Dudley v. Glen Falls Police Department et al
Filing
49
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER: ORDERED, that Magistrate Judge Treece's September 6, 2013 Report-Recommendation and Order (Dkt. No. 46 ) is ADOPTED in its entirety. ORDERED, that Defendants' motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 15 ) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Signed by U.S. District Judge Mae A. D'Agostino on 9/23/13. (served on plaintiff by regular mail) (alh, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________________
JAMIE S. DUDLEY,
Plaintiff,
vs.
9:12-cv-00429
(MAD/RFT)
CITY OF GLENS FALLS; POLICE OFFICER
WILLIAM F. HOLMES,
Defendants.
____________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
OF COUNSEL:
JAMIE S. DUDLEY
11-A-5490
Franklin Correctional Facility
P.O. Box 10
Malone, New York 12953
Plaintiff pro se
CARTER, CONBOY LAW FIRM
20 Corporate Woods Boulevard
Albany, New York 12211
Attorneys for Defendants
JAMES A. RESILA, ESQ.
Mae A. D'Agostino, U.S. District Judge:
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff commenced this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Defendants
violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from excessive force by tasing him while he was
being processed at the Glens Falls Police Station. See Dkt. No. 2. On November 13, 2012,
Defendants moved for summary judgment. See Dkt. No. 15. In a September 6, 2013 ReportRecommendation and Order, Magistrate Judge Treece recommended that the Court (1) grant the
motion as to Plaintiff's municipal liability claim against Defendant City of Glens Falls; (2) deny
the motion as to Plaintiff's excessive force claim against Defendant Holmes; and (3) deny the
motion as to Defendant Holmes' qualified immunity defense. See Dkt. No. 46 at 12. On
September 19, 2013, Defendants objected to the Report-Recommendation and Order insofar as it
recommended denying the motion as to Defendant Holmes. See Dkt. No. 47.
Currently before the Court is Defendants' motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
On May 8, 2011, the Glens Falls Police pulled over and arrested Plaintiff on a felony
charge of Driving While Intoxicated ("DWI"), after he refused to take a breathalyser test. See
Dkt. No. 15-8; Dkt. No. 2 at 4.1 Plaintiff was taken to the Glens Falls' Police Station where he
was processed by Defendant Holmes. See Dkt. No. 15-1 at ¶ 3. A video, submitted by
Defendants, depicts some of the events which occurred at the station on May 8, 2011. See Dkt.
No. 15-2 (the "Video" has been traditionally filed with the Court).
During the relevant portion of the video, Plaintiff is handcuffed and seated in a chair with
his foot shackled to the wall. See id. Although the video contains no audio, the video appears to
show Plaintiff conversing with Defendant Holmes. See id. At one point during the video,
Plaintiff kicks a chair next to the one in which he is seated into an adjacent desk, stands up, grabs
the same chair and lifts it off the ground. See id. Plaintiff then lets go of the chair and begins to
sit back down in his own chair. See id. Before he is completely seated, however, Defendant
Holmes shoots Plaintiff with a taser, causing him to fall to the floor. See id. Plaintiff is thereafter
subdued by Defendant Holmes and other officers. See id.
To avoid confusion, anytime the Court references a specific page number for an entry on
the docket, it will cite to the page number assigned by the Court's electronic filing system.
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2
As a result of this incident, Plaintiff later pled guilty to menacing in the second degree.
See Dkt. No. 24 at 2; Dkt. No. 15-9.
In an August 6, 2013 Report-Recommendation and Order, Magistrate Judge Treece
recommended that the Court grant in part and denied in part Defendants' motion for summary
judgment. See Dkt. No. 46. Specifically, Magistrate Judge Treece found that Plaintiff is not
precluded from bringing his excessive force claim because of the doctrine of issue preclusion.
See id. at 4-5. The recommendation noted that, although Plaintiff pled guilty to menacing in the
second degree, Defendants failed to offer any relevant court documents to establish that the plea
court even contemplated the issue of whether the amount of force used by Defendant Holmes was
reasonable under the circumstances. See id. at 5. Further, the recommendation noted that it does
not "appear that a determination as to whether the amount of force used by Defendant Holmes
was reasonable under the circumstances is an element of menacing in the second degree." See id.
Magistrate Judge Treece did find, however, that because Plaintiff pled guilty to menacing in the
second degree as a result of the May 8, 2011 events, Plaintiff is precluded from arguing that he
did not place or attempt to place Defendant Holmes in reasonable fear of physical injury prior to
being tased. See id. at 6 (citation omitted).
Next, distinguishing the case relied upon by Defendants, Magistrate Judge Treece found
that there is an issue of fact as to whether the amount of force used by Defendant Holmes was
reasonable. See id. at 7 (citing Hardy v. Plante, 2009 WL 249787, *2 & *6 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 3,
2009)). Regarding the video, the recommendation noted that the video does not necessarily
support Defendants' claim because, among other things, it lacks audio, it is unclear where
Defendant Holmes was standing prior to deploying the taser or whether Defendant Holmes was
actually in danger of being struck with the chair. See id. at 8. Further, the recommendation noted
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that there "appears to be an appreciable delay between the time Plaintiff put down the chair and
the time he was tased. Indeed, Plaintiff had already put the chair down and was attempting to sit
back down in his chair when he was tased." See id. Similarly, Magistrate Judge Treece
recommended denying the motion on summary judgment grounds because a genuine issue of
material fact exists as to what the precise circumstances surrounding Defendant Holmes' use of
the taser, thereby making such a finding premature. See id. at 9.
Finally, Magistrate Judge Treece recommended granting Defendants' motion as to
Plaintiff's municipal liability claim against Defendant City of Glens Falls. See id. at 10-11.
In his objections to Magistrate Judge Treece's Report-Recommendation and Order,
Defendant Holmes argues that it was error to find that Plaintiff is not precluded from raising his
excessive force claim. See Dkt. No. 47 at 2. Defendant Holmes asserts that "the video . . . clearly
establishes the conduct fo the plaintiff which led to the menacing charge to which plaintiff pled
guilty." See id. Further, Defendant Holmes claims that Magistrate Judge Treece failed to take
into account that the menacing conduct led to the use of the taser, not the underlying reason for
which Plaintiff was already in police custody (the DWI). See id. Next, Defendant Holmes again
relies on Hardy v. Plante to support his claim, even though issue preclusion may not apply, he is
still entitled to a ruling that, as a matter of law, he did not use excessive force in light of Plaintiff's
actions. See id.
Next, Defendant Holmes "takes issue with the use of the term 'immediately' relative to the
decision to deploy the taser after plaintiff picked up the chair." See id. at 3. Defendant Holmes
contends that there was not an "'appreciable delay'" between the time Plaintiff put down the chair
and the time he was tased, and requests that the Court review the video. See id. at 3-4. Finally,
Defendant Holmes argues that Magistrate Judge Treece erred in determining that an issue of fact
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precludes granting the motion on qualified immunity grounds. See id. at 5. Defendant Holmes
claims that it is not premature for the Court to determine whether reasonable law officers could
disagree about the reasonableness of the force used in the present matter. See id. at 6.
III. DISCUSSION
A.
Standard of review
When a party files specific objections to a magistrate judge's report-recommendation, the
district court makes a "de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed
findings or recommendations to which objection is made." 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1). However,
when a party files "[g]eneral or conclusory objections or objections which merely recite the same
arguments [that he presented] to the magistrate judge," the court reviews those recommendations
for clear error. O'Diah v. Mawhir, No. 9:08-CV-322, 2011 WL 933846, *1 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 16,
2011) (citations and footnote omitted). After the appropriate review, "the court may accept,
reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendation made by the magistrate
judge." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
A court may grant a motion for summary judgment only if it determines that there is no
genuine issue of material fact to be tried and that the facts as to which there is no such issue
warrant judgment for the movant as a matter of law. See Chambers v. TRM Copy Ctrs. Corp., 43
F.3d 29, 36 (2d Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). When analyzing a summary judgment motion, the
court "cannot try issues of fact; it can only determine whether there are issues to be tried." Id. at
36-37 (quotation and other citation omitted). Moreover, it is well-settled that a party opposing a
motion for summary judgment may not simply rely on the assertions in its pleadings. See Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). (e)).
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In assessing the record to determine whether any such issues of material fact exist, the
court is required to resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
nonmoving party. See Chambers, 43 F.3d at 36 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 255, 106 S. Ct. 2502, 2513-14, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986)) (other citations omitted). Where
the non-movant either does not respond to the motion or fails to dispute the movant's statement of
material facts, the court may not rely solely on the moving party's Rule 56.1 statement; rather the
court must be satisfied that the citations to evidence in the record support the movant's assertions.
See Giannullo v. City of N.Y., 322 F.3d 139, 143 n.5 (2d Cir. 2003) (holding that not verifying in
the record the assertions in the motion for summary judgment "would derogate the truth-finding
functions of the judicial process by substituting convenience for facts").
"[I]n a pro se case, the court must view the submissions by a more lenient standard than
that accorded to 'formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.'" Govan v. Campbell, 289 F. Supp. 2d 289,
295 (N.D.N.Y. 2007) (quoting Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d
652 (1972)) (other citations omitted). The Second Circuit has opined that the court is obligated to
"make reasonable allowances to protect pro se litigants" from inadvertently forfeiting legal rights
merely because they lack a legal education. Govan v. Campbell, 289 F. Supp. 2d 289, 295
(N.D.N.Y. 2007) (quoting Traguth v. Zuck, 710 F.2d 90, 95 (2d Cir. 1983)). "However, this does
not mean that a pro se litigant is excused from following the procedural requirements of
summary judgment. See id. at 295 (citing Showers v. Eastmond, 00 CIV. 3725, 2001 WL 527484,
*1 (S.D.N.Y. May 16, 2001)). Specifically, "a pro se party's 'bald assertion,' completely
unsupported by evidence" is not sufficient to overcome a motion for summary judgment." Lee v.
Coughlin, 902 F. Supp. 424, 429 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (citing Cary v. Crescenzi, 923 F.2d 18, 21 (2d
Cir. 1991)).
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B.
Excessive force
Claims that a law enforcement officer used excessive force in the course of making an
arrest are "analyzed under the Fourth Amendment's 'objective reasonableness' standard[.]"
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989); Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 (holding that "a
claim of 'excessive force in the course of making [a] . . . "seizure" of [the] person . . . [is] properly
analyzed under the Fourth Amendment's "objective reasonableness" standard'" (quotation
omitted)); Terranova v. New York, 676 F.3d 305, 308 (2d Cir. 2012) (quotations and other citation
omitted). "Determining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is 'reasonable' under
the Fourth Amendment requires a careful balancing of the nature and quality of the intrusion on
the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at
stake." Graham, 490 U.S. at 396 (quotations and other citation omitted); see also Tracy v.
Freshwater, 623 F.3d 90, 96 (2d Cir. 2010). "[T]he right to make an arrest . . . necessarily carries
with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it." Graham,
490 U.S. at 396. Proper application of the Fourth Amendment's "objective reasonableness"
standard "requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case,
including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the
safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade
arrest by flight." Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; see also Terranova, 676 F.3d at 308; Tracy, 623 F.3d
at 96.
"The 'reasonableness' of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a
reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight." Graham, 490
U.S. at 396; see also Jones v. Parmley, 465 F.3d 46, 61 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). "Not
every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge's chambers, . . .
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violates the Fourth Amendment." Graham, 490 U.S. at 396 (quotations and other citation
omitted); see also Tracy, 623 F.3d at 96. However, allegations that an "officer twisted [the
plaintiff's] arm, 'yanked' her, and threw her up against a car, causing only bruising" have been
held to be sufficient to survive summary judgment. Maxwell v. City of New York, 380 F.3d 106,
108 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Robison v. Via, 821 F.2d 913, 924–25 (2d Cir. 1987)). "The calculus of
reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make
split-second judgments in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving about the
amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation." Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97; see also
Tracy, 623 F.3d at 96; Jones, 465 F.3d at 61 (citation omitted). "As in other Fourth Amendment
contexts, . . . the 'reasonableness' inquiry in an excessive force case is an objective one: the
question is whether the officers' actions are 'objectively reasonable' in light of the facts and
circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation."
Graham, 490 U.S. at 397; see also Jones, 465 F.3d at 61. "Given the fact-specific nature of the
[objective reasonableness] inquiry, granting summary judgment against a plaintiff on an excessive
force claim is not appropriate unless no reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the officers'
conduct was objectively unreasonable." Amnesty America v. Town of West Hartford, 361 F.3d
113, 123 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
C.
Qualified immunity
"The doctrine of qualified immunity shields public officials from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d 263,
273 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 73 L. Ed. 2d
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396 (1982)).
For a constitutional right to be "clearly established" for purposes of
determining whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity, the
"contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable
official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.
This is not to say that an official action is protected by qualified
immunity unless the very action in question has previously been
held unlawful, but it is to say that in the light of pre-existing law the
unlawfulness must be apparent."
Mollica v. Volker, 229 F.3d 366, 370-71 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Anderson v. Creiehton, 483 U.S.
635, 640 (1987)) (emphasis in original). "Where the right at issue in the circumstances
confronting [the] officers . . . was clearly established but was violated, the officers will
nonetheless be entitled to qualified immunity 'if . . . it was objectively reasonable for them to
believe their acts did not violate those rights.'" Zellner v. Summerlin, 494 F.3d 344, 367 (2d Cir.
2007) (quotation and other citation omitted).
"Although a mere mistake in the performance of an official duty may not deprive the
officer of qualified immunity, the doctrine does not shield performance that either (a) was in
violation of clearly established law, or (b) was plainly incompetent." Manganiello v. City of New
York, 612, F.3d 149, 165 (2d Cir. 2010) (citations omitted). "With respect to both the legal
question and the matter of competence, the officials' actions must be evaluated for objective
reasonableness. . . . That is, '[e]ven if the right at issue was clearly established in certain respects
. . . an officer is still entitled to qualified immunity if "officers of reasonable competence could
disagree" on the legality of the action at issue in its particular factual context.'" Id. (quotations
omitted).
The determination of whether an official's conduct was objectively reasonable is a mixed
question of law and fact. See Zellner, 494 F.3d at 367 (citing Kerman v. City of New York, 374
F.3d 93, 109 (2d Cir. 2004)) (other citations omitted). "The ultimate question of whether it was
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objectively reasonable for the officer to believe that his conduct did not violate a clearly
established right, i.e., whether officers of reasonable competence could disagree as to the
lawfulness of such conduct, is to be decided by the court. However, '[a] contention that . . . it was
objectively reasonable for the official to believe that his acts did not violate those rights has "its
principle focus on the particular facts of the case."'" Id. (quotation and other citations omitted).
If there is no dispute as to any material fact, the issue of whether the official's conduct was
objectively reasonable is an issue of law to be decided by the court. See id. at 368 (citation
omitted). Any unresolved factual issues, however, must be resolved by the jury. See id. (quoting
Kerman, 374 F.3d at 109) (other citations omitted). Once the court has received the jury's
decision as to "what the facts were that the officer faced or perceived," the court must then "make
the ultimate legal determination of whether qualified immunity attaches on those facts."
Stephenson v. Doe, 332 F.3d 68, 81 (2d Cir. 2003) (quotation omitted); see also Lennon v. Miller,
66 F.3d 416, 421 (2d Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted).
D.
Application
Contrary to Defendant Holmes' contentions, Magistrate Judge Treece correctly
recommended that the Court should deny Defendants' motion for summary judgment as to the
excessive force against Defendant Holmes. In Hardy v. Plante, the case relied upon by Defendant
Holmes, the court found that the arresting officers' use of a taser was objectively reasonable as a
matter of law because the arresting officers had reason to believe that the plaintiff had a knife, the
plaintiff "physically pushed" an officer, and continued to physically struggle with the arresting
officers after he was tackled and wrestled to the ground. See Hardy, 2009 WL 249787, at *2, *6.
As Magistrate Judge Treece correctly concluded, in the present case, there was no
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physical contact between Defendant Holmes and Plaintiff. Further, Plaintiff was handcuffed and
shackled by the leg to the wall and Plaintiff did not struggle with Defendant Holmes. Further,
although Plaintiff did kick a chair and then raise it over his head in a threatening manner and
appeared to be prepared to throw it at Defendant Holmes, there was no indication that Plaintiff
was in possession of a deadly weapon.
Further, contrary to Defendant Holmes' contention, Magistrate Judge Treece accurately
described the events that transpired in the video. Upon review of the video, there does appear "to
be an appreciable delay between the time Plaintiff put down the chair and the time he was tased.
Indeed, Plaintiff had already put the chair down and was attempting to sit back down in his chair
when he was tased." As such, a rational juror viewing the video could reasonably conclude that, at
the time he was tased, Plaintiff no longer posed a significant risk of harm to Defendant Holmes.
Therefore, the reasonableness of Defendant Holmes' decision to use the taser is a question of fact
that must be resolved at trial. See Scott, 344 F.3d at 289.
Finally, Magistrate Judge Treece also correctly concluded that questions of fact preclude
the Court from granting the motion on qualified immunity grounds. Questions about the precise
circumstances surrounding the use of force will need to be answered by the jury before the Court
is able to determine as a matter of law whether Defendant Holmes is entitled to qualified
immunity.
IV. CONCLUSION
After carefully considering Magistrate Judge Treece's Report-Recommendation and
Order, Defendant Holmes' objections thereto, and the applicable law, and for the reasons stated
herein, the Court hereby
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ORDERS that Magistrate Judge Treece's September 6, 2013 Report-Recommendation
and Order is ADOPTED in its entirety; and the Court further
ORDERS that Defendants' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part;2 and the Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall serve a copy of this Memorandum-Decision
and Order on all parties in accordance with the Local Rules.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 23, 2013
Albany, New York
As a result of this Memorandum-Decision and Order, Plaintiff's excessive force claim
against Defendant Holmes is the only claim remaining.
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