Hidalgo v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc.
Filing
28
OPINION AND ORDER: For the foregoing reasons, J&J's motions to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and Hidalgo's request for injunctive relief and unjust enrichment claim are dismissed with prejudice. J&J's Rule 12(f) motion to strike is DENIED in full. (As further set forth in this Order) (Signed by Judge Shira A. Scheindlin on 12/8/2015) (kl)
babies sleep better.1
On October 1, 2015, J&J moved to (1) dismiss Hidalgo’s request for
injunctive relief and other aspects of the Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; (2) strike Hidalgo’s class allegations
pursuant to Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; and (3) dismiss
both of Hidalgo’s claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure.2 For the following reasons, the motions to dismiss under Rules
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and the motion
to strike under Rule 12(f) is DENIED in full.
II.
BACKGROUND3
A.
Bedtime Products Labels and Advertisements
The Complaint alleges that “[s]ince the launch of the [Bedtime]
Products to the present, J&J has consistently and uniformly stated on its labeling
1
This Court has original jurisdiction over this case under the Class
Action Fairness Act of 2005. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). As alleged in the
Complaint (“Compl.”), the amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000, and there is
minimal diversity because defendant and certain members of the class are citizens
of different states. See id.
2
Although J&J does not cite any statutory bases for its motion, the
Court has construed J&J’s arguments as seeking applicable relief under these
Rules.
3
The following background is drawn from the Complaint.
2
and in other advertisements that the Products are clinically proven to help babies
sleep better.”4 However, the Complaint alleges, J&J “knew that the [Bedtime]
Products themselves are not clinically proven”5 but were subjected to clinical tests
only as part of a three-step routine of bath, massage, and quiet time outlined on the
back of Bedtime Products bottles and other J&J marketing materials.6 The
Complaint further alleges that based on these “clinically proven” representations,
J&J was able to sell the Bedtime Products at a premium of at least 25 percent over
its “plain baby lotion and wash products.”7
B.
Hidalgo’s Purchase and Use of the Bedtime Products
Hidalgo’s “claims are based on the [Bedtime] Products’ labels.”8 She
asserts that, while shopping for baby wash “within the past five years,”9 she read
J&J’s labeling that the Bedtime Products were “clinically proven” to help babies
sleep better and that, based on these representations, purchased the Bedtime
4
Compl. ¶ 35.
5
Id.
6
Id. ¶ 36.
7
Id. ¶ 38.
8
Id. ¶ 40.
9
Id.
3
Products for a premium price.10 Hidalgo “used the Bedtime Bath, in conjunction
with the Bedtime Lotion, in accordance with [the] 3-step routine” described on the
Bedtime Products bottles.11 However, “[a]fter using the Bedtime Products as part
of the 3-step nightly routine for a period of time with her children, [she]
discontinued use” upon determining the Products to be ineffective in helping her
children sleep.12 The Complaint states that had J&J “not engaged in false and
misleading advertising” and “disclosed all material information regarding the
[Bedtime Products], . . . [Hidalgo] would not have purchased the [Bedtime
Products].”13
C.
Class Allegations and Claims for Relief
Hidalgo seeks to assert her claims on behalf of herself and “[a]ll
persons who purchased the Bedtime Products within New York, not for resale or
assignment.”14 The Complaint “seeks injunctive relief, actual damages, restitution
and/or disgorgement of profits, statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, costs, and all
10
See id. ¶¶ 40-42.
11
Id. ¶¶ 26, 40.
12
Id. ¶ 45.
13
Id. ¶¶ 72-73.
14
Id. ¶ 49.
4
other relief available to the Class.”15
III.
LEGAL STANDARD
A.
Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Standing
1.
Generally
“A case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
under Rule 12(b)(1) when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional
power to adjudicate it.”16 “A plaintiff asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the
burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that it exists.”17 “Thus, to
survive . . . [a] Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, [a plaintiff] must allege facts that
affirmatively and plausibly suggest that it has standing to sue.”18 However,
“[w]hen standing is challenged on the basis of the pleadings, we ‘accept as true all
material allegations of the complaint, and must construe the complaint in favor of
the complaining party.’”19
2.
Article III Standing
15
Id. ¶ 7.
16
Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000).
17
Id.
18
Amidax Trading Grp. v. S.W.I.F.T. SCRL, 671 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir.
2011).
19
United States v. Vazquez, 145 F.3d 74, 81 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting
Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501 (1975)) (further citations omitted).
5
“Under Article III of the Constitution, the jurisdiction of federal
courts is limited to the resolution of ‘cases’ and ‘controversies.’”20 “In order to
ensure that this ‘bedrock’ case-or-controversy requirement is met, courts require
that plaintiffs establish their ‘standing’ as ‘the proper part[ies] to bring’ suit.”21
Article III’s “irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains three
elements”:22
First, the plaintiff must have suffered an ‘injury in fact’ . . . which
is (a) concrete and particularized . . . and (b) actual or imminent,
not conjectural or hypothetical. . . . Second, . . . the injury has to
be fairly trac[eable] to the challenged action of the defendant. . .
. Third, it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that
the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.23
However, “[a] plaintiff seeking injunctive . . . relief cannot rely on past injury to
satisfy the injury requirement but must show a likelihood that he or she will be
injured in the future.”24 Accordingly, in actions brought under consumer
20
Amidax, 671 F.3d at 145 (quoting United States Const. art. III § 2).
21
Id. (quoting W.R. Huff Asset Mgmt. Co. v. Deloitte & Touche LLP,
549 F.3d 100, 106 (2d Cir. 2008) (alteration in original) (further quotation
omitted)).
22
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992).
23
Id. at 560-61 (quotation marks and citations omitted) (alterations in
original).
24
Deshawn E. by Charlotte E. v. Safir, 156 F.3d 340, 344 (2d Cir. 1998)
(citing City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105-06 (1983)).
6
protection statutes, many courts have declined to find Article III standing for
injunctive relief where the plaintiff “demonstrated that she is, in fact, unlikely to
purchase [the challenged] products again.”25
Further, Article III standing is a separate issue from that of “class
standing.”26 Article III “[s]tanding cannot be acquired through the back door of a
class action.”27 Rather, “the named class plaintiffs must allege and show that they
personally have been injured, not that the injury has been suffered by other,
unidentified members of the class to which they belong and which they purport to
represent.”28 Thus, “‘for every named defendant there must be at least one named
25
Tomasino v. Estee Lauder Cos., 44 F. Supp. 3d 251, 256 (E.D.N.Y.
2014). Accord Vaccariello v. XM Satellite Radio, 295 F.R.D. 62, 68 (E.D.N.Y.
2013); In re Con Agra Foods, Inc., 90 F. Supp. 3d 919, 979 (C.D. Cal. 2015);
Morgan v. Wallaby Yogurt Co., No. 13 Civ. 0296, 2014 WL 1017879, at *6 (N.D.
Cal. Mar. 13, 2014). But see Belfiore v. Procter & Gamble Co., 94 F. Supp. 3d
440, 445 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (finding Article III standing to seek injunctive relief
where plaintiff unlikely to purchase offending product again); Henderson v. Gruma
Corp., No. 10 Civ. 4173, 2011 WL 1362188, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 11, 2011)
(same).
26
See NECA-IBEW Health & Welfare Fund v. Goldman Sachs & Co.,
693 F.3d 145, 158 (2d Cir. 2012).
27
Wallace v. Ahearn, No. 13 Civ. 2520, 2014 WL 4659307, at *9
(E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2014) (quoting Allee v. Medrano, 416 U.S. 802, 829 (1974)
(Burger, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)).
28
Central States SE & SW Areas Health & Welfare Fund v. MerckMedco Managed Care, LLC, 433 F.3d 181, 199 (2d Cir. 2005) (quotation marks
and citations omitted).
7
plaintiff who can assert a claim directly against that defendant, and at that point
standing is satisfied and only then will the inquiry shift to a class action
analysis.’”29
B.
Rule 12(f) Motion to Strike Class Allegations
1.
Generally
Rule 12(f) provides that a court may “strike from a pleading . . . any
redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.”30 However, “[m]otions
to strike under Rule 12(f) are rarely successful”31 – particularly in the class-action
context where such a motion “‘requires a reviewing court to preemptively
terminate the class aspects of litigation, solely on the basis of what is alleged in the
complaint, and before plaintiffs are permitted to complete the discovery to which
29
Central States SE & SW Areas Health & Welfare Fund v. MerckMedco Managed Care, LLC, 504 F.3d 229, 241 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting 1 Newberg
on Class Actions § 2:6 n.3 (4th ed. 2002)).
30
Additionally, Rule 23(c)(1)(A) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure provides that “[a]t an early practicable time after a person sues or is sued
as a class representative, the court must determine by order whether to certify the
action as a class action.”
31
Reynolds v. Lifewatch, Inc., No. 14 Civ. 3575, 2015 WL 5730792, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2015). Accord Emilio v. Sprint Spectrum L.P., 68 F. Supp.
3d 509, 514 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“[M]otions to strike are viewed with disfavor and
infrequently granted.” (quotation marks omitted)).
8
they would otherwise be entitled on questions relevant to class certification.’”32
“Put differently, motions to strike class allegations are often denied as
premature.’”33 Accordingly, “to succeed on a motion to strike class allegations, a
defendant must ‘demonstrate from the face of the [c]omplaint that it would be
impossible to certify the alleged class regardless of the facts [the] [p]laintiffs may
be able to obtain during discovery.”34 In other words, “a motion to strike that
addresses issues separate and apart from the issues that will be decided on a class
certification motion is not procedurally premature.”35
2.
Class Standing
The Second Circuit has held that “[i]n a putative class action, a
plaintiff has class standing if [s]he plausibly alleges (1) that [s]he ‘personally has
suffered some actual . . . injury as a result of the putatively illegal conduct of the
defendant’36 . . . and (2) that such conduct implicates the ‘same set of concerns’ as
32
Reynolds, 2015 WL 5730792, at *4 (quoting Belfiore, 94 F. Supp. 3d
at 447) (further citations omitted).
33
Id.
34
Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Mayfield v. Asta Funding, 95 F.
Supp. 3d 685, 696 (S.D.N.Y. 2015)).
35
Chen-Oster v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 877 F. Supp. 2d 113, 117
(S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162 (quoting Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S.
991, 999 (1982)).
36
9
the conduct alleged to have caused injury to other members of the putative class by
the same defendants.”37
C.
Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
1.
Generally
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court
must “accept[] all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw[] all
reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.”38 The court evaluates the
sufficiency of the complaint under the “two-pronged approach” set forth by the
Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Iqbal.39 Under the first prong, a court may “begin by
identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not
37
Id. (quoting Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, 267 (2003)). Accord id.
(“[I]n the context of claims alleging injury based on misrepresentations, the
misconduct alleged will almost always be the same: the making of a false or
misleading statement. Whether that conduct implicates the same set of concerns
for distinct sets of plaintiffs, however, will depend on the nature and content of the
specific misrepresentation alleged.”); In re Frito-Lay N.A., Inc. All Natural Litig.,
No. 12 MD 2413, 2013 WL 4647512, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 29, 2013) (“Whether
the plaintiffs’ injuries are sufficiently similar to those of the putative class
members who purchased other products – and whether plaintiffs will therefore
adequately represent the interests of the class – is a question the Court will
consider on a Rule 23 certification motion.”).
38
Grant v. County of Erie, 542 Fed. App’x 21, 23 (2d Cir. 2013).
39
See 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009).
10
entitled to the assumption of truth.”40 For example, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.”41 Under the second prong of Iqbal, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual
allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they
plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief.”42 A claim is plausible “when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”43 Plausibility
requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.”44
When deciding a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “the Court is entitled to consider facts
alleged in the complaint and documents attached to it or incorporated in it by
reference, documents ‘integral’ to the complaint and relied upon it, and facts of
which judicial notice may properly be taken.”45
2.
Statute of Limitations Defense
40
Id. at 679.
41
Id. at 678 (citation omitted).
42
Id. at 679.
43
Id. at 678 (citation omitted).
44
Id. (quotation marks omitted).
45
Heckman v. Town of Hempstead, 568 Fed. App’x 41, 43 (2d Cir.
2014) (citing Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2000)) (further citation
omitted).
11
“Timeliness is ‘material when testing the sufficiency of a pleading.’”46
Accordingly, “[d]ismissal under [Rule] 12(b)(6) is appropriate when a defendant
raises . . . [a statutory bar] as an affirmative defense and it is clear from the face of
the complaint . . . that the plaintiff’s claims are barred as a matter of law.”47
D.
Leave to Amend
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that, other than
amendments as a matter of course, a party may amend its pleading “only with the
opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Although “[t]he court
should freely give leave when justice so requires,”48 it is “‘within the sound
discretion of the district court to grant or deny leave to amend.’”49 When a motion
to dismiss is granted, “‘[i]t is the usual practice . . . to allow leave to replead.’”50
46
Staehr v. Hartford Fin. Servs. Grp., Inc., 547 F.3d 406, 425 (2d Cir.
2008) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(f)).
47
Id. Accord Estate of Leventhal ex rel. Bernstein v. Wells Fargo Bank,
No. 14 Civ. 8751, 2015 WL 5660945, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2015) (declining
to “decide [on motion to dismiss] whether Plaintiff’s claims [were] time-barred
because it [was] not clear on the face of the Complaint when . . . those claims
began to accrue”).
48
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).
49
Franconero v. UMG Recordings, Inc., 542 Fed. App’x 14, 17 (2d Cir.
2013) (quoting McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir.
2007)).
50
Heckman, 568 Fed. App’x at 43 (quoting Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum
Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991)).
12
Where a plaintiff inadequately pleads a claim and cannot offer additional
substantive information to cure the deficient pleading, granting leave to amend is
futile and should be denied.51
IV.
APPLICABLE LAW
A.
Section 349
“New York General Business Law § 349, a consumer protection
measure, provides, in relevant part: ‘[d]eceptive acts or practices in the conduct of
any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in [New York]
are hereby declared unlawful.’”52 “Claims under Section 349 are . . . subject to the .
. . notice-pleading requirements of [Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure].”53 “To state a prima facie claim under . . . Section [349], a plaintiff
must allege that the defendant (1) engaged in consumer-oriented conduct; (2) that
the conduct was materially misleading; and (3) that the plaintiff suffered injury as a
result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice.”54 “The New York Court of
51
See Smith v. United States, 554 Fed. App’x 30, 32 (2d Cir. 2013).
52
Dimond v. Darden Rests., No. 13 Civ. 5244, 2014 WL 3377105, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2014).
53
Tomasino, 44 F. Supp. 3d at 257 (quotation marks omitted).
54
Weisblum v. Prophase Labs, Inc., 88 F. Supp. 3d 283, 292 (S.D.N.Y.
2015) (citations omitted).
13
Appeals has adopted an objective definition of ‘misleading,’ under which the
alleged act must be ‘likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably
under the circumstances.’”55 “A court may make this determination as a matter of
law, although usually such a determination is a question of fact.”56 “A plaintiff
adequately alleges injury under GBL § 349 by claiming that he paid a premium for
a product based on the allegedly misleading representations.”57
Generally, “[a]ctions brought pursuant to Section 349 must be
commenced within three years of the date of accrual.”58 “[F]or purposes of a
Section 349 claim, “accrual is not dependent on discovery of either injury or its
specific cause” but “occurs when Plaintiff first suffered injury.”59 Equitable tolling
“is applied only in rare circumstances when the defendant’s fraudulent conduct
either conceals the existence of a cause of action or acts to delay Plaintiff from
Cohen v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 498 F.3d 111, 126 (2d Cir. 2007)
(quoting Oswego Laborers’ Local 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, 85
N.Y.2d 20, 26 (1995)).
55
56
Goldemberg v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos., Inc., 8 F. Supp.
3d 467, 478 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citations omitted).
57
Koenig v. Boulder Brands, 995 F. Supp. 2d 274, 288 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(citations omitted).
58
Marshall v. Hyundai Motor Am., 51 F. Supp. 3d 451, 461 (S.D.N.Y.
2014).
59
Statler v. Dell, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 2d 474, 484 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).
14
commencing a lawsuit.”60
B.
Unjust Enrichment
“To state a claim for unjust enrichment [under New York law], a
plaintiff must plead that (1) the defendant was enriched (2) at the plaintiff’s
expense and (3) under the circumstances of such enrichment equity and good
conscience require the defendant to make restitution.”61 However, “unjust
enrichment is available as a cause of action only in unusual situations when,
though the defendant has not breached a contract nor committed a recognized tort,
circumstances create an equitable obligation running from the defendant to the
plaintiff.”62 Put differently, “[a]n unjust enrichment claim is not available where it
simply duplicates, or replaces, a conventional contract or tort claim.”63
V.
DISCUSSION
A.
Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Standing
60
Statler v. Dell, Inc., 841 F. Supp. 2d 642, 647 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).
61
Goldemberg, 8 F. Supp. 3d at 483.
62
Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
63
Corsello v. Verizon New York, Inc., 18 N.Y.3d 777, 790 (2012).
Accord Trend & Style Asia HK Co. v. Pacific Worldwide, Inc., No. 14 Civ. 9992,
2015 WL 4190746, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 10, 2015) (“[I]f the . . . Defendants admit
that there was a contract even while denying liability under it, then the Court will
dismiss as duplicative the quasi-contract allegations.”)
15
The Court will first consider J&J’s jurisdictional arguments that
Hidalgo, in her individual capacity, lacks Article III standing to seek injunctive
relief, pursue claims accruing prior to 2010, or assert claims based on advertising
other than J&J’s labeling of the Bedtime Products.
1.
Injunctive Relief
A plaintiff lacks standing to bring an action for injunctive relief when,
as here, she does not allege that she will suffer any future injury as a result of
defendant’s continued conduct.64 As the Complaint contains no allegations that
Hidalgo intends to purchase the Bedtime Products again, she has not plausibly
alleged future injury from these products.65
Furthermore, amendment would be futile given that the Complaint
effectively asserts that regardless of whether J&J’s allegedly deceptive practices
are enjoined, Hidalgo will refrain from purchasing the Bedtime Products.
64
See, e.g., Deshawn E., 156 F.3d at 344; Tomasino, 44 F. Supp. 3d at
256; Vaccariello, 295 F.R.D. at 68; In re Con Agra Foods, 90 F. Supp. 3d at 979;
Morgan, 2014 WL 1017879, at *6.
65
The Second Circuit has not opined on whether a plaintiff maintains
standing to seek injunctive relief for consumer protection claims when she admits
that she will not re-purchase the challenged products. Hidalgo points to a few
district court cases that have found standing under these circumstances. See, e.g.,
Belfiore, 94 F. Supp. 3d at 445; Henderson, 2011 WL 1362188, at *7. This Court,
however, finds those cases to be irreconcilable with Article III’s firm injury-in-fact
requirement – a bedrock limitation on the jurisdiction of the federal courts. See
Lujan, 504 U.S. at 559; Lyons, 461 U.S. at 105-06.
16
Specifically, the Complaint states that had J&J “not engaged in false and
misleading advertising” and “disclosed all material information regarding the
[Bedtime Products], . . . [Hidalgo] would not have purchased the [Bedtime
Products].”66 Accordingly, Hidalgo’s claim for injunctive relief is dismissed with
prejudice.
2.
Claims Arising from Pre-2010 Purchases or Advertisements
Other than Bedtime Products Labeling
J&J also challenges Hidalgo’s individual standing to assert claims
arising out of pre-2010 purchases of the Bedtime Products or based on advertising
other than the labels on J&J’s Bedtime Product bottles (such as Internet
advertisements).67 J&J does not dispute that Hidalgo has alleged injury based on
her past purchases. Rather, J&J argues that because the Complaint alleges that
Hidalgo’s purchases were made after 2010 and based solely on the Bedtime
66
Compl. ¶¶ 72-73.
67
J&J also apparently challenges Hidalgo’s individual standing to
pursue claims based on post-2013 purchases, citing the Complaint’s allegation that
J&J changed relevant language on some advertising materials “sometime between
[January 2013] and the present.” Compl. ¶ 32 n.6. This argument is a red herring,
as the Complaint further alleges that even after this change, the “clinically proven”
representation continued to appear on the Bedtime Products’ labels. See id. ¶ 20
(“While the language on some of these [advertising] materials has changed slightly
between January 2013 and the present, the wording on the Product labels has
remained constant to this day: that the Bedtime Products are clinically proven to
help babies sleep better.” (emphasis added)).
17
Products labeling, she cannot pursue claims outside the scope of her own
purchases. Unlike the injunctive relief claim, however, neither the time period nor
marketing impetus of Hidalgo’s purchases undermines Article III’s requirement
that she suffered an actual injury. Instead, these arguments go to the scope of the
putative class and thus, are properly considered under Rule 12(f), not Rule
12(b)(1).68
B.
Rule 12(f) Motion to Strike Class Allegations
The only remaining issue is J&J’s standing-related arguments under
Rule 12(f) – namely, those regarding Hidalgo’s standing to represent a class
pursuing claims arising out of pre-2010 purchases or advertising other than the
Bedtime Products labels.69 Hidalgo seeks to represent a single class, defined as
“[a]ll persons who purchased the Bedtime Products within New York not for resale
or assignment.”70 J&J urges the Court to find that Hidalgo – whom the Complaint
alleges purchased Bedtime Products only after 2010 and on the basis of the
Bedtime Products labels – lacks class standing to represent the putative class as
68
See NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162.
69
J&J similarly attempts to challenge Hidalgo’s class standing to pursue
claims arising out of post-2013 purchases due to the alleged change in J&J
advertising. This argument fails for the reason stated at note 67, supra.
70
Compl. ¶ 49.
18
defined. But because the parties have not yet had the opportunity to conduct
discovery about whether Hidalgo’s injuries “implicate[] the ‘same set of concerns’
as the conduct alleged to have caused injury to other members of the putative
class,” J&J’s motion to strike the class allegations is denied as premature.71 J&J
may re-assert these arguments, if applicable, at the class certification stage.
C.
Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss For Failure to State a Claim
1.
Section 349 Claim
J&J offers two arguments in support of its position that the Section
349 claim should be dismissed for failure to state a claim – neither of which is
persuasive.72 First, J&J argues that this claim should be dismissed as time-barred
under the applicable three-year statute of limitations, given that the Complaint
broadly alleges that Hidalgo purchased the Products “within the past five years.”73
Because timeliness is an affirmative defense, however, it constitutes grounds for
dismissal at the pleadings stage only where the defense is clear from the face of the
71
NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162 (quoting Gratz, 539 U.S. at 267).
72
J&J also submits sources outside the Complaint in support of its
position (including Internet reviews of the Bedtime Products and filings from other
cases). The Court declines to consider these materials in deciding this motion, as
they are neither part of Hidalgo’s Complaint nor integral to her claims. See
Heckman, 568 Fed. App’x at 43.
73
Compl. ¶ 40.
19
Complaint.74 Hidalgo’s allegation that she purchased the Bedtime Products
“within the past five years” does not clearly establish that the relevant purchases
occurred more than three years before the Complaint was filed. Nor does the
Complaint establish that equitable tolling of the statute of limitations would be
unavailable. Thus, although discovery may ultimately prove otherwise, it is
premature to dismiss the Section 349 claim as untimely.
Second, J&J argues that the Complaint fails to plausibly allege that
J&J’s representations about the Bedtime Products were “materially misleading” –
and thus, likely to mislead a reasonable customer – as required to support this
cause of action.75 The Complaint does, however, allege material misrepresentation
sufficient to sustain the Section 349 claim. The crux of Hidalgo’s Section 349
claim is that the “clinically proven” representations were misleading because
“contrary to the[ir] clear labeling and advertising, the Bedtime Products themselves
are not clinically proven.”76 Rather, the Complaint alleges, it was the combined
three-step bedtime routine that was clinically tested by J&J.77 Accordingly, the
74
See Staehr, 547 F.3d at 425.
75
J&J does not challenge the Complaint’s sufficiency with respect to
any other element of the Section 349 claim.
76
Compl. ¶ 25 (emphasis added).
77
See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 21, 25-26, 28, 36.
20
Complaint plausibly alleges that, based on these “clinically proven”
representations, a reasonable customer could have been misled into believing that
the Bedtime Products, in isolation, had been clinically proven as a sleep aid.
In support of its position, J&J contends that “the statements on the
label are true” given that the Complaint admits that J&J conducted tests involving
the Bedtime Products.78 This argument fails, however, as the Complaint’s core
allegation is that J&J tested the Bedtime Products as part of the three-step routine
but never tested the efficacy of the Bedtime Products alone.79 J&J also suggests
that Hidalgo could not have been misled because she followed the three-step
routine described on the back of the Bedtime Products bottles. That Hidalgo did,
in fact, implement J&J’s recommended routine does not undermine her allegation
that she and other consumers believed that the Bedtime Products themselves were
“clinically proven.” Nor would it be appropriate for the Court to find at this stage,
as J&J urges, that the disclosure of the three-step routine on the back of Bedtime
Products bottles and other advertising materials obviates the possibility that the
“clinically proven” language was misleading.80
78
Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion to
Dismiss and Strike Class Allegations (“Def. Mem.”) at 11.
79
See Compl. ¶¶ 35-36, 38.
80
See Goldemberg, 8 F. Supp. 3d at 478.
21
Shira A. Scheindlin
U.S.D.J.
Dated:
New York, New York
December 8, 2015
23
- Appearances For Plaintiff:
Kim E. Richman, Esq.
Richman Law Group
195 Plymouth Street
Brooklyn, NY 11201
(212) 687-8291
James C. Shah, Esq.
Natalie Finkelman Bennett, Esq.
Shepherd, Finkelman, Miller & Shah LLP
35 East State Street
Media, PA 19063
(610) 891-9880
Jayne A. Goldstein, Esq.
Pomerantz LLP
1792 Bell Tower Lane, Suite 203
Weston, FL 33326
(954) 315-3454
For Defendant:
V. David Rivkin, Esq.
Mark A. Neubauer, Esq.
Carlton Fields Jorden Burt LLP
405 Lexington Avenue, 36th Floor
New York, NY 10174
(212) 380-9605
24
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