Kavanagh v. Zwilling et al
Filing
36
OPINION AND ORDER re: 9 MOTION to Dismiss the Complaint. MOTION to Seal filed by Catholic New York, Joseph Zwilling, Archdiocese of New York, John Woods. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion is GRANTED, and Plaintiff's C omplaint is dismissed in its entirety. Further, the Court orders that the canonical court decisions shall remain under seal, although in the event of an appeal counsel on appeal may have access to them without further application to the Court. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate Docket Number 9 and to close the case. (Signed by Judge Jesse M. Furman on 2/14/2014) (lmb)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
---------------------------------------------------------------------- X
:
CHARLES M. KAVANAGH,
:
:
Plaintiff,
:
:
-v:
:
JOSEPH ZWILLING, et al.,
:
:
Defendants.
:
:
---------------------------------------------------------------------- X
02/14/2014
12 Civ. 7062 (JMF)
OPINION AND ORDER
JESSE M. FURMAN, District Judge:
Plaintiff Charles Kavanagh is a former Catholic priest who was defrocked after being
found guilty in a secret church trial of the ecclesiastical sin of sexual abuse of a minor. (Compl.
(Docket No. 1) ¶¶ 1, 29, 30). After his conviction, Plaintiff pursued a defamation claim in this
Court against his accuser, Daniel Donohue, which resulted in a settlement pursuant to which
Donohue signed a statement changing one aspect of his prior testimony. Thereafter, the
Archdiocese of New York (the “Archdiocese”) issued a press release acknowledging the change
in Donohue’s account, but stating that Kavanagh had been “found guilty by a Church court of
multiple counts of sexual abuse of a minor” and that the change in Donohue’s testimony had no
“bearing on the court’s ruling, or on its penalty that Mr. Kavanagh be removed from the
priesthood and returned to the lay state.” (Compl., Ex. 1). The press release was printed in full
in the Archdiocese’s newspaper, Catholic New York (“CNY”). (Compl., Ex. 2, at 2).
In this suit, Kavanagh brings libel claims against the Archdiocese and its Director of
Communications, Joseph Zwilling, as well as CNY and its Editor-in-Chief, John Woods, alleging
that the press release defamed him by falsely suggesting that he was found guilty of multiple
counts of sexual abuse, by falsely implying that he was found guilty in a civil court, and by
falsely leading people to believe that he had been convicted of abusing more than one minor.
Pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Defendants now
move to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety. Their principal argument is that adjudicating
Kavanagh’s claims would require the Court or a jury to “interpret canonical procedure,
standards, and decisions; assess church law and doctrine; examine and assess the evidence
presented in the prior canonical proceedings; and thereby impermissibly entangle itself in matters
of the ecclesiastical hiring and firing of a church’s ministers, all of which would violate the
religious liberty clauses to the First Amendment.” (Mem. Law Supp. Defs.’ Mot. To Dismiss
Compl. and Mot. To Seal (Docket No. 11) (“Defs.’ Mem.”) 3). The Court agrees that proceeding
with Plaintiff’s primary claim would violate the First Amendment. For that reason, and for the
other reasons discussed below, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED.
BACKGROUND
The following facts, which are taken from the Complaint and documents it references, are
construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. See, e.g., Aurecchione v. Schoolman Transp.
Sys., Inc., 426 F.3d 635, 638 (2d Cir. 2005). 1
Kavanagh, now a resident of Florida, was an ordained Catholic priest in New York.
(Compl. ¶ 1). In May 2002, Donohue contacted Edward Cardinal Egan — then the Archbishop
of New York — and claimed that, over twenty years earlier, he had been sexually abused by
1
As discussed below, see infra note 7, it is somewhat unclear whether Defendants’ First
Amendment argument is properly considered under Rule 12(b)(1) (in which case, the Court may
rely on evidence outside the pleadings and inferences would not be drawn in Plaintiff’s favor,
see, e.g., Morrison v. Nat’l Austl. Bank Ltd., 547 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2008), aff’d on other
grounds, 130 S. Ct. 2869 (2010)) or Rule 12(b)(6) (in which case, the Court would be limited to
the Complaint and documents referenced in it and would be required to draw all inferences in
Plaintiff’s favor, see, e.g., Holmes v. Grubman, 568 F.3d 329, 335 (2d Cir. 2009)). In this case,
the Court’s analysis and conclusion would be the same under either Rule. Accordingly, out of an
abundance of caution, the Court will apply the more Plaintiff-friendly standards of Rule 12(b)(6).
2
Kavanagh while he was a student at Cathedral Preparatory Seminary (“Cathedral Prep”), where
Kavanagh had been a teacher. (Compl. ¶¶ 9, 11). Donohue cited two incidents: one when
Kavanagh had “jumped on him and rubbed his face on Donohue”; and one when Kavanagh,
wearing only underwear, got into bed with Donohue and rubbed up against him. (Compl. ¶ 10).
According to Donohue’s original account, the latter incident occurred on a school field trip to a
Right to Life March in Washington, D.C. during his senior year in high school. (Id.). Kavanagh
denied that he had ever sexually abused Donohue or anyone else. (Compl. ¶ 13).
Shortly after Donohue’s informal complaint, Cardinal Egan ordered Kavanagh to vacate
his residence at St. Raymond’s Church and told him that he was prohibited from acting as a
priest in light of the accusation. (Compl. ¶ 11). The Archdiocese also informed the media of
Kavanagh’s suspension. (Id.). According to Kavanagh, that was the first time the Archdiocese
had ever made a public announcement regarding a sexual abuse accusation against a priest. (Id.).
Between May 25, 2002, and December 2010, the press published “multiple” stories regarding the
accusations against Kavanagh. (Compl. ¶ 14).
In August 2003, Cardinal Egan told Kavanagh that he was recommending that Kavanagh
be permanently removed from the priesthood. (Compl. ¶ 16). Cardinal Egan asked Kavanagh to
consent to such removal, but Kavanagh refused and indicated he would contest any attempt to
remove him. (Id.). Sometime thereafter, the Archdiocese referred Kavanagh’s case to the
Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, in Rome. (Compl. ¶¶ 17, 20). (Kavanagh alleges that,
after the case was referred to the Vatican, Cardinal Egan “attempt[ed] to prejudice the
Congregation” by writing a letter to William Cardinal Levada, its prefect, “claiming that
[Kavanagh] was ‘abusing’ him[,] i.e.[,] Cardinal Egan.” (Compl. ¶ 20).) In January 2006, the
Congregation denied Cardinal Egan’s request to summarily defrock Kavanagh, and instead
3
called for a secret, canonical trial to take place in Erie, Pennsylvania. (Compl. ¶ 21). 2
The canonical trial began in November 2006. (Compl. ¶ 22). 3 Three priests served as
judges. (Compl. ¶ 24). Allegedly, neither Kavanagh nor his attorney was allowed to review the
evidence against him before the trial began. (Id.). Witnesses swore an oath to tell the truth; they
also took a vow of secrecy on pain of excommunication. (Compl. ¶¶ 24-25). At trial, there was
conflicting evidence about whether Donohue had attended the Right to Life March while he was
in high school: Donohue himself testified that he had, while other students and teachers testified
that no students from Cathedral Prep had attended the rally. (Compl. ¶¶ 25-26). One of
Donohue’s classmates at Cathedral College testified that he and Donohue, accompanied by
Kavanagh, had attended a Right to Life March during his and Donohue’s sophomore year of
college. (Compl. ¶ 27). Kavanagh sought to use this evidence to show that whatever events
might have taken place occurred while Donohue was an adult. (See id.).
The canonical court issued its opinion, totaling thirty-six pages, on November 12, 2008.
(Compl. ¶ 29). Its findings are heavily disputed and at the heart of this motion. According to the
Complaint, the canonical court credited Donohue’s testimony that he had attended the Right to
Life March with Kavanagh while he was in high school, and found Kavanagh guilty of “one
count” of sexual abuse of a minor. (Compl. ¶ 30). Defendants vigorously contest this
characterization of court’s decision, however, claiming that Kavanagh was found guilty of
“multiple counts, or ‘delicts’ of sexual abuse of a minor under the age of sixteen,” in violation of
2
In this Opinion, the term “canon” (and its derivatives) refers to the body of Catholic
ecclesiastical law governing internal church proceedings.
3
The trial was preceded by the issuance of a libellus, a type of charging document used by
the Catholic Church under canonical law. (Compl. ¶ 22). Although not relevant to the present
motion, the libellus included allegations made by another former student of Kavanagh’s at
Cathedral Prep. (Id.). According to the Complaint, that other accuser was discredited, and the
Church court did not find Kavanagh guilty of abusing him. (Compl. ¶¶ 22, 29).
4
the Sixth Commandment. 4 (Defs.’ Mem. 7; see also Welch Decl. ¶ 7). In either case, the
canonical court decreed that Kavanagh should be removed as a priest. Kavanagh appealed to a
reviewing church court comprised of another three priests, which, in September 2010, affirmed
in a secret opinion totaling thirteen pages, and Kavanagh was defrocked. (Compl. ¶¶ 30, 32). 5
During the canonical court proceedings, Donohue’s statements about when the trip to the
Right to Life March occurred were published in various media outlets, including The New York
Post and The Journal News. (Compl. ¶ 31). On March 26, 2011, almost eight months after the
appellate decision affirming his conviction and removal, Kavanagh filed suit in this Court against
Donohue for defamation, on the grounds that Donohue’s statements about when the trip occurred
were false. (Compl. ¶ 33). On April 26, 2012, the Honorable Michael Hogan of the United
States District Court for the District of Oregon mediated the dispute. (Compl. ¶ 34). As a result
of that mediation, Donohue admitted that the trip to Washington had not occurred while he was
in high school, and he signed a statement to that effect. (Id.; Compl., Ex. 5).
Three days later, in an apparent attempt to have himself reinstated to the clergy,
Kavanagh wrote a “private letter” to Timothy Cardinal Dolan — Cardinal Egan’s successor —
informing him of Donohue’s signed statement and offering the Archdiocese “a chance to be the
first to announce [Donohue’s] significant retraction.” (Comp. ¶ 35). Suffice it to say that
Kavanagh’s letter did not have its intended effect; instead, the Archdiocese issued the press
release that is subject of this lawsuit. (Compl. ¶ 36). That release, which appeared in the May 3,
2012 edition of CNY and was signed by Defendant Zwilling, read in full as follows:
4
A “delict” is a crime under canon law. The Sixth Commandment of the Decalogue reads:
“You shall not commit adultery.” Exodus 20:14 (New Revised Standard Version).
5
As discussed below, both canonical court decisions have been placed under seal in this
proceeding. The trial court’s decision is cited herein as “Decision.”
5
It has come to the attention of the Archdiocese that the victim in
the Charles Kavanagh case has changed one of his claims,
specifically concerning an overnight trip to Washington, D.C.,
during the victim’s senior year of high school.
It should be noted that Mr. Kavanagh was found guilty by a
Church court of multiple counts of sexual abuse of a minor, and
that this particular trip to Washington was not the basis for the
court’s decision. Changing this one fact will not have any bearing
on the court’s ruling, or on its penalty that Mr. Kavanagh be
removed from the priesthood and returned to the lay state.
We have shared this statement with the victim in the case, who has
agreed to its release, as well as with Mr. Kavanagh’s attorneys.
(Compl., Ex. 2, at 2 (emphasis added); accord Compl., Ex. 1).
On September 19, 2012, Kavanagh filed the Complaint in this case (Docket No. 1),
asserting claims of libel per se, libel per se by implication, and libel per quod. (Compl. ¶¶ 5466). 6 Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint on November 9, 2012 (Docket No. 9), and the
Honorable Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum — to whom this case was previously assigned — held
oral argument on the motion on December 6, 2012 (Docket Entry, Minute Entry, Dec. 6, 2012).
The case was transferred to the undersigned on November 21, 2013. (Docket Entry, Notice of
Case Reassignment, Nov. 21, 2013).
6
The Complaint includes separate claims of defamation per se, defamation per se by
implication, and defamation per quod. (Compl. ¶¶ 41-53). As libel is a species of defamation,
see, e.g., Church of Scientology Int’l v. Behar, 238 F.3d 168, 173 (2d Cir. 2001), these claims are
duplicative of Plaintiff’s libel claims and not addressed separately. The Complaint also includes
a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, but Plaintiff withdrew that claim at oral
argument. (Docket No. 18, at 5:11-21). Accordingly, it no longer remains in the case. See, e.g.,
Hoepker v. Kruger, 200 F. Supp. 2d 340, 344 n.4, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
6
APPLICABLE LAW
A. Rule 12(b)
As noted, Defendants’ motion is brought pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). “A
case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) when the
district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate it.” Makarova v. United
States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000). “When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction or for failure to state a cause of action, a court must accept as true all
material factual allegations in the complaint.” Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d
129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998). The plaintiff, however, “bear[s] the burden of showing by a
preponderance of the evidence that subject matter jurisdiction exists . . . and that showing is not
made by drawing from the pleadings inferences favorable to the party asserting it.” APWU v.
Potter, 343 F.3d 619, 623 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, a court
“may consider affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings to resolve the jurisdictional
issue.” J.S. ex rel. N.S. v. Attica Cent. Schs., 386 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 2004).
By contrast, a Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint and requires
a court to determine whether the facts alleged in the complaint are sufficient to show that the
plaintiff has a plausible claim for relief. See, e.g., Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
When ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must accept the complaint’s factual allegations
as true, drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. See, e.g., Holmes, 568 F.3d at
335. To defeat the motion, however, the plaintiff must plead sufficient facts “to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A
claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
7
at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 7
B. Defamation
“The law of defamation serves to protect an individual’s right to one’s reputation.”
Idema v. Wager, 120 F. Supp. 2d 361, 365 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). Under New York law — which the
parties agree applies in this case (see Defs.’ Mem. 11 n.8; Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. To
Dismiss Compl. and Mot. To Seal 7) — a plaintiff must plead and prove the following five
elements to prevail on a libel claim: “1) a written defamatory statement of fact concerning the
plaintiff; 2) publication to a third party; 3) fault (either negligence or actual malice depending on
the status of the libeled party); 4) falsity of the defamatory statement; and 5) special damages or
per se actionability ([i.e., that the statement is] defamatory on its face).” Celle v. Filipino
Reporter Enters. Inc., 209 F.3d 163, 176 (2d Cir. 2000). “Whether particular words are
defamatory presents a legal question to be resolved by the court in the first instance.” Aronson v.
Wiersma, 65 N.Y.2d 592, 593 (1985).
As noted above, Plaintiff brings three types of defamation claims: per se libel, which is
7
It is somewhat unclear whether the First Amendment serves as jurisdictional bar or an
affirmative defense to claims that require courts to review ecclesiastical decisions. Most district
courts to consider the question have treated it as jurisdictional. See Klagsbrun v. Va’ad
Harabonim of Greater Monsey, 53 F. Supp. 2d 732, 733-34 (D.N.J. 1999) (converting a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to a Rule 12(b)(1) motion); accord Hartwig v. Albertus Magnus Coll., 93 F.
Supp. 2d 200, 218-19 (D. Conn. 2000) (Droney, J.) (citing Klagsbrun); Yaggie v. Ind.-Ky. Synod
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Am., 860 F. Supp. 1194, 1198 (W.D. Ky. 1994) (“[T]hese
circumstances dictate our lack of jurisdiction over the matter.”); see also Watson v. Jones, 80
U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 733 (1872) (stating that “civil courts exercise no jurisdiction” over a matter
that is “strictly and purely ecclesiastical in its character”). In Hosanna-Tabor v. Evangelical
Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 132 S. Ct. 694, 709
n.4 (2012), however, the Supreme Court clarified that the related — but distinct — “ministerial
exception” is not jurisdictional but rather an affirmative defense cognizable under Rule 12(b)(6),
and its broad language could be read to suggest that Defendants’ argument here goes to the
merits rather than to the Court’s jurisdiction. In any event, the distinction has no practical import
in this case. Whether the alleged defect in the Complaint is jurisdictional or not, Plaintiff’s
claims fail, and the doctrinal analysis would be the same under either approach.
8
actionable on its face; per quod libel, which is actionable despite its apparent truth in light of
extrinsic facts known to the audience; and libel by implication, in which the false statement is
contained not in the statement’s literal wording but rather its innuendo. See, e.g., Idema, 120 F.
Supp. 2d at 368 (discussing per quod libel); Matherson v. Marchello, 473 N.Y.S.2d 998, 1002
n.3 (2d Dep’t 1984) (same); Biro v. Condé Nast, 883 F. Supp. 2d 441, 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)
(discussing defamation by implication); Armstrong v. Simon & Schuster, 85 N.Y.2d 373, 380-81
(1995) (same). 8 For libel per quod, there is an additional requirement that the plaintiff plead
“special damages” — that is, actual harm. Idema, 120 F. Supp. 2d at 368. And for libel by
implication, courts generally require an “especially rigorous showing that (1) the language may
be reasonably read to impart the false innuendo, and (2) the author intends or endorses the
inference.” Biro, 883 F. Supp. 2d at 466 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Rappaport
v. VV Publ’g Corp., 618 N.Y.S.2d 746, 748 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1994).
Significantly, given that a plaintiff must prove falsity to prevail in any libel action —
whether per se, per quod, or by implication — truth is an absolute defense. See, e.g., Meloff v.
N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 240 F.3d 138, 146 (2d Cir. 2001); Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So.2d
1098, 1108 (Fla. 2008); Lewis v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of the U.S., 389 N.W.2d 876,
889 (Minn. 1986); Matovcik v. Times Beacon Record Newspapers, 849 N.Y.S.2d 75, 78 (2d
Dep’t 2007). (In the case of libel per quod and libel by implication, however, the truth of the
statement standing alone is not necessarily a sufficient defense, as libel by implication “is
premised not on direct statements but on false suggestions, impressions and implications arising
8
According to the Second Department, it is unclear whether there even is a separate cause
of action for libel per quod in New York. See Matherson, 473 N.Y.S.2d at 1002 n.3; accord
Jewell v. NYP Holdings, Inc., 23 F. Supp. 2d 348, 397 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (describing “the state of
‘disarray’ surrounding whether New York has adopted the per se/per quod distinction” (quoting
Robert D. Sack & Sandra S. Baron, Libel, Slander, and Related Problems 141-46 (2d ed.
1994))). The Court need not address that issue here.
9
from otherwise truthful statements,” Armstrong, 85 N.Y.2d at 380-81 (emphasis added), and libel
per quod “encompass[es] libel in which the defamatory import can only be ascertained by
reference to facts not set forth in the publication,” Matherson, 473 N.Y.S.2d at 1002 n.3
(emphasis added).) “Even substantial truth” — determined from the perspective “of the average
reader” — “will preclude a finding of libel.” Meloff, 240 F.3d at 146 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Matovcik, 849 N.Y.S.2d at 78 (noting that, in determining the truth or falsity
of a statement, “minor inaccuracies are acceptable”).
DISCUSSION
A. Plaintiff’s Per Se Libel Claim Is Barred by the First Amendment
As noted, Defendants’ principal argument is that judicial determination of whether
Plaintiff’s claims are valid would “impermissibly entangle” the Court in questions of
“ecclesiastical hiring and firing of a church’s ministers,” “canonical procedure, standards, and
decisions,” and “church law and doctrine.” (Defs.’ Mem. 3). This argument draws on a long
line of Supreme Court cases holding that the First Amendment precludes judicial review of a
claim that requires “a searching . . . inquiry into church [doctrine]” and prohibits courts from
deciding “religious dispute[s,] the resolution of which . . . is for ecclesiastical and not civil
tribunals.” Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 709, 723 (1976); see
also Jones v. Wolf, 443 U.S. 595, 603 (1979); Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of
Manila, 280 U.S. 1, 16-17 (1929); Watson, 80 U.S. at 726, 733. These cases stand for the
proposition that “civil courts may resolve . . . secular issues that arise with respect to a religious
entity, but only when inquiry ‘into religious law and polity’ is not required.” Ram v. Lal, 906 F.
Supp. 2d 59, 69-70 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Milivojevich, 426 U.S. at 709). Stated as a rule of
exclusion: “[C]ivil courts may not entertain claims that in effect require religious determinations
10
that are ecclesiastical, regardless of the nature of the underlying dispute.” Id. at 70. 9
Although the Supreme Court has never applied these principles to a claim of defamation,
several lower federal courts and state courts have done so. See, e.g., Hutchison v. Thomas, 789
F.2d 392, 396 (6th Cir. 1986); Hartwig, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 218-19; Klagsbrun, 53 F. Supp. 2d at
739-42; Yaggie, 860 F. Supp. at 1199; Farley v. Wis. Evangelical Lutheran Synod, 821 F. Supp.
1286, 1288-90 (D. Minn. 1993); Downs v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Balt., 111 Md. App.
616, 625 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996); Black v. Snyder, 471 N.W.2d 715, 720 (Minn. Ct. App.
1991); McManus v. Taylor, 521 So. 2d 449, 451 (La. Ct. App. 1988). As these courts have made
clear, the First Amendment does not categorically bar defamation claims brought against
religious institutions. See, e.g., Farley, 821 F. Supp. at 1290 (noting that “factual scenarios
might exist where resolution of a defamation action against a religious organization would not
require the court to undertake an inquiry in violation of the First Amendment”). But where a
court or jury “would have to determine the truth of the defendants’ statements . . . and, in doing
so, would examine and weigh competing views of church doctrine,” the result is entanglement
“in a matter of ecclesiastical concern” that is barred by the First Amendment. Hartwig, 93 F.
Supp. 2d at 219; accord Klagsbrun, 53 F. Supp. 2d at 739-42.
The decisions in Klagsbrun and Hartwig are especially instructive here. 10 In Klagsbrun,
9
There is some ambiguity about whether the prohibition on civil courts considering
questions of canonical law or policy derives from the Free Exercise Clause or the Establishment
Clause. See Hartwig, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 212 n.15. For purposes of this Opinion, the distinction is
unimportant, as both Clauses are within the First Amendment and the doctrinal analysis
employed by prior cases is clear, whatever its constitutional foundation may be.
10
These cases are especially instructive because, as in this case, the defamation claims did
not directly relate to the hiring or firing of clergy. See, e.g., Downs, 111 Md. App. at 622-23
(discussing many of the cases cited above and noting that “[i]n most instances, as in this one, the
alleged defamatory or other tortious conduct has been intertwined with decisions regarding the
plaintiff’s fitness or suitability to act as a clergyman”). The adjudication of disputes regarding
the hiring and firing of clergy raises related but distinct First Amendment concerns, as the
11
an Orthodox Jewish couple sued a group of Orthodox rabbis, claiming that the rabbis had
defamed them by accusing the man of bigamy (specifically, by failing to obtain a religious
divorce prior to remarrying) and of refusal to comply with an order of a rabbinical court. See 53
F. Supp. 2d at 734-36. On defendants’ motion to dismiss, the Court framed “the issue . . . , as far
as the First Amendment is concerned,” as follows: “whether plaintiffs’ defamation claim is
ecclesiastical in nature concerning ‘discipline, faith, internal organization, or ecclesiastical rule,
custom or law,’ or a ‘purely secular dispute[ ] between third parties and a particular defendant,
albeit a religiously affiliated organization.’” Id. at 739 (quoting Milivojevich, 426 U.S. at 713
and Gen. Council on Fin. & Admin. of United Methodist Church v. Cal. Superior Court, 439
U.S. 1369, 1373 (1978), respectively). This inquiry, the Court stressed, did not turn “on
conclusory labeling of the whole dispute as either ‘secular’ or ‘ecclesiastical,’” but rather on “the
specific elements of the plaintiffs’ claim.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Scrutinizing the “specific elements” of the plaintiffs’ claims, the Klagsbrun Court held
that the suit was barred by the First Amendment. With respect to the claim that the defendants’
statements had falsely labeled Klagsbrun a bigamist, the Court noted that the dispute centered on
whether the plaintiff had obtained a religious divorce, not a civil divorce. “Consequently,” the
Court reasoned, “to ascertain whether the statements were defamatory, this court must ask
whether Seymour Klagsbrun was in fact engaged in bigamy within the meaning of the Orthodox
Jewish faith,” a form of “judicial intrusion into ecclesiastical doctrine and practice, which is
unquestionably forbidden ground under the First Amendment.” Id. at 741 (emphasis in original).
Supreme Court’s recent decision in Hosanna-Tabor, 132 S. Ct. at 707-07, makes clear.
Although Defendants rely on Hosanna-Tabor and argue that adjudication of this case would
impermissibly draw the Court into the propriety of Kavanagh’s removal from the priesthood
(Defs.’ Mem. 12), that argument is unpersuasive as Kavanagh challenges only Defendants’
characterization of the church courts’ opinions removing him from the priesthood, not the
propriety of the removal in itself.
12
With respect to the claim that the defendants had falsely accused Klagsbrun of non-compliance
with a rabbinical court order, the Court concluded that even if the defendants’ statements “were
false, this court would nevertheless be required to evaluate whether failure to comply with an
order of a rabbinical court . . . [is a] wrong[] or sin[] within the Orthodox Jewish faith,” an
“area[] of clear ecclesiastical concern.” Id. In granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the
Court expressly rejected the plaintiffs’ argument that the questions to be answered were
“questions of fact and not of competing theological propositions, and thus, [did] not implicate
First Amendment concerns.” Id. at 742. “The important point here,” the Court concluded, “is
that resolution of the factual disputes would require this court to inquire into religious doctrine
and practice. . . . [The First Amendment] is implicated whenever courts must interpret, evaluate,
or apply underlying religious doctrine to resolve disputes involving religious organizations.” Id.
In Hartwig, the plaintiff sued not only for defamation, but also for breach of contract,
tortious interference with contract, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, after he was
removed from his post as an associate professor at a Roman Catholic college for “publicly
representing [himself] as a priest of the Roman Catholic Church.” 93 F. Supp. 2d at 204.
(Plaintiff had been ordained as a Roman Catholic priest; he alleged that he had been placed on a
“permanent leave of absence from the active ministry” after informing his superiors that he was
gay. See id. at 202.) On summary judgment, then-District Judge Droney held that the plaintiff’s
non-defamation claims did not run afoul of the First Amendment because their resolution would
“not require the Court to inquire into competing interpretations of church law or policy. Rather,
the central issue for each of them is whether Hartwig was discharged for the reason the College
has stated: his alleged misrepresentation of his priestly status.” Id. at 217-18. 11 By contrast,
11
Judge Droney made clear that, at trial, the plaintiff would not be permitted to “offer a
13
Judge Droney concluded that the plaintiff’s defamation claim would “require a trier of fact to
choose between two conflicting ecclesiastical definitions of the term ‘priest’ and thus would
violate the Establishment Clause.” Id. at 218. “As was the case in Klagsbrun,” he reasoned, “in
order to adjudicate these claims, the Court or the jury would have to determine the truth of the
defendants’ statements concerning Hartwig’s priestly status and, in doing so, would examine and
weigh competing views of church doctrine. This would result in the Court entangling itself in a
matter of ecclesiastical concern, thereby violating the Establishment Clause.” Id. at 219.
As these decisions make clear, there is a line — however blurry — dividing claims that a
court may adjudicate without running afoul of the First Amendment and claims that would
impermissibly entangle a court in matters of ecclesiastical concern. The question in this case is
on which side of that line Kavanagh’s claims fall. Defendants argue that his claims fall on the
excessive entanglement side of the line because, to adjudicate the truth or falsity of the
statements at issue, the Court would have “to review and interpret two lengthy canonical court
decisions, understand and assess the meaning of sexual abuse of a minor under canon law,
determine what constitutes a ‘delict’ under church doctrine, and finally, resolve whether the
canonical courts did in fact convict Kavanagh of multiple counts of sexual abuse of a minor as
defined by canon law.” (Reply Mem. Further Supp. Defs.’ Mot. To Dismiss and Mot. To Seal
(Docket No. 17) (“Defs.’ Reply Mem.”) 1). By contrast, Plaintiff argues that judicial
determination of his claims would require the Court “to look no further than the [trial court’s]
decision itself and see whether [the canonical] court actually did identify ‘multiple counts of
conflicting interpretation of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church or canon law to rebut
the College’s proffered religious reason for not renewing his contract.” Id. at 216 (citing
DeMarco v. Holy Cross High School, 4 F.3d 166, 171 (2d Cir. 1993)). To that end, he indicated
that “the jury would be instructed that it should presume that the College’s asserted religious
motive was plausible.” Id.
14
sexual abuse.’ There is no analysis of church doctrine required. The Court does NOT have to
inquire as to what constitutes sexual abuse of a minor under church law.” (Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n
Defs.’ Mot. To Dismiss Compl. and Mot. To Seal (Docket No. 13) (“Pl.’s Mem.”) 9). As he puts
it: “The Court must simply determine whether the Plaintiff was found guilty of multiple counts
of sexual abuse of a minor.” (Id. at 14).
If evaluating the truth of Defendants’ statement were as straightforward as Plaintiff
suggests, the Court would agree that the claims in this case could proceed without running afoul
of the First Amendment. That is, if the Court’s or jury’s scrutiny of the canonical court decisions
were limited to the brute fact that something was or was not said therein, and that scrutiny did
not involve an evaluation of canonical law or church doctrine, then adjudication of Plaintiff’s
claims would “not result in the Court or the jury having to struggle [with] issues of religious
doctrine.” Hartwig, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 218. The problem is that, with respect to Plaintiff’s libel
per se claim at least, a review of the canonical court decisions themselves — which the Court
may consider whether Defendants’ motion is brought under Rule 12(b)(1) or Rule 12(b)(6)
because it is referenced in the Complaint, see, e.g., Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d
147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002) — makes clear that evaluating the truth of Defendants’ statement would
not be as straightforward as Plaintiff suggests. That is, in the specific circumstances of this case,
evaluating the truth or falsity of Defendants’ statement would, as Defendants contend, require
that the Court or jury determine what constitutes a “delict” for purposes of church law, determine
as a matter of canon law how many delicts Plaintiff was found guilty of, and construe the
contours of the substantive sin of “sexual abuse of a minor.” In doing so, the Court or jury
would be required to make pronouncements about Catholic doctrine that it is neither competent
nor permitted to make.
15
The reason for that complexity lies in the apparent absence of something akin to a civil
judgment of conviction stating unambiguously the offense or offenses of which Kavanagh was
found guilty and the fact that, on their face, the canonical church decisions are ambiguous with
respect to whether Kavanagh was charged with, let alone found guilty of, one offense or multiple
offenses. The trial court decision, for example, refers interchangeably — sometimes even within
a single sentence — to “the delict” and “the offense” (i.e., in the singular), on the one hand, and
“the delicts” and “the offenses” (i.e., in the plural), on the other. (Compare, e.g., Decision at 3,
8, 12, 15, 18, 27, 29, 30, 35 with id. at 9, 11, 12, 23, 25, 33, 34). Whereas, at one point, the court
states that it is “morally certain that the Accused has committed the delict of an offense against
the sixth commandment of the Decalogue” (id. at 15 (emphases added)), only a few pages later,
it states that “the offenses at issue were repeated and . . . there was an increase of frequency and
intensity over time.” (Id. at 23 (emphases added)). 12 And in a single sentence that encapsulates
the ambiguity, it provides that Kavanagh “initiated and carried out the delict involving offenses
against the sixth commandment with a minor below 16 years of age.” (Id. at 18 (emphases
added)). Although one might think that the final section of the opinion, titled “Disposition and
Conclusion,” would clear up some of this ambiguity, it does anything but, stating in relevant
part: “Whether the Reverend Monsignor Charles M. Kavanagh has committed an offense or
offenses against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue with a minor or minors below the age
of sixteen, we find in the AFFIRMATIVE.” (Id. at 36 (emphases added)). The appellate
12
Among the statements suggesting that Kavanagh was convicted of multiple offenses are
references to the incident that allegedly took place on the trip to the Right to Life March in
Washington, D.C. — that is, the incident about which Donohue changed his testimony — as “the
final offense” and the “last of a number of offenses that had begun before Donohue was sixteen
years of age.” (Id. at 22-23). Notably, although the church court referred to that incident as one
of the two “most objectively grave lewd acts committed by [Kavanagh] with Donohue,” it was
not a basis for his conviction, as it occurred when Donohue was older than sixteen, “beyond the
age which is constitutive for the delict at issue.” (Id. at 21).
16
court’s decision does nothing to clear up the ambiguity in the trial court’s decision.
As a result, the central question for purposes of Plaintiff’s libel per se claim — whether
Defendants’ statement that Kavanagh was “found guilty by a Church court of multiple counts of
sexual abuse of a minor” (Compl., Ex. 2, at 2) was true or false — cannot be answered by merely
looking at the canonical court decisions to see what the courts said as a matter of fact. Instead, it
would require the Court or the jury to engage in an inquiry into what constitutes a “delict” or
“offense” within the meaning of Catholic law, to determine as a matter of canon law how many
delicts or offenses Plaintiff was found guilty of, and to construe the contours of the substantive
sin of “sexual abuse of a minor.” This, in turn, might involve hearing testimony from one or
more of the canonical court judges or even dueling testimony from experts in canonical law. As
in Klagsburn and Hartwig, therefore, “in order to adjudicate [Plaintiff’s] claims, the Court or the
jury would have to determine the truth of the defendants’ statements . . . and, in doing so, would
examine and weigh competing views of church doctrine. This would result in the Court
entangling itself in a matter of ecclesiastical concern, thereby violating the Establishment Clause
[of the First Amendment].” Hartwig, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 219.
In arguing otherwise, Plaintiff relies on the Second Circuit’s decisions in Rweyemamu v.
Cote, 520 F.3d 198 (2d Cir. 2008), and Martinelli v. Bridgeport Roman Catholic Diocesan
Corp., 196 F.3d 409 (2d Cir. 1999) (Pl.’s Mem. 10-13), but those decisions actually support the
Court’s conclusion in this case. To the extent relevant here, Rweyemamu stands for the
uncontroversial — and, for present purposes, irrelevant — proposition that “a plaintiff alleging
particular wrongs by the church that are wholly non-religious in character is surely not
forbidden his day in court.” 520 F.3d at 208 (emphasis added). And in Martinelli, the Second
Circuit distinguished — as this Court has — between consideration of religious teachings and
17
tenets as brute facts, which is permissible under the First Amendment, and evaluation of their
validity, which is not. See 196 F.3d at 431. “The First Amendment,” the Court noted, “does not
prevent courts from deciding secular civil disputes involving religious institutions when and for
the reason that they require reference to religious matters.” Id. (citing Jones, 443 U.S. at 603).
But it does where the party challenging the court’s authority can “point[] to” a “disputed
religious issue which the jury or the district judge in [the] case [would be] asked to resolve.” Id.
In this case, Defendants have pointed to a disputed religious issue that the Court or the
jury would be asked to resolve in connection with the libel per se claim — namely, the truth or
falsity of the Catholic Church’s characterization of its own law and doctrine. The First
Amendment bars this Court from addressing that issue. At bottom, Plaintiff’s libel per se claim,
like the defamation claims at issue in Klagsbrun and Hartwig, calls on this Court to put its civil
imprimatur on what are deeply ecclesiastical points of Catholic faith and practice. The First
Amendment serves to prevent exactly this sort of picking of winners in ecclesiastical matters.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s libel per se claim must be, and is, dismissed.
B. Plaintiff Fails To State a Claim of Libel by Implication or Libel Per Quod
Although Plaintiff’s libel per se claim is barred by the First Amendment, the same cannot
be said for his claims of libel by implication and libel per quod. The gravamen of Plaintiff’s
libel by implication claim is that, by stating that he was “found guilty of multiple counts of
sexual abuse of a minor,” Defendants falsely implied that he “was found guilty of criminal
conduct” — that is, that he was convicted in a civil court rather than a church court. (Pl.’s Mem.
22). Determining the truth or falsity of that alleged implication would not drag the Court or the
jury into a dispute over Catholic doctrine or law for the simple reason that there is dispute at all:
Plaintiff was convicted in church court proceedings, not civil court proceedings. Similarly, the
18
gravamen of Plaintiff’s libel per quod claim is that, considered in light of media reports
suggesting that “hundreds of [Catholic] priests” had “raped and molested children for years,”
Defendants’ statement falsely suggested that Kavanagh “must have raped or molested many
young victims.” (Pl.’s Mem. 23-24). Again, determining the truth or falsity of that alleged
suggestion would not run afoul of the First Amendment because there is no dispute about the
underlying fact: Kavanagh was found guilty of abusing only one victim, Donohue.
But these claims fail for a more straightforward reason: they do not state plausible claims.
As noted above, to prevail on a claim of libel by implication, a plaintiff must generally make an
“especially rigorous showing that (1) the language may be reasonably read to impart the false
innuendo, and (2) the author intends or endorses the inference.” Biro, 883 F. Supp. 2d at 466
(internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, Kavanagh’s allegations fall far short of making
such a showing, as Defendants’ statement, on its face, belies Plaintiff’s claim of innuendo. That
is, the Archdiocese’s press release stated expressly that “Mr. Kavanagh was found guilty by a
Church court of multiple counts of sexual abuse of a minor.” (Compl. Ex 2, at 2 (emphasis
added)). Given that the statement explicitly refutes the implication Plaintiff claims it has —
namely, that he was convicted by a lay court of a crime — the Court concludes as a matter of law
that it is not defamatory by implication and therefore that Plaintiff has failed to plead a necessary
element of his claim. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s defamation by implication claim is dismissed. 13
Plaintiff’s libel per quod claim fails for two reasons. First, as with the libel by
implication claim, Plaintiff’s allegations are belied by the language of Defendants’ statement.
13
Attached to Plaintiff’s Complaint is an affidavit signed by Ari L. Goldman, a journalism
professor at Columbia University, purporting to provide evidence that the statements complained
of are “ambiguous and even deceptive.” (Compl. Ex. 8, at 1). Because the Court concludes that
the allegedly defamatory statements are not actionable as a matter of law, it is unnecessary to
consider that affidavit.
19
Put simply, the notion that the public would conclude that Plaintiff molested “many” young
victims is implausible in view of the statement’s unmistakable use of singular, as opposed to
plural, definite articles and pronouns: “It has come to the attention of the Archdiocese that the
victim in the Charles Kavanagh case has changed one of his claims, specifically concerning an
overnight trip to Washington, D.C., during the victim’s senior year of high school.” (Compl. Ex
2, at 2 (emphasis added)). Second, Plaintiff fails to plead special damages. (See Compl. ¶¶ 53,
66). As noted above, New York law is unambiguous that such pleading is an unbending
requirement of defamation per quod claims, to the extent such claims exist independently under
New York law. See, e.g., Idema, 120 F. Supp. 2d at 368. New York law requires the
identification of “the loss of something having economic or pecuniary value which must flow
directly from the injury to reputation by defamation; not from the effects of defamation.” Id.
(quoting Matherson, 473 N.Y.S.2d at 1001). In this case, Plaintiff merely complains that he has
“incurred both general and special damages” (Compl. ¶ 53), which does not suffice. For each of
these reasons, Plaintiff’s defamation per quod claim is dismissed.
C.
The Canonical Court Decisions Shall Be Maintained Under Seal
During oral argument on the present motion, Judge Cedarbaum ordered Defendants to
submit copies of the canonical court decisions to be filed under seal; they did so, and the Court
has since placed the documents under seal. (Docket No. 33). Defendants ask that the decisions
remain under seal (Defs.’ Mem. 21-23; Defs.’ Reply Mem. 16-17; Docket No. 33); Plaintiff
opposes their request (Pl.’s Mem. 24-25; Docket No. 34).
The Second Circuit has held that “documents submitted to a court for its consideration in
a . . . motion are — as a matter of law — judicial documents to which a strong presumption of
[immediate public] access attaches, under both the common law and the First Amendment.”
20
Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110, 126 (2d Cir. 2006). In this case, moreover,
the weight to be given that presumption of access is strong, as the documents at issue “directly
affect[ed]” the Court’s adjudication of Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Id. at 119 (quoting United
States v. Amodeo, 71 F.3d 1044, 1049 (2d Cir. 1995). Nevertheless, the presumption of access
“can be overcome . . . by specific, on-the-record findings that higher values necessitate a
narrowly tailored sealing.” Id. The Court’s task is to “balance competing considerations” —
including but not limited to “‘the danger of impairing law enforcement or judicial efficiency’ and
‘the privacy interests of those resisting disclosure’” — against the presumption in favor of
public access. Id. at 120 (quoting Amodeo, 71 F.3d at 1050). “The burden of demonstrating that
a document submitted to a court should be sealed rests on the party seeking such action.”
DiRussa v. Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., 121 F.3d 818, 826 (2d Cir. 1997).
Here, Defendants have carried their burden to justify keeping the church court decisions
under seal. Doing so serves at least two higher values. First, sealing serves the interest of third
parties — most notably, Donohue — in privacy, as the decisions contain sensitive and personal
information about the sexual abuse of a minor. See, e.g., Hilbert S. v. Cnty. of Tioga, No. 3:03
Civ. 193, 2005 WL 1460316, at *15 (N.D.N.Y. June 21, 2005) (sealing a file based on the
interest in protecting the privacy of children who were sexually and physically abused). Second,
as Plaintiff himself acknowledges (Compl. ¶ 24), church court proceedings are confidential and
the parties involved in them are bound by “pontifical secrecy, . . . an ecclesiastical legal standard
of confidentiality.” (Decl. of Fr. Richard L. Welch (Docket No. 10) ¶ 12). This Court is
required to give great deference to that status under ecclesiastical law. See, e.g., Milivojevich,
426 U.S. at 721-25; Watson, 80 U.S. at 727. In fact, the mere attempt to balance the importance
of “pontifical secrecy” under Catholic law against the importance of public access to judicial
21
documents under civil law would threaten the very First Amendment values discussed at length
above. Taken together, these two considerations — privacy and deference to pontifical secrecy
— justify keeping the canonical court decisions under seal. In the event of an appeal, however,
counsel on appeal may have access to the decisions without further application to the Court.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion is GRANTED, and Plaintiff’s Complaint
is dismissed in its entirety. Further, the Court orders that the canonical court decisions shall
remain under seal, although in the event of an appeal counsel on appeal may have access to them
without further application to the Court.
The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate Docket Number 9 and to close the case.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: February 14, 2014
New York, New York
22
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