Ross v. Transport Workers Union Of Greater New York, AFL-CIO et al
Filing
73
OPINION AND ORDER re: 56 MOTION for Summary Judgment in favor of Defendants, Local 100 Transport Workers Union of Greater New York, AFL-CIO, John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeauz, John Day and Peter Rosconi filed by Angel Gibyeaux, Peter Rasconi, Local 100 Transport Workers Union Of Greater New York, AFL-CIO, John Day, John Samuelson. For all of the reasons set forth above, the Local 100 Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close the motion (Doc. 56) and the case. (Signed by Judge Shira A. Scheindlin on 12/11/2013) (rsh)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
-------------------------------------------------------)(
THOMAS ROSS,
Plaintiff,
OPINION AND ORDER
- againstTRANSPORT WORKERS UNION OF
GREATER NEW YORK, AFL-CIO;
LOCAL 100 TRANSPORT WORKERS
UNION OF GREATER NEW YORK, AFL
CIO; ROGER TOUSSAINT, PRESIDENT
TRANSPORT WORKERS UNION; NEFF
GONZALEZ, UNION SUPERVISOR;
PETER ROSCONI, UNION CHAIRMAN;
ROD BAILEY, UNION VICE PRESIDENT;
JOHN PROVETTO, OPERATIONS
MANAGER NEW YORK BUS; NAIM
AHMED, UNION CHAIRMAN; TERRY
O'CONNOR, NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT
and PATRICK TATE, MTA BUS, JOHN
DAY, UNION VICE PRESIDENT; JOHN
SAMUELSEN, UNION PRESIDENT;
ANGEL GIBOYEAU)(, ASSISTANT VICE
PRESIDENT, TWU, LOCAL 100,
11 Civ. 9185 (SAS)
Defendants.
-------------------------------------------------------)(
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, U.S.D.J.:
I.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Thomas Ross brings this xtion against Transport Workers
Union Local 100 (''Local I ~O'') and the named individual Local I 00 employees
John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeaux, John Day and Peter Rosconi, (the "Individual
Defendants") (collectively wi th Local 100, the "Local 100 Defendants") claiming
that all of those defendants acting together and individually acted in violation of
the Collective Bargaining Agreement of the Transport Workers Union ("the
Agreement"). I The case was also brought against certain individual Metropolitan
Transit Authority Bus employees, John Provetto, Terry O'Connor, and Patrick
Tate, (collectively, the "MTA Bus Defendants") alleging that those individuals
acting together, violated the Agreement. On February 20, 2013, the parties
stipulated to a partial dismissal of all claims against the MTA Bus Defendants.
Ross seeks to recover compensation for both lost earnings and emotional pain and
suffering. 2 The Local 100 Defendants now move for summary judgment on Ross's
claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. For the reasons stated
below, the motion is granted.
II.
BACKGROUND 3
The case was also brought against the named individual Local 100
employees Roger Toussaint, Neff Gonzalez, and Nairn Ahmed but on May 10,
2013, the parties stipulated to a partial dismissal of all claims against those
individuals.
2
See Complaint,-r 45.
The facts recited below are drawn from the pleadings, the parties'
Local Civil Rule 56.1 Statements, the affidavits submitted in connection with this
motion, and the exhibits attached thereto. These facts are undisputed unless
3
-2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ "i:,;c;;"
Ross was employed by New York Bus from November 2002 until
June 2005 when the Metropolitan Transit Authority ("MTA") took over New York
Bus service and became the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bus Company
("MTA Bus").4 Because Ross lacked seniority, he was not included in the group of
two hundred drivers offered employment by MTA Bus following the merger, but
was told that he would receive a letter notifying him when he could return to
work. 5 While an employee at New York Bus, Ross was a member of Local 100,
but his membership ceased when his employment at New York Bus terminated in
June 2005. 6
Ross received a letter dated December 8, 2005 from MTA Bus
notifying him of a vacancy in the bus operator position and offering him an
opportunity to be considered for the position. 7 However, because the bus drivers
were on strike at that time, Ross believed the letter would not be honored and did
otherwise noted.
See Plaintiff's Statement Pursuant to Local Rule 56.1 in Response to
Defendants' Statement of Facts ("PI. 56.1") ~~ 6-7.
4
5
See id. ~ 9.
6
See id. ~ 8.
7
See id. ~ 13.
-3
not respond. 8 On June 17, 2006, Ross spoke by phone with Patrick Tate, then the
Eastchester Depot General Manager of MTA Bus, and was infonned that if he
wanted his job back he should bring the letter to the Eastchester Depot the
following Monday morning. During his rreeting with Tate that Monday, Ross
completed applications and was told that he would receive a letter regarding the
status of his application in a week. 9 After a few weeks when Ross did not hear
anything, he phoned Local 100 Supervisor Neff Gonzalez and was told by
Gonzalez that his application was rejected due to eight violations concerning
driving accidents. to
Ross returned to the Eastchester Depot to dispute these violations with
Tate, who listed the incidents from an index card in a folder but did not show Ross
the incident reports. After their meeting, Tate offered Ross an application to
reapply but Ross declined as he had already submitted an application to MTA
BUS. II Ross had submitted this application to MTA Bus in July 2006. 12
8
See id.
9
See 8/7/13 Affidavit of Plaintiff ("PI. Aff.") ~~ 4-5.
10
See id. ~ 8.
II
See id.
~
~
14.
10.
See PI. 56.1 ~ 18. In September 2008, Ross received a letter offering
him employment to start training for the position of a bus operator in response to
12
-4
A couple of weeks later, Ross returned to the Eastchester Depot and
met with Peter Rosconi and Peter Danacola, Local 100 chairmen. After Ross
explained to the chairmen what had happened, Danacola told Ross that he would
look into the matter. Ross called the next day to get an update and Danacola
informed him that there was nothing that he could do.13 Ross then wrote to Local
100 President Richard Toussaint 14 and called Vice-President Rod Bailey.ls He did
not receive a response from either. 16
In September 2009, Ross accepted a position as a newly-hired
employee with MTA Bus. After completing his one-year probation with MTA
Bus, Ross again became a dues-paying member ofLocal100 on September 29,
2010.17 Ross then sought assistance from John Day, the newly-elected Local 100
Vice-President, concerning reinstating his seniority. IS
his July 2006 application.
13
See id. ,-r 20.
14
See id. ,-r 24.
IS
See PI. Aff. mr 12-13.
16
See id. ,-r 16.
17
See PI. 56.1 ,-r,-r 26-27.
18
See id. ,-r 28.
-5
Ross brought this a::tion in New York State Court on December 2,
2011. In response, the Local 100 Defendants asserted that an action alleging
breach of the collective bargaining agreement is one in which the federal court has
original jurisdiction under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act
("LMRA,,).19 The case was removed to this Court on December 15,2011.
On July 19, 2013, the Local 100 Defendants filed the instant motion
for summary judgment arguing that Ross lacks standing as he was not a member of
the bargaining unit when the relevant events occurred, that the claim against the
Individual Defendants is prohibited by law, and that the claim is time-barred. 20
III.
LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate "only where, construing all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and drawing all reasonable
inferences in that party's favor, there is 'no genuine issue as to any material fact
and ... the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ",21 "A genuine
19
29 U.S.C. § 185(a).
See Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants' TWU Local 100,
John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeaux, John Day and Peter Rosconi's Motion for
Summary Judgment ("Def. Mem.") at 1.
20
Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg '[ Transp. Auth., 702 F.3d 685, 693
(2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)) (some quotation marks omitted).
21
-6
dispute exists if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
for the nonmoving party. A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the
suit. ,,22
"The moving party bears the burden of establishing the absence of any
genuine issue of material fact."23 To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the
non-moving party must show more than '''some metaphysical doubt as to the
material facts, ",24 and '''may not rely on conc1usory allegations or unsubstantiated
speculation. ",25
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, "[t]he role of the court is
not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether there are any factual
issues to be tried.,,26 "'Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence,
Finn v. New York State Office ofMental Health-Rockland Psychiatric
Ctr., 489 Fed. App'x 513, 514 (2d Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted).
22
Zalaski v. City ofBridgeport Police Dep 't, 613 F.3d 336, 340 (2d Gr.
2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)).
23
Gorzynski v. JetBlueAirways Corp., 596 F.3d 93,101 (2d Qr. 2010)
(quoting Matsushita El«:. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586
(1986)).
24
Robinson v. AllstateIns. Co., 508 Fed. App'x 7,9 (2d Cir. 2013)
(quoting Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Qr. 1998)).
25
Cuffex rei. B.C. v. Valley Cent. School Dist., 677 F.3d 109,119 (2d
Cir. 20 12) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
26
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and the drawing oflegitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those
of a judge. ",27
IV.
APPLICABLE LAW
A.
Duty of Fair Representation
"Under New York law, a union member has no cause of action
against his union for breach of a collective bargaining agreement between his
employer and his union.,,28 Rather, a plaintiff who has a claim arising out of the
performance of duties under the collective bargaining agreement is left with the
sole remedy of breach of the duty of fair representation. 29 To establish a claim
against a union for breach of its duty of fair representation, a plaintiff must allege
facts that show: (1) the union's actions were arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad
faith, and (2) some "'causal connection between the union's wrongful conduct and
their injuries. ",30
Redd v. New York Div. OfParole, 678 F.3d 166, 174 (2d Or. 2012)
(quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc, 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000)).
27
Ifill v. New York State Court Officers Ass 'n, 655 F. Supp. 2d 382, 393
(S.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing Herington v. Civil Servo Employees Ass 'n, Inc., 516
N.Y.S.2d 377,378 (1987)).
28
29
See id.
Vaughn v. Air Line Pilots Ass 'n, Int'l, 604 F.3d 703, 708 (2d Or.
2010) (quoting Spdlacy v. Airline Pilots Ass'n Int'!, 156 F.3d 120,126 (2d Or.
30
-8
'" A union has broad discretion in its decision whether and how to
pursue an employee's grievance against an employer. ",31 "'A union's actions are
arbitrary only if, in light of the factual and legal landscape at the time of the
union's actions, the union's behavior is so far outside of a wide range of
reasonableness as to be irrational. ",32 A finding of bad faith requires that the
union acted with "fraud, deceitful action or dishonest conduct."33 "'The duty of
fair representation is not breached where the union fails to process a meritless
grievance, engages in mere negligent conduct, or fails to process a grievance due
to error in evaluating the merits of the grievance. ",34
B.
Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act
A "hybrid" section 301 claim, "is one in which the employee has a
cause of action against both the employer and the union. The claim against the
1998)).
31
Castro v. 32BJ Union, 800 F. Supp. 2d 586,593 (S.D.N.Y. 2011).
Vaughn, 604 F.3d at 709 (quoting Air LineAss 'n, Int'l. v. O'Neill, 499
U.S. 65, 67 (1991)).
32
Dennis v. Local 804, No. 07 Civ. 9754, 2009 WL 1473484, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. May 27, 2009).
33
Owens v. N.Y.c. Dept. ofSan itation , No. 11 Ov. 8297,2013 WL
150245, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 15,2013) (quoting (}uz v. Local Union No.3 ofInt'l
Broth.ofElec. Workers, 34 F.3d 1148, 1153-54 (2d Or. 1994)).
34
-9
employer is that it violated the collective bargaining agreement. The claim against
the union is that the union did not properly represent the employee in pressing the
grievance against the employer.,,35 "The law is clear that regardless of who is
named as a defendant, a hybrid claim is presented if an employee has a cause of
action against both the employer and the union, where the two claims are
inextricably linked, and where the case to be proved is the same against both.,,36
Thus, any breach of contract claim that arises out of a collective bargaining
agreement is governed by section 301. 37
Section 301 (a) of the LMRA provides in relevant part that "suits for
violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization ... may be
brought in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the parties,
without respect to the amount in controversy or without regard to the citizenship
of the parties."38 The LMRA does not however confer federal jurisdiction over
Chaney v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., No. 09 Civ. 7593, 2010 WL
2541369, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 23,2010) (citing McKee v. Transco Products, Inc.,
874 F.2d 83,86 (2d Gr. 1989)).
35
36
Id.
37
See id. at *2.
38
29 U.S.C. § 185.
-10
labor disputes among states, their employees, and the unions who represent them. 39
Thus, a plaintiff seeking to bring a hybrid claim must show that (1) he works for
an "employer" that is not a "political subdivision of the State" and that (2) he
participates in a "labor organization" that deals with that employer. 40 The plaintiff
must then also prove both (1) that the employer breached a collective bargaining
agreement, and (2) that the union breached its duty of fair representation. 41
"Political subdivisions" within the meaning of the LMRA are
"entities that are either (1) created directly by the state, so as to constitute
departments or administrative arms of the government, or (2) administered by
individuals who are responsible to public officials or to the general electorate."42
The Second Circuit has held that the lVITA is a "political subdivision" of the State
of New York within the meaning of the LMRA.43 Accordingly, MTA Bus
See Baumgart v. Stony Brook Children's Services, P. e., 249 Fed.
App'x 851, 852 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing 29 U.S.c. § 152(2)).
39
40
See id.
See White v. White Rose Food, a Div. ofDiGiorgio Corp., 128 F.3d
110, 113 (2d Cir. 1997).
41
Baumgart v. Stony Brook Children's Services, P.e., No. 03 Civ. 5526,
2005 WL 2179429, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 5,2005), aff'd, 249 Fed. App'x 851 (2d
Cir. 2007) (citing 29 U,S.c. § 152(2)).
42
See Rose v. Long Island R.R. Pension Plan, 828 F.2d 910, 917 (2d
Cir. 1987) (citing 29 U.S.c. § 1002(32)).
43
-11
Company, a subsidiary of the MTA, is also a political subdivision. 44
C.
Statute of Limitations
In New York, "the statute of limitations on a claim for breach of the
duty of fair representation is four months from the date the employee knew or
should have known that the breach has occurred, or four months from the date the
employee suffers actual harm, whichever is later.,,45 The statute of limitations for a
hybrid section 301 claim is six months from the date the unlawful labor practice
occurred. 46 "'A breach of duty by the union is apparent to the member at the time
s(he) learns of the union action or inaction about which s(he) complains. ",47
"'Mere ignorance of the law is, of course, insufficient to delay the accrual of the
statute of limitations. ",48
D.
Individual Liability Under Section 301 of the LMRA
See Dixion v. New York City Transit Auth., 24 Misc. 3d 1227(A) (Sup.
Ct. N.Y. Co. 2009).
44
45
Ifill, 655 F. Supp. 2d at 394 (citing N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 2l7(2)(a)).
46
See id.
Cohen v. Flushing Hosp. and Mffiical Ctr., 68 F .3d 64, 68 (2d ar.
1995) (quoting Demchikv. General Motors Corp., 821 F.2d 102,105 (2d Qr.
1987)).
47
Jackson v. New York City Transit Auth., No. 05 avo 1763, 2005 WL
2664527, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 19,2005) (quoting Ormiston v. Nelson, 117 F.3d
69, 72 (2d Cir. 1997)).
48
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"It is well established that union officers and employees are not
individually liable to third parties for acts performed as representatives of the
union.,,49 The Supreme Court has held that section 30 I of the LMRA prohibits
suits against individual union members and ret1ects Congressional intent to shield
these individuals from liability.50 This Court has subsequently held that union
members and agents are immune from suit. 51
v.
DISCUSSION
A.
Ross Fails to Allege Breach of the Duty of Fair Representation
The Local 100 Defendants move for summary judgment on Ross's
breach of contract claim. They argue that Ross's claim must be denied as a matter
of law because a union member cannot sue his union for a breach of the collective
Ifill, 655 F. Supp. 2d at 394 (citing Duane Reade, Inc. v. Local 338
Retail, Wholesale Dep 't Store Union, 777 N.Y.S.2d 231,237 (Sup. Q. Co. 2003).
49
See Waterman v. Transport Workers' Union Local 100, 8 F. Supp. 2d
363,370 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (citing Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Reis, 451 U.S.
401,407-408 (1981 )).
50
See Madden v. International Ass 'n ofHeat and Frost Insulators and
Asbestos Workers, 889 F. Supp. 707, 713 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (disnissing action
against individual union officers); Bonilla v. Bevona, No. 91 Civ. 3008, 1993 WL
497961, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 1, 1993) (president of union cannot be held
responsible in his individual capacity for acts of union representative); Duncan v.
AT&TCommc'ns, Inc., 668 F. Supp. 232 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (disnissing action
against union pre)idents in their individual capacities).
51
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bargaining agreement between a union and an employer. 52 The Local 100
Defendants further argue that Ross's sole remedy is for breach of the duty of fair
representation.53 Ross does not deny that his claim is indeed against the Local 100
Defendants for breach of contract. 54 He further contends that his contract claims
may be interpreted as a common law contract violation and a violation of the
collective bargaining agreement. 55
In his complaint, Ross fails to allege that the Local 100 Defendants
breached their duty of fair representation. Nor does Ross allege any facts that
suggest that the Local 100 Defendants acted in an arbitrary, discriminatory, or bad
faith manner. Furthermore, in his opposition to theLocal 100 Defendants' motion,
Ross states only that "there can be no doubt that a common law contractual action
can be maintained" and a "fair representation claim which can be derived and
understood from the contractual claims."56 This type of circulatory and conclusory
52
See Def. Mem. at 7.
53
See id.
See Plaintiffs Memorandum of Law in Support of Denial of
Defendants' TWU Local 100, John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeaux, John Day and
Pete Rosconi's Motion for Summary Judgment ("PI. Mem."), at 10.
54
55
56
See id.
Id.
-14
argument lacks sufficient facts as to how the Local 100 Defendants failed to
represent Ross. In essence, Ross's claim is that "the Union did not fulfill its
contractual obligation to correct the plaintiffs loss of income situation."s7 Ross
claims that the Local 100 Defendants should have conducted an investigation and
filed a grievance as Ross had requested. 58 At the time that Ross asked Danacola to
look into the matter, Danacola complied and told Ross that there was nothing he
could do for him 59 This alone does not suggest that the Local 100 Defendants'
conduct was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith. Mere negligence in the
processing of a grievance does not amount to arbitrariness or bad faith.60 In short,
Ross has failed to submit evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the
Local 100 Defendants breached their duty of fair representation. Accordingly, as a
union member has no cause of action against his union for breach of a collective
bargaining agreement between his employer and his union, the breach of contract
57
Complaint ,-r 45.
58
See PI. Aff. ,-r 20.
59
See Complaint ,-r 25.
See Gonzalez v. Airborne Express, Inc., No. 02 Civ. 3369,2006 WL
229913 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 31,2006) (holding tha even if the union was negligent in
investigating an incident, union cannot be liable for breach of its duty of fair
representation and tactical decisions regarding how the union investigated
plaintiffs grievance are not arbitrary or in bad faith).
60
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claim fails as a matter of law.
B.
Section 301 of the LMRA
The Local 100 Defendants argue that if the Court allows the claim to
survive it must be treated as one based on section 301 of the LMRA, and that that
claim must fail as well.61 Although Ross did not bring such a claim, he argues in
his opposing rremorandum of law that the Local 100 Defendants' contention "may
not be SO,,62 and that he has both a "common law contractual claim" and a "fair
representation claim derived and understood from the contractual claims."63 Ross
also argues that although the employer was dismissed from the case, its conduct is
still at issue. 64
The Second Circuit has made clear that a suit in which an employee
alleges an employer has breached the collective bargaining agreement and that the
union has breached its duty of fair representation by failing to enforce the
collective bargaining agreement is not governed by breach of contract principles,
61
See Def. Mem. at 7.
62
See PI. Mem. at 10.
63
See id.
64
See id.
-16
but rather by section 301 oftheLMRA.65 However, this claim also fails as a
matter of law as Ross neither alleges nor puts forth specific facts to infer that this is
a claim for breach of the duty of fair representation or a hybrid claim.
However, even if Ross had stated a hybrid claim under section 301, he
lacks standing to bring such a claim. The Second Circuit has established that an
essential component of a hybrid claim is that the plaintiff must show that he works
for an "employer" that is not a "political subdivision of the State.,,66 Because MTA
Bus, a subsidiary ofMTA, is a political subdivision of the State of New York, Ross
may not sue under section 301.67
c.
Statute of Limitations
The Local 100 Defendants argue that Ross was aware that Local 100
was not handling his alleged grievance in a satisfactory manner as early as October
27,2006, when he wrote a letter to Local 100 President in response to being told
65
See Chaney, 20 I 0 WL 2541369, at *3.
66
See Baumgart, 249 Fed. App'x at 2.
67
The Local 100 Defendants also argue that Ross lacks standing because
he was not a member of Local 100 at the relevant time. Ross states that when he
spoke to the union officials seeking assistance he was a member of Local 100.
Because Ross lacks standing as MTA Bus is a political subdivision of the State, it
is unnecessary to determine whether Ross was a member of Local 100 at the time
of the relevant events.
-17
by Danacola that there was nothing Local 100 could do about the situation. 68 Ross
does not dispute when the breach occurred but argues that he did not know of the
breach until he was informed by his counsel. 69
Ross misinterprets the discovery rule. The statute of limitations in
fact began to accrue when Ross learned of Local I OO's inaction on his grievance
i.e. the breach - not when he learned that he had a possible cause of action. Ross's
claim arising from the duty of fair representation accrued in October 2006 when he
knew or should have known that his grievance was not being properly handled.
Thus, Ross's claim for both breach of the duty of fair representation and the hybrid
section 301 claim are time-barred because they were brought more than five years
after the alleged breach.
D.
Defendants John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeaux, John Day, and
Peter Rosconi
In his Complaint, Ross names John Samuelsen, Angel Giboyeaux,
John Day, and Peter Rosconi as individual defendants and includes their job titles.
The Individual Defendants argue that at all times the union officials were acting as
representatives of Local 100 and that Ross's claims against them must be
68
See Def. Mem. at 11.
69
See PI. Mem. at 12.
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dismissed. 70 Because there is no individualliability under section 301, Ross's
claim against Samuelsen, Giboyeaux, Day, and Rosconi in their individual
capacities is dismissed.
VI.
CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons set forth above, the Local 100 Defendants'
motion for summary judgment is granted. The Clerk of the Court is directed to
close the motion (Doc. 56) and the case.
Dated: New York, New York
December 11,2013
70
See Def. Mem. at 12.
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- Appearances
For Plaintiff:
Andrew J. Schatkin, Esq.
Law Offices of Andrew J. Schatkin
350 Jericho Turnpike
Jericho, NY 11753
(516) 932-8120
Email: schatkin@yahoo.com
For Defendants:
Alicia Margaret Shotwell, Esq.
Colleran, O'Hara & Mills LLP
1225 Franklin Avenue, Suite 450
Garden City, NY 11530
(516) 248-5757
Email: ams@cohnmlaw.com
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