The Authors Guild, Inc. et al v. Hathitrust et al
Filing
118
DECLARATION of James Fruchterman in Support re: 74 MOTION for Summary Judgment.. Document filed by National Federation of the Blind. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Exhibit A - Curriculum Vitae of James Fruchterman)(Bernstein, Robert)
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
THE AUTHORS GUILD, INC., et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Case No. 11-cv-6351(HB)
v.
HATHITRUST, et al.,
Defendants.
DECLARATION OF JAMES FRUCHTERMAN
IN SUPPORT OF MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I, James Fruchterman, do hereby declare that:
Background and Qualifications
1. I am over eighteen years old and am competent to make this declaration.
2. I have attached here as Exhibit A a current version of my curriculum vitae.
3. Currently, I serve as Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Benetech®, a non-profit
dedicated to creating new technology solutions that serve humanity and empower people to
improve their lives.
4.
In 1980 I earned a B.S. in Engineering and an M.S. in Applied Physics from California
Institute of Technology.
5. I co-founded Calera Recognition Systems in 1982. Calera developed optical character
recognition (OCR) technology that allowed computers to read virtually all printed text.
6. In 1989, I founded Arkenstone, a nonprofit social enterprise, that produced reading
machines for the disabled community based on the Calera technology. The Arkenstone product
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line was sold in 2000 and the resulting capital funded the next phase of Arkenstone under its new
name, Benetech. I have been the CEO of Benetech/Arkenstone since 1989.
7. I have served on three U.S. federal government advisory committees for disability issues:
the Section 255 Telecommunications Access Advisory Committee, the Section 508 Electronic
Information and Technology Access Advisory Committee, and the Advisory Commission on
Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities.
8. I have received numerous other awards and recognition for my work making print
materials accessible to the blind and print disabled. In 2006 I received a MacArthur Fellowship.
I was named an Outstanding Social Entrepreneur in 2003 by the Schwab Foundation and have
regularly participated in the World Economic Forum Annual Meetings in Davos, Switzerland.
Benetech received the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship under my leadership. I also
received the Robert F. Bray Award from the American Council of the Blind, and the American
Library Association’s Francis Joseph Campbell Award in recognition of my successful efforts to
make literary works more accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired.
Opinions
9. Having reviewed Daniel Clancy’s description of the Google Books project and the
HathiTrust website, it is my opinion that the HathiTrust provides the best opportunity blind
students will ever have to access a comprehensive digital library of university collections.
10. Based on my experience with the Bookshare® online library for people with print
disabilities, I believe that there is no economically feasible way to digitize the print book
collections of university libraries for use by people with print disabilities except through a
cooperative project such as the one involving Google and its partner libraries, now members of
the HathiTrust. There are no other resources available to devote to creating such a collection of
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infrequently used, old, or out-of-print academic books. Although there is a small demand for
accessible copies of some of these books, it cannot sustain a viable market that would offset the
cost of creating these copies.
11. In addition, because commercial academic publishers have been the least willing to
provide digital files to Bookshare, it is my opinion that academic works in born-digital formats
will become available to people with print disabilities much more slowly than trade publishing
titles.
Facts Relied Upon
12. One of Benetech’s primary programs is Bookshare, an online library which provides
people with print disabilities in the United States access to more than 150,000 books and 150
periodicals that can be converted to braille, large print or synthetic speech. Originally created by
a community of volunteers, Bookshare is a subscription-based service operated by Benetech.
Bookshare has the capacity to create 2,000-3,000 accessible digital books per month.
13. Bookshare texts and periodicals are organized in collections by subject area, just as they
would be in a physical library. Members can search by title, author and subject. The virtual
bookshelves at Bookshare feature a wide assortment of reading material including a broad
collection of children’s literature, titles from the New York Times bestseller list, and an array of
textbooks. Bookshare staff and volunteers take pride in making sure that the library includes
bestsellers such as the Harry Potter books which become available on Bookshare just hours after
they are released to the public. If a particular book is not yet available in the Bookshare library,
Members can submit the title to a wish list for volunteers to scan and upload to the library.
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14. Bookshare’s digital texts allow readers with print disabilities to easily navigate to specific
pages or search for keywords, making them much more usable than audio books on tape or other
media.
15. Bookshare works with state education agencies and schools to deliver digital books to
students in a timely manner. The library partners with authors and publishers who contribute
digital content with global permissions to make books available to print disabled readers
worldwide. These partnerships allow Bookshare to deliver the best quality content possible at the
lowest cost. The Bookshare library also makes extensive use of K-12 textbook files provided by
publishers using the National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS), to create
high quality student-ready materials in digital audio, large print or Braille.
16. The vast majority of new books in the Bookshare collection now come directly from
publishers in digital formats such as XML. Close to 200 publishers share these digital files with
Bookshare. To make these books accessible can be done automatically in a few minutes.
Unfortunately, however, the books that are available in XML formats are heavily weighted to
trade books, including genre fiction, New York Times best sellers, romance novels, science
fiction, mysteries, political commentary, religious books, and other books with mass-market
appeal. They also typically include books published in the last ten years, since e-books have
become widely available. Publishers also have focused on digitizing only that part of their
backlist they think can sell enough books to justify the effort. In general, only those books
published in the last ten years.
17. For books that are not available in digital formats directly from the publishers, Bookshare
obtains the books in physical form and will chop, scan, OCR (optical character recognition) and
proofread them to make accessible copies. Bookshare used to do this for any books sent to it by
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members with disabilities, but Bookshare does not currently have the resources to do this kind of
labor-intensive work for books that are not directly used in the classroom, because of the
priorities of our funders.
18.
REDACTED
- CONFIDENTIAL
ATTORNEYS' EYES ONLY
19. Bookshare has shifted its energy and resources in recent years to forming agreements
with publishers to receive born-digital copies of their materials.
20. We get requests from university students and scholars to scan print books for their
research, but we are not able to fulfill these requests because we do not have the resources to
scan their books. We will only process requests for students in accredited programs in the United
States who are working toward degrees, and currently only then if the books requested are
assigned or required classroom reading. We do not have the capacity to make university library
books more generally accessible because they are rarely assigned and we do not have the
capacity to honor requests for digitization of books that a student or scholar wants to use as
background research for a research paper or article.
21. The largest part of Bookshare’s budget comes from the United States Department of
Education, which funds Bookshare’s efforts to create accessible copies books for students with
print disabilities, with the highest priority on K-12 textbooks.
22. To add accessibility features to digital files received from publishers or to scan and add
accessibility features to print works, Bookshare uses combination of volunteers, internal staff,
and paid outsourcers.
23. Bookshare’s average cost of creating an accessible book is roughly $40 per book. This
average cost includes the proofreading for scanned books and creating the metadata for all
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books, including those that provided to us in digital form. Our overall average cost per book is
much lower than our average cost for a scanned textbook, because of the large numbers of digital
books provided by publishers in high quality formats with structure (like sections, chapters,
subsections, tables of contents and the like) already included. Our average cost for a making the
text and structure of a scanned textbook accessible is over $400 per book.
24. Even once Bookshare has a scanned copy of a book, the cost of making it accessible
varies enormously based on the complexity of the layout of the books. We need to proofread the
text to ensure it is correct and books that have headers, footers, footnotes or other graphic
features that change the reading order of the page must be tagged and properly structured to
make them understandable and functional for a blind person using screen access software.
Lastly, books that have images that are important for educational purposes should have image
descriptions added, something that we don’t have the budget to create for any but the most
widely used K-12 textbooks.
25. Bookshare divides books into six levels based on their complexity. Level 1 books have
no headers, footers, or pictures. Level 2 books have headers or footers and low-level formatting,
such as chapters. Level 3 includes books that have images, footnotes, or line breaks, including
children’s chapter books, plays, and poems. Level 4 books have many images or charts, resource
listings like bibliographies, insets, many foreign language words. Level 4 includes textbooks
that are mainly text but have chapters. Level 5 books have complex layouts, including text in
margins or text printed on image backgrounds. Level 6 includes the most complicated books,
such as math or science texts, cookbooks or dictionaries.
26. The cost of making the text and structure of a scanned book for Bookshare varies by the
complexity level. Level 1 books typically cost less than $50 per book to make accessible. Level
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