Universitas Education, LLC v. T.D. Bank, N.A.
Filing
23
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: For the foregoing reasons, defendant's motion is GRANTED. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion (Dkt. No. 12) and this case. (As further set forth in this Order) (Signed by Judge Shira A. Scheindlin on 12/21/2015) (kl)
issued two checks to the Charter Oak Trust totaling $30,677,276.85, representing
the life insurance proceeds for two life insurance policies issued on the life of Mr.
Sash Spencer.2 Mr. Spencer, now deceased, named Universitas as the sole
beneficiary of the Charter Oak Trust.3 Nova Group, Inc. served as the trustee.4
Contemporaneous with the Charter Oak Trust’s receipt of the life
insurance proceeds, Nova Group sought to open a new bank account for the Trust.5
It applied for this account with at least three major banking institutions, and was
declined by at least Bank of America due to Nova Group’s failure to satisfy certain
due diligence protocols.6 T.D. Bank accepted Nova Group’s application, and
opened an account for Charter Oak Trust on May 12, 2009.7
On May 20 and May 21, 2009, T.D. Bank accepted applications for
and opened business checking accounts for Nova Group and several related
entities.8 From May 21, 2009 to October 27, 2009, Nova Group transferred
2
See Compl. ¶ 38.
3
See id.
4
See id. ¶ 39.
5
See id. ¶ 44.
6
See id. ¶ 45.
7
See id. ¶ 50.
8
See id. ¶¶ 53-54.
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Charter Oak Trust proceeds to and between its business checking accounts, and
directly withdrew $19.8 million from the Charter Oak Trust account.9 Universitas
was aware that Nova Group did not intend to remit the Charter Oak Trust’s
proceeds to it by October 2009.10
Plaintiff filed a demand for arbitration against the Nova Group on
June 17, 2010.11 The arbitrator awarded plaintiff damages in the amount of
$26,558,308.26 plus interest on January 24, 2011.12 The award was confirmed on
June 5, 2012.13 In the meantime, T.D. Bank closed all accounts associated with
Nova Group, which has yet to pay any of the arbitration award to plaintiff.14 On
July 17, 2015, plaintiff brought this action against T.D. Bank accusing it of aiding
and abetting in this conversion, and bringing several related claims.
9
See id. ¶¶ 57-66.
10
See Petition to Confirm Arbitration Award (“Petition”), Exhibit 1 to
9/11/15 Declaration of Jeffrey J. Chapman, counsel for defendant, in Support of
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (“Chapman Dec.”) ¶ 7
(“Nova Group formally rejected Universitas’ claim to the Death Benefit twice,
initially in October 2009, and on appeal in February 2010.”); Affidavit of Sharon
Sieber, member of Universitas Education, LLC, Exhibit 4 to Chapman Dec. ¶¶ 812 (outlining steps taken by plaintiff to secure Charter Oak Trust monies in 2009).
11
See Compl. ¶ 68.
12
See id. ¶ 70.
13
See id. ¶ 71.
14
See id. ¶ 72.
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II.
LEGAL STANDARD
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court
must “accept[ ] all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw[ ] all
reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.”15 The court evaluates the
sufficiency of the complaint under the “two-pronged approach” set forth by the
Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Iqbal.16 Under the first prong, a court may “begin by
identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not
entitled to the assumption of truth.”17 For example, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.”18 Under the second prong of Iqbal, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual
allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they
plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief.”19 A claim is plausible “when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”20 Plausibility
15
Grant v. County of Erie, 542 Fed. App’x 21, 23 (2d Cir. 2013).
16
See 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009).
17
Id. at 679.
18
Id. at 678 (citation omitted).
19
Id. at 679.
20
Id. at 678 (citation omitted).
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requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.”21
When deciding a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “a district court may
consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as
exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint.”22 “‘[I]t is
‘axiomatic that the Complaint cannot be amended by briefs in opposition to a
motion to dismiss.’”23
III.
DISCUSSION
When sitting in diversity, a federal court applies New York’s statutes
of limitations to state law claims.24 Under New York law, causes of action accrue
at the time and in the place of the injury.25 Applying these principles to the instant
case, each of plaintiff’s causes of action is time-barred, and must be dismissed.
A.
Aiding and Abetting Conversion Claim
Allegations for conversion, and aiding and abetting of conversion, are
21
Id. (quotations omitted).
22
DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable LLC, 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010)
(citing Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002)).
23
Ace Arts, LLC v. Sony/ATV Music Pub., LLC, 56 F. Supp. 3d 436, 451
(S.D.N.Y. 2014) (quoting O’Brien v. National Prop. Analysts Partners, 719
F.Supp. 222, 229 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)).
24
See, e.g., Thea v. Kleinhandler, No. 14-3201, 2015 WL 6684322, at
*4 (2d Cir. Nov. 3, 2015).
25
See id.
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subject to a three-year statute of limitations.26 A conversion occurs when one
exercises unauthorized dominion over the property of another to the exclusion of
the rights of the lawful owner.27 Here, the alleged conversion took place no later
than October 2009, when Nova Group formally refused to remit the proceeds of the
Charter Oak Trust to plaintiff.28 Thus, plaintiff’s conversion claim was time-barred
as of October 2012.
B.
Fraud Claims
Claims for fraud and the aiding and abetting of fraud are normally
governed by New York’s six-year statute of limitations.29 However, a “[c]ourt will
not apply the six-year statute of limitations if the claim of fraud is merely
incidental to another claim with a shorter limitations period.”30 To determine
whether a fraud claim is “merely incidental” to other claims in an action, courts
examine the “gravamen,” or basic essence, of a plaintiff’s claims.31 In order to not
26
See N.Y. Civil Practice Law & Rules (“C.P.L.R.”) § 214(3).
27
See Kirschner v. Bennett, 648 F. Supp. 2d 252, 240 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).
28
See Petition ¶ 7.
29
See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 213(8).
30
Malmsteen v. Berdon, LLP, 447 F. Supp. 2d 655, 663 (S.D.N.Y.
2007).
31
See Marketxt Holdings Corp. v. Engel & Reiman, P.C., 693 F. Supp.
2d 387, 394 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (holding a fraud claim to be incidental to related
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be “merely incidental,” a fraud claim must be distinct from a plaintiff’s other
claims — it must be a claim in its own right, and not merely recast the same facts
as other claims in order to obtain the benefit of the longer limitations period.32
The gravamen of plaintiff’s fraud claims are that Nova Group
converted Charter Oak Trust funds meant for Universitas, and that defendant — by
opening accounts and approving transfers between them — aided and abetted in
that conversion. The facts underlying the fraud and conversion claims are the
same. The injuries are the same. The relief sought is identical. Both the fraud and
the aiding and abetting fraud claims are identical, for all intents and purposes, to
the aiding and abetting conversion claim, and are merely incidental thereto. “Time
barred claims cannot be revitalized by tricks of pleading”;33 the six-year statute of
limitations does not apply to plaintiff’s claim of aiding and abetting fraud.
Plaintiff’s claims for fraud and aiding and abetting fraud are subject to the threeyear statute of limitations governing plaintiff’s conversion claim, and are timebarred.
claims where “the gravamen of plaintiff’s claims is that [defendant] stole funds
from [plaintiff], not that he lied about doing so”).
32
See Midwest Mem’l Grp., LLC v. International Fund Servs. (Ireland)
Ltd., No. 10 Civ. 8860, 2011 WL 4916407, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2011).
33
Id.
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C.
Fiduciary Duty Claims
New York does not prescribe a statute of limitations for claims based
on the breach of a fiduciary duty, and instead determines the applicable limitations
period based on the substantive remedy sought.34 Where a plaintiff seeks only
money damages — as is the case here — a three-year statute of limitations
applies.35 For the same reasons described above, plaintiff’s claims accrued in
October 2009, and were time-barred as of October 2012.
D.
Unjust Enrichment Claim
Claims for unjust enrichment are generally governed by a six-year
statute of limitations.36 However, as with claims for fraud and breach of a
fiduciary duty, if an unjust enrichment claim is merely incidental to a claim
governed by a shorter statute of limitations, “the Court will not allow a plaintiff to
avail himself of a longer limitations period.”37 Here, plaintiff’s unjust enrichment
34
See Ciccone v. Hersh, 530 F. Supp. 2d 574, 579 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).
35
See Independent Order of Foresters v. Donald, Lufkin & Jenrette,
Inc., 157 F.3d 933, 942 (2d Cir. 1998). Claims for breach of a fiduciary duty based
on allegations of fraud may be subject to a six-year statute of limitation, but only in
instances where the fraud is not incidental to another claim. See Marketxt, 693 F.
Supp. 2d at 398. As described above, plaintiff’s fraud claims are incidental to its
conversion claim, and the three-year statute of limitations applies.
36
See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 213(1).
37
Malmsteen, 447 F. Supp. 2d at 667.
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claim recites the same facts and circumstances as its conversion claim, and is just
as incidental to the conversion claim as the fraud claims. The three-year statute of
limitations therefore applies, and plaintiff’s claim was time-barred as of October
2012.
E.
Negligence Claims
New York applies a three-year statute of limitations to all negligence
claims, including claims for negligent hiring and negligent supervision.38 As with
conversion claims, the limitations period begins to run at the time and place of
injury, “even though the injured party may be ignorant of the existence of the
wrong or injury.”39 The injury alleged in support of the negligence claims is the
same injury as alleged for the conversion claim and claims incidental to the
conversion. Plaintiff’s negligence claims were therefore time-barred as of October
2012.
38
See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 214(4); Coleman & Co. Sec., Inc. v. Giaquinto
Family Tr., 236 F. Supp. 2d 288, 299, 303 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
39
Fritzhand v. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc., 800 N.Y.S. 2d 319, 319 (Sup.
Ct. Nassau Co. 2005). Accord Midwest Mem’l Grp., 2011 WL 4916407, at *3
(holding that New York “does not apply a ‘discovery rule’ to extend accrual [of a
claim] until a plaintiff discovers that injury”).
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-AppearancesFor Plaintiff:
Annie E. Causey, Esq.
Napoli Shkolnik PLLC
1301 Avenue of The Americas
New York, NY 10019
(212) 397-1000
Marie E. Napoli, Esq.
Napoli Law, PLLC
1301 Avenue of The Americas
New York, NY 10019
(212) 397-1000
Paul J. Napoli, Esq.
Napoli Bern Ripka & Associates
350 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10118
(212) 267-3700
For Defendant:
Jeffrey J. Chapman, Esq.
Aaron F. Jaroff, Esq.
McGuire Woods LLP
1345 Avenue of the Americas
7th Floor
New York, NY 10105
(212) 548-7060
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