Arista Records LLC et al v. Lime Wire LLC et al

Filing 273

REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Support re: 234 MOTION for Permanent Injunction.. Document filed by Capitol Records, Inc., Elektra Entertainment Group, Inc., Interscope Records, Laface Records LLC, Motown Record Company, L.P., Arista Records LLC, Priority Records LLC, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, UMG Recordings, Inc., Virgin Records America, Inc., Warner Bros. Records Inc., Atlantic Recording Corporation, BMG Music. (Klaus, Kelly)

REDACTED VERSION -COMPLETE VERSION FILED UNDER SEAL UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ARISTA RECORDS LLC; ATLANTIC RECORDING CORPORATION; BMG MUSIC; CAPITOL RECORDS, INC.; ELEKTRA ENTERTAINMENT GROUP INC.; INTERSCOPE RECORDS; LAFACE RECORDS LLC; MOTOWN RECORD COMPANY, L.P.; PRIORITY RECORDS LLC; SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, fka SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT; UMG RECORDINGS, INC.; VIRGIN RECORDS AMERICA, INC.; and WARNER BROS. RECORDS INC., Plaintiffs, v. LIME WIRE LLC; LIME GROUP LLC; MARK GORTON; GREG BILDSON; and M.J.G. LIME WIRE FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Defendants. REPLY MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION

06 Civ. 05936 (KMW) ECF CASE

Glenn D. Pomerantz (pro hac vice) Kelly M. Klaus (pro hac vice) Melinda E. LeMoine Jonathan H. Blavin (pro hac vice) Munger, Tolles & Olson, LLP 355 South Grand Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90071 [phone] Attorneys for Plaintiffs June 28, 2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. II. III. A. B. C. IV. A.

THE INJUNCTION MUST REMEDY LIME WIRE'S INTENTIONAL INDUCEMENT OF THE INFRINGEMENT OF ALL OF PLAINTIFFS' WORKS....................................... 1 LIME WIRE'S PLEA FOR A BURDENSOME "NOTICE AND TAKEDOWN" REGIME IGNORES THE BASIS FOR LIME WIRE'S LIABILITY ................................................... 2 THE EBAY FACTORS WEIGH DECISIVELY FOR PLAINTIFFS ................................ 3 Plaintiffs Face Irreparable Harm Absent An Injunction ..................................................... 3 The Injunction Will Serve The Public Interest; Rewarding Lime Wire's Contempt For The Copyright Laws And Supreme Court Precedent Will Not .......................................... 6 The Balance Of Equities Overwhelmingly Favors An Injunction...................................... 7 THE PROPOSED INJUNCTION MEETS THE SPECIFICITY AND NOTICE REQUIREMENTS OF FED. R. CIV. PROC. 65 ............................................................... 7 The Proposed Injunction's Specific Terms Are Necessary To Stop The Continued Irreparable Harm To Plaintiffs' Exclusive Rights .............................................................. 7

V. VI.

LIME WIRE'S "MISUSE" DEFENSE IS NO BAR TO INJUNCTIVE RELIEF ............ 9 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 10

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................... 2 Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 532 F. Supp. 2d 556 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)......................................................................................... 9 Capitol Records, Inc. v. Galindo, 2007 WL 2509711, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2007) ................................................................ 1 Concrete Mach. Co. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, 843 F.2d 600 (1st Cir. 1988)....................................................................................................... 8 DeSilvis v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 97 F. Supp. 2d 459 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)......................................................................................... 10 Johnson & Johnson-Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 285 F. Supp. 2d 389 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)......................................................................................... 9 Kepner-Tregoe, Inc. v. Vroom, 186 F.3d 283 (2d Cir. 1999)........................................................................................................ 4 MGM v. Grokster (Remand), 518 F. Supp. 2d 1197 (C.D. Cal. 2007) ............................................................................. passim MGM v. Grokster, 380 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................................................................... 2 MGM v. Grokster, 545 U.S. 913, 933-35 & n. 10 (2005) ..................................................................................... 3, 5 In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30338, at *22-23 (N.D. Cal. May 17, 2006)......................................... 3 Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 191 F. Supp. 2d 1087, 1102 (N.D. Cal. 2002) ............................................................................. 9 Nat'l Football League v. Primetime 24 Joint Venture, 1999 WL 760130, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 1999).................................................................... 4 Olan Mills, Inc. v. Linn Photo Co., 23 F.3d 1345 (8th Cir. 1994) ...................................................................................................... 1

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Pacific & S. Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490 (11th Cir. 1984) .................................................................................................. 1 Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Carol Publ'g Group, 11 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)........................................................................................... 4 Salinger v. Colting, 2010 WL 1729126, at *11 (2d Cir. Apr. 30, 2010) .................................................................... 6 Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Putnam Berkley Group, Inc., 1994 WL 689058, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 1994) ...................................................................... 8 Triad Sys. Corp. v. Se. Express Co., 64 F.3d 1330 (9th Cir. 1995) ...................................................................................................... 8 Twin Peaks Prod., Inc. v. Publications Int'l, Ltd., 996 F.2d 1366 (2d Cir. 1993)...................................................................................................... 3 UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Green, 2009 WL 1310457, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. May 7, 2009).................................................................... 1 Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 897 F.2d 565 (D.C. Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................... 1

RULES Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 65....................................................................................................................... 7

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TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Berlin Tr.

Transcript from the Deposition of Samuel A. Berlin on March 6, 2008 (attached to Volulme VI of the Declaration of Katherine B. Forrest dated July 18, 2008, and the Declaration of Melinda LeMoine dated June 28, 2010) Exhibits attached to Volume IV of the Declaration of Katherine B. Forrest, dated July 18, 2008 Declaration of Dr. Steven Gribble in Support of Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment, dated July 18, 2008 Transcript from the Deposition of Steven Gribble on June 11, 2008 (attached to Volume VII of the Declaration of Katherine B. Forrest, dated July 18, 2008) Expert Report of Professor Ellis Horowitz, dated April 18, 2008 (attached as Exhibit A to the Declaration of Professor Ellis Horowitz in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for a Permanent Injunction, dated June 4, 2010) Reply Declaration of Professor Ellis Horowitz in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for a Permanent Injunction, dated June 28, 2010 Declaration of Kelly M. Klaus in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Permanent Injunction, filed June 4, 2010 Exhibit 1 attached to the Declaration of Tonia Ouellette Klausner, dated June 21, 2010 Declaration of Melinda E. LeMoine in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Permanent Injunction, filed June 28, 2010 Declaration of Brian G. Mendonca in Support of Defendants' Opposition to Motion for Permanent Injunction, dated June 19, 2010 Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Permanent Injunction, filed June 4, 2010

Ex. 239, 287, 288, 289, 290 Gribble Decl.

Gribble Tr.

Horowitz Report

Horowitz Reply Decl.

Klaus Decl. Klausner Exhibit 1 LeMoine Decl.

Mendonca Decl.

Mot.

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Nicponski Tr.

Transcript from the Deposition of David Nicponski on March 29, 2008 (attached to Volume VII of the Declaration of Katherine B. Forrest, dated July 18, 2008) Defendants Lime Wire LLC, Lime Group LLC, and Mark Gorton's Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Permanent Injunction, dated June 21, 2010 Amended Opinion & Order, filed May 25, 2010 Declaration of John Pavley, dated June 19, 2010 Declaration of Jillian Song in Support of Reply to Plaintiff's Motion for a Permanent Injunction, dated June 28, 2010 Plaintiffs' Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 56.1, dated July 18, 2008

Opp.

Order Pavley Decl. Song Reply Decl.

SUF

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Lime Wire spent most of the last decade designing and distributing software that was intended to cause ­ and that has caused ­ the mass infringement of Plaintiffs' copyrighted works.

Lime Wire insists the Court is powerless to stop it from distributing its infringing tool or to do anything to stop the rampant infringement of thousands upon thousands of Plaintiffs' works through the LimeWire service. Lime Wire is wrong on every count, and its opposition is just further confirmation that Lime Wire will not behave lawfully unless and until the Court orders it to do so. I. THE INJUNCTION MUST REMEDY LIME WIRE'S INTENTIONAL INDUCEMENT OF THE INFRINGEMENT OF ALL OF PLAINTIFFS' WORKS Lime Wire argues the injunction must be limited solely to stopping the infringement of 30 Recordings as to which Plaintiffs, for summary judgment, proved ownership and direct infringement. Lime Wire is wrong. The Court has the full power to enter a permanent injunction where, as here, "liability has been determined adversely to the infringer, there has been a history of continuing infringement and a significant threat of future infringement remains." Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 897 F.2d 565, 568 (D.C. Cir. 1990).1 Lime Wire also ignores the reason summary judgment was resolved based on a subset of Plaintiffs' thousands of copyrighted works: because Judge Lynch directed it. This allowed the Court to "address the basic liability issues that are what the case is about," and to defer burdensome discovery on the full number of works for a damages award until after summary judgment. Klaus Decl., Ex. 11 at 3-4. Lime Wire's inducing conduct is exactly the same for the 30 Recordings as it is for all of Plaintiffs' works. Lime Wire points to no evidence saying, "let's only induce the infringement of these 30 Recordings"; as the evidence made clear, Lime Wire intended to induce

Numerous cases are in accord. See, e.g., Olan Mills, Inc. v. Linn Photo Co., 23 F.3d 1345, 1349 (8th Cir. 1994); Pacific & S. Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490, 1499 n.17 (11th Cir. 1984); UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Green, 2009 WL 1310457, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. May 7, 2009); Capitol Records, Inc. v. Galindo, 2007 WL 2509711, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2007).
1

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indiscriminate infringements of Plaintiffs' works on a massive scale. Plaintiffs do not have to wait for the full extent of damages to be counted before seeking and obtaining an injunction. II. LIME WIRE'S PLEA FOR A BURDENSOME "NOTICE AND TAKEDOWN" REGIME IGNORES THE BASIS FOR LIME WIRE'S LIABILITY As anticipated, Lime Wire argues that Plaintiffs should have to provide it with notice where each particular work of theirs may be found on its system before Lime Wire has any injunctive obligation to stop the infringement. Opp. at 2, 4-5, 18. Given the massive proliferation of infringements that Lime Wire intentionally induced, the "notice-and-takedown" Lime Wire proposes is designed to burden Plaintiffs with an ineffective and inefficient game of "Whac-a-Mole." In secondary liability, "notice-and-takedown" applies only where defendants' knowledge is imputed; it has no application where Defendants intentionally induce infringement. As set forth in our Motion, at 18-21, the opinion Lime Wire relies on, Judge Wilson's injunction in the Grokster remand, was wrong on this issue. Judge Wilson held that notice-andtakedown was mandated by the Ninth Circuit's Napster decision. MGM v. Grokster (Remand), 518 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 1237-39 (C.D. Cal. 2007). The Ninth Circuit required notice-andtakedown because to hold otherwise would impute to Napster knowledge of infringing conduct, even though Napster could be used for some non-infringing purposes. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1020-21, 1027 (9th Cir. 2001). The same court in Grokster likewise held that plaintiffs had to provide notice of specific infringing files, so as not to trench upon non-infringing uses. MGM v. Grokster, 380 F.3d 1154, 1161 (9th Cir. 2004). Lime Wire appeals to the same type of reasoning, arguing that requiring it to stop distributing the software threatens anecdotal instances of claimed non-infringing uses. Opp. at 4-5. The flaw in Lime Wire's argument (as well as Judge Wilson's form of injunction) is that it ignores the Supreme Court's decision in Grokster. The Court made it clear that the defense of "substantial non-infringing uses" ­ the predicate for the "notice-and-takedown" requirement in Napster (and the cases following it) ­ is irrelevant where the defendant's mental state is proved by actual intent rather than imputed knowledge. MGM v. Grokster, -211050927.1

545 U.S. 913 (2005).2 Lime Wire is liable based on its intentional inducement of infringement, not on imputed knowledge. Lime Wire has no defense of "substantial non-infringing uses" to its intentional conduct, nor is notice from Plaintiffs required to trigger Lime Wire's obligations.3 III. THE EBAY FACTORS WEIGH DECISIVELY FOR PLAINTIFFS A. 1. Plaintiffs Face Irreparable Harm Absent An Injunction Lime Wire Will Not Be Able To Pay The Likely Damages Award: Lime Wire

first says that damages will be low because "only thirty works" are in issue. Opp. at 10. Given the Court's holding that Lime Wire intentionally induced the mass infringement of all of Plaintiffs' copyrighted works ­ which total many thousands4 ­ this obviously is makeweight. Lime Wire next contends that the damages range for each infringement for which it is responsible will not reach the $150,000 limit because Lime Wire's conduct was not "willful." Lime Wire is wrong. "Willfulness" means knowledge or reckless disregard of one's conduct constituting infringement. Twin Peaks Prod., Inc. v. Publications Int'l, Ltd., 996 F.2d 1366, 1382 (2d Cir. 1993). The overwhelming evidence of Lime Wire's intentional inducement of mass infringement demonstrates Lime Wire's willfulness. See Grokster (Remand), 518 F. Supp. 2d at 1217. Lime Wire claims it thought its conduct was completely legal prior to June 2005, Judge Patel recognized exactly this point in her post-Grokster opinion. See Mot. at 20-21. Lime Wire claims that Judge Patel said that "`an injunction ... may be narrower than the outer limits of Napster's liability.'" Opp. at 19. That is misleading. The quoted language is from Judge Patel's summary of the Ninth Circuit's Napster decision. In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30338, at *22-23 (N.D. Cal. May 17, 2006). Judge Patel went on to say that Grokster relied on evidence of inducement akin to that which supported her "original, more sweeping Napster injunction," i.e., an injunction without notice-and-takedown. Id. at *30.
2

Judge Wilson's more recent permanent injunction in Fung does not impose the same onerous "notice-and-takedown" as in the Grokster remand. Judge Wilson held that the Fung plaintiffs needed to provide defendants only with a list of titles that plaintiffs in good faith believe they own. Klaus Decl., Ex. 2 at 15-16.
3

Plaintiffs are not limited to seeking damages for the more than 3,000 works identified in the First Amended Complaint. Judge Lynch made it clear (in a transcript from which Lime Wire selectively quotes) that Plaintiffs could add more works in a damages phase. See LeMoine Decl., Ex. 2 at 25:13-26:17 (12/7/07 Hrg. Tr.). Plaintiffs will address this issue more fully in the July 2 briefing but the salient point now is that, however many thousands of works ultimately are the basis for damages, the award against Lime Wire is likely to be enormous.
4

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when the Supreme Court decided Grokster. Opp. at 11. In fact, there is abundant evidence that Lime Wire knew it was inducing mass infringement long before Grokster. See e.g., SUF ¶¶ 150177, 204, 212-222; Order at 31, 34. In any event, it is now June 2010, five years after the Supreme Court decision that Mark Gorton admitted spelled the end of his company's illegal business. Lime Wire clearly spent the intervening half-decade continuing to operate its business illegally. What is more, Lime Wire continues to do so, even after the Court's Summary Judgment Order. As Plaintiffs demonstrated ­ and Lime Wire ignores ­ Lime Wire today is used to upload and download every popular recording as it is released, Mot. at 7, not to mention thousands of others. Lime Wire's continued infringing conduct after summary judgment by definition is willful. See Kepner-Tregoe, Inc. v. Vroom, 186 F.3d 283, 288-89 (2d Cir. 1999).5 2. Plaintiffs' Exclusive Rights To Control The Reproduction And Distribution

Of Their Works Has Been (And Will Continue To Be) Irreparably Damaged By Lime Wire. Lime Wire completely ignores this basis for irreparable harm, even though the continued violation of exclusive rights under copyright law has been recognized in countless cases as warranting injunctive relief. See Grokster (Remand), 518 F. Supp. 2d at 1218-19.6 Far from countering this basis for irreparable harm, Lime Wire admits that it continues to distribute a product that deprives Plaintiffs of their exclusive rights by facilitating the rampant copying and dissemination of Plaintiffs' works. Opp. at 11-12.

Contrary to Lime Wire's contention, the Usenet.com statutory damages award does not provide a benchmark for Lime Wire's liability. Opp. at 11. When the Court determined damages, Usenet.com had long since been shuttered and its corporate owners in bankruptcy. See Mendonca Decl., Ex. A at 3 n.3. Usenet.com's user base never approached the millions of Lime Wire users. At its peak, Usenet.com claimed just over 16,000 subscribers. Id. at 9. Even then, the court set the award level at $7,500. Lime Wire, which is larger and more profitable that Usenet.com, and which induced far more infringements, likely faces a far higher award.
5

See also Nat'l Football League v. Primetime 24 Joint Venture, 1999 WL 760130, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 1999); Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Carol Publ'g Group, 11 F. Supp. 2d 329, 338 (S.D.N.Y. 1998). -411050927.1

6

Lime Wire cannot so easily wash away its responsibility for the consequences of its intentional conduct. The Grokster defendants likewise claimed they had changed their inducing ways, but the courts rejected this gambit. As Grokster's author put it at oral argument: JUSTICE SOUTER: I don't ... understand how you can separate the past from the present in that fashion. One, I suppose, could say, "Well, I'm going to make inducing remarks Monday through Thursday, and I'm going to stop, Thursday night." The sales of the product on Friday are still going to be sales which are the result of the inducing remarks Monday through Wednesday. LeMoine Decl., Ex. 3 at 30. This point was carried through in the Court's opinion, which confirms that "inducement liability goes beyond" particular instances of infringing conduct, and a defendant is "culpable" for "distribution of the tool intended for infringing use." Grokster, 545 U.S. at 940 n.13. Lime Wire remains liable for infringing conduct through the software it intended to be used for infringement. As Judge Wilson put it in the Grokster (Remand) Order: "The bell simply cannot be unrung." 518 F. Supp. 2d at 1234-35. What is more, Lime Wire's Opposition reveals it has not stopped the conduct that the Court found constituted inducement. The Court relied extensively on Defendants' failure to "utilize existing technology to create meaningful barriers against infringement." Order at 40.

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3.

Lime Wire Continues To Disregard The Law. Lime Wire's only response to

this showing of irreparable harm is that users already expected to be able to copy sound recordings for free by the time Lime Wire came on the scene. Opp. at 13. That is absurd and ignores not only that Lime Wire actively contributed to such contempt for copyright, but did so for years after a Supreme Court decision that made clear Lime Wire was behaving illegally. B. The Injunction Will Serve The Public Interest; Rewarding Lime Wire's Contempt For The Copyright Laws And Supreme Court Precedent Will Not

Injunctions that protect copyrights further the public interest. See Salinger v. Colting, 2010 WL 1729126, at *11 (2d Cir. Apr. 30, 2010) ("the public's interest may well be already accounted for by the plaintiff's interest"). Denying an injunction would reward Lime Wire for its disregard of established law; that does not serve the public interest. Lime Wire asserts the injunction will deprive the public of being able to use its client software to obtain non-infringing content. Opp. at 6, 13. Not true. Every non-infringing work Lime Wire says is available with its software is generally available with an ordinary web browser. Song Reply Decl. ¶¶ 3-6. The proposed injunction will not deprive the public of access to any of these materials.

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C.

The Balance Of Equities Overwhelmingly Favors An Injunction

Lime Wire's argument on this factor rests primarily on the specious proposition that "there are only thirty works at issue." Opp. at 14. As already demonstrated, Lime Wire was found liable for intentionally inducing mass infringement of all of Plaintiffs' works. The continuing infringement of those works through software that Lime Wire built and distributed with intent to achieve that illicit end tilts the equitable balance decisively in Plaintiffs' favor.

IV.

THE PROPOSED INJUNCTION MEETS THE SPECIFICITY AND NOTICE REQUIREMENTS OF FED. R. CIV. PROC. 65 A. The Proposed Injunction's Specific Terms Are Necessary To Stop The Continued Irreparable Harm To Plaintiffs' Exclusive Rights

Lime Wire's complaints about the purported vagueness and overbreadth of the Proposed Injunction's terms are meritless. The Proposed Injunction requires Lime Wire only to do what is necessary to stop the continued infringement of Plaintiffs' copyrights: (1) stop distributing new copies of the LimeWire Client until it incorporates an effective, verified filtering mechanism; (2) use "all technologically possible means" to stop infringement through the existing installed software versions; and (3) report back to the Court and to Plaintiffs on its progress. There is nothing vague about these requirements, each of which is aimed at correcting Lime Wire's past inducement. Lime Wire's complaints to the contrary are baseless.

8

Lime Wire's litany of complaints about the Proposed Injunction are addressed point by point in Plaintiffs' Response to Defendants' "Revised" Injunction, attached as Exhibit 1 to the LeMoine Declaration. -7-

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V.

LIME WIRE'S "MISUSE" DEFENSE IS NO BAR TO INJUNCTIVE RELIEF Lime Wire's last-ditch appeal to a defense of copyright misuse as a bar to the injunction,

Opp. at 23-25, fails for numerous reasons. First, as Judge Lynch noted, misuse is not even established as a defense in the Second Circuit. Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 532 F. Supp. 2d 556, 584 n.37 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). Second, even where it is recognized, misuse "is rarely a defense to injunctive relief." In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 191 F. Supp. 2d 1087, 1102 (N.D. Cal. 2002). Even where it is a defense to liability, misuse must be raised in opposition to

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summary judgment; Lime Wire did not do that, and has waived the argument now. Even if some defendant somewhere could assert misuse to resist injunctive relief, Lime Wire cannot do so in this case. Back in 2008, Lime Wire claimed it could press the same misuse theory now featured in its opposition. Compare Opp. at 24-25 with LeMoine Decl., Exs. 4-5.

Judge Lynch made it clear that this could not be the basis for a defense if, as has happened, the Court adjudicated Lime Wire to be operating an illegal business. And Lime Wire agreed: THE COURT: What you are saying, though, is that assuming that you are found to be engaging in massive illegality, you will be retroactively legalized and they will be deprived of their copyrights because they took actions on the assumption that you were doing something illegal which turns out to be exactly right? MR. BAKER: I agree that if the Court rules that we are illegal, the misuse defense, however you want to call it, whether it's the license agreements or the Imus issue or anything else, those all get shoved aside. LeMoine Decl., Ex. 6 at 4-5 (emphasis added). Lime Wire is bound by this concession. DeSilvis v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 97 F. Supp. 2d 459, 463 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). VI. CONCLUSION Plaintiffs respectfully ask the Court to enter the Proposed Permanent Injunction. Dated: June 28, 2010 Respectfully submitted __________/s/ Kelly M. Klaus Kelly M. Klaus Attorney for Plaintiffs Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP 355 South Grand Avenue, 35th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90071-1560 [phone]; [phone] (Fax)

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