Adams v. Smith et al

Filing 219

MEMORANDUM-DECISION ORDERED, that Defendant Bayview Loan Servicing, LLCs Motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 152) is granted, consistent with this Decision. All claims against it are dismissed with prejudice, and Bayview is dismissed as a party; and it is f urther ORDERED, that Defendant Standard Federal Banks Motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 155) is granted, consistent with this Decision. All claims against it are dismissed with prejudice, and Standard is dismissed as a party; and it is further ORDERED, th at Standard Federal Banks Motions to vacate Notices of Pendency filed by Plaintiff predicated on this action (Dkt. Nos. 155, 200) are granted, consistent with this Decision; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants Carolyn and Donald Loremans Motio n to dismiss (Dkt. No. 160) is granted in part and denied in part, consistent with this Decision; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants Kathryn Wilson and Kenneth L. Smiths Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 162) is granted, consistent with this Decisi on. All claims against them are dismissed with prejudice, and the Smiths are dismissed as parties; and it is further ORDERED, that Defendants The Village of Keeseville, Mark J. Whitney, William Seaver, and William OConners Motions to dismiss (Dkt. N os 165, 166) are granted in part and denied in part, consistent with this Decision; and it is further ORDERED, that Plaintiff Karen Marie Adams Motion to supplement (Dkt. No. 199) is denied. Signed by Senior Judge Lawrence E. Kahn on September 1, 2010. (sas)

Adams v. Smith et al

Doc. 219

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK KAREN MARIE ADAMS Plaintiff, v. 8:07-cv-0452 (LEK/RFT)

KATHRYN WILSON SMITH, KENNETH L. SMITH, DONALD LOREMAN, CAROLYN LOREMAN, MARK J. WHITNEY, individually and as Mayor of the Village of Keeseville, WILLIAM SEAVER, individually and as an employee of the Village of Keeseville Court, WILLIAM O'CONNER, individually and as an employee of the Village of Keeseville, THE VILLAGE OF KEESEVILLE, STANDARD FEDERAL BANK, as successor by merger to ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, BAYVIEW LOAN SERVICING, LLC,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER

I.

INTRODUCTION Presently before the Court are eleven Motions pertaining to the above-captioned action by

pro se Plaintiff Karen Marie Adams ("Plaintiff"). Plaintiff's Third Amended Complaint ("Complaint") asserts, inter alia, several claims for federal civil rights violations as well as a variety of state law claims. The Defendants, individually or in designated groupings, have moved to dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint or claims contained therein; additionally, a cross-Motion to vacate a

1

Dockets.Justia.com

notice of pendency filed in Essex County, New York, concerning the property identified as located at 20 Thompson Road, Keeseville, New York, has been brought before the Court. Plaintiff, subsequent to completion of briefing relating to Defendants' Motions to dismiss, has moved to supplement her pleadings. After reviewing the background of this case, the Court will address these pending Motions.

II.

BACKGROUND Plaintiff's Complaint sets forth a highly involved factual history for her action and alleges a

wide-ranging course of wrong-doing by various Defendants over a period of years. Specific claims include equal protection, procedural due process and substantive due process violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, breach of contract, breach of implied-in-fact contract, breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing, promissory estoppel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress; Plaintiff also appears to allege fraud claims, as well as to indicate that she was subject to Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and Real Estate Settlement Practices Act violations. The Defendant parties are Donald and Carolyn Loreman ("the Loremans"); the Village of Keeseville, New York ("the Village"); Mark J. Whitney, who held the position of Mayor of the Village during a period relevant for this litigation, William O'Connor, who was employed by the Village during a period relevant for this litigation, and William Seaver, who was also employed by the Village during a period relevant for this litigation (collectively, "the Keeseville Defendants"); Kathryn W. Smith and Kenneth L. Smith ("the Smiths"); Standard Federal Bank ("Standard"), the successor by merger to ABN AMRO Mortgage Group; and Bayview Loan Servicing, LLC ("Bayview"). This action initially arrived before this Court on April 26, 2007 with the filing of Plaintiff's 2

original pro se Complaint and application to proceed in forma pauperis. An amended Complaint soon followed on May 14, 2007. Dkt. Nos. 1-2. While in forma pauperis status was granted, review of the first Complaint required the Court to dismiss a number of parties and claims based on judicial immunity, failure to allege state action, and statute of limitations grounds. See generally Dkt. No. 5. The Court ordered that Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint within thirty days. Thereafter, on June 25, 2007, Plaintiff made such a filing, which the Court proceeded to review. For this pleading, the Court allowed the Second Amended Complaint to proceed but dismissed certain allegations as time-barred, dismissed the claims made pursuant 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1986 for failure to state a claim, and dismissed the Loremans and Smiths as Defendants along with a number of other named individuals, including the now-deceased Keeseville Town Justice, George Head. Dkt. No. 11. Subsequently, Plaintiff received permission to submit an amended complaint, which resulted in the filing of the current Third Amended Complaint on January 16, 2008. Dkt. No. 57. On October 8, 2008, Bayview moved the Court to dismiss all claims asserted against the company. Dkt. No 152. On October 9, 2008, Standard filed a Motion to dismiss the Complaint as against the bank or strike pleadings and cancel a notice of pendency. Dkt. No. 155. On October 10, 2008, the Loremans and Smith Defendants each filed Motions to dismiss the Plaintiff's claims and Complaint. Dkt. Nos. 160, 162. On October 11, 2008, the Keeseville Defendants moved the Court to the dismiss the action as asserted against them. Dkt. Nos. 165, 166. Later, on August 21, 2009, Plaintiff filed a Motion which purportedly seeks to supplement her pleadings. Dkt. No. 199. On August 28, 2009, Standard brought a cross-Motion specifically seeking to vacate the notice of pendency concerning the property over which the Bank and Plaintiff have been in dispute. Dkt. No. 200. Plaintiff, on August 27, 2008, filed a Notice of appeal as to the Court's denial of her Motion to 3

reconsider the Court's denial of a preliminary injunction also in relation to the property and any action by Standard to evict Plaintiff from it. Dkt. No. 148. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a mandate on May 7, 2010 dismissing Plaintiff's appeal. While Plaintiff's allegations of wrong-doing by various Defendants is wide-ranging, her suit primarily involves events surrounding the fate of the premises located at 1707-1709 Front Street, Keeseville, New York ("the Front Street building"), a "mixed-use, historic building" which Plaintiff purchased from the Loremans at a time prior to the litigation to run as, inter alia, a bed and breakfast. Compl. at 6. The Complaint provides a detailed narrative history of each Defendant's alleged interest in the building, relationship with the Plaintiff and other Defendants, and actions taken with respect to that interest and those relationships. Plaintiff organizes the factual allegations in her Complaint, in part, by Defendant group and by topic. The Court will relate those allegations in a similar order, and within a general chronological structure. a. The Loremans and Village Defendants According to Plaintiff, the Loremans owned the Front Street building until fire damage and inadequate insurance recovery led to Plaintiff's purchase of the building with funding from the Village of Keeseville Revolving Loan Fund. Id. at 6. An agreement was executed between the Village and Plaintiff on February 27, 2003; at this time and prior to the signing, Plaintiff asserts that the funds extended were represented by the Village Defendants to be an instrument of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD"). Id. at 12. Plaintiff contends that much later it was revealed that the monies were not associated with HUD, and that the Village was not acting as an agent of HUD in making the loan agreement. Id. The Complaint shows that problems arose almost immediately upon Plaintiff's closing with 4

the Loremans. Plaintiff alleges that the loan involved an agreement among the Loremans, Plaintiff and Village, or Village mayor at the time, that a rapid purchase from the Loremans be completed, such that renovations would be made in time for opening the building as a business that Spring. The Loremans would remain as tenets, occupying part of the premises to continue operation of their Keeseville Laundrette. Yet, according to Plaintiff, the Loremans withheld executed warranty documents, refused to actually sign a lease agreement with Plaintiff or make rent payments, but all the while continued to occupy and operate their Launderette enterprise. Id. at 6-7. Indeed, Plaintiff alleges that "both the Loreman Defendants and the Village Defendants began engaging in harassing, oppressive and obstructive behaviors, included but not limited to, failure to make timely payments and draw downs, issuing of bogus citations, repeated unnecessary inspections daily, harassing `slow downs' with workers and Plaintiff, slander, theft of services, theft of goods, and failure to uphold agreements." Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant O'Connor and Justice Head demanded Plaintiff provide Defendant Seaver with an apartment in the Front Street building for the purpose of monitoring her; Seaver, Plaintiff contends, let Defendant O'Connor into the premises to enable harassment through code citations and let the Loremans inside despite requests not to do so. Id. at 45. The Loremans are alleged to have insisted to Plaintiff they negotiate some agreement with the Village that permit the Loremans to "take the building back." Id. at 7. Eventually, Plaintiff signed a lease offered by the Loremans, though Plaintiff alleges that non-payment and assorted breaches continued to occur. As a result, Plaintiff filed an eviction action against the Loremans in Keeseville Village Court in March of 2004. Id. at 8. The eviction action came before the Village Justice, George Head. In response to the Plaintiff's first eviction attempt, he declared the "some of the required papers were missing and that 5

service was not proper, despite personally giving the forms to Plaintiff for filing and arranging for his bailiff William Seaver to serve the documents." Id. Justice Head discontinued the action on this basis, and Plaintiff filed again to evict the Loremans in April of 2004. Due to an acquiantance's death, Justice Head postponed the hearing. Then, on the hearing date, he ruled that because the hearing should have been held within 12 days of service of the complaint and 14 days had passed, the action was dismissed. Id. After retaining counsel in August of 2004, Plaintiff made a third attempt to evict the Loremans at a three-day trial in December of 2004. At that time, Plaintiff alleges that the Loremans' attorney told Plaintiff's counsel that "we've been trying to starve her out for so long, we're amazed she can afford you." Plaintiff also describes the proceedings as demonstrating a high level of familiarity between the Loremans, Justice Head and the Mayor, Defendant Whitney, who is alleged to have entered and exited the court repeatedly to deliver notes from the Loremans. Id. at 9. According to Plaintiff, Justice Head concluded the trial without hearing all witnesses and stated that a ruling would follow within a few weeks. Plaintiff complains, however, that the only ruling that eventually emerged was an unsigned statement that Plaintiff was owed some monies; it suggested arbitration, and noted that a final order would be issued later if the parties could not agree. Plaintiff's counsel then sought re-argument and a final ruling; re-argument was eventually obtained in May of 2005, where Justice Head indicated a ruling would be imminently forthcoming. Nonetheless, despite her requests, Plaintiff recounts that no ruling in the case ever issued. Id. Plaintiff further alleges that on August 27, 2005, Plaintiff met with Carolyn Loreman,who informed Plaintiff that "George said we don't have to leave unless he issues an official ruling which says we have to, and he promised he won't do that." Loreman also allegedly stated that Mayor 6

Whitney "told us not to pay you any rent so he could foreclose on you and work something out with us afterwards." Id. at 10. The Village of Keeseville Court closed following Justice Head's death in June of 2007. Plaintiff determined that in order to receive a final ruling in her case, she would need a statement from the Village or Village attorney that the Village Court is permanently closed, Justice Head is deceased, and that the case remains pending. According to Plaintiff, however, the Village Defendants refused to provide a statement that the case is pending, thus preventing her eviction action from being resolved. Id. Many of Plaintiff's factual allegations, in her view, describe circumstances showing the existence of a conspiracy by various Defendants to deprive her of property, namely the Front Street building, without due process of law. She asserts that the Village Defendants have acted "to assist friends of the board and/or mayor, and to retaliate because she has been providing documentation and information to various authorities regarding ongoing collusion, abuses of power, [and] inappropriate handling of village monies . . . ." Id. at 11. The Complaint details Plaintiff's efforts to report her concerns about treatment by Village officials to authorities which include the New York State Commission of Judicial Conduct, State Police, and Essex County District Attorney. With respect to the Front Street property, Plaintiff broadly alleges that it was the intent of the Loremans and Village Defendants to perpetrate what amounts to a "fraud" on her. Id. She contends that the Village was instructed by the State to better utilize the Loan Fund and to re-build the Village's coffers, as the Loan Fund had previously been under-used and employed to extend funds to a "close personal friend" of Defendant Whitney and Justice Head, which had never been repaid. Id. at 12-13. After the loan for the Front Street property was made to Plaintiff in the amount of $145,000, Plaintiff alleges that she was "repeatedly delayed and harassed by Village officials," 7

causing significant costs to be incurred. Id. at 13. Then, following Plaintiff's invoicing of the Village for the cost overruns attributed to the it, and after Plaintiff had begun payment on the loan, "the Village admitted its egregious bad acts and offered Plaintiff a moratorium on payments as a means to offset" those costs. Id. Plaintiff alleges, however, that upon the end of the moratorium, Defendant Whitney manipulated "the amortization and interest, so as to increase the debt by more than $28,000." Id. at 14. Further, she alleges that Whitney "misappropriated payments Plaintiff made on the account, and . . . told numerous people in the community and elsewhere that Plaintiff had `never even made one payment on the loan.'" Id. For example, the Complaint details that a July 2004 payment was never credited to her account, that another mortgage payment was directed to water and sewage without notice to Plaintiff, even though she had been paying that bill separately, and that, upon repeated inquiry with the Village, Plaintiff was told that "mayor Whitney had instructed the clerks to apply Plaintiff's previous mortgage payment to other than her mortgage account." Id. With regard to the September 2004 mortgage payment, Plaintiff went to Village attorney's office on September 10th to attempt to make that month's payment; however, the attorney refused to discuss the matter or accept a check, though his secretary stated that "he would not accept the payment because Mark Whitney had just telephoned him, advising that the payment was late and that he was instructed to initiate foreclosure proceedings." Id. at 15. According to Plaintiff, September 10th was the last day of the month on which payment would have been timely, and thus she was prevented from making proper payments and forced into foreclosure. In light of these events, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Whitney and the Village "abused" her to "help their friends as well as make themselves look better to State auditors . . . . Whereas 8

initially they created the default to assist the Loremans, as Carolyn Loreman openly admitted, they got a bonus: inflate a payoff, foreclose, and . . . collect." Id. at 15-16. Plaintiff notes, "as further evidence of the collusion and fraudulent intent of the [Village] and Loremans, as well as intent to deprive," the Village informed Plaintiff's counsel that it "intended not only to foreclose but to immediately ask the judge in that action, to appoint the Loremans as trustees and receiver of the building as soon as possible." Id. at 16 (emphasis omitted). In April of 2004, according to Plaintiff, she met with Defendant Whitney in regard to her concerns, and he "not only admitted the bad faith, [but] insisted, `We have insurance for this. Sue us if you need to.'" Id. at 46. Upon recommendation by her counsel, Plaintiff objected to the eviction proceedings and the demand that the Loremans be named trustees, and she filed a Complaint with the New York State Attorney General's Office, which, due to Justice Head's alleged involvement, advised Plaintiff to file a complaint with the New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct. She did so on approximately June 8, 2005. However, rather than lead to any reduction in Plaintiff's problems with the Village, she alleges that once her reporting efforts were discovered, "Justice Head and others increased their efforts and schemes . . . includ[ing] stalking, issuing bogus restraining orders, threats, slander, prowling, abuse of property, and more." Id. at 17. Plaintiff alleges that Justice Head was witnessed directly engaging in these activities. Id. Another escalation of "abuse and harassment" is alleged to have occurred during the period between 2005 and 2007, when and after Plaintiff cooperated with investigations by the State Attorney General's Office and the New York Times of "abuses perpetrated in the small town and village courts" in the State. Id. at 42. On December 14 and 15, 2006, the New York Times published a story and follow-up about the conduct of Justice Head. Id. Plaintiff alleges that 9

Defendant O'Connor, as the former Code Officer and Village court bailiff, committed various abuses prior to the publication, including citing Plaintiff for "phony code violations" and calling Plaintiff at home and variously threatening her. Plaintiff further alleges that, at some point later, "Defendant O'Connor saw Plaintiff in a local store and told her that she had been `set up,' and that he no longer was working for the village as code officer." Id. at 43. Rather, according to Plaintiff, O'Connor admitted that he had been "instructed to harass Plaintiff for the purposes of discouraging her and causing her to quit." Id. It is claimed that O'Connor recounted a conversation in which Defendant Whitney told him: "I want that building bad, but I'll get it myself . . . you're putting us in danger of a lawsuit." Id. b. The Smiths On October 1, 2004, Plaintiff placed the Front Street premises up for sale. She asserts that it had more than doubled in value in the past year due to her renovations, such that the building and business were eventually listed for $399,000 and generated inquiries from across the United States as well as from Canada. Id. at 18. Plaintiff alleges that when the Loremans and Village learned about the possibility of a sale, they became extremely concerned. At the same time, according to Plaintiff, the Loremans began talking with the Smith Defendants about a potential purchase of the Launderette by the Smiths. In November 2004, however, Plaintiff alleges that the Smiths learned she had filed to evict the Loremans, and Defendant Kathryn Smith then approached Plaintiff to discuss forming a partnership directly with her. Id. Subsequently, Plaintiff explained to Kathryn Smith her assorted problems with the Loremans and Village. Smith then helped serve witness subpoenas for the eviction trial and repeatedly urged Plaintiff to enter a partnership with her. Id. at 19. On December 21, 2004, using a form downloaded from a website, Plaintiff states that she and 10

Kathryn entered into such a partnership agreement. In April 2005, Kathryn Smith approached Plaintiff about refinancing the Front Street property rather than renewing its sale listing. An agreement was reached to this end, with a memorandum of understanding outlining various terms and contingencies. In part, this agreement provided that title of the property would temporarily pass to the Smiths in exchange for their financing the mortgage, pending resolution of the problems with the continuing non-paying tenancy of Loremans and with the Village; thereafter, Plaintiff would be allowed to buy out the Smiths or be added to the title. Id. Additionally, the Smiths agreed to evict the Loremans by any practical means, after which they would jointly open a commercial enterprise with Plaintiff while Plaintiff would operate the Front Street property as a bed and breakfast establishment. Id. at 20. On September 6, 2005, Plaintiff alleges that title was passed consistent with, and subject to, the parties' agreement. Other financing in the form of a note for $36,000 is alleged to be held by Plaintiff , wherein that amount would be credited to Plaintiff's equity and partnership interests if the agreement's terms were met. Id. The Smiths soon ran afoul of Plaintiff by allegedly defaulting on the agreement and refusing to make payment on the note, despite Plaintiff's demands. Id. at 21. Further, the Smiths are alleged to have been "secretly meeting" with the Loremans, "both before and after the September 2005 closing." Id. Plaintiff alleges that the Smith Defendants admitted that they met with the Loremans to discuss "business options," and that, in fact, "[w]hile going through the motions to evict the Loremans . . . they followed through with meetings and plans with the Loremans to defraud and deprive Plaintiff of not only justice or equity, but the building, her business and assets as well." Id. After October 31, 2005, when Kathryn Smith failed to appear at a meeting with Plaintiff, the Smiths 11

are alleged to have postponed every meeting scheduled between the parties. Plaintiff asserts that she attempted to pay half of the mortgage and paid other bills related to the Front Street building during this time. Then, on or about December 8, 2005, the Smiths are alleged to have locked Plaintiff out of the premises and, subsequently, told the New York State Police that the building was "their house." Once this occurred, Plaintiff states that she could no longer operate or develop her business, and that she communicated the situation to "the DA's office, the AG, and the lead FBI agent who had been contacting her." Id. at 23. Meanwhile, it is alleged that the Smiths and Loremans continued to jointly use the Front Street premises, retaining an estimated $80,000 of Plaintiff's personal property in the premises which have never been recovered. The Complaint generally describes an abrupt transformation in Plaintiff's apparent relationship with the Smiths. On September 11, 2005, Plaintiff recounts that Kathryn Smith signed a notarized statement attesting to the "dire and extreme tactics" and "injustice and discovery of extreme corruption" in connection with reporting the problems experienced with the Loremans and Village officials; yet, according to Plaintiff, Kathryn Smith perjured herself when, a few months later, the Smiths denied the existence of dire circumstances in depositions made during Plaintiff's Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings, as a fraudulent conveyance action was brought against the Smiths pursuant to the bankruptcy case. Id. at 24. Ken Smith is likewise alleged to have perjured himself in depositions stating that he and his wife had no understandings and agreements with the Plaintiffs. Id. at 26. After the fraudulent conveyance action was initiated, it is alleged that Plaintiff suffered an "onslaught of harassment" against herself and her family, including her deck being set afire. Id. at 25. The Smiths and Loremans are alleged to have met repeatedly to plan their efforts against 12

Plaintiff, with both Defendant groups using the same lawyer. The Village is alleged to have offered to cease any foreclosure action and restructure the loan if Plaintiff would consent to adding the Smith to the existing loan. As a result of the Chapter 13 proceedings, the Bankruptcy Judge is alleged to have ordered the Smiths to allow Plaintiff to survey and take inventory of the premises. On the date this inspection occurred, the Smiths elected to move out of the premises and return to their home. Later, on or about December 30, 2006, the Smiths are alleged to have contacted Plaintiff through their attorney to inquire if she would take back ownership of the Front Street building. Plaintiff responded that she would do so only upon the Smiths' payment of the current mortgage and compensated certain losses. Then, on January 21, 2007, a foreclosure action was initiated against the Smiths by Defendant Bayview Loan Servicing. c. Bayview Plaintiff's allegations against Bayview are limited in scope, revolving around the company's foreclosure on the Front Street property. According to the Complaint, the Smiths executed a mortgage on the property which, at the time of Plaintiff's filing, was held by Bayview and was for an amount much less than the property's value. In August 2007, Plaintiff asserts that the Smiths attempted to deed the Front Street building back to Bayview rather than face foreclosure; upon inquiries by Plaintiff about her interest in the property, Bayview is alleged to have been nonresponsive. On approximately September 1, 2007, Plaintiff recounts that she learned Bayview and/or the Smiths listed the property for sale. Then, "after many telephone conversations with representatives for BLS, including attorneys and financial officers . . . BLS claimed to be willing to work with Plaintiff to at least retrieve her assets if not arrange a suitable resolution of the Note." Id. In November 2007, Bayview proceeded to take the deed for the property from the Smiths in lieu of 13

foreclosing; this transaction occurred without payment to Plaintiff on her $36,000 note. Id. at 28. Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that she has been prevented from retrieving her personal property located within the premises by Bayview. Id. According to Plaintiff, the property may be in the process of being sold or has already been sold to an unnamed party. Id. d. Standard Federal Bank Standard is a party to this action as the successor by merger to ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, the entity which has held the mortgage on a home belonging to Plaintiff's former husband. This property is entirely separate and discrete from the Front Street building previously discussed. The note between ABN AMRO and Plaintiff's former husband pertaining to the home was signed and dated on March 21, 2001. Id. at 29. According to Plaintiff, under the terms of her divorce, Plaintiff was to pay the mortgage owning to ABN AMRO and the ex-husband was to execute a warranty deed for title to the home. A number of problems subsequently arose, however, leading to conflict with ABN AMRO. Generally, Plaintiff alleges "a pattern of abuses and negligence going at least as far back as January of 2003" by ABN AMRO, which "include[d] deceptive practices as well as joining in with other defendants named in the scheme to defraud, and to unjustly deprive Plaintiff of liberty and property." Id. at 28-29. Plaintiff asserts that in late 2002 and early 2003, her ex-husband accessed Plaintiff's account from which mortgage payments were made and withdrew funds without her knowledge; as a result, "at least one" of Plaintiff's payments to ABN AMRO was returned. Id. at 29. Plaintiff alleges that repeated attempts to discuss the situation with ABN AMRO were rebuffed by customer service representatives on the ground that she was "not the mortgagor," despite the alleged existence of a record held by the company authorizing such communications about the account. Id. In relation to 14

these allegations, the Complaint references the Real Estate Settlement Practices Act of 1974 prohibition of "discrimination based on `family status.'" Id. at 30. Plaintiff asserts that she "by quit claim deed and by her execution of the Divorce documents did execute her agreement to assume and pay the mortgage debt, and thus became the `substitute mortgagor.'" Id. Nevertheless, ABN AMRO "continued to return payments sent in on account by Plaintiff," even though "Plaintiff sent these documents, along with numerous letters and requests for assistance" to the company. Id. Eventually, Plaintiff's efforts led to contact with a Pat Tillery at ABN AMRO, who sent a letter to Plaintiff on or about June 5, 2003 asking for information concerning assumption of the mortgage by Plaintiff. On June 27, 2003, Plaintiff contends that ABN AMRO sent a notice stating that it had received a mortgage payment she had sent, though Plaintiff claims that the company later denied that the payment was accepted or retained. Id. at 31. In September 2003, Plaintiff received a forbearance agreement document from the company, rather than the assumption of mortgage document she had anticipated. Id. Plaintiff alleges that ABN AMRO sought from Plaintiff proof of insurance, which Plaintiff provided; yet ABN AMRO added high-premium insurance fees to the mortgage for which Plaintiff was indirectly charged. Once this insurance issue emerged, Plaintiff asserts that ABN AMRO promised a credit to Plaintiff for the excess amount, equal to at least $5,000. Id. at 32. The Complaint indicates that the credit was never extended, however, and that ABN AMRO meanwhile was pursuing foreclosure proceedings. Id. at 32-33. Plaintiff alleges a frustrating series of interactions with the company throughout 2004 and 2005. In August 2005, prior to a scheduled sheriff's sale of the home, Plaintiff asserts that was offered a payment agreement by a Andrea Roberson of ABN AMRO, though "[c]ounsel for ABN has steadfastly denied same, however their transaction history indicates this is 15

true." Id. at 33-34. Negotiations did not progress because "Plaintiff was told that if she still wanted to assume the mortgage, she would have to pay approximately $38,000, which included the insurance overcharges and over $12,000 in attorney's fees[.]" Id. at 34. Faced with a March 2006 forced sale date, Plaintiff filed for bankruptcy protection. Id. at 36. Proceedings were "short lived, and . . . Defendant ABN AMRO it turns out did not apply the more than $5,000 in funds owed to Plaintiff or the $6,400 plus in funds Plaintiff had paid under the short payment agreement . . . . ABN AMRO actually sent the receipt for those payments to Plaintiff's ex husband[,]" which "deprive[d] Plaintiff of a payment and credit history desperately needed . . . ." Id. The home was then sold through foreclosure in January 2007. Another episode of negotiations between Plaintiff and ABN AMRO soon followed, during which the parties are alleged to have agreed that Plaintiff could repurchase the home. The Complaint describes a dispute in which AMRO is alleged to have cashed both Plaintiff's initial deposit check and superceding deposit check. Id. at 37. At the end of April 2007, the repurchase agreement expired without a transfer of the home from AMRO to Plaintiff. Id. at 38. The Complaint discusses further problems with ABN AMRO that emerged that May concerning communications pushing back deadlines set by ABN AMRO for resolving the repurchase situation. Id. at 39. Meanwhile, Plaintiff obtained a stay of eviction on April 28, 2007. On September 11, 2007, ABN AMRO is alleged to have sought civil eviction of Plaintiff by a sheriff, resulting in a 72 hour notice to Plaintiff issued on September 13, 2007. Plaintiff alleges that she unsuccessfully sought an order of contempt against ABN AMRO. Id. She now claims to have been subjected to "a pattern of negligent and deceitful practices which, at its most basic level, is an assault on civil rights and egregiously in contrast to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act." Id. at 40. 16

III.

DISCUSSION

a. Standard of Review Plaintiff casts a wide net of allegations against the Defendants, and her Complaint tends not to channel those factual allegations into the clearest articulation of her specific claims. That the Complaint was generated without the aid of an attorney, and that Plaintiff's narrative style expresses a number of disparate elements, does not in itself, however, entitle the Defendants to dismissal of Plaintiff's action. This Court affords pro se litigants special solicitude and is duty-bound to read the Plaintiff's Complaint broadly. See Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 477 (2d Cir. 2006); Nance v. Kelly, 912 F.2d 605, 606 (2d Cir. 1990). Pro se pleadings "must be read liberally and should be interpreted to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest." Graham v. Henderson, 89 F.3d 75, 79 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting Burgos v. Hopkins, 14 F.3d 787, 790 (2d Cir. 1994)); Hemphill v. New York, 380 F.3d 680, 687 (2d Cir. 2004) (stating that "[i]t is well-established that when a plaintiff proceeds pro se . . . a court is obliged to construe his pleadings liberally, particularly when they allege civil rights violations") (citations and quotations omitted). As a pro se litigant, Plaintiff's Complaint is subject to "less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980) (quoting Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972)). Nevertheless, a litigant's "pro se status does not exempt a party from compliance with relevant rules of procedural and substantive law." Id. (citation omitted). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint "contain . . . a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and . . . a demand for the relief sought." FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2)­(3). In order to withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), 17

"a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter . . . to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, __ U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A party must plead with sufficient factual detail to "`nudge[] [his or her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible.'" Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950­51 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)). While stating a claim does not require the recitation of detailed factual allegations, it does require facts sufficient to state a claim for relief that is prima facie plausible. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). The Court must accept the allegations in a well-pleaded complaint as true, Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 268 (1994), and draw all inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1973); see also Global Network Commc'ns, Inc. v. City of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 154 (2d Cir. 2006); King v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 284 F.3d 352, 356 (2d Cir. 2002). A complaint should be dismissed on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion only where the plaintiff has failed to provide some basis for the allegations that support the elements of his or her claim. See Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). However, "conclusory allegations are insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss." Giaccio v. City of New York, No. 04 Civ. 3652, 2005 WL 95733, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2005); see also Straker v. Metro. Transit Auth., 333 F. Supp. 2d 91, 102 (E.D.N.Y. 2004). B. Claims Against the Village Defendants As against the Village Defendants, consisting of Mark J. Whitney, William O'Connor, William Seaver, and the Village of Keeseville, Plaintiff asserts claims for breach of contract, breach of implied-in-fact contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, promissory estoppel, intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraud, and violations of, or conspiracy to 18

violate, the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment. The Village Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint for failure to comply with the pleading standard of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) and 9(b), and to otherwise dismiss all claims therein, arguing primarily on the basis of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) that Plaintiff's allegations fail to state a claim to relief. i. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) Having fully reviewed Plaintiff's Complaint, the Court rejects the Village Defendants' categorical argument to strike the instant Complaint on the basis of Rule 8(a)(2). Given the Plaintiff's pro se status and, therefore, the liberal reading the Court affords to her pleadings, the Village Defendants' assertions of "utter confusion" are not persuasive; the Plaintiff sets forth specific factual allegations as to the Defendant parties and, in her conclusion, asserts legal claims based upon those alleged facts, thus providing notice to the Defendants of the conduct and events which Plaintiff believes amount to various claims for relief. Memo. of Law at 2, Dkt. No. 164. It is certainly true that Plaintiff's pleadings vary in quality with respect to her different claims, and the Complaint contains some allegations with less relevance to the claims they purport to support than other allegations. It is, of course, a separate and subsequent inquiry whether particular claims are defective and subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). Accordingly, the Complaint survives the Village Defendants' Rule 8 challenge. ii. Fraud - Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) The Village Defendants are correct, however, that Plaintiff fails to plead fraud with the particularity required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b) ("In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or 19

mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally."). Unlike the other aforementioned claims expressly titled and alleged by Plaintiff, the Complaint does not include a direct assertion of fraud against any Defendant. Rather, interspersed through the pleadings' factual allegations are accusations of fraudulent conduct or the defrauding of Plaintiff by the Defendants. "To make out a prima facie case of fraud, the complaint must contain allegations of a representation of material fact, falsity, scienter, reliance and injury." Small v. Lorillard Tobacco Co., 94 N.Y.2d 43, 57 (N.Y. 1999); see Wynn v. AC Rochester, 273 F.3d 153, 156 (2d Cir. 2001). A "complaint must identify the statements plaintiff asserts were fraudulent and why, in plaintiff's view, they were fraudulent, specifying who made them, and where and when they were made." Hollin v. Scholastic Corp., 252 F.3d 63, 70 (2d Cir. 2001). Plaintiff does not articulate the elements of a fraud claim in such a way as to meet this pleading threshold, and indeed it is far from clear that Plaintiff actually seeks to assert such a claim. A fair reading of the Complaint suggests that the conduct which is labeled as fraudulent in Plaintiff's factual allegations may actually be directed towards establishing certain other claims specifically asserted in the conclusion of her Complaint. The Plaintiff's fraud, or fraudulent inducement, claim, to the extent that such a claim is alleged against the Village Defendants, is dismissed. iii. Individual Capacity Claims Against Defendants Whitney, O'Connor, and Seaver The Village Defendants contend that, as to the persons named within the Village Defendant group, Plaintiff fails to "allege both a violation of her civil rights in the course of defendant's performance of his duties, and defendant's personal involvement in such violation, against any of these defendants." Memo. of Law at 5, Dkt. No. 164. They argue that the allegations made against the Defendants "are vague and unspecific and all causes of action against these defendants in their 20

individual capacities should be dismissed." Id. "Where damages are sought in a section 1983 action, the defendant must be responsible for the alleged constitutional deprivation." Id. at 1065. "`[P]ersonal involvement of defendants in alleged constitutional deprivations is a prerequisite to an award of damages under § 1983.'" Williams v. Smith, 781 F.2d 319, 323 (2d Cir. 1986) (quoting McKinnon v. Patterson, 568 F.2d 930, 934 (2d Cir. 1977)). Whether or not there was "personal involvement is a question of fact." Williams, 781 F.2d at 323. Here, taking the allegations in the Complaint as true, Albright, 510 U.S. at 268, Plaintiff's extensive factual allegations about the Village Defendants' actions, their individual capacities, concerning her and the Front Street property do demonstrate "personal involvement" and, therefore, a viable claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. For this reason, Plaintiff is "entitled to offer evidence to support [his] claims." Todd v. Exxon Corp., 275 F.3d 191, 198 (2d Cir. 2001). The Court shall not dismiss the claims against the Village Defendants on the basis of a failure to plead personal involvement. iv. Justice Head The Village Defendants assert that "all causes of action predicated on the actions of Village Justice Head are barred and must be dismissed." Memo. of Law at 5, Dkt. No. 164 (emphasis and capitalization omitted). Justice Head, now deceased, was already dismissed from this action by the Court, and Plaintiff's current Complaint does not seek to reassert claims against Justice Head. Rather, Plaintiff makes factual allegations concerning conduct by the Justice performed in his judicial capacity as well wrongful conduct done outside that role The Defendants' argument is entirely misplaced. First, the Complaint does not assert any claims which rest exclusively on allegations concerning Justice Head. Second, while judicial immunity operates to bar suits directly 21

against the Justice for his judicial acts, Tulloch v. Coughlin, 50 F.3d 114, 116 (2d Cir. 1995), judicial immunity is no bar to establishing a civil rights claim against the Village Defendants or other Defendants in which the Justice's conduct may be involved; this is true both with respect to a claim alleging a conspiracy under § 1983 or a claim seeking municipal liability. Here, the Village Defendants fail to explain why dismissal of claims should follow from Plaintiff's inclusion of factual allegation concerning Justice Head, and fail to even specify what claims should be dismissed. Accordingly, the Court shall dismiss no claims on this argued basis. v. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Claims The Village Defendants argue that the Complaint does not contain allegations sufficient to state a cause of action under § 1983. To properly plead a § 1983 claim, "a plaintiff must allege that (1) the challenged conduct was attributable at least in part to a person who was acting under color of state law and (2) the conduct deprived the plaintiff of a right guaranteed under the Constitution of the United States." Snider v. Dylag, 188 F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 1999) (citation omitted). If a plaintiff advances a claim seeking municipal liability, under Monell v. New York City Dep't of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978), the plaintiff must plead that a municipal policy or custom directly caused the complained-of constitutional injury; a theory of respondeat superior or vicarious liability cannot give rise to municipal liability under § 1983. Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385 (1989); see also Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 120-121 (1992). As Defendants acknowledge, a custom or policy may be shown by a final policymaker committing or commanding the complained-of constitutional violation. Jeffes v. Barnes, 208 F.3d 49, 57 (2d Cir. 2000). "Where the contention is not that the actions complained of were taken pursuant to a local policy that was formally adopted or ratified but rather that they were taken or caused by an official whose 22

actions represent official policy, the court must determine whether that official had final policymaking authority in the particular area involved." Id. The existence of such authority presents a legal question which turns on state law. Id. (citing, inter alia, Jett v. Dallas Independent School District, 491 U.S. 701, 737 (1989) and McMillian v Monroe County, 520 U.S. 781, 786 (1997)). Defendants contend that Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently allege a custom or policy which caused her alleged constitutional injury. To make this argument, they select only a few of her allegations, which indeed do not tend to show the existence of such a custom or policy, and then conclude that Plaintiff's claims against the Village must be dismissed. This is simply not the case, given the standard of review for Defendants' 12(b)(6) Motion and in view of Plaintiff's pro se status. Both under the custom/policy and final policymaking authority branches of municipal liability, the Complaint creates issue of fact which bar dismissal at this juncture. Plaintiff depicts the systematic and protracted actions of various Village official working in concert to potentially deprive her of property without due process. Further, Defendant Whitney, the Mayor of the Village for a period relevant to this litigation, is alleged to have ordered a number of village employees to acts in ways that would advance such an outcome. The facts alleged by Plaintiff are far from being a mere assertion or conclusory statement, as the Complaint is replete with "allegations of fact tending to support, at least circumstantially, such an inference." Dwares v. City of New York, 985 F.2d 94, 100 (2d Cir. 1993). Accordingly, Defendants' Motion to dismiss all claims against the municipality is denied. The Village Defendants' contention that Plaintiff fails to plead a cognizable constitutional injury as to the individually named Defendants must similarly be rejected. The § 1983 claim 23

advanced by Plaintiff seeks damages for deprivation of property without due process. To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must first identify a legally protected property interest which was subject to deprivation and then show that the plaintiff received constitutionally inadequate process in the course of the deprivation. O'Connor v. Pierson, 426 F.3d 187, 196 (2d Cir. 2005). According to Defendants, "Plaintiff simply makes the bare assertion that her due process rights were violated . . . ." and that while "[P]laintiff claims that she suffered a loss of business and reputation, she does not actually plead that she had a legally protected property or liberty interest . . . [or] that she was deprived of any governmental procedure or notice, nor that she suffered harm as a result of any such deprivation." Memo. of Law at 9, Dkt. No. 164. This argument directly contradicts the factual allegations contained in Plaintiff's Complaint. It is true that Plaintiff does not give a precise articulation of a particular procedure or notice that she should have received; however, the Complaint readily identifies the Front Street premises as a protected property at issue and details extensive acts by the Village Defendants, including manipulation of successive eviction procedures and various steps taken to induce foreclosure and loss of the property, which may be found to violate Plaintiff's due process rights. Taking all of Plaintiff's allegations as true, and in view of Plaintiff's pro se status, the pleadings before the Court may well support a successful procedural due process claim under § 1983. The Defendants' Motion to dismiss Plaintiff's due process claim is denied. Plaintiff also pleads a substantive due process claim pursuant to § 1983, which Defendants seek to dismiss. "Government action might be so arbitrary that it violates substantive due process `regardless of the fairness of the procedures used." Lowrance v. Achtyl, 20 F.3d 529, 537 (2d Cir. 1995) (citation and quotation omitted). Again, the Front Street property is the "constitutionally 24

cognizable property interest at stake" that Defendants' alleged actions interfered with or deprived her of in a manner violative of substantive due process protections. Villager Pond, Inc. v. Town of Darien, 56 F.3d 375, 378 (2d Cir. 1995). "To establish a substantive due process violation, the [plaintiff] must show that the [defendant's] alleged acts against their land were arbitrary, conscience-shocking, or oppressive in the constitutional sense, not merely incorrect or ill-advised." Ferran v. Town of Nassau, 471 F.3d 363, 369-370 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation and quotations omitted); see also Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 674, 680-682 (2d Cir. 1995) (discussing the Second Circuit's treatment of substantive due process claims based on land use issues). Rendering all inferences in favor of Plaintiff and assuming her factual allegations to be true, the Court cannot conclude, at this time, that her substantive due process rights have not been violated. Should Plaintiff establish all of her allegations concerning the Village Defendants' extensive actions taken against her possession, operation and ownership of the Front Street property, a viable substantive due process claim may well exist. Defendants cite to no topically relevant case law, referencing only examples of "a teacher slapping a student" and "the forced pumping of a suspect's stomach." Rather, they rest their Motion for dismissal on the notion that "[e]ven given the sheer volume of these and similar allegations contained in plaintiff's Complaint, not a single one approaches the threshold showing to satisfy the requirements of a substantive due process violation." Memo. of Law at 10, Dkt. No. 164. No support is provided for the proposition that each action by a Village Defendant must be considered in isolation or that the aggregate actions by the Village or its officials cannot together constitute a substantive due process violation. Accordingly, Defendants' Motion on this issue is denied. Language in the Plaintiff's statement of her civil rights claims mentions "equal protection." 25

Compl. at 50. To the extent that Plaintiff seeks to bring a claim for violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Defendants' Motion to dismiss that claim is granted. The Equal Protection Clause "protects against class- or group-based invidious discrimination" and "prohibits arbitrary and irrational discrimination even if no suspect class or fundamental right is implicated." Muller v. Costello, 187 F.3d 298, 309 (2d Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). Plaintiff does not allege membership in a protected class of differential treatment based on discriminatory animus. Accordingly, she has not pleaded the elements of a equal protection claim, and Defendants' Motion on this issue is granted. Plaintiff asserts a § 1983 conspiracy claim against the Village Defendants and a number of private Defendants for conspiring to deprive her of the Front Street property in violation of procedural and substantive due process rights. To state such a claim, a plaintiff must allege "(1) an agreement between a state actor and a private party; (2) to act in concert to inflict an unconstitutional injury; and (3) an overt act done in furtherance of that goal causing damages." Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 324-325 (2d Cir. 2002). To state the claim against a private entity, a plaintiff "must allege facts demonstrating that the private entity acted in concert with the state actor to commit an unconstitutional act," or, in other words, that "the private actor is a willful participant in joint activity with the State or its agents." Id. at 324. "[C]omplaints containing only conclusory, vague, or general allegations that the defendants have engaged in a conspiracy to deprive the plaintiff of his constitutional rights are properly dismissed; diffuse and expansive allegations are insufficient, unless amplified by specific instances of misconduct." Id. (citing Dwares, 985 F.2d at 100). Plaintiff's conspiracy claim is sufficiently articulated to survive the Village Defendants' 26

Motion to dismiss, particularly as the Court reads the pleadings in light of her pro se status. The Complaint alleges the requisite elements in a non-conclusory manner as against the Village; while her conspiracy claim as against certain other Defendants is deficient, Plaintiff describes facts indicating the Village Defendants and the Loremans may have engaged in an agreement to harm her ownership of the Front Street property and that they took a series of steps towards that end. In their Motion, the Village Defendants wholly ignore the content of Plaintiff's pleadings, instead reciting the standard for pleading a conspiracy claim and summarily concluding, without discussion, that Plaintiff did not meet it. Plaintiff's Complaint does not present the case where a litigant advances a § 1983 conspiracy claim devoid of allegations matching the necessary elements, and she is "entitled to offer evidence to support [her] claims." Todd, 275 F.3d at 198. Defendants' Motion is denied on this issue. vi. Breach of Contract and Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Plaintiff asserts claims against the Village Defendants for breach of contract, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Defendants move to dismiss these claims based on, inter alia, insufficient pleading of their requisite elements. Upon review of the Complaint, the Court finds that the contract claims are indeed inadequately pleaded and subject to dismissal. "To state a claim for breach of contract under New York law, a plaintiff must allege: (1) a contract; (2) performance of the contract by one party; (3) breach of the contract by the other; and (4) damages." Universal Marine Med. Supply, Inc. v. Lovecchio, 8 F. Supp. 2d 214, 221 (E.D.N.Y. 1998). "A contract implied in fact may result as an inference from the facts and circumstances of the case, although not formally stated in words, and is derived from the presumed intention of the 27

parties as indicated by their conduct." Jemzura v. Jemzura, 36 N.Y.2d 496, 504 (N.Y. 1975) (citations omitted). An implied contract "is just as binding as an express contract arising from declared intention, since in the law there is no distinction between agreements made by words and those made by conduct." Id. However, a "contract cannot be implied in fact where the facts are inconsistent with its existence . . . or where there is an express contract covering the subject-matter involved." Ludemann Elec., Inc. v. Dickran, 2010 NY Slip Op. 5520, at *2 (2d Dep't 2010) (quoting Miller v. Schloss, 218 N.Y. 400, 407 (N.Y. 1916)). The instant contract claims arise from the loan agreements Plaintiff entered into with the Village in order to finance and develop the Front Street property; presumably, these loan agreements are the contracts underlying Plaintiff's claim. With respect to the implied-in-fact contract claim, Plaintiff generally refers to "promises" made by Defendants. Compl. at 48. Among her allegations, Plaintiff has alleged that the Village Defendants refused to accept payment on her loans and took various steps to delay and prevent her from being able to effectuate the purpose of her purchase of the Front Street property. While Plaintiff certainly alleges troubling conduct by the Village Defendants in connection with the loan agreements, Plaintiff does not adequately plead the specific elements of a breach of contract claim, either express or implied, to survive the Village Defendants' Motion to dismiss. The Complaint does not assert the existence of any terms within a contract that have been breached, nor does it allege her own performance and the particular nature of Defendants' breach. As such, regardless of Plaintiff's alleged difficulties with the Village, a viable claim is not pleaded before this Court. The failure to identify how the Defendants' actions amounted to a breach of Plaintiff's loan agreement with the Village requires that the Court dismiss the contract claim. The implied-in-contract claim must be dismissed, as well. First, Plaintiff does not state what 28

specific conduct her claim is referring to, or whether the conduct in question is the same as that which forms the basis of Plaintiff's breach of contract claim. Plaintiff's allegations are vague and general, failing to name the breached terms of an agreement between the parties, the existence of which is shown by surrounding facts and circumstances. Secondly, to the extent that the claim is predicated on express terms in the loan agreements, the claim is duplicative, whether or not the breach of express contract claim has been adequately plead. Therefore, Plaintiff's implied contract claim is dismissed. Plaintiff also asserts a promissory estoppel claim, though the particular facts forming its basis are not stated. To state a promissory estoppel claim, a plaintiff must allege "a clear and unambiguous promise; a reasonable and foreseeable reliance by the party to whom the promise is made; and an injury sustained by the party asserting the estoppel by reason of his reliance." Esquire Radio & Electronics, Inc. v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 804 F.2d 787 (2d Cir. 1986). Plaintiff, however, only alleges that "Defendants deliberately made promises to the Plaintiff when they expected that the Plaintiff would rely on those promises." While the Complaint contains factual allegations that may be consistent with a promissory estoppel claim, the lack of specification of a clear promise by a particular Defendant as well as the reasonable reliance and subsequent injury that flowed from it renders Plaintiff's claim insufficiently pleaded. Accordingly, it is dismissed. It is established under New York law that "every contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. This covenant includes an implied undertaking on the part of each party that he will not intentionally and purposely do anything to prevent the other party from carrying out the agreement on his part." Carvel Corp. v. Diversified Management Group, Inc., 930 F.2d 228, 230 (2d Cir. 1991) (citations and quotations omitted). "While a party can breach the covenant of 29

good faith and fair dealing without breaching any terms of the contract itself, it is axiomatic that an implied covenant must comport with the parties' intent and be consistent with the written provisions of the contract." Canpartners Invs. IV, LLC v. Alliance Gaming Corp., 981 F. Supp. 820, 824 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 1997) (citations omitted). The Village Defendants devote only a single sentence to Plaintiff's good faith and fair dealing claim, simply contending that it is "duplicative of the breach of contract claim and should also be dismissed as such." Memo. of Law at 17, Dkt. No. 164. The Court is not persuaded by this conclusory statement; the Complaint contains multiple allegations of intentional conduct by the Defendants done to inhibit Plaintiff from carrying out her obligations under the loan agreement, and these allegations cannot be dismissed with such a summary treatment. Given Plaintiff's pro se status and the liberality thus afforded to her pleadings, the Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a claim for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing as against the Village, so as to "entitle[ her] to offer evidence to support [her] claims." Todd, 275 F.3d at 198. vii. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Plaintiff brings a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The tort requires "(1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) intent to cause severe emotional distress, (3) a causal connection between the conduct and the injury, and (4) severe emotional distress." Bender v. City of New York, 78 F.3d 787, 790 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d 115, 121 (1993)). The first element refers to "conduct [that] has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community" Murphy v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 303 (1983). In New York, a claim based on intentional infliction of emotional harm, as 30

an intentional tort, is subject to a one-year statute of limitations. See Dana v. Oak Park Marina, 230 A.D.2d 204, 210 (4th Dep't 1997); N.Y. CPLR 215. The Village Defendants move to dismiss the claim as insufficiently pleaded; they argue "Plaintiff merely alleges that she was harassed and intimidated. She has made no showing that, even if true, such conduct was sufficiently egregious as to meet the threshold for this cause of action." Memo. of Law at 18-19, Dkt. No. 164. Nowhere do Defendants explain how this is the case. The Complaint's assertions of a pattern of concerted harassment and intimidation by the Village Defendants "establish[] the existence of questions of fact as to whether [their] alleged conduct exceeded the bounds of decency and as to whether the plaintiff suffered genuine and severe distress as a result." Flatley v. Hartmann, 138 A.D.2d 345, 346 (2d Dep't 1988). Accordingly, the Court will not dismiss Plaintiff's claim for failing to allege conduct that, as a matter of law, does not rise to an extreme and outrageous level; however, the Court perceives that the one year statute of limitations may operate to bar the claim, depending on the timing of the predicate events. This issue can be resolved at a subsequent stage of the litigation. C. Claims Against the Loremans As against the Loreman Defendants, Plaintiff asserts claims for breach of contract, breach of implied-in-fact contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, promissory estoppel, intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraud, and, pursuant to § 1983, conspiracy violations of her Due Process and Equal Protection rights. The Loremans move to dismiss all claims under Rule 12(b)(6). Much of the Court's evaluation of these claims will reflect the analysis already undertaken with respect to the Village Defendants. As discussed above, Plaintiff's Complaint states claims against the Village Defendants, 31

pursuant to § 1983, for violations of, and conspiracy to violate, her due process rights. The factual allegations underlying those claims, as the Court has related them, involve the significant participation of the Loremans in the allegedly wrongful conduct. "To state a claim against a private entity on a section 1983 conspiracy theory, the complaint must allege facts demonstrating that the private entity acted in concert with the state actor to commit an unconstitutional act." Spear v. West Hartford, 954 F.2d 63, 68 (2d Cir. 1992). "`In final analysis the question is whether the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a federal right [can] be fairly attributable to the State.'" Id. (quoting National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179, 199 (1988)) (other citations omitted). Whether a private actor has engaged in sufficient state action is measured by either the symbiotic relationship test or the close nexus test.
"While

the symbiotic relationship test

focuses on the state's overall relationship with the private actor, the close nexus test specifically examines the state's link to the challenged action." Hadges v. Yonkers Racing Corp., 918 F.2d 1079, 1082 (2d Cir. 1990). "The prototypical symbiotic relationship case occurs when the government has a proprietary interest in the private entity." Scheiner v. Wallace, 860 F. Supp. 991, 999 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 18, 1994). The close nexus test may be satisfied where: " it can be said that the State is responsible for the specific conduct of which the plaintiff complains;" "the State has exercised coercive power or has provided such significant encouragement, either overt or covert, that the choice must in law be deemed to be that of the [government];" or "the private entity has exercised powers that are traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State." Id. (citing Blum v. Yarentsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004 (1982); San Fransisco Art & Athletics, Inc. v. Untied States Olympic Committee, 483 U.S. 522, 546 (1987) (quotations omitted)). Assuming Plaintiff's allegations to be true and drawing all inferences in her favor, the Court 32

has no doubt that Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against the Loremans should survive their Motion to dismiss. The Complaint indicates that the Village Defendants and the Loremans acted together, engaging in joint conduct, which included use of the Village Court and Village administrative offices, to deprive her of the Front Street property. According to Plaintiff, the Village had a proprietary interest in the Front Street property by way of their loan agreements, and both the Loremans and the Village worked in concert to induce Plaintiff's default and return the property to the possession of the Loremans. Therefore, the § 1983 conspiracy due process claims against the Loremans remain part of this action. For the reasons discussed above, however, Plaintiff's § 1983 Equal Protection claim is dismissed as against the Loremans for failing to state a claim. The three year statute of limitations in New York for a § 1983 claim does not warrant dismissal of Plaintiff's claims, but may restrict the basis on which the claims are predicated; issues of fact are present as to the existence of the alleged conspiracy, its timing and the acts which allegedly carried it out. The Court's analysis of Plaintiff's fraud claim as against the Village Defendants, if such a claim has in fact been brought, extends to the Loremans. That is, Plaintiff does not allege the requisite elements of a fraud claim so as to meet the pleading threshold. See Lorillard Tobacco Co., 94 N.Y.2d at 57. Accordingly, any fraud claim against the Loremans is dismiss