Avery v. Graham

Filing 37

MEMORANDUM DECISION: ORDERED THAT the 6 Amended Petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 for a Writ of Habeas Corpus is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT the Court declines to issue a Certificate of Appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Banks v. D retke, 540 U.S. 668, 705 (2004) ("To obtain a certificate of appealability, a prisoner must 'demonstrat[e] that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.' " (quoting Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 327)). Any further request for a Certificate of Appealability must be addressed to the Court of Appeals. See FED. R. APP. P. 22(b); 2D CIR. R. 22.1. The Clerk of the Court is to enter judgment accordingly. Signed by Judge James K. Singleton on 7/2/2014. (ptm) (Copy served on petitioner by regular mail)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
VAUGHN AVERY,
No. 9:12-cv-01347-JKS
Petitioner,
MEMORANDUM DECISION
vs.
HAROLD D. GRAHAM, Superintendent,
Auburn Correctional Facility,
Respondent.

Vaughn Avery, a New York state prisoner proceeding pro se, filed a Petition for a Writ
of Habeas Corpus with this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Avery is currently in the
custody of the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision and is
incarcerated at Auburn Correctional Facility. Respondent has answered, and Avery has replied.
I. BACKGROUND/PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
On July 26, 1996, Avery was charged with one count of second-degree murder based on
a felony murder theory, two counts of first-degree attempted robbery under two different legal
theories, and one count of fourth-degree criminal possession of stolen property in connection
with the killing of a grocery store clerk. On direct appeal of his conviction, the Appellate
Division summarized the following facts underlying the indictment:
On an evening in 1996, [Avery], Jason Clark and Antonio Spears gathered near a
grocery store in the City of Albany. They encountered an acquaintance of Spears who
answered some questions about the store after exiting. After the acquaintance left the
area, [Avery] and Clark, armed with handguns, entered the store. The store owner was
stocking shelves and the victim was working at the front counter. The owner testified
that he heard two shots, looked up, and saw two men with covered faces standing near
the store entrance, one of whom was holding a gun. He threw jars at the men and they
fled. A resident of an upstairs apartment heard the shots, ran downstairs and saw two men
fleeing on foot. The victim had been fatally shot by Clark. The next morning police

went to the home of Clark and [Avery] and placed both men in custody. Clark directed
police to two handguns concealed in his bedroom.
People v. Avery, 915 N.Y.S.2d 356, 357-58 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011).
Clark pled guilty to all but one count of an eight-count indictment and inculpated both
Avery and Spears in his plea allocution. Spears was tried separately and acquitted of felony
murder and attempted robbery in connection with the grocery store incident, but admitted and
was convicted of an unrelated gun store robbery.
Avery proceeded to jury trial in May 1997. After the conclusion of the People’s case-inchief, Avery moved to dismiss all counts in the indictment for failing to present legally sufficient
evidence to the jury. The court denied the motion in its entirety after the conclusion of the
defense’s case and submitted to the jury each count of the indictment relating to Avery. The jury
found Avery guilty of second-degree murder (felony murder) and two counts of first-degree
attempted robbery. The jury acquitted him of the criminal possession of stolen property charge.
On July 30, 1997, the court sentenced Avery to an imprisonment term of 25 years to life
for the felony murder conviction. The court also sentenced him to two 7½-to-15-year
indeterminate prison sentences for the attempted robbery convictions.
Over a decade later, Avery, proceeding through new counsel, moved to vacate the
judgment pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law (“CPL”) § 440.10, arguing that trial
counsel was ineffective because he failed to: 1) conduct a reasonable pre-trial investigation;
2) interview and call Spears as an alibi witness; 3) investigate whether the acquaintance, who
testified for the prosecution, committed perjury based on bias against Spears; 4) investigate
Gloria Aleman, an eyewitness who testified for the prosecution and who Avery claimed later
recanted her trial testimony; 5) interview the owner of the grocery store who Avery alleged
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stated in a later interview that there had only been one robber; 6) interview Clark and Spear’s
girlfriend which, according to Avery, would have revealed that Clark’s statements to the police
and during his plea allocution were not truthful; and 7) call an expert witness on cross-racial
identification.
At an evidentiary hearing on the matter, Clark testified that he was by himself when he
shot and killed the grocery store clerk. Clark acknowledged that his version of events
contradicted his trial testimony and prior statements he made to the police and at his plea
allocution. He testified that, at the time of the murder, he was sixteen years old and scared and
that his attorney told him that his statement at the plea allocution had to match the statement he
had given to police. Clark further denied discussing with Avery a plan to rob the store. On
cross-examination, Clark stated that Avery could have been in the store at the time of the
shooting but that Clark did not see him. The prosecutor also impeached Clark with his testimony
from the plea allocution in which Clark stated that he and Avery had both entered the grocery
store with guns drawn and that all three men had discussed the robbery and planned to split any
proceeds equally.
Gloria Aleman testified with the assistance of an interpreter and noted that she did not
have an interpeter at trial. She rated her English as a “0” at the time of the trial and stated that
her English was “a little better” at the evidentiary hearing. She testified that she was watching
television with her boyfriend’s children when she heard what sounded like firecrackers. She
went to the bedroom where her boyfriend was sleeping, and he told her that the sound was
gunshots. Her boyfriend went down to see what had happened and told Aleman to stay in the

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apartment. She went down four steps of the staircase outside their apartment and saw two young
men holding the door to the grocery store open and then running away.
The grocery store owner testified that, on the night of the shooting, he heard shots and
saw one person at the door. He then began throwing what was in his hands. On crossexamination, he testified that he did not remember if he saw one person or two people in the
store and acknowledged that he testified at trial that he had seen two guys near the entrance of
the store.
A private investigator also testified that he met with Aleman on April 26, 2004. He
opined that, based on his conversation with Aleman and the layout of her apartment, it would
have taken approximately 35 to 45 seconds for Aleman and her boyfriend to go downstairs after
hearing the gunshots.
Avery submitted a counseled post-hearing memorandum of law arguing that: 1) Clark’s
recantation of his police statements, plea allocution, and trial testimony was newly-discovered
evidence warranting a new trial; 2) Aleman’s trial testimony was unrealiable because, without an
interpreter, she could not have understood the questions she had been asked; 3) Aleman’s
hearing testimony showed that the two boys that she saw running away from the grocery store
could not have been Avery and Clark; 4) Aleman’s 2004 affidavit, which was obtained in the
presence of the private investigator, was not tainted because she had not received information
about the case before providing the affidavit; 5) the hearing evidence suggested a likelihood of
police fabrication; 6) the verdict would have been different if the jury had heard the newlydiscovered evidence; and 7) trial counsel’s ineffectiveness caused prejudice to Avery.

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On December 4, 2009, the court denied the motion in its entirety. The court concluded
that Aleman did not recant her trial testimony but rather “confirmed the critical elements of her
trial testimony, namely that after hearing shots or firecrackers, she came downstairs and
witnessed two males running from the grocery store.” The court likewise held that a review of
the trial transcript demonstrated that Aleman understood and appropriately responded to the
questions posed at trial and that the hearing testimony, with the assistance of an interpreter,
confirmed the trial testimony. In finding no issue with Aleman’s comprehension of the English
language, the court found it significant that the investigator interviewed Aleman in English and
without the assistance of an interpreter and that Aleman’s affidavit was in English. The court
also found Clark’s hearing testimony not credible and thus rejected it. The court likewise
rejected Avery’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, holding that trial counsel’s performance
as a whole demonstrated meaningful assistance of counsel and thus satisfied the constitutional
requirements. The court rejected all remaining contentions.
Again proceeding through counsel, Avery appealed his conviction, arguing that: 1) the
evidence at trial was legally insufficient to support the conviction; 2) the trial court erred by
failing to convey jury instructions with the appropriate legal standard; 3) the prosecution violated
Avery’s confrontation rights by failing to provide an interpreter for Aleman; 4) the prosecution
violated their Brady1 obligations by failing to disclose to the defense that Aleman had requested
an interpreter for trial; 5) the prosecution violated Brady by failing to disclose a police statement
made by Aleman; 6) the § 440 court erred in rejecting Clark’s testimony; 7) trial counsel was

1

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The term “Brady” is a shorthand
reference to the rules of mandatory discovery in criminal cases under federal law.
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ineffective for failing to conduct reasonable investigations and to interview an alibi witness;
8) the prosecution’s weak identification evidence failed to identify Avery; 9) the police
fabricated statements attributed to Clark, Spears, Avery, and Aleman; 10) the verdict would have
been different had the jury heard the newly-discovered evidence; and 11) trial counsel’s
“multiple failures” prejudiced Avery.
The Appellate Division unanimously affirmed the judgment against Avery in a reasoned
opinion. Avery, 915 N.Y.S.2d at 362. Avery filed a counseled leave application in the Court of
Appeals, raising the following claims: 1) counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve the legal
sufficiency claim and the evidence was legally insufficient to support the conviction; 2) the jury
instructions were improper; 3) the prosecution withheld Aleman’s written statement to the
police; 4) the prosecution failed to disclose Aleman’s request for an interpreter; 5) police
fabrication of witness statements violated Avery’s constitutional rights; 6) Avery received the
ineffective assistance of trial counsel; and 7) the cumulative effect of the trial errors deprived
Avery of a fair trial. The Court of Appeals summarily denied the leave request on June 7, 2011.
People v. Avery, 17 N.Y.3d 791 (N.Y. 2011).
Avery timely filed a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus to this Court on August 27,
2012. He subsequently filed an Amended Petition.
II. GROUNDS RAISED
In his pro se Amended Petition before this Court, Avery raises four claims for relief.
First, he contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and call certain
witnesses. He additionally contends that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain his
robbery and felony murder convictions. Third, he claims that he was denied Brady material

6

which deprived him of a fair trial. Finally, he asserts that the court’s ruling on his CPL § 440.10
motion was objectively unreasonable.

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III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d), this Court cannot grant relief unless the decision of the state court was “contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States,” § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,”
§ 2254(d)(2). A state-court decision is contrary to federal law if the state court applies a rule that
contradicts controlling Supreme Court authority or “if the state court confronts a set of facts that
are materially indistinguishable from a decision” of the Supreme Court, but nevertheless arrives
at a different result. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 406 (2000).
To the extent that the Petition raises issues of the proper application of state law, they are
beyond the purview of this Court in a federal habeas proceeding. See Swarthout v. Cooke, 131 S.
Ct. 859, 863 (2011) (per curiam) (holding that it is of no federal concern whether state law was
correctly applied). It is a fundamental precept of dual federalism that the states possess primary
authority for defining and enforcing the criminal law. See, e.g., Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62,
67-68 (1991) (a federal habeas court cannot reexamine a state court’s interpretation and
application of state law); Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 653 (1990) (presuming that the state
court knew and correctly applied state law), overruled on other grounds by Ring v. Arizona, 536
U.S. 584 (2002). Under the AEDPA, the state court’s findings of fact are presumed to be correct
unless the petitioner rebuts this presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(e)(1); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003).

8

In applying these standards on habeas review, this Court reviews the “last reasoned
decision” by the state court. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 804 (1991); Jones v. Stinson,
229 F.3d 112, 118 (2d Cir. 2000). Where there is no reasoned decision of the state court
addressing the ground or grounds raised on the merits and no independent state grounds exist for
not addressing those grounds, this Court must decide the issues de novo on the record before it.
See Dolphy v. Mantello, 552 F.3d 236, 239-40 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Spears v. Greiner, 459 F.3d
200, 203 (2d Cir. 2006)); cf. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 530-31 (2003) (applying a de novo
standard to a federal claim not reached by the state court). In so doing, the Court presumes that
the state court decided the claim on the merits and the decision rested on federal grounds. See
Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 263 (1989); Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 740 (1991); see
also Jimenez v. Walker, 458 F.3d 130, 140 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining the Harris-Coleman
interplay); Fama v. Comm’r of Corr. Servs., 235 F.3d 804, 810-11 (2d Cir. 2000) (same). This
Court gives the presumed decision of the state court the same AEDPA deference that it would
give a reasoned decision of the state court. Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 784-85 (2011)
(rejecting the argument that a summary disposition was not entitled to § 2254(d) deference);
Jimenez, 458 F.3d at 145-46.
IV. DISCUSSION
A.

Exhaustion
Respondent correctly contends that one of Avery’s claims is unexhausted. This Court

may not consider claims that have not been fairly presented to the state courts. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(1); see Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004) (citing cases). Exhaustion of state
remedies requires the petition to fairly present federal claims to the state courts in order to give

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the state the opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal
rights. Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365 (1995). A petitioner must alert the state courts to
the fact that he is asserting a federal claim in order to fairly present the legal basis of the claim.
Id. at 365-66. An issue is exhausted when the substance of the federal claim is clearly raised and
decided in the state court proceedings, irrespective of the label used. Jackson v. Edwards, 404
F.3d 612, 619 (2d Cir. 2005). As Respondent notes, Avery raised his claim that the trial court
erred in denying the CPL § 440 motion solely on the basis of state law.
This unexhausted claim is procedurally barred. Because Avery’s claim is based on the
record, the federal nature of his claim could have been raised in his direct appeal but was not;
consequently, Avery cannot bring a motion to vacate as to this claim. N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW
§ 440.10(2)(c) (“[T]he court must deny a motion to vacate a judgment when[,] [a]lthough
sufficient facts appear on the record of the proceedings underlying the judgment to have
permitted, upon appeal from such judgment, adequate review of the ground or issue raised upon
the motion, no such appellate review or determination occurred owing to the defendant’s
unjustifiable failure to take or perfect an appeal . . . .”). Moreover, Avery cannot re-assert this
claim on direct appeal because he has already filed the direct appeal and leave application to
which he is entitled. See Grey v. Hoke, 933 F.2d 117, 120-21 (2d Cir. 1991) Because Avery
may not now return to state court to exhaust this claim, the claim may be deemed exhausted but
procedurally defaulted from habeas review. See Ramirez v. Att’y Gen., 280 F.3d 87, 94 (2d Cir.
2001).
Despite Avery’s failure to exhaust this claim, this Court nonetheless may deny the claim
on the merits and with prejudice. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) (“An application for a writ of

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habeas corpus may be denied on the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to
exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the State.”). This is particularly true where the
grounds raised are meritless. See Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269, 277 (2005). Accordingly, this
Court declines to dismiss the unexhausted claim solely on exhaustion grounds and will instead
reach the merits of the claim as discussed below.
B.

Merits
Claim 1. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
Avery first argues that his trial counsel “failed to do reasonable investigations, prepare

the case for trial, and failed to call available[] witnesses that could have exonerated [Avery] as a
matter of law.” He further contends that “[c]ounsel’s conduct prejudiced [him] beyond all
doubt.”
To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, a
defendant must show both that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
performance prejudiced his defense. 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A deficient performance is one
in which “counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. The Supreme Court has explained that, if there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome might have been different as a result of a legal error, the
defendant has established prejudice and is entitled to relief. Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1376,
1385-86 (2012); Glover v. United States, 531 U.S. 198, 203-04 (2001); Williams, 529 U.S. at
393-95. Thus, Avery must show that his trial counsel’s representation was not within the range
of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases, and that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s ineffectiveness, the result would have been different. See Hill v. Lockhart,

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474 U.S. 52, 57 (1985). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim should be denied if the
petitioner fails to make a sufficient showing under either of the Strickland prongs. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (courts may consider either prong of the test first and need not
address both prongs if the defendant fails on one).
New York’s test for ineffective assistance of counsel under the state constitution differs
slightly from the federal Strickland standard. “The first prong of the New York test is the same
as the federal test; a defendant must show that his attorney’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.” Rosario v. Ercole, 601 F.3d 118, 123 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing People
v. Turner, 840 N.E.2d 123 (N.Y. 2005)). The difference is in the second prong. Under the New
York test, the court need not find that counsel’s inadequate efforts resulted in a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s error, the outcome would have been different. “Instead, the
‘question is whether the attorney’s conduct constituted egregious and prejudicial error such that
the defendant did not receive a fair trial.’” Id. at 123 (quoting People v. Benevento, 697 N.E.2d
584, 588 (N.Y. 1998)). “Thus, under New York law the focus of the inquiry is ultimately
whether the error affected the ‘fairness of the process as a whole.’” Id. (quoting Benevento, 697
N.E.2d at 588). “The efficacy of the attorney’s efforts is assessed by looking at the totality of
the circumstances and the law at the time of the case and asking whether there was ‘meaningful
representation.’” Id. (quoting People v. Baldi, 429 N.E.2d 400, 405 (N.Y. 1981)).
The New York Court of Appeals views the New York constitutional standard as being
somewhat more favorable to defendants than the federal Strickland standard. Turner, 840
N.E.2d at 126. “To meet the New York standard, a defendant need not demonstrate that the
outcome of the case would have been different but for counsel’s errors; a defendant need only

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demonstrate that he was deprived of a fair trial overall.” Rosario, 601 F.3d at 124 (citing People
v. Caban, 833 N.E.2d 213, 222 (N.Y. 2005)). The Second Circuit has recognized that the New
York “meaningful representation” standard is not contrary to the federal Strickland standard. Id.
at 124, 126. The Second Circuit has likewise instructed that federal courts should, like the New
York courts, view the New York standard as being more favorable or generous to defendants
than the federal standard. Id. at 125.
Avery’s claim must fail, however, even under the more lenient New York standard.
First, as both the County Court and Appellate Division noted, “the record reveals that [Avery’s]
trial counsel made appropriate pretrial motions, participated actively in hearings, and carried out
vigorous cross-examination of the People’s witnesses, among other things.” Avery, 915
N.Y.S.2d at 361. The state courts’ conclusion that trial counsel rendered meaningful
representation that satisfies the constitutional requirements therefore does not contravene or
unreasonably apply federal law. See Rosario, 601 F.3d at 123.
Moreover, Avery cannot show that counsel’s alleged failures were actual deficiencies or
that they deprived Avery of a fair trial. Although he does not specify what conduct he
challenges in his Petition, Avery claimed on direct appeal that Spears and Clark should have
been called as alibi witnesses and that counsel should have conducted a pretrial interview of
Aleman. The appellate court rejected these contentions:
[Avery] contends that, if his trial counsel had interviewed [Aleman], he would
have determined that she could not have gotten downstairs in time to see [Avery] running
away. However, [Avery’s] trial counsel cross-examined [Aleman] in some detail as to
her actions before coming downstairs and the extent of her opportunity to see the fleeing
men. Further, [Avery] himself testified that he ran away from the scene with Spears,
although he denied wearing a red jacket. Thus, nothing in [Aleman’s] CPL 440.10
testimony . . . indicates that a pretrial interview would have provided trial counsel with

13

information that would have undermined her trial testimony to an extent demonstrating
ineffective assistance.
[Avery] next contends that Spears, if interviewed, would have furnished [Avery]
with an alibi by stating that [Avery] was outside the store and walking away from it when
Clark shot the victim. Spears made this claim in a 2008 affidavit supporting [Avery’s]
CPL 440.10 motion; however, it contradicts his own prior statement as well as all of the
other information available to defense counsel at the time of trial. A few hours after the
crime, Spears told police that after watching [Avery] and Clark enter the store, he walked
away and then heard gunshots. On the morning after the crime, [Avery] told police that
he was inside the store when the shots were fired; at trial, he testified that he was at the
store entrance. Thus, as of the time of the representation, trial counsel had no reason to
believe that Spears would state that [Avery] was outside the store or otherwise furnish an
alibi.
[Avery] further contends that Spears would have provided defense counsel with
information enabling him to impeach the acquaintance they had encountered before the
robbery who, according to [Avery], gave false testimony as part of a vengeful effort to
wrongfully implicate Spears.FN4 At [Avery’s] trial, the acquaintance testified that Spears
asked him several questions about cameras and other people inside the store, that he
believed that Spears, [Avery] and Clark intended to do something wrongful in the store
such as “shoplift, or something of that nature,” and that [Avery] was wearing a red jacket.
Given the consistency between this testimony and the acquaintance’s prior
statements—as well as Clark’s and [Avery’s]—any allegation that Spears could have
impeached him or revealed the plot in which he was allegedly engaged is too speculative
to serve as a basis for a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.
FN4. Notably, when [Avery] was tried, Spears had already been acquitted of
involvement in the grocery store crimes.
[Avery’s] final claim of ineffective assistance of counsel—that further
investigation would have revealed that Clark was lying about [Avery’s]
involvement—necessarily fails as a result of County Court’s well-founded conclusion
that Clark’s recantation was not credible.
Avery, 915 N.Y.S.2d at 360-61 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
The Appellate Division’s denial of Avery’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim was
neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of Strickland. See McKee v. United States,
167 F.3d 103, 106 (2d Cir. 1999) (“Actions or omissions by counsel that might be considered
sound trial strategy do not constitute ineffective assistance, and a court may not use hindsight to

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second-guess counsel’s tactical choices.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).
Accordingly, Avery is not entitled to relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Claim 2. Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence
Avery next contends that the “[p]rosecution failed to meet their burden of proof in
establishing [Avery’s] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, as the evidence was legally insufficient
to convict [him] of murder or attempted robbery.” He further asserts that, “[g]iven the best view
of all the evidence presented in the court, the evidence could not establish beyond a reasonable
doubt[] that [Avery] was guilty of robbery, and surely not murder, as factual[] and actual
evidence presented to the court clearly exonerated [him] of committing those crimes.”
As an initial matter, on direct appeal the Appellate Division rejected Avery’s sufficiency
of the evidence claim as unpreserved for appellate review. See Avery, 915 N.Y.S.2d at 358.
When a state court concludes that a claim is unpreserved for appellate review, this is “an
independent and adequate state ground that bars a federal court from granting habeas relief.”
Butler v. Cunningham, 313 F. App’x 400, 401 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750);
see also Reid v. Senkowski, 961 F.2d 374, 377 (2d Cir. 1992).
In any event, Avery’s claim is without merit. As articulated by the Supreme Court in
Jackson, the constitutional standard for sufficiency of the evidence is whether, “after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in the original); see McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 132-33
(2010) (reaffirming this standard). This Court must therefore determine whether the New York
court unreasonably applied Jackson. In making this determination, this Court may not usurp the

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role of the finder of fact by considering how it would have resolved any conflicts in the
evidence, made the inferences, or considered the evidence at trial. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19.
Rather, when “faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences,” this
Court “must presume–even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record–that the trier of fact
resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and defer to that resolution.” Id. at 326.
It is a fundamental precept of dual federalism that the States possess primary authority
for defining and enforcing the criminal law. See Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 128 (1982).
Consequently, although the sufficiency of the evidence review by this Court is grounded in the
Fourteenth Amendment, it must take its inquiry by reference to the elements of the crime as set
forth in state law. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324 n.16. A fundamental principle of our federal system
is “that a state court’s interpretation of state law, including one announced on direct appeal of the
challenged conviction, binds a federal court sitting in habeas corpus.” Bradshaw v. Richey, 546
U.S. 74, 76 (2005); see West v. AT&T, 311 U.S. 223, 236 (1940) (“[T]he highest court of the
state is the final arbiter of what is state law. When it has spoken, its pronouncement is to be
accepted by federal courts as defining state law . . . .”). “Federal courts hold no supervisory
authority over state judicial proceedings and may intervene only to correct wrongs of
constitutional dimension.” Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331, 345 (2006) (quoting Smith
v. Philips, 455 U.S. 209, 221 (1982)) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is through this lens
that this Court must view an insufficiency of the evidence claim.
In this case, to establish second-degree murder, the People had to prove that Avery,
acting with another person (Clark), attempted to commit robbery and in the course of and in
furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, Clark caused the death of a non-

16

participant to the crime. See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 125.25(3). With respect to the attempted
robbery charges, the People had to prove that Avery acted as an accomplice to Clark and that
Clark engaged in conduct which tended to effect the commission of forcibly stealing property
and in the course of the commission of the crime Clark caused serious physical injury to a nonparticipant, id. §§ 110/160.15(1), and was armed with a deadly weapon, id. §§ 110/160.15(2).
Here, Avery gave the police a written statement indicating that he needed cash to pay
child support and a fine for loitering and that he, Clark, and Spears decided to rob a store. The
statement further indicated that all three men were armed with guns that they were going to use
for the robbery and that, when the store emptied out, Clark and Avery went in and Spears stayed
out as a lookout. Spear’s acquaintance testified that Spears asked him if there were people in the
store and if the store had cameras. The store owner testified that he heard gunshots and saw two
masked men, one of whom was holding a gun. Aleman testified that she also heard the gunshots,
came down from her apartment above the store, and saw two young men running from the store
entrance.
Avery nonetheless argues that there was insufficient proof of his involvement in the
crime, focusing primarily on the lack of credibility of the prosecution’s witnesses and lack of
corroboration. But this Court is precluded from either re-weighing the evidence or assessing the
credibility of witnesses. Under Jackson, this Court’s role is simply to determine whether there is
any evidence, if accepted as credible by the trier of fact, sufficient to sustain conviction. See
Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 330 (1995). Although it might have been possible to draw a
different inference from the evidence, this Court is required to resolve that conflict in favor of
the prosecution. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. Avery bears the burden of establishing by clear

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and convincing evidence that these factual findings were erroneous. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). He
has failed to carry such burden. The record does not compel the conclusion that no rational trier
of fact could have found proof that Avery was guilty of felony murder and attempted robbery,
especially considering the double deference owed under Jackson and the AEDPA. Avery is
therefore not entitled to relief on this claim.
Claim 3. Brady Violation
Avery additionally asserts that the “prosecution failed to disclose that the People’s
witness, Gloria Aleman, required an interpreter at the time of giving evidence in this case, and
the People still haven’t disclosed who the alleged interpreter was, and the People failed to turn
the witness’s statement to police over to the defense.”
To constitute a Brady violation, “[t]he evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused,
either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been
suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.”
Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999). On direct appeal, Avery contended that the
withheld evidence constituted favorable Brady material because it could have been used to
impeach Aleman’s testimony. The appellate court rejected that contention, concluding that
disclosure of Aleman’s request for an interpreter “would have done nothing more than to
demonstrate her limited ability to communicate in English, which was already self-evident” and
that the police statement would have “little or no impeachment value” because although it is
“somewhat more detailed than the trial testimony . . . it corresponds accurately to the essentials
of that testimony and contradicts none of it.” Avery, 915 N.Y.S2d at 359. The appellate court’s

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determination is reasonable, and Avery therefore fails to show that the withheld evidence
constituted favorable Brady material.
As the appellate court further recognized, the prosecution’s failure to disclose to the
defense Aleman’s police statement violates the prosecution’s obligations under People v.
Rosario, 173 N.E.2d 881 (N.Y. 1961). Under Rosario, codified in CPL § 240.45, the
prosecution must turn over to the defendant all written or recorded testimony of any person the
prosecutor intends to call as a witness. 173 N.E.2d at 883. Rosario claims, however, are state
law claims, not founded on either the federal constitution or federal laws, which are not
cognizable in a federal habeas proceeding. See, e.g., Young v. McGinnis, 411 F. Supp. 2d 278,
329 (E.D.N.Y. 2006); Randolph v. Warden, Clinton Corr. Facility, No. 04 Civ. 6126, 2005 WL
2861606, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 1, 2005) (“the failure to turn over Rosario material is not a basis
for habeas relief as the Rosario rule is purely one of state law”). Avery therefore cannot prevail
on any claim that the prosecution failed to produce mandatory discovery.
Claim 4. Denial of CPL § 440 Motion
Finally, Avery argues that “[t]he court ruling on [his] CPL § 440.10 motion was
objectively unreasonable, and [an] unreasonable application of well established Supreme Court
law[] on a material of law[] and facts.” He contends that “[t]he evidence presented to the court
[is] clearly relevant, significant, and clear[] that [Avery] was not guilty of the crimes charged,
and the lack of evidence of his guilt. The newly discovered evidence presented a[n] actual[] and
factual innocence of [his] guilt worthy of dismissal of the crimes charged, as a matter of law[]
and facts.”

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In his CPL § 440.10 motion, Avery raised a litany of complaints about his trial attorney,
arguing that counsel should have undertaken pre-trial investigations and called alibi witnesses
which would have uncovered the recantation and additional evidence that was presented during
the § 440.10 hearing. As previously discussed, however, Avery fails to show that his trial
counsel was ineffective and thus he cannot show that the CPL § 440.10 court’s denial on that
ground was unreasonable or contrary to federal law.
Construing Avery’s pro se Amended Petition liberally, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89,
94 (2007) (per curiam), this Court may discern that Avery asserts a freestanding claim of actual
innocence. While a federal habeas petitioner may assert a claim of actual innocence to overcome
a procedural bar to review, Schlup, 513 U.S. at 326, or to overcome the AEDPA’s one-year
statute of limitations, McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924, 1928 (2013), the Supreme Court
has not resolved whether a non-capital prisoner may be entitled to habeas relief based on a
freestanding claim of actual innocence, McQuiggin, 133 S.Ct. at 1931; see House v. Bell, 547
U.S. 518, 554-55 (2006); Dist. Attorney’s Office v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 71-72 (2009). The
Supreme Court has instead declined to answer the question, noting that where a “[p]etitioner has
failed to make a persuasive showing of actual innocence[,] . . . the Court has no reason to pass
on, and appropriately reserves, the question whether federal courts may entertain convincing
claims of actual innocence.” Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 427 (1993) (O’Connor, J.,
concurring). Although the Second Circuit has also not ruled on whether a claim of actual
innocence is cognizable on habeas review, see Friedman v. Rehal, 618 F.3d 142, 159 (2d Cir.
2010) (citing Osborne, 557 U.S. at 71, and noting that whether an actual innocence claim is
cognizable is an open question), it has “come close” to granting habeas relief on grounds of

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actual innocence, see DiMattina v. United States, 949 F. Supp. 2d 387, 417 (E.D.N.Y. 2013)
(citing cases).
Assuming, but not deciding, that a freestanding actual innocence claim is cognizable in a
§ 2254 proceeding, the Supreme Court has described the threshold showing of evidence as
“extraordinarily high.” Herrera, 506 U.S. at 417. “The sequence of the Court’s decisions in
Herrara and Schlup—first leaving unresolved the status of freestanding claims and then
establishing the gateway standard—implies at the least that Herrara requires more convincing
proof of innocence than Schlup.” House, 547 U.S. at 555.
Measured against this standard, Avery has fallen short of establishing his actual
innocence. Avery’s claim is based on the purported recantations of Clark and Aleman, which he
contends constitute newly discovered evidence. The Second Circuit has recognized that “due
process is violated if a state leaves in place a criminal conviction after a credible recantation of
material testimony and the recantation would ‘most likely’ have changed the outcome.”
Quezada v. Smith, 624 F.3d 514, 521 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Sanders v. Sullivan, 863 F.2d 218,
222 (2d Cir. 1988)). However, “[i]t is axiomatic that witness recantations ‘must be looked upon
with utmost suspicion.’” Haouari v. United States, 510 F.3d 350, 353 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting
Ortega v. Duncan, 333 F.3d 102, 107 (2d Cir. 2003)). This rule exists because recantations
upset society’s interest in the finality of convictions and are very often unreliable and given for
suspect reasons. Id. The presumption of correctness afforded to state-court findings on federal
habeas review applies to “historical facts, that is, recitals of external events and the credibility of
the witnesses narrating them.” Smith v. Mann, 173 F.3d 73, 76 (2d Cir. 1999). Those findings

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will be overturned if the material facts were not adequately developed by the state court or if the
factual determination is not adequately supported by the record. Id.
In this case, the court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion, and Clark was
questioned at length about his version of the events as well as his prior statements during his plea
allocution and his prior trial testimony. The CPL § 440 court had the opportunity to assess his
credibility and demeanor firsthand and subsequently found Clark’s recantation testimony not
credible and thus rejected it. Likewise, the CPL § 440 court found, and the appellate court
agreed, that Aleman did not recant her trial testimony. As both courts noted, the record indicates
that Aleman’s trial testimony and hearing testimony are consistent as to the critical element that
there were two individuals inside the grocery store at the time of the shooting. Therefore, the
state court fully developed the material facts through the evidentiary hearing, and the record
supports the court’s factual findings. Thus, no basis exists to overturn the state court’s findings
as to either Clark or Aleman’s testimony, and neither of the alleged recantations support a claim
of actual innocence here.
V. CONCLUSION
Avery is not entitled to relief on any ground raised in his Amended Petition.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT the Amended Petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254
for a Writ of Habeas Corpus is DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT the Court declines to issue a Certificate of
Appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 705 (2004) (“To obtain a
certificate of appealability, a prisoner must ‘demonstrat[e] that jurists of reason could disagree
with the district court’s resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the

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issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” (quoting Miller-El,
537 U.S. at 327)). Any further request for a Certificate of Appealability must be addressed to the
Court of Appeals. See FED. R. APP. P. 22(b); 2D CIR. R. 22.1.
The Clerk of the Court is to enter judgment accordingly.
Dated: July 2, 2014.
/s/ James K. Singleton, Jr.
JAMES K. SINGLETON, JR.
Senior United States District Judge

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