Walker v. Ponte et al
Filing
72
OPINION AND ORDER re: 60 MOTION for Summary Judgment . filed by Joseph Ponte, Otis Bantum Correction Center, Lisa Cooper, City of New York: Michael Walker ("Plaintiff" or "Walker"), appearing pro se, brings t his action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that his constitutional rights were violated as a pretrial detainee in the Otis Bantum Correctional Center ("OBCC") and the Brooklyn Detention Complex ("BKDC"). Plaintiff all eges that Commissioner Joseph Ponte ("Commissioner Ponte"), Warden Lisa Cooper ("Warden Cooper"), OBCC, and the City of New York (the "City," and collectively, "Defendants") violated his constitutional rights b y subjecting him to strip searches and by forcing him to pass through a radiation-emitting x-ray screening machine called the RadPro SecurPass ("SecurPass"). Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, and a d eclaratory judgment that Defendants' acts and omissions violated his constitutional rights. Defendants now move to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 on the grounds that Walker cannot establish a § 1983 claim under the E ighth or Fourteenth Amendments as a matter of law. Doc. 60. For the reasons set forth above, Defendant,s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. Walker's remaining claim arising under § 1983 and his Amended Complaint, Doc. 29, is therefore dismissed. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion, Doc. 60, close the case, and mail a copy of this order to Plaintiff. The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not b e taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. Cf Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444--45 (1962) (holding that appellant demonstrates good faith when seeking review of a nonfrivolous issue). (Signed by Judge Edgardo Ramos on 6/21/2017) (jwh) Modified on 6/22/2017 (jwh).
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
USDC SDNY
DOCUMENT
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
DOC#
DATE FILED: 6/21/2017
MICHAEL WALKER,
Plaintiff,
OPINION AND ORDER
14 Civ. 8507 (ER)
–against–
COMMISSIONER JOSEPH PONTE, Department of
Corrections, WARDEN LISA COOPER, Otis Bantum
Correction Center, OTIS BANTUM CORRECTION
CENTER, and CITY OF NEW YORK,
Defendants.
Ramos, D.J.:
Michael Walker (“Plaintiff” or “Walker”), appearing pro se, brings this action pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that his constitutional rights were violated as a pretrial detainee in the
Otis Bantum Correctional Center (“OBCC”) and the Brooklyn Detention Complex (“BKDC”).
Plaintiff alleges that Commissioner Joseph Ponte (“Commissioner Ponte”), Warden Lisa Cooper
(“Warden Cooper”), OBCC, and the City of New York (the “City,” and collectively,
“Defendants”) violated his constitutional rights by subjecting him to strip searches and by
forcing him to pass through a radiation-emitting x-ray screening machine called the RadPro
SecurPass (“SecurPass”). Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive
relief, and a declaratory judgment that Defendants’ acts and omissions violated his constitutional
rights. Defendants now move to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 on the
grounds that Walker cannot establish a § 1983 claim under the Eighth or Fourteenth
Amendments as a matter of law. Doc. 60. For the reasons set forth below, Defendants’ motion
is GRANTED.
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed except where otherwise noted. 1
a. Walker’s Custody and the SecurPass Machines
Walker was previously an inmate in the custody of the New York State Department of
Corrections and Community Supervision (DOCCS) and the New York City Department of
Correction (DOC) at the OBCC and BKDC. Defendants’ Local Civil Rule 56.1 Statement of
Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Defs.’ 56.1”) (Doc. 65) ¶ 2. According to the DOC’s internal
movement log, Walker was in the DOC’s custody from February 15, 2013 to March 27, 2015.
Id. ¶ 18. During this time period, Walker was held at OBCC or BKDC for a total of 466 days—
203 days at OBCC and 263 days at BKDC. Id. ¶¶ 19–20. BKDC never used the SecurPass
machines; only the DOC facilities located at Rikers Island, including OBCC, used the SecurPass
machines.
Walker alleges that he was repeatedly subjected to body scans without protective gear
through the SecurPass machines. In his answers to Defendants’ First Request for Production of
1
Under Rule 56.1 of the Local Civil Rules of the United States District Courts for the Southern and Eastern Districts
of New York (“Local Rule 56.1”), a party moving for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 must submit a
“separate, short and concise statement, in numbered paragraphs, of the material facts as to which the moving party
contends there is no genuine issue to be tried.” Local R. 56.1(a). Each statement must be accompanied by a citation
to admissible evidence. Local R. 56.1(d); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (requiring reliance on admissible evidence
in the record to support or controvert a purported material fact). If a moving party seeks summary judgment against
a pro se litigant, it is also required to notify the pro se litigant of the requirements of Rule 56 and Local Rule 56.1.
Local R. 56.2.
Defendant submitted a Local Rule 56.1 statement and provided Plaintiff with notice, pursuant to Local Rule
56.2, of the potential consequences of not responding to the motion. See Doc. 66. However, Plaintiff failed to
submit a response to Defendant’s Local Rule 56.1 statement or a counterstatement of his own; though his opposition
contains factual assertions, it is largely comprised of his unsworn statements and argument, rather than citations to
admissible evidence. As such, the Court may, but is not required to, conduct an independent review of the record.
See, e.g., Carbone v. Cnty. of Suffolk, No. 10 Civ. 3631 (SJF), 2013 WL 1386251, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 2, 2013)
(discussing that “[w]hile the trial court has discretion to conduct an assiduous review of the record in an effort to
weigh the propriety of granting a summary judgment motion, it is not required to consider what the parties fail to
point out.” (quoting Monahan v.. N.Y.C. Dept. of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 292 (2d Cir. 2000))).
2
Documents, Plaintiff maintains that he was scanned or exposed to radiation from the SecurPass
“2–3 times a day, sometimes missing days.” Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 14. Walker alleges that each
examination subjected him to a level of radiation that is ten to fifty times higher than that emitted
by the full-body scanners in use at airports. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 8. Plaintiff also alleges that the
SecurPass caused him psychological injuries and mental anguish. Id.
In addition, Walker feared that he would be at a greater risk to the harmful effects of
radiation exposure due to an open wound and the presence of small metal fragments in his chest.
See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 3. An entry from Walker’s certified medical file maintained by the NYC
Health and Hospitals Corporation (“HHC”) confirms that on February 16, 2013, Walker was
examined by a medical doctor who noted that Walker had an open wound in his chest as a result
of a gunshot that he suffered on February 3, 2013. Id. ¶ 25. An entry from his medical file dated
March 8, 2013 reflects that he visited the clinic at OBCC and the doctor noted that his wounds
were “well healed.” Id. ¶ 26. Additionally, an entry from his medical file dated December 26,
2014 notes that he underwent a thoracic spine x-ray and that “multiple metal fragments
consistent with shrapnel” were located near his spine. Id. ¶ 28.
On April 1, 2014, Walker filed an inmate grievance with the DOC indicating that he
believed the SecurPass machines were causing him harm, especially due to the bullet fragments
in his chest. Doc. 69 at 17.
b. Dr. P. Andrew Karam’s SecurPass Radiological Findings and Conclusions
On June 19, 2014, at the request of the New York City Law Department, Dr. P. Andrew
Karam traveled to Rikers Island to measure the radiation emitted by the SecurPass machines. Id.
¶ 44. 2 Dr. Karam is a board-certified health physicist (radiation safety professional) with over
2
Dr. Karam was asked to examine the machines in connection with a series of similar lawsuits brought by inmates
of Rikers Island, not necessarily in connection with Walker’s suit specifically. Dr. Karam’s testing of the SecurPass
3
35 years of experience in radiation safety. Id. ¶ 32. Dr. Karam has a Ph.D in environmental
sciences from the Ohio State University and is the author of over 20 peer-reviewed scientific
papers, along with several books and non-peer-reviewed technical presentations and
publications. Id. ¶¶ 34, 36. Some of his notable work experience includes traveling to Japan
following the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident at the request of the Tokushukai Medical
Assistance Team and eight years of work in the US Naval nuclear power program. Id. ¶¶ 33, 37.
Since January 2013, Dr. Karam has been employed by the New York City Police Department
(“NYPD”) as the Radiation Safety Officer and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and
explosives scientist at the NYPD’s Counterterrorism Bureau. Id. ¶ 38.
Dr. Karam tested four SecurPass machines, each stationed within a different DOC facility
on Rikers Island, including the machine located at OBCC on the date of his visit. Id. ¶ 45. Dr.
Karam measured the absorbed radiation dose per scan using a calibrated Thermo Personal
Radiation Detector (PRD) designed to measure low doses of radiation. Id. ¶ 46. He also made
dose-rate measurements using a calibrated Bicron microREM meter. Id. According to Dr.
Karam, use of these devices is a reliable and scientifically-accepted method for measuring lowlevel radiation doses. Id. The readings Dr. Karam obtained are summarized in the table below:
Id. ¶ 48.
machines for the consolidated actions and the instant case was the same. He conducted the testing on June 19, 2014,
and obtained the test results from the same machines at Rikers Island. See Declaration of Dr. P. Andrew Karam in
In re Radpro SecurPass Scanner Cases (13-cv-6095 (lead); 15-cv-2094) (Doc. 36).
4
Dr. Karam’s testing results reflect consistently lower radiation dose rates than the perscan dose of 0.025 millirem reported by the manufacturer of the SecurPass machine. Id. ¶ 49.
Dr. Karam found no mechanism on the machines that would allow for an increase in the
radiation emitted by the machines in order to increase the strength of the scans. Id. ¶ 50. Dr.
Karam’s conclusions can be summarized as follows:
•
The lowest radiation exposure that has been shown to cause cataract formation is about
300 rem, or 300 million micro rem. Id. ¶ 51. This level of radiation exposure would
require about 20 million exposures to the highest-dose device that Dr. Karam measured at
Rikers Island’s (which was located at the time of testing at OBCC). Id. ¶ 51.
•
The lowest radiation exposure shown to cause a short-term biological effect (i.e.,
radiation burns) to an isolated part of the body is in excess of 100 rem, or 100 million
micro rem. Id. ¶ 52. This level of radiation exposure would require about 7 million
exposures to the highest-dose device that Dr. Karam measured at Rikers Island. Id.
•
The lowest radiation exposure shown to cause a short-term biological effect (i.e., reduced
blood cell counts) is approximately 25 rem, or 25 million micro rem, applied to the whole
body. Id. ¶ 53. This level of radiation exposure would require about 1.8 million
exposures to the highest-dose device that Dr. Karam measured at Rikers Island. Id.
•
The lowest radiation exposure that has been shown to cause temporary sterility is about
15 rem, or 15 million micro rem. Id. ¶ 54. This level of radiation exposure would require
about 1 million exposures to the highest-dose device that Dr. Karam measured at Rikers
Island. Id.
•
In order for radiation from the DOC’s x-ray machines to cause tissue damage of any sort,
the x-ray intensity would have to be enhanced by a factor of over 1 million. Id. ¶ 55.
•
The risk of developing cancer from a given radiation exposure is about 5% for a dose of
100 rem (100 million micro rem), about 0.5% for a dose of 10 rem (10 million micro
rem), and about 0.05% for a dose of 1 rem (1 million micro rem). Id. ¶ 57.
Dr. Karam concluded that the SecurPass machines that he examined do not emit harmful
levels of radiation to those scanned, and pose between very little to no risk to those scanned,
even if an individual is scanned or exposed to scattered radiation on two thousand separate
occasions over the course of two years. Id. ¶ 62. According to Dr. Karam, the presence of an
open or healing wound (including a gunshot wound) on a person’s body or the presence of
5
multiple tiny metal fragments in a person’s body does not change his opinion that the SecurPass
machines used by DOC do not emit harmful levels of radiation to those scanned. Id. ¶ 64.
II.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Walker commenced this action on October 20, 2014. See Doc. 2. Defendants filed a
Motion to Dismiss on February 24, 2015. Doc. 19. Walker was subsequently granted leave to
file an Amended Complaint, which he filed on October 21, 2015. Doc. 29. Defendants filed
their second Motion to Dismiss on January 11, 2016. Doc. 37; see also Memorandum of Law in
Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (“Defs. Br.”) (Doc. 39). On
August 18, 2016, the Court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss in part, and denied it in part.
Doc. 47. Specifically, the Court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss Walker’s Fourth
Amendment claim of illegal search and seizure resulting from strip searches and his Fourteenth
Amendment claim of cruel and unusual punishment resulting from the strip searches. Id. at 7–
11. The Court denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss Walker’s claim of cruel and unusual
punishment resulting from the use of the SecurPass machines. Id. at 11–13. The Court also
dismissed Otis Bantum Correctional Center as a Defendant because it lacked the capacity to be
sued as merely an administrative arm of the City. Doc. 47 at 16.
A telephone conference with the parties and the Court was held on August 31, 2016. At
this teleconference, Defendants’ proposed, and the Court accepted, a recommendation that the
parties proceed with limited discovery that focused on the potentially dispositive issue of
whether the cumulative effect of the radiation had a risk of serious harm to Walker’s health.
Declaration of Carolyn Kruk (“Kruk Decl.”) (Doc. 64) at Ex. A (Tr. 2:18–24; 4:8–14).
6
III.
LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “An issue of fact is ‘genuine’ if the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Senno
v. Elmsford Union Free Sch. Dist., 812 F. Supp. 2d 454, 467 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (citing SCR Joint
Venture L.P. v. Warshawsky, 559 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2009)). A fact is “material” if it might
affect the outcome of the litigation under the governing law. Id.
The party moving for summary judgment is first responsible for demonstrating the
absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323
(1986). If the burden of proof at trial would fall on the movant, that party’s “own submissions in
support of the motion must entitle it to judgment as a matter of law.” Albee Tomato, Inc. v. A.B.
Shalom Produce Corp., 155 F.3d 612, 618 (2d Cir. 1998). Conversely, “[w]hen the burden of
proof at trial would fall on the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point
to a lack of evidence to go to the trier of fact on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.”
Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc., 575 F.3d 199, 204 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Celotex Corp.,
477 U.S. at 322–23). If the moving party meets its burden, “the nonmoving party must come
forward with admissible evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact for trial in order to
avoid summary judgment.” Jaramillo v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 536 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir. 2008)
(citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322–23).
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the Court must “construe the facts in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all ambiguities and draw all
reasonable inferences against the movant.” Brod v. Omya, Inc., 653 F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2011)
(quoting Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2004)) (internal
7
quotation marks omitted). However, in opposing a motion for summary judgment, the
nonmoving party may not rely on unsupported assertions, conjecture or surmise. Goenaga v.
March of Dimes Birth Defects Found., 51 F.3d 14, 18 (2d Cir. 1995). The non-moving party
must do more than show that there is “some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”
McClellan v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.
Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)) (internal quotation mark omitted). To defeat a
motion for summary judgment, “the non-moving party must set forth significant, probative
evidence on which a reasonable fact-finder could decide in its favor.” Senno, 812 F. Supp. 2d at
467–68 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256–57 (1986)).
The Second Circuit has made clear that “special solicitude should be afforded pro se
litigants generally, when confronted with motions for summary judgment.” Graham v. Lewinski,
848 F.2d 342, 344 (2d Cir. 1988) (citing Sellers v. M.C. Floor Crafters, Inc., 842 F.2d 639, 642
(2d Cir. 1988)). Pro se litigants’ submissions are “held ‘to less stringent standards than formal
pleadings drafted by lawyers.’” Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980) (per curiam) (quoting
Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972)); see also Young v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., No. 09
Civ. 6621, 2010 WL 2776835, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) (noting that the same principles
apply to briefs and opposition papers filed by pro se litigants). Although “pro se status ‘does not
exempt a party from compliance with relevant rules of procedural and substantive law,’”
Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 477 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Traguth v. Zuck,
710 F.2d 90, 95 (2d Cir. 1983)), courts read the pleadings and opposition papers submitted by
pro se litigants “liberally and interpret them ‘to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest.’”
McPherson v. Coombe, 174 F.3d 276, 280 (2d Cir. 1999) (quoting Burgos v. Hopkins, 14 F.3d
787, 790 (2d Cir. 1994)). “However, a pro se party’s ‘bald assertion,’ completely unsupported
8
by evidence, is not sufficient to overcome a motion for summary judgment.” Lee v. Coughlin,
902 F. Supp. 424, 429 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (quoting Carey v. Crescenzi, 923 F.2d 18, 21 (2d Cir.
1991)).
IV.
DISCUSSION
Defendants move for summary judgment on the grounds that Walker cannot establish a
§ 1983 claim under the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendments as a matter of law based upon his
alleged exposure to radiation emitted by the SecurPass machine. Defendants argue that the
SecurPass machine does not emit a harmful level of radiation, and that his open wound and the
bullet fragments in his body do not alter this fact. Memorandum of Law in Support of
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Mem. L”) (Doc. 61) at 2.
Section 1983 allows an individual to bring suit against persons who, acting under color of
state law, have “depriv[ed him] of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws” of the United States. 42 U.S.C. § 1983; West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48
(1988). The statute “itself creates no substantive rights; it provides only a procedure for redress
for the deprivation of rights established elsewhere.” Sykes v. James, 13 F.3d 515, 519 (2d Cir.
1993) (citing City of Okla. City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816 (1985)). A prison official’s failure
to protect a prisoner from harm may form the basis of a Section 1983 claim. Farmer v. Brennan,
511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994).
The standards for establishing a constitutional violation under the Eighth Amendment
and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment are identical in this context. In re
RadPro SecurPass Scanner Cases, No. 13 Civ. 6095 (CS), 2014 WL 4054310, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 13, 2014). 3 Prison officials are responsible for the safety of prison inmates; however,
3
As opposed to deliberate indifference claims brought by post-conviction prisoners—which arise under the Eighth
Amendment—claims for deliberate indifference brought by state pretrial detainees arise under the Fourteenth
9
“[not] every injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another . . . translates into
constitutional liability for [the] prison officials [involved].” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Rather,
prison officials violate constitutional protections when two conditions are satisfied: (1) the
alleged deprivation must, objectively speaking, be “sufficiently serious,” and (2) the alleged
perpetrator must possess a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Id. (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted). In the prison setting, “courts have defined this culpability as
‘deliberate indifference’ to the health and safety of inmates.” Randle v. Alexander, 10 Civ. 9235
(JPO), 2013 WL 2358601, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 30, 2013) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834).
Thus, this deliberate indifference standard is evaluated under a two-pronged test comprised of
both objective and subjective components. Jackson v. Goord, 664 F. Supp. 2d 307, 315–16
(S.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834).
The objective analysis of the seriousness of the conduct in question requires an
examination of the alleged unconstitutional conditions. Under the objective prong of the
deliberate indifference test, “the measure of a ‘sufficiently serious’ deprivation is ‘contextual and
responsive to contemporary standards of decency.’” Jackson, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 316 (quoting
Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 8 (1992)). For a claim based on an inmate’s exposure to a
harmful substance, the plaintiff “must show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a
substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. This inquiry “focuses on the danger
posed by the material itself—that is, whether the nature and levels of plaintiff’s exposure . . .
[were] such as to pose ‘an unreasonable risk’ of serious damage to [his] health . . .” Jackson,
Amendment. See Caiozzo v. Koreman, 581 F.3d 63, 69–72 (2d Cir. 2009). Defendants analyze the issue under both
the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and do not indicate whether Plaintiff was a pretrial detainee for the duration
of the alleged conduct. Plaintiff, however, states in his opposition that he was a pretrial detainee during the alleged
accidents. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 4. Because the same standards and analysis apply here, it is immaterial to the Court’s
analysis whether Plaintiff was a pretrial detainee for the duration of the alleged events.
10
664 F. Supp. 2d at 316 (quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 36 (1993)). “Inmates
therefore do not have an unqualified constitutional right to an environment free of all harmful
substances, but only a right to be free of involuntary exposure to a level of such substances
which unreasonably endangers their future health.” In re RadPro SecurPass Scanner Cases,
2014 WL 4054310, at *5. In determining whether a risk of harm is unreasonable, a court must
assess whether the risk is “so grave that it violates contemporary standards of decency to expose
anyone unwillingly to such a risk. In other words, the prisoner must show that the risk of which
he complains is not one that today’s society chooses to tolerate.” Helling, 509 U.S. at 36
(emphasis in original). Thus, to satisfy the objective element and survive summary judgment,
Walker must provide some evidence to show that his conditions of incarceration related to the
SecurPass machine pose a substantial risk of serious harm.
Under the subjective element, a prisoner can recover only if the injury was a product of
the prison official’s “purposeful subjection of the prisoner to a ‘substantial risk of serious harm’
or from the official’s deliberate indifference to that risk.” Fischl v. Armitage, 128 F.3d 50, 55
(2d. Cir. 1997) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834). An official acts with deliberate indifference
when he “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must
both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious
harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 107 (2d
Cir. 2000) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, based on the Court’s grant of limited discovery, Defendants challenge whether
Walker has met the objective standard for deliberate indifference based on the levels of radiation
emitted from the SecurPass x-ray machines. In opposition to Defendants’ motion, Walker filed a
brief and attached various exhibits consisting of: (1) the declarations of six inmates at OBCC
11
who complain about “degrading strip searches” and that they are afraid that the SecurPass
machines are causing them harm; (2) three inmate grievance forms, including Plaintiff’s own,
wherein they claim that the SecurPass is doing them harm; (3) an internet article titled “Strip
search policies in jails” dated January 27, 2011; (4) a DOC “Report and Notice of Infraction”
detailing a November 16, 2013 incident wherein Plaintiff was “refusing to step out of the DOC
vehicle” and a struggle with members of an Extraction Team ensued; (5) excerpts from
Plaintiff’s Bellevue Hospital Center medical records that document “testicle trauma” that
Plaintiff alleges was caused when “a correction officer grabbed him by the testicles and threw
him to the ground” and the presence of metal fragments in his chest consistent with his prior
gunshot injury; and (6) pages from his Rikers Island medical records dated November 19, 2013
documenting Plaintiff’s complaint of “left testicular swelling” and tenderness. See Pl.’s Mem. L.
However, the Court finds that Walker’s opposition contains only conclusory assertions
that are unsupported by evidence as it relates to the potential harm posed by the use of the
SecurPass machines, including to those with open wounds or metal fragments in their bodies.
Walker claims, without further support, that “[i]t’s a given that radiation causes effects to the
human body.” Id. at 6. He also argues, without pointing to any supporting evidence, that “[t]o
be exposed to emissions of radiation while still ‘fresh’ on recovery of a few gunshot wounds . . .
[m]akes for an unusual situation of risk of exposure.” Id. “However, a pro se party’s ‘bald
assertion,’ completely unsupported by evidence, is not sufficient to overcome a motion for
summary judgment.” Lee, 902 F. Supp. at 429 (quoting Carey v. Crescenzi, 923 F.2d 18, 21 (2d
Cir. 1991)).
Walker alleges that the SecurPass machine causes a variety of physical complications
such as cataract damage, sterilization, and cancer, as well as emotional injuries stemming from
12
fears of the physical risks. See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 4. Walker cites a propublica.org article and a
National Academy of Sciences study for the proposition that radiation exposure from an x-ray
device could cause DNA and genetic mutations, and potentially cancer. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 8. 4
Both parties acknowledge that radiation exposure can potentially cause significant health effects,
including cancer; the issue here is not whether radiation in general can cause cancer, but instead
whether the nature, severity, and frequency of radiation that Walker was exposed to was such as
to pose “an unreasonable risk” of serious damage to [his] health.” Jackson, 664 F. Supp. 2d at
316. “[W]hile exposure to any amount of radiation poses some risk of harm—society chooses
to, and indeed must, tolerate some level of radiation exposure.” In re RadPro SecurPass
Scanner Cases, 2014 WL 4054310, at *6.
Plaintiff alleges that he was required to pass through the SecurPass machines routinely
and that each examination subjected him to a level of radiation that is ten to fifty times higher
than that emitted by the full-body scanners in use at airports. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 8. Walker stated
in his answers to Defendants’ First Request for Production of Documents that he was scanned or
exposed to radiation from the SecurPass “2–3 times a day, sometimes missing days.” Doc. 55 at
2. Thus, assuming conservatively that he was required to pass through the SecurPass machine
three times daily for the entirety of the 203 days he was in held at OBCC and BKDC (even
though Defendants state BKDC did not require inmates to be scanned with the SecurPass
machines), Walker would have been exposed to radiation from the SecurPass a maximum of
4
While Walker does not attach the article as an exhibit to his papers, the Court was able to find the article at the web
address listed, http://www.propublica.org/ar ticle/drive-by-scanning-officials-expand-use-anddose-of-radiation-forsecurity-s.
13
1,398 times. 5 Dr. Karam determined that “Plaintiff would need to be scanned over 700,000
times by the highest dosage machine measured” (which, at the time was at OBCC) “in order to
be exposed to a level of radiation that even minimally (.5%) increased his risk of developing
fatal cancer.” Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 60. To be sure, Walker was subjected to the SecurPass machine
substantially fewer times.
Walker raises several objections to Dr. Karam’s testing of the SecurPass machines at
Rikers Island, including that Dr. Karam has no knowledge of the specific scanners that were
actually used to screen Walker. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 7. That is, Dr. Karam only tested the four
SecurPass machines located at four facilities on Rikers Island, including OBCC, on June 19,
2014. Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 44–45. Neither party has provided any information concerning whether the
machines Dr. Karam tested included the specific machines that were used to scan Walker during
his tenure at Rikers Island. While this critique of Dr. Karam’s testing has some logical force, it
does not overcome the fact that Walker’s assertions about the risk involved are purely
conclusory.
Walker also suggests, without reference to any admissible evidence, that it was possible
that the SecurPass operators could manually raise the level of radiation exposure emitted as he
passed through the machine. Pl.’s Mem. L. at 6. He states that the level of radiation an inmate
receives it as the “discretion of the operator.” Id. at 8. In examining the SecurPass machines
however, Dr. Karam found no mechanism that would allow the operator to increase the radiation
emitted in order to increase the strength of the scan. Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 50. Walker’s conclusory
allegation that prison officials could manually adjust the level of radiation is thus insufficient.
5
If he was scanned three times daily at OBCC, a facility that used the machines, he would have been scanned 609
times.
14
None of Walker’s arguments suggest that the amount of radiation emitted by the
SecurPass comes even remotely close to constituting a risk so grave that it violates
“contemporary standards of decency.” Jackson, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 316. Walker further argues
that the bullet fragments in his body and the open wound he suffered from temporarily
heightened the effects of the radiation emitted from the SecurPass machines. On the contrary,
Dr. Karam concluded that the machines he examined pose between very little to no risk to those
scanned, even if an individual has an open wound or bullet fragments in his body. Declaration of
Dr. P. Andrew Karam, (Doc. 62) ¶¶ 42–43. Additionally, Walker’s general allegations of mental
anguish caused by the SecurPass do not implicate the objective prong without more. See, e.g.,
Torres v. Aramark Food, No. 14 Civ. 7498 (KMK), 2015 WL 9077472, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16,
2015) (listing cases).
Judge Seibel’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendants in In re RadPro
SecurPass Scanner Cases is instructive here. See 13-cv-6095 (CS) (Doc. 181). In that
consolidated action, plaintiffs were inmates or former inmates at facilities run by DOC and
alleged that they were exposed harmful levels of radiation emitted by SecurPass. As here, the
court ordered a period of limited discovery solely on the potentially dispositive issue of whether
the cumulative effect of regular SecurPass scans presents a substantial risk of serious harm to an
inmate’s future health. Id. at 1. In that matter, as here, defendants offered the declaration of Dr.
Karam stating, among other things, that he measured the radiation dose emitted by SecurPass
machines located at Rikers Island and that the radiation dose per scan for each of those machines
was 0.014, 0.007, 0.012, and 0.006 millirem, respectively. Id. at 7. The Court accepted his
findings and conservatively estimated that one plaintiff was scanned at most 852 times and that
the accompanying radiation dosage was only a tiny fraction of the lowest radiation dose shown
15
to have measurable long-term impact. Id. at 9–10. The court reasoned that the amount of
SecurPass radiation that the inmate would have absorbed in total was still less than the amount
absorbed during a single mammogram or the annual amount of additional radiation absorbed by
someone living in Denver versus a community at sea level. Id.
The Court finds no genuine factual dispute exists as to whether the SecurePass presents a
substantial risk of serious harm to Walker’s future health. Thus, Walker has failed to satisfy the
objective element of the deliberate indifference standard. Therefore, the Court need not consider
the subjective element. Because Walker has offered no credible evidence in support of his claim
that the SecurPass emits a harmful level of radiation, summary judgment is appropriate on
Walker’s § 1983 claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is
GRANTED. Walker’s remaining claim arising under § 1983 and his Amended Complaint, Doc.
29, is therefore dismissed.
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion, Doc. 60, close the
case, and mail a copy of this order to Plaintiff.
16
The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would
not be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an
appeal. Cf Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444--45 (1962) (holding that appellant
demonstrates good faith when seeking review of a nonfrivolous issue).
It is SO ORDERED.
Dated:
June 21, 201 7
New York, New York
I
Edgardo Ramos, U.S.D.J.
17
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