KDW Restructuring & Liquidation Services LLC v. Harley Greenfield et al
Filing
30
OPINION AND ORDER: re: 15 MOTION to Dismiss. filed by Rami Abada, Kevin Mattler, Leslie Falchook, 17 MOTION to Dismiss. filed by Harley Greenfield, Edward B. Seidner, 20 MOTION to Dismiss Complaint. MOTION to Stay Discovery. file d by Kevin L. Coyle, Mark J. Berman, Edward G. Bohn. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants Mattlers, Falchooks, Seidners, and Abadas motions to dismiss are granted in full. Greenfields motion is denied. Defendants Bermans, Bohns, and Coyles motions a re denied in part and granted in part: the breach of the duty of loyalty claim is dismissed, the claim of breach of the duty to act in good faith survives. Any amended Complaint must be filed within twenty-one (21) days of the date of this order. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close these motions (Docket Nos. 15, 17, and 20). A conference is scheduled for June 25, at 4:30 p.m. in Courtroom 15C. (Signed by Judge Shira A. Scheindlin on 6/11/2012) (jfe)
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...
USDCSDNY
-DOCUMENT
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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. ELECntO; ~lCALLY FIl;ED :
)(
'C .
DO
It.
DATE FILED:
KDW RESTRUCTURING &
LIQUIDATION SERVICES LLC, as
Trustee of the Jennifer Convertibles
Litigation Trust,
I'
OPINION AND ORDER
12 Civ. 258
Plaintiff,
- againstHARLEY GREENFIELD, EDWARD G.
BOHN, KEVIN L. COYLE, RAMI
ABADA, MARK J. BERMAN, EDWARD
B. SEIDNER, KEVIN MATTLER, and
LESLIE FALCHOOK,
Defendants.
----------------------------------------------------
)(
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, U.S.D.J.:
I.
INTRODUCTION
KDW Restructuring & Liquidation Services LLC, trustee of the
litigation trust held on behalf of debtor Jennifer Convertibles, Inc. ("Jennifer"),
brings this action to recover losses stemming from 2009 transactions between
Jennifer and Jara Enterprises, Inc. ("Jara"). Defendants include members of
Jennifer's 2009 Board of Directors (Greenfield, Bohn, Coyle, Abada, and Berman);
and Jennifer's corporate officers (Seidner, Mattler, and Falchook). All defendants
1
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now move to dismiss plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim. For the reasons
stated below, the motions of Mattler, Falchook, Seidner and Abada are granted,
while the motion of Greenfield is denied. The motions of Bohn, Coyle, and
Berman are granted in part and denied in part.
II.
BACKGROUND
A.
The Directors and Officers of Jennifer and Jara
Jennifer, a Delaware corporation, is the largest sofa bed and leather
specialty retailer in the United States.1 Jara is a private company that operates
under Jennifer’s brand name.2 Greenfield, Seidner, and Fred Love founded
Jennifer and Jara.3 Upon Love’s death, Jane Love, Greenfield’s sister and Love’s
widow, became Jara’s President and was the controlling shareholder of Jara during
2009.4 Greenfield and Seidner owned shares in Jara prior to 2009, but had sold
them to Love.5 Abada, Falchook, and Mattler had been employees of Jara prior to
1
See Complaint ¶ 10, KDW Restructuring & Liquidation Services LLC
v. Greenfield, et al., No. 10-13779 (ALG) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2011).
2
See 11/23/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes (“11/23/09 Bd. Min.”),
Ex. A10 to Declaration of Nicole Gueron, counsel for defendants, in support of
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Complaint (“Gueron Dec.”).
3
See Complaint ¶¶ 22–23.
4
See id. ¶¶ 26–27.
5
See id. ¶ 25.
2
2009.6
Greenfield, Bohn, Coyle, Abada, and Berman comprised Jennifer’s
Board of Directors in 2009.7 Greenfield remains Jennifer’s Chief Executive
Officer.8 Abada remains Jennifer’s President.9 Seidner, though often present at
Jennifer’s board meetings,10 is not a board member, but an Executive Vice
President.11 Falchook and Mattler are Vice Presidents of Jennifer who were never
present at board meetings during 2009.12
B.
1995 SEC Investigation
In 1995, the SEC commenced a formal investigation into Jennifer’s
business.13 This investigation was accompanied by several class action and
derivative suits against Jennifer’s directors, which resulted in several settlement
6
See id. ¶ 29.
7
See id. ¶¶ 13–17.
8
See id. ¶ 13.
9
See id. ¶ 14.
10
See, e.g., 11/23/09 Bd. Min.
11
See Complaint ¶ 18.
12
See id. ¶¶ 19–20.
13
See id. ¶ 31.
3
agreements in 2005.14 These agreements required a “restructuring” of the
relationship between Jennifer and Jara, and the creation of a “monitoring
committee” to scrutinize the dealings between the two companies.15 Other
agreements stipulated a price for merchandise, created a warehousing fee, and
required Jara to contribute a minimum of $150,000 per month to cover advertising
costs.16
C.
Financial Difficulties
In early 2009, Jennifer was experiencing financial difficulties —
expected revenue increases had not materialized.17 Jara was also experiencing
financial difficulties and was indebted to Jennifer.18 Jennifer’s board allowed Jara
to continue to accumulate debt and created an “allowance for debt” of $3,167,000
for a thirteen-week period ending November 28, 2009.19
D.
The 2009 Transactions
14
See id.
15
See id.
16
See id. ¶ 32.
17
See 02/17/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes, Ex. A2 to Gueron
18
See Complaint ¶ 38.
19
See id. ¶¶ 41, 43.
Dec.
4
In a three-day meeting, beginning on November 23, it was agreed by
the members of the Board, with the exception of Abada, that Jara would begin to
function as an agent of Jennifer, taking a thirty-five percent commission.20 Jara
defaulted on this agreement.21 Abada sought the expertise of an investment firm,
TM Capital, regarding a Jara acquisition.22 TM Capital indicated that an
acquisition of Jara would add only “marginally” to Jennifer’s marketability.23
Abada expressed his concern regarding the limited potential of an acquisition, most
notably in an email prior to the November 23 meeting.24 He also expressed
concerns regarding Greenfield’s presence in Jara-focused meetings, and was
informed by the company’s counsel that Greenfield should refrain from voting.25
Greenfield recused himself on some occasions when Jara was discussed,26 but
20
See 11/23/09 Bd. Min.
21
See Complaint ¶ 47.
22
See 5/12/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes, Ex. A7 to Gueron Dec.
23
See 6/8/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes (“6/8/09 Bd. Min.”), Ex.
A8 to Gueron Dec.
24
See 11/25/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes (“11/25/09 Bd. Min.”),
Ex. A12 to Gueron Dec.
25
See 11/23/09 Bd. Min.
26
See, e.g., 5/11/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes, Ex. A9 to Gueron
Dec.
5
remained in the November 23 meeting without voting.27 However, Greenfield did
vote to continue to ship products to Jara on one occasion.28 Greenfield also spoke
with Jara’s representative on behalf of the Board,29 and expressed his consent to the
final 2009 transaction, although he did not vote.30
On December 31, 2009, Jennifer acquired Jara’s business assets,
paying $635,000 for Jara’s inventory.31 This final agreement relieved Jara of its
obligation to pay $301,000 due under the previous agreement,32 and permanently
relieved Jara of $4,000,000 in prior obligations.33 All directors approved this
agreement.34 However, Abada expressed consistent reservations about any deal
27
See 11/23/09 Bd. Min.
28
See 12/18/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes (“12/18/09 Bd. Min.”),
Ex. A15 to Gueron Dec.
29
See 12/14/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes, Ex. A14 to Gueron
Dec.
30
See 12/26/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes (“12/26/09 Bd. Min.”),
Ex. A16 to Gueron Dec.
31
See Complaint ¶ 49.
32
See id. ¶ 50.
33
See id. ¶ 51.
34
See 1/31/09 Jennifer Board Meeting Minutes, Ex. A18 to Gueron Dec.
6
with Jara,35 and approved the final deal reluctantly.36
Jara provided no financial information prior to the agreements.37 The
2009 transactions caused Jennifer to suffer great financial loss — a net loss of
$11.008 million dollars at the end of the 2009 fiscal year.38 Losses also totaled
$6.8 and $6.4 million in the first and second quarter of 2010, respectively.39
III.
LEGAL STANDARD
A.
Motion to Dismiss
On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, the court must assume “all well-pleaded, nonconclusory factual
allegations in the complaint to be true”40 and “draw all reasonable inferences in the
plaintiff’s favor.”41 On the other hand, “threadbare recitals of the elements of a
35
See, e.g., 11/25/09 Bd. Min.; see also Complaint ¶ 53(c).
36
See 12/26/09 Bd. Min.
37
See Complaint ¶ 52(e).
38
See id. ¶ 59.
39
See id. ¶ 55.
40
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 621 F.3d 111, 124 (2d Cir.
2010) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 678–679 (2009)).
41
Ofori Tenkorang v. American Int’l Group, Inc., 460 F.3d 296, 298 (2d
Cir. 2006).
7
cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”42 To
survive a motion to dismiss, therefore, the allegations in the complaint must meet a
standard of “plausibility.”43 A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”44 Plausibility “is not akin to a
probability requirement,” rather, plausibility requires “more than a sheer possibility
that a defendant has acted unlawfully.”45
The plaintiff in support of her claim may allege “upon information
and belief” facts that are “peculiarly within the possession and control of the
defendant.”46 Conversely, the plaintiff should not allege upon information and
belief matters that are presumptively within her personal knowledge, unless she
rebuts the presumption.47 Such matters include “‘matters of public record or
matters generally known in the community . . . inasmuch as everyone is held to be
42
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted).
43
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 564 (2007). Accord Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678.
44
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted).
45
Id. (quotation marks omitted).
46
Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2010).
47
See Sanders v. Grenadier Realty, Inc., 367 Fed. App’x 173, 177 n.2
(2d Cir. 2010).
8
conversant with them.’”48
B.
Leave to Amend
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that, other than
amendments as a matter of course, “a party may amend [its pleading] only by leave
of court or by written consent of the adverse party.”49 Although “[t]he Court
should freely give leave when justice so requires,”50 it is “within the sound
discretion of the district court to grant or deny leave to amend.”51 When
a motion to dismiss is granted, “[i]t is the usual practice . . . to allow leave to
replead.”52 Where plaintiff inadequately pleads a claim and cannot offer additional
substantive information to cure the deficient pleading, granting leave to replead is
futile.53
48
Id. (quoting 5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal
Practice and Procedure § 1224, at 300–01 (3d ed. 2004)).
49
Slayton v. American Express Co., 460 F.3d 215, 226 n.10 (2d Cir.
2006) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
50
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).
51
McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir.
2007) (citation omitted)
52
Schindler v. French, 232 Fed. App’x 17, 18 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting
Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir.1991)) (quotation
marks omitted).
53
See Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000).
9
IV.
APPLICABLE LAW
A.
Choice of Law
New York courts decide questions relating to corporate internal affairs
“in accordance with the law of the place of incorporation.”54 The internal affairs
doctrine recognizes that “only one State should have the authority to regulate a
corporation's internal affairs [—] matters peculiar to the relationships among or
between the corporation and its current officers, directors, and shareholders [—]
because otherwise a corporation could be faced with conflicting demands.”55
Jennifer is a Delaware corporation;56 therefore, Delaware law governs this breach
of fiduciary duty claim.
B.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Under Delaware law, a breach of fiduciary duty claim has two
54
Scottish Air Int’l, Inc. v. British Caledonian, 81 F.3d 1224, 1234 (2d
Cir. 1996) (citation omitted).
55
Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 645 (1982). Accord
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 302 cmt. e (“Uniform treatment of
directors, officers and shareholders is an important objective which can only be
attained by having the rights and liabilities of those persons with respect to the
corporation governed by a single law.”).
56
See Complaint ¶ 10.
10
elements: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty, and (2) the breach of that duty.57 A
Delaware corporation owes a “triad” of fiduciary duties to its shareholders and the
corporation, composed of the duty of care, the duty of loyalty, and the duty to act
in good faith.58 Corporate directors and officers have identical fiduciary duties.59
However, “Delaware law clearly prescribes that a director who plays no role in the
process of deciding whether to approve a challenged transaction cannot be held
liable on a claim that the board’s decision to approve that transaction was
wrongful.”60
To prove a breach of the duty of care, a plaintiff must demonstrate
gross negligence.61 Gross negligence has a “stringent meaning” in Delaware
57
See Estate of Eller v. Bartron, 31 A.3d 895, 897 (Del. 2011) (citing
Heller v. Kiernan, No. 1484-K, 2002 WL 385545, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 2002)).
58
See In re Fedders N. Am., Inc., 405 B.R. 527, 539 (Bankr. D. Del.
2009) (citing Malone v. Brincat, 722 A.2d 5, 10 (Del. 1998)).
59
See Gantler v. Stephens, 965 A.2d 695, 709 (Del. 2009) (footnote
omitted).
60
In re Bridgeport Holdings, Inc., 388 B.R. 548, 566 (Bankr. D. Del.
2008) (citation omitted) (citing Citron v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 584 A.2d
490, 499 (Del. Ch. 1990)) (finding allegations that an officer who became a
director for a few days after the alleged breaches were insufficient to state a claim).
Accord In re Alloy, Inc., No. 5626–VCP, 2011 WL 4863716, at *8 (Del. Ch. Oct.
13, 2011).
61
See In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 967 A.2d 640, 651 (Del. Ch.
2008) (citing Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812–13 (Del. 1984), overruled on
other grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000)).
11
corporate law, involving “indifference amounting to recklessness.”62 The duty of
loyalty “mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders takes
precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling
shareholder.”63 A duty of loyalty claim must allege that there is a “[misuse of]
power over corporate property or processes in order to benefit [a director] rather
than advance corporate purposes.”64
The duty to act in good faith, a subsidiary duty of the duty of loyalty,65
proscribes conduct that is not disloyal but is “qualitatively more culpable than
gross negligence.”66 The Delaware Supreme Court has identified three examples
62
Zimmerman v. Crothall, No. 6001–VCP, 2012 WL 707238, at *6
(Del. Ch. Mar. 5, 2012) (citing Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. Services, Inc.,
No. Civ.A. 762-N, No. Civ.A. 763-N, 2005 WL 2130607, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 26,
2005)).
63
In re Fedders, 405 B.R. at 540 (citing Cede & Co. v. Technicolor,
Inc., 634 A.2d 345, 361 (Del. 1993)).
64
Dweck v. Nasser, No. 1353–VCL, 2012 WL 161590, at *12 (Del. Ch.
Jan. 18, 2012) (citing Steiner v. Meyerson, No. 13139, 1995 WL 441999, at *2
(Del. Ch. July 19, 1995)). Accord Joyce v. Cuccia, No. 14953, 1997 WL 257448,
at *5 (Del. Ch. May 14, 1997) (citation omitted) (“[P]laintiffs must allege facts
showing that a self-interested transaction occurred, and that the transaction was
unfair to the plaintiffs.”).
65
See In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig., 907 A.2d 693, 754 n.447
(Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d, In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig., 906 A.2d 27 (Del.
2006).
66
In re Walt Disney, 906 A.2d at 66.
12
of bad faith:67 (1) where a fiduciary acts with different purpose to that of
advancing the corporation’s interest;68 (2) where a fiduciary “acts with the intent to
violate applicable positive law”;69 and (3) where a fiduciary demonstrates a
conscious disregard for a known duty.70 Bad faith actions are not limited to these
examples, but these are the “most salient.”71
1.
Section 102(b)(7)
Under section 102(b)(7) of Delaware’s General Corporation Law, a
corporation may include an exculpation clause in its certificate of incorporation.72
Such a clause may shield directors from liability for a breach of the duty of care,
but not for breaches of the duties of loyalty and good faith.73
2.
67
The Business Judgment Rule
See id. at 67.
68
See id.; see also In re Walt Disney, 907 A.2d at 754 (citing Guttman v.
Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506 n.34 (Del. Ch. 2003)) (finding that the reasons for
disloyalty are irrelevant).
69
In re Walt Disney, 906 A.2d at 67.
70
See id.
71
Id. (citation omitted).
72
See Del. Cod. Ann. tit. 8 §102(b)(7) (West 2011).
73
See id. See also In re NYMEX S’holder Litig., No. 3621–VCN, No.
3835–VCN, No. 2009 WL 3206051, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2009); In re Direct
Response Media, Inc., 466 B.R. 626, 650 (Bankr. D. Del. 2012).
13
The business judgment rule is a presumption that, in making business
decisions, “the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith
and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the
company.”74 The burden is on the plaintiffs to rebut this automatic presumption.75
If the presumption is rebutted, the burden shifts to the defendant to demonstrate the
entire fairness of the transaction.76 The business judgment rule prevents a court
from “second-guessing” the rational decisions of directors who have “availed
themselves of all material and reasonably available information.”77
A board’s decision is not shielded where directors are: (1) interested
or lack independence regarding the decision,78 (2) acting in bad faith, (3) lacking a
74
In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Derivative Litig., 964 A.2d 106, 124
(Del. Ch. 2009) (citing Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812, overruled on other grounds,
Brehm, 746 A.2d 244).
75
See id.; see, e.g., In re Tower Air, Inc., 416 F.3d 229, 238 (3d Cir.
2005) (finding that the plaintiff must “plead around” the business judgment rule
presumption).
76
See Zimmerman, 2012 WL 707238, at *5.
77
In re Citigroup, 964 A.2d at 124.
78
A director is interested if she reaps a personal benefit from a
transaction that will not be shared equally with shareholders. See In re Alloy, Inc.,
No. 5626–VCP, 2011 WL 4863716, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 13, 2011) (citing Rales v.
Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 936 (Del. 1993)). A director is interested if she appears
on both sides of the transaction. See Zimmerman, 2012 WL 707238, at *12 (citing
Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 25 n.50 (Del. Ch. 2002)). A director is
independent if her decisions are based upon “corporate merits” and not outside
14
rational purpose for the decision, or (4) grossly negligent (including failing to
consider all available information).79 A showing that a “majority of the board of
directors was [interested] and [lacked] independence would provide sufficient
support for a claim for breach of loyalty to survive a motion to dismiss.”80
However, “notwithstanding approval by a majority of disinterested and
independent directors,” a breach of fiduciary duty claim may exist where a
decision can be explained only by bad faith.81 An individual director’s
“disqualifying self-interest or lack of independence must be material, i.e.,
‘reasonably likely to affect the decision-making process of a reasonable person . . .
.’”82
influences. See In re Alloy, 2011 WL 4863716, at *7 (citing Aronson, 473 A.2d at
816).
79
See In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 967 A.2d at 652 n.42 (citing
Brehm, 746 A.2d at 264 n.66).
80
In re Alloy, 2011 WL 4863716, at *7 (citing In re NYMEX S’holder
Litig., 2009 WL 3206051, at *6).
81
Id. (citing Crescent/Mach I Partners, L.P. v. Turner, 846 A.2d 963,
981 (Del. Ch. 2000)). Accord Parnes v. Bally Entm’t Corp., 722 A.2d 1243, 1246
n.12 (Del. 1999) (finding that an entire board had failed to exercise good faith
where a majority of the board members were found to be independent).
82
In re Alloy, 2011 WL 4863716, at *7 (quoting Cede & Co., 634 A.2d
at 363).
15
V.
DISCUSSION83
The plaintiff has properly pled the existence of three fiduciary duties
owed by all defendants, who are directors or officers of a Delaware corporation —
the duty of care, the duty of loyalty, and the duty to act in good faith.
A.
A Duty of Care Claim Is Barred by the Exculpatory Clause
Jennifer’s certificate of incorporation includes an exculpatory clause,
pursuant to section 102(b)(7) of Delaware’s General Corporate Law.84 The clause
protects directors from liability for breach of fiduciary duty except in cases of
breach of the duty of loyalty, bad faith, knowing violation of the law, or improper
personal benefit, as is appropriate under Delaware law.85 As such, no claim for the
breach of the duty of care can be maintained against any defendant.86
B.
Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith Claims Against Mattler,
83
Defendants also moved to stay discovery. However, since they did
not also move for an expedited decision, the point is moot. The motion is denied,
as I have now ruled on the motions to dismiss.
84
See Certificate of Incorporation, Ex. B to Gueron Dec., at 3;
Defendants Greenfield’s and Seidner’s Memorandum of Law in Support of
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Complaint (“Def. Mem. 1”) at 19.
85
See Def. Mem. at 19.
86
See In re NYMEX S’holder Litig., 2009 WL 3206051, at *6 (finding
that an exculpatory clause in a company’s certificate of incorporation shielded its
directors from liability for breaches of the duty of care). The plaintiffs concede
that the exculpatory clause bars any duty of care claim. See Plaintiff’s
Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion to Dismiss (“Pl. Mem.”) at 12.
16
Falchook, and Seidner Are Not Facially Plausible
The plaintiff argues that non-director officers Mattler, Falchook, and
Seidner are as liable as voting directors because they “implemented” the 2009
transactions.87 The plaintiffs do not provide any support for this conclusory
assertion. Under Delaware law, if an officer could not have voted to prevent the
transaction, they are not liable for breaches arising out of that transaction.88
1.
Claims Against Mattler and Falchook Are Dismissed
Mattler and Falchook are non-director officers at Jennifer,89 who did
not vote to approve any of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.90 They are
mentioned only cursorily in the complaint — in a general claim for damages, a
statement of their positions, an allegation that they had previously been employees
of Jara, and once in the conclusion.91 A claim for breach of the duty of loyalty is
not sufficiently pleaded against them. Aside from their prior employment at Jara,
87
See Pl. Mem. at 7.
88
See In re Bridgeport Holdings, Inc., 388 B.R. at 566 (citing Citron,
584 A.2d at 499) (finding that an officer who became a director temporarily was
not sufficiently involved in a transaction to be held liable for that transaction).
89
See Complaint ¶¶ 19–20.
90
See Defendants Abada’s, Mattler’s, and Falchook’s Memorandum of
Law in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Complaint (“Def. Mem. 2”)
at 11.
91
See Complaint ¶¶ 19–21, 29.
17
they had no material connection to that company in 2009.92 They derived no
personal benefit from the transaction and had no power to misuse. A breach of the
duty to act in good faith claim is also insufficiently pleaded against these two
defendants because they did not approve or recommend the transaction, and,
therefore, could not have acted contrary to the corporation’s interest, the law, or
any known duty.
2.
Claims Against Seidner Are Dismissed
Seidner is a founder of Jara and a former shareholder.93 However, he
has no present connection to Jara, and there is no indication in the complaint that
he received an improper benefit from the transaction. As discussed above, the
plaintiff’s argument that non-voting officers are liable because they “implemented”
the 2009 transactions fails.94 A duty of loyalty claim is insufficiently pleaded. A
duty of good faith claim also fails. Although Seidner sat on the Board on occasion,
he had no power to vote, and, therefore, could not approve or prevent the
transaction.95
92
See id. ¶ 29.
93
See id. ¶¶ 22, 25.
94
See supra Part V.B. See also Pl. Mem. at 7.
95
See Continuing Creditors’ Comm. of Star Telecomm, Inc. v.
Edgecomb, 385 F. Supp. 2d 449, 462 (D. Del. 2004) (citation omitted) (finding that
pleading an officer’s title and dates of service is not sufficient to state a claim).
18
C.
Abada Is Insulated from Liability by the Business Judgment Rule
Abada is a director, but voted against all but the final agreement.96 He
also consistently expressed reservations about transactions with Jara.97 As such,
Abada is protected by the business judgment rule.98 The plaintiffs have not
adequately pled specific facts about Abada to demonstrate that he was interested,
acting in bad faith, lacking a rational purpose, or grossly negligent. Abada is not
an interested party — he derived no unfair personal benefit from the transaction.
His prior employment at Jara does not plausibly demonstrate that he was reaping a
material personal benefit,99 particularly considering that he thought the deal illadvised.100 Neither a bad faith nor duty of loyalty claim against this defendant is
facially plausible. The plaintiffs argue that parties who failed to take affirmative
action are just as liable as Greenfield.101 However, Abada considered available
96
See 12/26/09 Bd. Min.
97
See, e.g., 11/25/09 Bd. Min.; see also Complaint ¶ 53(c).
98
See In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Derivative Litig., 964 A.2d at
126–127 (holding that plaintiffs failed to rebut the business judgment rule where
defendants had monitored risk but still suffered losses).
99
See Continuing Creditors’ Comm. of Star Telecomm, Inc., 385 F.
Supp. 2d at 462 (citation omitted).
100
See, e.g., 11/25/09 Bd. Min.
101
See Pl. Mem. at 18.
19
expert information from TM Capital and submitted this information to his
colleagues.102 As a result, the claims against Abada are dismissed.
D.
Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith Claims Against Greenfield Are
Sufficiently Pleaded
Greenfield complains that because of the collective nature of the
Complaint, the allegations against him are not sufficient to support a claim.
However, there are sufficient specific facts in the Complaint to support claims for
breach of the duty of loyalty and breach of the duty to act in good faith against
Greenfield. Greenfield presses an overly broad interpretation of the business
judgment rule that shields directors whenever a majority of the board is
disinterested.103 This formulation does not take into account the possibility that
certain actions can only be explained by bad faith.104
1.
The Duty of Loyalty
Greenfield was a founder of Jara.105 Greenfield’s sister, Jane Love,
102
See 6/8/09 Bd. Min.
103
See Def. Mem. 1 at 11 (citing Orman, 794 A.2d at 19–21).
104
See Parnes, 722 A.2d at 1246 n.12 (finding that an entire board had
failed to exercise good faith where a majority of the board members were found to
be independent).
105
See Complaint ¶ 22.
20
was the controlling shareholder of Jara during the 2009 transactions.106 He voted
to continue shipping to Jara despite Jara’s delinquency107 and corporate counsel’s
advice that he refrain from voting on Jara-related issues.108 Drawing reasonable
inferences in plaintiff’s favor, as I must, these facts suggest that Greenfield may
have been an interested party, on both sides of the transaction, reaping a personal
benefit.109 As such, plaintiffs have adequately pled that Greenfield is not protected
by the business judgment rule and the breach of the duty of loyalty claim survives.
2.
The Duty to Act in Good Faith
It is also reasonable to infer that Greenfield may have acted in his own
interest when consenting to the 2009 transactions.110 There are sufficient facts to
indicate that Greenfield consciously disregarded his conflict of interest — most
106
See id. ¶¶ 26–27.
107
See 12/18/09 Bd. Min.
108
See 11/23/09 Bd. Min.
109
See Zimmerman, 2012 WL 707238, at *12 (citation omitted) (finding
that a director is interested whenever she stands on both sides of a transaction).
110
See In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 967 A.2d at 652 n.42 (citing
Brehm, 746 A.2d at 264 n.66) (finding that the business judgment rule is rebutted
when a director is interested or acting in bad faith). See also In re Walt Disney,
906 A.2d at 67 (holding that a conscious disregard for a known duty is an example
of bad faith).
21
notably, when he voted to continue shipping inventory to Jara111 — and had a
personal stake in the transaction.112 Moreover, he is not protected by the business
judgment rule, because he is an interested party who may not have acted in
Jennifer’s interest.
E.
Defendants Berman, Bohn, and Coyle
1.
No Breach of the Duty of Loyalty
There are no well-pleaded facts to suggest that Berman, Bohn, and
Coyle, voting directors of Jennifer, were on both sides of the 2009 transactions, or
that they were to receive an improper personal benefit. As such, there is no
legitimate claim for breach of the duty of loyalty against these three defendants.113
Plaintiffs argue that directors who acquiesce to an improper transaction are as
liable as a single disloyal director, relying on Linda Parnes v. Bally Entertainment
Corp.114 However, in that case, the Delaware Supreme Court rested its decision on
the general irrationality of the board’s decision, not the domination of the board’s
111
See 12/18/09 Bd. Min.
112
See Complaint ¶¶ 26–27.
113
See In re Alloy, Inc., 2011 WL 4863716, at *9 (finding that plaintiff
must plead specific allegations of control in order to create reasonable inferences
that directors lack independence).
114
See Pl. Mem. at 14.
22
judgment by one interested party.115
2.
Breach of the Duty to Act in Good Faith
These three defendants are not protected by the business judgement
rule. They are not interested parties, but the well-pleaded facts suggest that they
acted in bad faith.116 These defendants repeatedly transacted with Jara, despite
Jara’s debt,117 their chairman’s conflict of interest,118 and Abada’s and TM
Capital’s warning of minimal benefit.119 Their desire to press this deal indicates a
disregard for the duty to examine all available information — information that was
readily at hand through Abada’s research. Plaintiffs’ reliance on In re Tower Air,
Inc. is appropriate. In that case, plaintiff’s allegations were similarly “explicable
only by bad faith.”120 Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiffs, it is
plausible that these defendants’ actions lacked a rational corporate purpose.
F.
Leave to Amend Is Partially Granted
115
See Parnes, 722 A.2d at 1247.
116
See In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 967 A.2d at 652 n.42 (citing
Brehm, 746 A.2d at 264 n.66) (finding that the business judgment rule is rebutted
when a director acts in bad faith).
117
See Complaint ¶¶ 41, 43.
118
See id. ¶¶ 26–27
119
See 6/8/09 Bd. Min.
120
In re Tower Air, Inc., 416 F.3d at 241.
23
The plaintiffs have requested leave to replead.121 Leave to replead is
granted with respect to the duty of loyalty claim against Berman, Bohn, and Coyle,
and the claims against Abada. Granting leave to replead against Mattler, Falchook,
and Seidner would be futile, because, as non-voting officers, these defendants
cannot be liable for the alleged breach of fiduciary duty.122
VI.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants Mattler’s, Falchook’s,
Seidner’s, and Abada’s motions to dismiss are granted in full. Greenfield’s motion
is denied. Defendants Berman’s, Bohn’s, and Coyle’s motions are denied in part
and granted in part: the breach of the duty of loyalty claim is dismissed, the claim
of breach of the duty to act in good faith survives. Any amended Complaint must
be filed within twenty-one (21) days of the date of this order. The Clerk of the
Court is directed to close these motions (Docket Nos. 15, 17, and 20). A
conference is scheduled for June 25, at 4:30 p.m. in Courtroom 15C.
121
See Pl. Mem. at 18.
122
See Cuoco, 222 F.3d at 112 (holding that repleading is futile when a
complaint is substantively insufficient).
24
Dated:
New York, New York
,2012
June
25
- Appearances -
For Plaintiff:
Clifford A. Katz, Esq.
Platzer, Swergold, Karlin, Levine, Goldberg & Jaslow, LLP
150 East 52nd Street
New York, New York 10022
(212) 592-3000
For Defendants Greenfield and Seidner:
Nicole Gueron, Esq.
Isaac Zaur, Esq.
Clarick Gueron Reisbaum, LLP
40 West 25th Street
New York, New York 10010
(212) 633-4310
For Defendants Bohn, Coyle, and Berman:
Russell M. Yankwitt, Esq.
Yankwitt & McGuire, LLP
140 Grand Street, Suite 501
White Plains, New York 10601
(914) 686-1500
For Defendants Abada, Mattler, and Falchook:
Renee M. Zaytsev, Esq.
Thomas J. Fleming, Esq.
Olshan Grundman Frome Rosenzweig & Wolosky LLP
Park Avenue Tower
65 East 55th Street
New York, New York 10022
(212) 451-2300
26
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