Lloyd v. Doe et al
Filing
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OPINION AND ORDER re: 46 MOTION for Summary Judgment, filed by PO Officer Shawn Moynihan, PO Officer Perez, City of New York. Defendants' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion pending at docket number 46, enter judgment in favor of Defendants, and close this case. (Signed by Judge Richard J. Sullivan on 5/22/2017) (ras)
October 29, 2015, Lloyd, proceeding pro se, filed this suit against two John Doe officers and the
City of New York, alleging various constitutional violations in connection with his arrest. (Doc.
No. 2; see also Doc. No. 8 (construing Lloyd’s complaint to assert claims against the City of New
York, since the New York City Police Department is not a suable entity).) After a pre-motion
conference, Lloyd filed an amended complaint on September 20, 2016 that identified the John Doe
officers and corrected the date of his arrest. (Doc. No. 30.)
Defendants answered the amended complaint on October 11, 2016 (Doc. No. 32), but about
two weeks later requested permission to file a motion to dismiss, which the Court construed as a
request to file a motion for summary judgment, because they had learned about a settlement and
general release of claims that Lloyd had executed in a previous case against different police
officers. (Doc. Nos. 34, 35; see No. 14-cv-1589 (BMC) (LB), Lloyd v. Police Officer Loweth et
al. (E.D.N.Y.) (“Lloyd I”).) Specifically, on May 29, 2015, Lloyd, while represented by counsel
and in consideration of a sum of money, signed a release (the “General Release”) that provided in
pertinent part as follows:
I, Jimmie Lloyd, . . . do hereby release and discharge defendants [certain police officers];
their successors or assigns; the City of New York; and all past and present officials,
employees, representatives, and agents of the City of New York or any entity represented
by the Office of the Corporation Counsel, . . . from any and all liability, claims, or rights
of action alleging a violation of my civil rights and any and all related state law claims,
from the beginning of the world to the date of this General Release, including claims for
costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees.
(Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 3–5; General Release, Doc. No. 48, Ex. C (emphasis added).) Because Lloyd’s
December 18, 2014 arrest predated his execution of the General Release, Defendants argued that
Lloyd had released the claims asserted in this case, along with all other civil rights claims he might
have had against the City or its employees on or before May 29, 2015, and that his claims were
therefore barred. (Doc. No. 34.) After another pre-motion conference, at which Lloyd confirmed
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that he had signed the General Release (Def. 56.1 ¶ 9), Defendants filed their motion for summary
judgment on January 23, 2017, and Lloyd – now represented by counsel – filed his opposition on
March 2, 2017 (Doc. Nos. 46–50, 52). The motion was fully briefed on March 13, 2017. (Doc.
No. 53.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[t]he court shall grant summary
judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). There is “no genuine
dispute as to any material fact” where (1) the parties agree on all facts (that is, there are no disputed
facts); (2) the parties disagree on some or all facts, but a reasonable fact-finder could never accept
the nonmoving party’s version of the facts (that is, there are no genuinely disputed facts), see
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); or (3) the parties
disagree on some or all facts, but even on the nonmoving party’s version of the facts, the moving
party would win as a matter of law (that is, none of the factual disputes are material), see Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
In determining whether a fact is genuinely disputed, the court “is not to weigh the evidence
but is instead required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing
summary judgment, to draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that party, and to eschew
credibility assessments.” Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 854 (2d Cir. 1996). Nevertheless, to show
a genuine dispute, the nonmoving party must provide “hard evidence,” D’Amico v. City of New
York, 132 F.3d 145, 149 (2d Cir. 1998), “from which a reasonable inference in [its] favor may be
drawn,” Binder & Binder PC v. Barnhart, 481 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “Conclusory allegations, conjecture, and speculation,” Kerzer v. Kingly Mfg., 156
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F.3d 396, 400 (2d Cir. 1998), as well as the existence of a mere “scintilla of evidence in support
of the [nonmoving party’s] position,” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, are insufficient to create a
genuinely disputed fact. A moving party is “entitled to judgment as a matter of law” on an issue
if (1) it bears the burden of proof on the issue and the undisputed facts meet that burden; or (2) the
nonmoving party bears the burden of proof on the issue and the moving party “‘show[s]’ – that is,
point[s] out . . . – that there is an absence of evidence [in the record] to support the nonmoving
party’s [position].” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). “Summary judgment is
appropriate [in a contract dispute] if the terms of the contract are unambiguous.” Fischer &
Mandell, LLP v. Citibank, N.A., 632 F.3d 793, 799 (2d Cir. 2011).
III. DISCUSSION
“A settlement agreement is a contract that is interpreted according to general principles of
contract law.” Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Omega, S.A., 432 F.3d 437, 443 (2d Cir. 2005). Although
“federal law governs the validity of releases of federal causes of action,” courts in this Circuit
“look to state [contract] law to provide the content of federal law” in cases challenging the validity
of such releases. Olin Corp. v. Consol. Aluminum Corp., 5 F.3d 10, 15 (2d Cir. 1993); see also
Fernandez v. City of New York, 502 F. App’x 48, 50 (2d Cir. 2012). Here, the General Release
does not include a choice of law provision, and the parties do not address choice of law in their
papers. Nevertheless, because the parties have “impliedly manifested their acquiescence to New
York law controlling” the interpretation of the General Release by relying exclusively on New
York law in their submissions, DER Travel Servs., Inc. v. Dream Tours & Adventures, Inc., No.
99-cv-2231 (HBP), 2005 WL 2848939, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 28, 2005) (collecting authorities), the
Court will apply New York law. “Under New York law, a release that is clear and unambiguous
on its face and which is knowingly and voluntarily entered into will be enforced.” Arzu v. City of
New York, No. 13-cv-5980 (RA), 2015 WL 4635602, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 3, 2015) (citing
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Pampillonia v. RJR Nabisco. Inc., 138 F.3d 459, 463 (2d Cir. 1998); Skluth v. United Merchants
& Mfrs., Inc., 163 A.D.2d 104, 106 (1st Dep’t 1990)); see also Tromp v. City of New York, 465 F.
App’x 50, 51 (2d Cir. 2012) (“Where the language of [a] release is clear, effect must be given to
the intent of the parties as indicated by the language employed.”); Davis & Assocs., Inc. v. Health
Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 168 F. Supp. 2d 109, 113 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (“[A] release is binding on the
parties absent a showing of fraud, duress, undue influence, or some other valid legal defense.”).
The General Release in this case is quite clear. It “release[s] and discharge[s] . . . the City
of New York[] and all past and present officials, employees, representatives, and agents of the City
of New York or any entity represented by the Office of the Corporation Counsel . . . from any and
all liability, claims, or rights of action alleging a violation of [Lloyd’s] civil rights . . . from the
beginning of the world to the date of this General Release [May 29, 2015] . . . .” (General Release.)
The language unambiguously precludes Lloyd from bringing civil rights claims that accrued before
May 29, 2015 against the City or its employees. Since the events giving rise to the civil rights
claims in this case occurred on December 18, 2014, Lloyd released those claims as part of the
settlement agreement in Lloyd I, and he is barred from bringing them against the City and the
police officers here. Indeed, “courts in this Circuit have consistently concluded that similarly
phrased releases between federal civil rights claimants and the City of New York bar suit against
the City and its employees for alleged conduct predating the release.” Staples v. Officer Acolatza,
No. 14-cv-3922 (WHP), 2016 WL 4533560, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2016); see, e.g., Dinkins v.
Decoteau, No. 15-cv-8914 (GHW), 2016 WL 3637169, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 29, 2016); Arzu,
2015 WL 4635602, at *4; Roberts v. Doe 1, No. 14-cv-9174 (RMB) (AJP), 2015 WL 670180, at
*5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2015); Walbrook v. Reilly, 56 F. Supp. 3d 176, 177 (E.D.N.Y. 2014); Jeffers
v. City of New York, No. 14-cv-5659 (BMC), 2014 WL 6675676, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2014);
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Muhammad v. Schriro, No. 13-cv-1962 (PKC), 2014 WL 4652564, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 18,
2014); Cuadrado v. Zito, No. 13-cv-3321 (VB), 2014 WL 1508609, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21,
2014); Smith v. City of New York, No. 12-cv-3303 (CM), 2013 WL 5434144, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.
26, 2013); Robinson v. Pierce, No. 11-cv-5516 (GBD) (AJP), 2012 WL 833221, at *6–8 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 13, 2012).
Lloyd’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. He first contends that the parties could
not have intended to release the claims in this case because Defendants had no knowledge of their
existence at the time the parties settled Lloyd I. (Opp’n at 2, 5.) But Defendants’ knowledge of
Lloyd’s other claims at the time the release was executed is of no moment. “The best evidence of
what parties to a written agreement intend is what they say in their writing,” Springle v. City of
New York, No. 11-cv-8827 (NRB), 2013 WL 592656, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2013) (quoting
Greenfield v. Philles Records, Inc., 98 N.Y.2d 562, 569 (2002)), and the writing here plainly
releases any and all claims as of a certain date, regardless of either party’s knowledge of the
possible existence of any other claims. See, e.g., Dinkins, 2016 WL 3637169, at *3 (“To the extent
that [plaintiff argues] that he understood the release to only bar claims on which no action had
been taken prior to the execution of the General Release, . . . the unambiguous language of the
General Release, rather than [plaintiff’s] subjective understanding, controls.”); HOP Energy,
L.L.C. v. Local 553 Pension Fund, 678 F.3d 158, 162 (2d Cir. 2012) (“With unambiguous
contracts, a party’s subjective intent and understanding of the terms is irrelevant.”).
Lloyd also maintains that the Stipulation of Settlement and Stipulation and Order of
Dismissal filed in Lloyd I, which recite the parties’ agreement to dismiss “this litigation” in light
of their settlement (Doc. No. 48, Ex. B; Doc. No. 52, Ex. A (emphasis added)), demonstrate the
parties’ intent to release only the claims in Lloyd I, or at least render the broad language of the
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General Release ambiguous. (Opp’n at 2–3.) Courts do not consider extrinsic evidence of the
meaning of a contract, however, unless the contract is ambiguous standing alone. See, e.g., HOP
Energy, 678 F.3d 158, 162 (2d Cir. 2012) (“Extrinsic evidence cannot be used to vary the terms of
a facially unambiguous contract.”); Roberts, 2015 WL 670180, at *4 (“Where the terms of an
agreement are clear and unambiguous, the Court will not look beyond the ‘four corners’ of the
agreement, and parol evidence of the parties’ intentions is inadmissible.”); Greenfield, 98 N.Y.2d
at 569 (2002) (“Extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent may be considered only if the agreement
is ambiguous . . . .”). As just discussed, the General Release here is unambiguous, so the Court
has no reason to resort to the separate stipulations, or to any other extrinsic document, to determine
the scope of the General Release. In any event, even if the Court did have reason to consider the
stipulations, it would not invest the phrase “this litigation” with the kind of significance that Lloyd
urges. A stipulation to dismiss a particular case can quite naturally refer to “this litigation” or “this
case” without somehow incidentally narrowing the deliberately broad language of a separate
general release of claims. See, e.g., Tromp, 465 F. App’x at 53 (rejecting similar argument that
stipulation’s recitation of parties’ desire to resolve “this litigation” limited scope of separate
general release rather than “simply evidenc[ing] the parties’ intent to resolve the litigation at
hand”).
In sum, the language of the parties’ General Release unambiguously bars Lloyd from
bringing the claims asserted in this case. Since there is no suggestion of fraud, duress, undue
influence, or any other valid legal defense, the release is binding on the parties, and Defendants
are entitled to summary judgment on Lloyd’s claims.
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