lieu of the geotubes[.]" See id. at ¶ 139.
Moreover, Plaintiffs claim that Defendant shifted the focus of its studies "from
quantifying and controlling hazardous emissions to controlling/mitigating 'odors' from only those
compounds that reached detectable odor thresholds." See id. at ¶ 144. As a result, Plaintiffs
allege that "the potential release into the air of dangerous chemical compounds known to be
present in the Lake sediment to be dredged, such as mercury and hexachlorobenzene, was not
even tested." See id. at ¶ 145.

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Additionally, Plaintiffs assert that Defendant's decision to begin using geotubes coincided
with its decision to discontinue further bench-scale testing. See id. at ¶¶ 150-155. Furthermore,
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant,
[i]n an ill-conceived and failed effort to prove that its geotube dewatering method
was safe, in May 2010, proposed a risk assessment method (the "Risk Assessment
Method") which, instead of relying on actual measured data, improperly assumed
the existence of contaminant "safe levels" at the SCA perimeter (assigned
previously by the EPA and DEC), and then assumed that these safe-level
concentrations were then diluted as the airborne contaminants were carried to the
nearby residential community where the Plaintiffs lived.
See id. at ¶ 156.
In short, according to Plaintiffs, "once the decision was made to abandon the open-basin
dewatering system in favor of the geotube system, [Defendant] abandoned the APA process
altogether." See id. at ¶ 159.
Plaintiffs also contend that Defendant's Perimeter Air Monitory System ("PAM") was
"incapable of detecting hazardous emissions from Wastebed 13[.]" See id. at ¶ 160. Thus,
Plaintiffs assert that Defendant improperly relied on the results of the PAM to determine that the
emissions levels were safe. See id. at ¶¶ 161-162.
Plaintiffs additionally allege that Defendant knew that Wastebed 13 was actively emitting
high-levels of toxic chemicals into the air and consequently that DEC "ordered (or strongly
suggested to [Defendant])" that the site be shut down. See id. at ¶ 165. Plaintiffs contend, "upon
information and belief," that the shut-down was required because data was showing toxic
quantities of VOCs, mercury, and hydrogen sulfide. See id. at ¶ 166. Plaintiffs further claim that
Defendant subsequently issued its
"Odor Mitigation Plan" which identified [that] actively filling geotubes as having
the greatest potential for emissions and recommended supplemental control
measures, including, but not limited, to a comprehensive and integrated, nonpermeable geotube covering system, wind screens, reduced water flow to the
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SCA, an odor-control additive, large capacity fans, and an expansion of the
misting system.
See id. at ¶ 225.
However, Plaintiffs maintain that they continued to experience odor after Defendant
implemented the mitigation strategies. See id. at ¶ 228.
Furthermore, Plaintiffs describe a study, which the Town of Camillus commissioned, that
alleges that there were toxic amounts of mercury and other chemicals in and around Wastebed
13. See id. at ¶¶ 68-73. This study was apparently based on data received that was part of
Defendant's safety monitoring for its employees. See id. at ¶ 169. However, Plaintiffs contend
that Defendant never tested for several of these toxic chemicals in its PAM monitoring and thus
never knew that Plaintiffs were being exposed to toxic fumes emanating from Wastebed 13. See
generally id. at ¶¶ 168-180.
Moreover, Plaintiffs assert that Defendant variously misrepresented its cleanup efforts
and falsely assured that
(i) extensive testing had been performed in order to predict potential emissions,
including bench-scale testing, wind-tunnel testing, flux-chamber testing, odor
characterization, collection of site-specific meteorological data, and dispersion
modeling; (ii) air monitoring would be conducted during SCA operations to
ensure protection in the event any emissions levels were exceeded; and (iii)
contingency plans, such as covering the geotubes or reducing or ceasing dredging
operations, would be implemented to correct the problem, should it be found that
the SCA (Wastebed 13) was generating 'nuisance' odors.
See id. at ¶ 195.
In addition, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant was "negligent, reckless and/or intentionally
misrepresenting" that the geotube system in place would be a "closed" system. See id. at ¶ 199.
Next, Plaintiffs contend that Defendant's risk assessment method was flawed and that
EPA erroneously concluded that "geotextile dewatering operations at the SCA would be safe."

- 23 -

See id. at ¶¶ 205-208. Further, Plaintiffs argue that the "number and spacing of monitors
comprising the PAM system were incapable of detecting contaminant plumes in excess of the
safe limits." See id. at ¶ 217. Consequently, Plaintiffs allege,
upon information and belief, [Defendant's] air monitoring program had grossly
inadequate "sampling densities," resulting in the following: (a) it had very little
chance of ever capturing the highest 1-hour-averaged concentrations; and (b) it
would require a duration far longer than the Remediation time-frame itself before
enough data could be collected to facilitate a reasonable assessment of annual
exposure.
See id. at ¶ 221.
In addition, Plaintiffs assert that Defendant never considered whether emissions could be
coming from "streams of pressurized contaminated water." See id. at ¶ 235. Finally, Plaintiffs
allege that Defendant was negligent in performing the remediation in the following ways: (1)
Defendant should have known that geotubes were not closed systems, see id. at ¶ 244; (2)
Defendant should have known that the hazardous chemicals did not remain in the sediment but
instead were emitted onto Plaintiffs' properties from the air pathway and through "aerosolized
spray/vapor," see id. at ¶¶ 245, 246; and (3) Defendant "failed to discover that geotubes were not
capable of containing the emissions of the hazardous chemicals and thus failed to implement
mitigative measures," see id. at ¶ 247. 5
Based on the above, Plaintiffs alleged three common-law claims against Defendant:
(1) Defendant failed to employ reasonable care in implementing and in choosing the various
methods of remediation at Wastebed 13, see id. at ¶¶ 254-269; (2) Defendant maintained a
dangerous condition on their property that created a private nuisance, see id. at ¶¶ 271-274; and

5

Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege that the Site continues, and will continue, to be a source of
hazardous chemical emissions despite Defendant's plan to place a permanent cap over the site.
See Dkt. No. 107 at ¶¶ 250-253.
- 24 -

(3) Defendant's actions "caused toxic chemical particulates, both visible and invisible, to be
released into the air in the form of vapor and dust which then landed on Plaintiffs' real property
and persons," see id. at ¶ 276. In essence Plaintiffs' claims are based on the theory that the EPAand DEC-approved remediation plan was inadequate and resulted in their alleged damages.
Specifically, Plaintiffs' allegations, which the Court has to accept as true at this stage of the
litigation, amount to an argument that Defendant should not have used geotubes to contain the
dredged sediment and should have conducted additional air testing. In other words, Plaintiffs'
allegations are based on activities that "were required, directed, or supervised by the EPA" and
DEC. Cavallo, 100 F.3d at 1156.
Furthermore, nothing in Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint plausibly alleges that the selected
remedy was not "performed properly." Id. Although Plaintiffs make conclusory allegations that
Defendant negligently performed its remediation duties, all of the factual allegations that form
the basis for Plaintiffs' claims relate to actions that were clearly contemplated in the Consent
Decree. 6 In other words, Plaintiffs fail to allege facts that plausibly give rise to an inference that
Defendant executed the Consent Decree negligently; rather, at best, they merely assert that the
chosen remedy was inadequate. Similarly, Plaintiffs' nuisance and trespass claims simply allege
damages based on actions that were consistent with the Consent Decree.
Thus, Plaintiffs are attempting to hold Defendant liable for activities consistent with the
Consent Decree on the theory that Defendant should have conducted additional remediation that
would have violated CERCLA § 122(e)(6). Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs' claims

6

In its amicus brief to this Court filed in support of Defendant's original motion to dismiss, the
State of New York represented that Defendant had complied with the Consent Decree. See
generally Dkt. No. 31.
- 25 -

conflict with CERCLA and the Consent Decree and are, therefore, preempted. Thus, the Court
grants Defendant's motion to dismiss.7

IV. CONCLUSION
Having reviewed the entire file in this matter, the parties' submissions, and the applicable
law, and for the above-stated reasons, the Court hereby
ORDERS that Defendant's motion to dismiss, see Dkt. No. 109, is GRANTED; and the
Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor of Defendant and
close this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: May 19, 2017
Syracuse, New York

7

At the end of their memorandum of law in opposition to Defendant's motion to dismiss,
Plaintiffs state that, "[i]n the event the Court determines any portion of the Amended Complaint
to be legally insufficient, Plaintiffs request leave to amend their Amended Complaint, pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. Plaintiffs should be given the opportunity to replead." See Dkt. No. 113 at
25. To the extent that Plaintiffs intended this discussion to serve as a motion for leave to amend
their amended complaint, it does not comply with this Court's Local Rules regarding such
motions; and, therefore, the Court will not consider it. See L. R. 7.1(a)(4).
- 26 -