General Electric Capital Corporation (GECC), a New York Corporation. v. Cutler et al
Filing
34
OPINION & ORDER: For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants GECC' s motion for attorneys' fees in the amount of $10,291.02. (As further set forth in this Order) (Signed by Judge Paul A. Engelmayer on 11/23/2015) (kl)
a guaranty executed by the LLC, see Dkt. 2, Ex. C (“the Guaranty”). Both the Note and the
Guaranty contained nearly identical forum-selection clauses. The relevant clause of the Note is
reproduced below, with the crucial provisions bolded:
Maker [i.e., Cutler] irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
state and federal courts located in the State of New York to hear and determine
any suit, action or proceeding and to settle any disputes, which may arise out of or
in connection herewith and with the debt documents (collectively, the
“proceedings”), and Maker further irrevocably waives any right it may have to
remove any such proceedings from any such court (even if removal is sought
to another of the above-named courts). Maker irrevocably waives any objection
which it might now or hereafter have to the above-named courts being nominated
as the exclusive forum to hear and determine any such proceedings and agrees not
to claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of the abovenamed courts
for any reason whatsoever, that it or its property is immune from legal process for
any reason whatsoever, that any such court is not a convenient or appropriate forum
in each case whether on the grounds of venue or forum non-conveniens or
otherwise.2
Note at 2; see also Guaranty at 5. In a telephone call on the morning of June 8, 2015, GECC’s
counsel, in response to a suggestion from defense counsel that defendants might remove the case
to federal court, pointed his adversary to the relevant forum-selection clauses. Second Knob
Cert. ¶ 5. Later that day, defendants filed a notice of removal in this Court. Dkt. 1. GECC’s
counsel credibly states that his firm, McCarter & English, LLP (“McCarter & English” or “the
firm”) did not learn of the removal until a month later, when defendants served an answer to the
complaint via email, stating that the answer had been “filed in the Southern District of New
York.” Second Knob Cert. ¶ 6; First Knob Cert., Ex. C. The firm did not receive written notice
of the removal until July 27, 2015. Dkt. 20, ¶ 2.
On August 5, 2015, GECC moved to remand this action to state court, principally on the
ground that the forum-selection clauses waived defendants’ right to remove an action filed in
2
This language appears in all-caps in the actual documents, but for ease of reading, the Court
reproduces it in normal font.
2
New York state court to the Southern District. See Dkt. 18; Pl. Remand Br. 5–7. That motion
also sought attorneys’ fees incurred as a result of the removal. See Pl. Remand Br. 10–11. The
Court stayed discovery pending resolution of the remand motion and set a briefing schedule.
Dkt. 22.
On August 18, 2015, the day before defendants’ opposition to the remand motion was
due, defendants informed the Court that they had “determined that [GECC’s] position with
respect to the waiver is in accordance with existing case law,” and therefore would not be filing
an opposition. Dkt. 23. The same day, the Court issued an order granting GECC’s motion to
remand on the ground that defendants waived the right to remove to federal court. Dkt. 24. The
order directed GECC to inform the Court whether it still sought attorneys’ fees, in light of
defendants’ assent to remand. Id.
On August 20, 2015, GECC renewed its motion for attorneys’ fees.3 See Pl. Fees Br.
After an adjournment during which the parties failed to come to agreement, see Dkt. 30,
defendants filed an opposition, see Def. Br., on September 23, 2015. Although this opposition
was almost a week late, the Court accepted it and considers the instant motion opposed. Dkt. 33.
II.
Discussion
This motion raises two principal questions: First, was defendants’ removal of this action
to federal court objectively unreasonable? Second, if removal was unreasonable, what fees did
GECC reasonably incur as a result of removal?
A.
Objective Unreasonableness of Defendants’ Removal
3
While GECC has referred to the award of “fees and costs,” see, e.g., Pl. Fees Br. 1, it has
specifically sought compensation only for the attorneys’ fees incurred as a result of the removal.
See id. (“The total amount of fees sought is $18,661.05.”).
3
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), a Court remanding a case to state court “may require
payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the
removal.” The Supreme Court has held that, “[a]bsent unusual circumstances, courts may award
attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable
basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should
be denied.” Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141 (2005). Reasonableness “is
evaluated based on the circumstances as of the time that the case was removed,” here, June 8,
2015. Williams v. Int’l Gun-A-Rama, 416 F. App’x 97, 99 (2d Cir. 2011) (summary order).
The case for removal need not be “frivolous . . . or without foundation” to justify an
award of fees—only “unreasonable.” Martin, 546 U.S. at 138 (internal quotation marks
omitted). The Second Circuit has held, for instance, that basing removal on asserted federal
defenses or federal claims in a third-party complaint is objectively unreasonable. See Savino v.
Savino, 590 F. App’x 80, 81 (2d Cir. 2015) (summary order) (federal defenses); Calabro v.
Aniqa Halal Live Poultry Corp., 650 F.3d 163, 166 (2d Cir. 2011) (federal third-party claims).
But “if clearly established law did not foreclose a defendant’s basis for removal, then a district
court should not award attorneys’ fees.” Williams, 416 F. App’x at 99 (quoting Lott v. Pfizer,
Inc., 492 F.3d 789, 793 (7th Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Forum-selection clauses are “presumptively enforceable” if they are “communicated to
the resisting party, [have] mandatory force and cover[] the claims and parties involved in the
dispute.” Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 383 (2d Cir. 2007). The resisting party
may rebut this presumption “by making a sufficiently strong showing that ‘enforcement would
be unreasonable or unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or
4
overreaching.’” Id. at 383–84 (quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off–Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15
(1972)).
Defendants make two related arguments in defending their removal of this action as
objectively reasonable despite the forum-selection clauses in the Note and the Guaranty. First,
they argue that “the waiver of the right to remove must be clear and unequivocal.” Def. Br. 6
(citing Rabbi Jacob Joseph School v. Province of Mendoza, 342 F. Supp. 2d 124 (E.D.N.Y.
2004); JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Reijtenbagh, 611 F. Supp. 2d 389 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)).
Second, they argue that a forum-selection clause “will only be enforced if it is deemed
mandatory, not merely permissive.” Def. Br. 7 (citing John Boutari and Son, Wines and Spirits,
S.A. v. Attiki Importers and Distributors, Inc., 22 F.3d 51 (2d. Cir. 1994); GMAC Commercial
Mortgage Corp. v. LaSalle Bank Nat. Ass’n, 242 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)). In essence,
defendants argue that they reasonably interpreted the forum-selection clauses in the Note and the
Guaranty as unclear and permissive.
The Court rejects those arguments. To the contrary, the forum-selection clauses are as
clearly mandatory as such clauses can reasonably be, and they unambiguously waive defendants’
right to remove an action brought initially in New York state court. It was, therefore,
unreasonable for defendants to view them as permitting removal.
Forum-selection clauses are mandatory when they require that disputes be heard
exclusively in a particular forum, and permissive when they simply confer jurisdiction on that
forum. See Glob. Seafood Inc. v. Bantry Bay Mussels Ltd., 659 F.3d 221, 225 (2d Cir. 2011).
“A forum selection clause is considered mandatory where: (1) ‘it confers exclusive jurisdiction
on the designated forum’ or (2) ‘incorporates obligatory venue language.’” Id. (quoting Phillips,
494 F.3d at 386). Courts focus on the language of the contract, in particular, whether the
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contract contains “specific language of exclusion.” Id. (quoting Boutari, 22 F.3d at 53) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Here, the forum-selection clauses contain clear language of exclusion limiting the
defendants to the state or federal courts of New York, and those courts only: “Maker [or
Guarantor] irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located
in the State of New York . . . .” Note at 2; Guaranty at 5 (emphasis added). This provision is a
far cry from the permissive, non-exclusive clause at issue in Boutari, on which defendants rely,
which provided that “[a]ny dispute arising between the parties hereunder shall come within the
jurisdiction of the competent Greek Courts.” Boutari, 22 F.3d at 52.
The next question is whether the forum-selection clauses’ prohibition on removal is
sufficiently clear and mandatory. That prohibition reads: “Maker [or Guarantor] further
irrevocably waives any right it may have to remove any such proceedings from any such court
(even if removal is sought to another of the above-named courts).” Note at 2; Guaranty at 5.
Defendants argue that this clause is subject to two different interpretations, “each one leading to
internal inconsistencies.” Def. Br. 8. Defendants acknowledge that an interpretation allowing
removal would “render[] the nonremoval provision meaningless.” Id. But, defendants maintain,
an interpretation disallowing removal would be “inconsistent with the plain language of the
clauses that provided for jurisdiction of federal courts in New York.” Id.
The Court finds no such inconsistency afflicting an interpretation that disallows removal.
The forum-selection clauses, on their face, require that defendants submit to the jurisdiction of
either the state or federal courts in New York, and only those courts. They further provide that,
“even if removal is sought to another of the above-named courts,” the right to such removal is
waived. That the clauses initially convey jurisdiction on the New York federal courts is not at all
6
inconsistent with the further provision that, if an action is brought in New York state court, it
may not be removed. Defendants may view such a provision with disfavor, but that does not
make it “contradictory” or ambiguous. Def. Br. 3.
The forum-selection clauses here are thus completely distinct from those involved in the
cases on which defendants rely. One such case involved a clause that provided for the “nonexclusive jurisdiction” of certain enumerated courts, and “[did] not contain any reference to
removal.” Rabbi Jacob, 342 F. Supp. 2d at 128. In another, the forum-selection clause provided
for “the jurisdiction of any New York state or United States federal court sitting in New York
City,” but lacked both language of exclusivity and language forbidding removal. Reijtenbagh,
611 F. Supp. 2d at 390. In a third, the forum-selection clause provided that actions “may be
brought and enforced” in either New York state courts sitting in Manhattan or in the Southern
District, and that the signatory waived “any right to remove any such action or proceeding by
reason of improper venue or inconvenient forum.” GMAC, 242 F. Supp. 2d at 281 (emphasis
added). Here, by contrast, the forum-selection clauses at issue use exclusionary language, rather
than permissive language like “may be brought and enforced.” And they forbid removal for any
reason whatsoever, rather than merely for limited reasons such as where the venue is improper or
the forum inconvenient.
Their protestations to the contrary, defendants thus have failed to identify any clause
similar to those in the Note and the Guaranty that has “been found ambiguous and unenforceable
by the Second Circuit courts.” Def. Br. 9. Absent case law suggesting that a court would find
the forum-selection clauses here unclear or permissive, defendants’ decision to remove the action
was objectively unreasonable. The only reasonable interpretation of the forum-selection clauses
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is that they mandated jurisdiction in New York state or federal courts, and, where GECC
initiated the action in state court, forbade removal to federal court.
Defendants also point to three cases in which district courts in this Circuit have declined
to award fees and costs despite finding the anti-removal provision clear, mandatory, and
enforceable. See Def. Br. 9–11. Two of these cases, although thoroughly reasoned as to the
enforceability of the forum-selection clause, are conclusory as to the fee award, stating only that
the removing party’s arguments were not “objectively unreasonable, intended to harass [the nonremoving party], or to prolong or delay the litigation.” Lancer Ins. Co. v. MKBS, LLC, No. 08
Civ. 3724 (SJF), 2008 WL 5411090, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2008); RES Exhibit Servs., LLC v.
Tecan Grp., Ltd., No. 09 Civ. 6659 (MAT), 2010 WL 2545772, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. June 21, 2010)
(citing Lancer). The third predated the Supreme Court’s decision in Martin, which adopted the
objective reasonableness standard. It, too, summarily concluded that defendant’s removal was
not “frivolous or plainly unreasonable.” Koninklijke Philips Elecs. v. Digital Works, Inc., 358 F.
Supp. 2d 328, 335 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (emphasis added).
These precedents therefore have limited persuasive force on the propriety of a fee award.
Moreover, here, there is some reason to suspect that defendants sought to “prolong or delay the
litigation” by removing this action. First, defense counsel was put on notice that GECC believed
the forum-selection clauses prohibited removal, yet the same day removed the case to this Court.
See Second Knob Cert. ¶¶ 5–6. This suggests that defense counsel did not invest the necessary
time or resources in investigating the permissibility of removal. Second, defense counsel
inexplicably failed to promptly notify GECC or its counsel of the removal. See id. ¶ 6. Finally,
defense counsel assented to remand the day before its opposition to the remand motion was due.
Dkt. 23. All told, while the Court does not make a finding as to whether defendants acted in bad
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faith, there are enough signs to that effect—and the policy reasons for discouraging similar
conduct are strong enough—that the Court, in its discretion, holds that the award of some fees is
appropriate.
B.
Reasonableness of GECC’s Fees
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) provides that “[a]n order remanding the case may require payment of
just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.”
GECC seeks $18,661.05 for performing 54.4 hours of attorney time (at an average of
approximately $343 per hour). Second Knob Cert. ¶ 3. This consists of 21 hours worked by
Peter Knob, a seventh-year associate at McCarter & English, who billed at a discounted rate4 of
$288 per hour; 15.9 hours worked by Jessica Macarone, a ninth-year associate at the firm, who
billed at a discounted rate of $355.50 per hour; and 5.2 hours worked by Lisa S. Bonsall, a
partner at the firm with over 25 years of experience, who billed at a discounted rate of $486 per
hour. See id. ¶¶ 7–12.
As in other contexts where district courts are called upon to determine whether proposed
attorneys’ fees are reasonable, “[t]he presumptively reasonable fee boils down to ‘what a
reasonable, paying client would be willing to pay,’ given that such a party wishes ‘to spend the
minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively.’” Simmons v. New York City Transit Auth.,
575 F.3d 170, 174 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v.
Cty. of Albany, 493 F.3d 110, 112, 118 (2d Cir. 2007)). The starting point for calculating a
“presumptively reasonable fee” is “the lodestar—the product of a reasonable hourly rate and the
reasonable number of hours required by the case.” Millea v. Metro-North R.R. Co., 658 F.3d
154, 166 (2d Cir. 2011) (emphasis added).
4
GECC receives a 10% fee discount from McCarter & English. Second Knob Cert. ¶ 8.
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1.
Hourly Rates Charged
The reasonableness of hourly rates is guided by the market rate “[p]revailing in the
community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and
reputation.” Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11 (1984). The relevant community is this
District. See Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. Cty. of Albany & Albany
Cty. Bd. of Elections, 522 F.3d 182, 191 (2d Cir. 2008).
The Court finds each of the three attorneys’ rates reasonable.5 Rates of $288 and $355.50
per hour for experienced associates are reasonable given that courts in this District “have
regularly found $500.00 or more to be a reasonable hourly rate for a senior associate attorney.”
Demonchaux v. Unitedhealthcare Oxford, No. 10 Civ. 4491 (DAB), 2014 WL 1273772, at *7
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2014). The discounted rates at which Knob and Macarone billed are clearly
within the range of reasonable fees for experienced associates in this District. See also MB Fin.
Bank, N.A. v. 56 Walker, LLC, No. 11 Civ. 5538 (JGK), 2011 WL 6338808, at *3–4 (S.D.N.Y.
Dec. 19, 2011) (approving rate of $545 per hour for senior associate working on remand motion).
A rate of $486 per hour for a partner with 25 years’ experience is also reasonable. See id.
(approving rate of $645 per hour for partners working on remand motion); Verizon Directories
Corp. v. AMCAR Transp. Corp., No. 05 Civ. 8867 (GBD) (RLE), 2008 WL 4891244, at *5
(S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 2008) (approving rates of $425 and $525 per hour for partners with
“extensive experience in commercial litigation”).
2.
Number of Hours Worked
Courts must pay careful attention to the hours for which attorneys seek compensation,
making appropriate adjustments for “duplicative hours.” Wong v. Mangone, 450 F. App’x 27, 32
5
Defendants do not challenge the firm’s rates.
10
(2d Cir. 2011) (summary order). Courts are obliged to exclude hours that are “excessive,
redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Kirsch v. Fleet St., Ltd., 148 F.3d 149, 173 (2d Cir. 1998)
(quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendants argue that the hours worked by McCarter & English on the motion to remand
were excessive. First, defendants object that GECC seeks to collect $4,433.40 for 12.3 hours
worked on complying with the procedures of this Court and appearing before this Court for an
initial conference, which defendants maintain is “not connected with the actual remand motion.”
Def. Br. 12. Second, defendants argue that “even a cursory look at [the firm’s] billing statements
reveals numerous entries where the attorneys involved in the motion to remand are reviewing
each other’s work and redrafting the documents prepared by other attorneys.” Def. Br. 13. The
Court addresses these arguments in turn.
Defendants cite Mattice v. ITT Hartford Ins. Group, 837 F. Supp. 499, 500 (N.D.N.Y.
1993) for the proposition that “the court must reduce or eliminate any amounts to the extent that
they . . . were not incurred solely for the purpose of the remand motion.” See also Greenidge v.
Mundo Shipping Corp., 60 F. Supp. 2d 10, 13 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) (“[T]he Court must disallow
hours which were not incurred solely in connection with the remand motion.”). But the language
of 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c)—providing for an award of attorneys’ fees “incurred as a result of the
removal”—suggests a somewhat broader array of compensable fees. See Williams v. Beemiller,
Inc., No. 05 Civ. 836S (WMS), 2010 WL 891001, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2010), rev’d on
other grounds sub nom. Williams v. Int’l Gun-A-Rama, 416 F. App’x 97 (2d Cir. 2011)
(summary order) (“Fees and costs are incurred as a result of the removal if they (or similar fees
and costs) would not have arisen had the case remained in state court.”) (emphasis in original).
The Court is unpersuaded that the costs of preparing materials required by the federal court, and
11
appearing in federal court, are not compensable under § 1447(c), where the harm GECC suffered
entailed having to litigate in federal court rather than its chosen state court forum.
Nevertheless, the Court agrees with defendants that spending a total of 54.4 hours on a
straightforward motion to remand appears excessive. Notably, “district courts across this Circuit
hesitate to reimburse plaintiffs’ attorneys for more than about 30 hours spent on relatively
uncomplicated motions to remand.” Samuel v. Town of Cheektowaga, No. 09 Civ. 381A (RJA),
2010 WL 411090, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2010) (citing, inter alia, Alexander v. Amchem
Prods., Inc., No. 07 Civ. 6441 (RJS), 2008 WL 1700157, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2008)
(reducing compensated hours from 31.5 to 21); Greenidge, 60 F. Supp. 2d at 13 (reducing by
35% the claimed number of hours worked on a remand motion, from 51.25 to 33.25)); see also
MB Fin. Bank, 2011 WL 6338808, at *4 (reducing by 40% the 51 hours claimed by attorneys
working on remand motion).
Moreover, various time entries are vague, referring simply to “consideration” of issues.
And some appear to reflect unnecessary work by high-level personnel on relatively quotidian
projects. Illustrative is the work that went into the two-page single-spaced joint letter and the
case management plan (a standard form) submitted to the Court before the initial conference in
this case. Dkt. 10. The firm claims that it spent about six hours preparing these documents,
including 1.5 hours spent by partner Bonsall reviewing, revising, and considering these materials
(but not including time spent conferring with opposing counsel). See Second Knob Cert., Ex. C.
Overall, “given that the removal was plainly improper,” it ought not have taken 54.4 hours to
prepare the motion to remand and complete the other tasks resulting from defendants’ removal.
MB Fin. Bank, 2011 WL 6338808, at *4.
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