ABA Refinery Corp. et al v. Republic Metals Refining Corporation

Filing 66

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER: For the reasons stated herein, Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED in part. Counterclaim Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment is DENIED. (Signed by Judge Gregory H. Woods on 10/5/2017) (mro)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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ABA REFINERY CORP., ALEX GOLD
:
REFINERY CORP., GOLD BAR REFINERY
:
CORP., GOLDEX REFINERY CORP., MONSTER :
REFINERY CORP., RUDY ENTERPRISES OF
:
AMERICA CORP., VIKTOR GOLD
:
ENTERPRISES OF NY CORP.,
:
:
Plaintiffs/
:
Counterclaim :
Defendants, :
:
-against:
:
REPUBLIC METALS REFINING
:
CORPORATION,
:
:
:
Defendant/ :
Counterclaim :
Plaintiff,
:
and
:
:
REPUBLIC METALS CORPORATION,
:
:
Counterclaim :
Plaintiff.
:
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I.

USDC SDNY
DOCUMENT
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
DOC #: _________________
DATE FILED: 10/05/2017

1:15-cv-8731-GHW
MEMORANDUM
OPINION & ORDER

INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs, a group of companies owned and operated by brothers Boris Yakutilov and Artur

Yakutelov, are in the business of purchasing scrap metal and reselling it to refining corporations like
Defendant. Over a number of years, Plaintiffs and Defendant engaged in almost daily transactions
for the sale of gold. Unfortunately, the parties’ relationship soured. Two years ago—nearly half a
decade after their business relationship fell apart—Plaintiffs sued Defendant, claiming that it failed
to settle on a price and finalize payment on dozens of prior deliveries of gold by Plaintiffs.
Defendant and its parent company counter-sued, alleging that Plaintiffs promised but failed to
deliver gold that they orally agreed to sell at fixed prices on sixty-five occasions in 2009 and 2010.

They claim over $50 million in damages as a result of those breaches. The counterclaims are barred
by New York’s statute of frauds. Because there is no signed writing between the parties, and there is
no writing that satisfies the merchant’s exception to the statute of frauds with respect to the oral
agreements that are the subject of the counterclaims, the counterclaims cannot survive. As a result,
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ claims is GRANTED, and
Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on those claims is DENIED.
II.

BACKGROUND
Plaintiff-Counterclaim Defendants ABA Refinery Corp., Alex Gold Refinery Corp., Gold

Bar Refinery Corp., Goldex Refinery Corp., Monster Refinery Corp., Rudy Enterprises of America
Corp., and Viktor Gold Enterprises of NY Corp. (together, “Plaintiffs” or the “Viktor Entities”)
purchase and re-sell scrap metal. Dkt. No. 54, Pls.’ Resp. to Def.’s Local Rule 56.1 Statement (“Pls.’
56.1”) ¶ 6. Defendant-Counterclaim Plaintiff Republic Metals Refining Corporation (“RMRC”)
purchases scrap metal from sellers like Plaintiffs. Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 3. Counterclaim Plaintiff Republic
Metals Corporation (“RMC,” together with RMRC, “Counterclaim Plaintiffs” or the “Republic
Entities”), the parent company of RMRC, purchases, refines, and sells precious metals. Pls.’ 56.1
¶ 1.
The Republic Entities’ counterclaim alleges that RMRC and the Viktor Entities entered into
a series of oral agreements for the sale of gold over the course of several years. In their answer to
Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ counterclaims, the Viktor Entities admitted the following:
In 2009 and 2010, the Viktor Entities entered a series of sales agreements with RMRC. In
each instance, a representative of the Viktor Entities, typically one of the Yakutilov brothers,
called RMRC. The Viktor Entities typically spoke with RMRC employees Steven Warbet or
Mabel Accurso. During the call, the Viktor Entities offered to sell RMRC a specific volume
of gold, measured in ounces. RMRC offered to purchase the gold at a specific price. The
Viktor Entities then agreed to sell the gold to RMRC at that specific price.

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Dkt. No. 14, Plaintiffs’ Answer and Affirmative Defenses to Counterclaims, ¶ 25.1
On the same day as the call from the Viktor Entities, RMRC and its parent company RMC
“sold forward” the promised quantity of gold. Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 11. Selling forward, a “common practice
in the industry for companies purchasing precious metals,” allowed the Republic Entities to hedge
their transactions with the Viktor Entities by selling the quantity of gold that it expected RMRC
would receive from Plaintiffs to third-party purchasers. Dkt. No. 53, Def.’s Resp. to Pls.’ Local Rule
56.1 Statement (“Def.’s 56.1”) ¶¶ 21-22. This process began when, following RMRC’s call with the
Viktor Entities, an RMRC employee called an RMC employee to inform RMC of the expected
delivery of gold. Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 17. RMC would then create a purchase contract, called a “fix ticket,”
memorializing the gold it expected to receive from its subsidiary RMRC. Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 18. In
addition, RMRC employee Mabel Accurso would record the transaction in a “trading ledger,” which
she maintained and kept internally for RMRC’s records. See, e.g., Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 41.2 RMC would then
enter into binding agreements with third-party purchasers to sell to them the quantity of gold it
expected RMRC would receive from Plaintiffs. Pls.’ 56.1 at ¶ 23.
The Republic Entities assert that on sixty-five occasions in 2009 and 2010, Plaintiffs called
RMRC, promised to deliver a certain quantity of gold, and failed to deliver gold against those
promises. See generally Dkt. No. 7, Answer to Compl. and Counterclaims. The Republic Entities

Plaintiffs dispute the formation of these agreements. See Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 14. However, this admission
constitutes a “formal judicial admission” that binds Plaintiffs to that admitted fact throughout the course of
the litigation. Bellefonte Re Ins. Co. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 757 F.2d 523, 528 (2d Cir. 1985); Gibbs ex rel. Estate of
Gibbs v. CIGNA Corp., 440 F.3d 571, 578 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Facts admitted in an answer, as in any pleading, are
judicial admissions that bind the defendant throughout th[e] litigation.”). “Plaintiffs cannot survive a
summary judgment motion by contradicting their own pleadings in an effort to raise a genuine issue of fact.”
Southwick Clothing LLC v. GFT (USA) Corp., No. 99-cv-10452, 2004 WL 2914093, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15,
2004). As it happens, the Court does not reach the issue of whether the oral agreements actually existed;
therefore, this dispute is not material to the resolution of these motions for summary judgment.
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Plaintiffs object to this statement of fact generally, and repeatedly assert that “Ms. Accurso did not record an
entry from any of the Plaintiffs’ entities for [the specific] number of ounces or prices” enumerated for each
alleged promise to deliver in the Defendant’s Rule 56.1 Statement. See, e.g., Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 41. This dispute is
immaterial to the resolution of the motions for summary judgment.
2

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contend that these failures constituted breaches of the parties’ oral contracts, and also assert that
both RMRC and RMC relied to their detriment upon the Viktor Entities’ promises to deliver gold in
selling forward the promised deliveries. For each promised delivery that never arrived, the Republic
Entities claim, they were forced to purchase gold in order to cover their contracts with third-party
purchasers. The Republic Entities assert that this cover price was much higher than the price they
would have paid if the Viktor Entities had delivered the promised gold, and that it cost them
approximately $50 million to make up their lost positions as a result of the Plaintiffs’ failure to
deliver. Pls.’ 56.1 ¶ 185-87.
Recognizing that these oral agreements might be subject to the statute of frauds,
Counterclaim Plaintiffs point to various documents as writings that they claim satisfy the
requirements of that statute. See generally Pls.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 36-169. In particular, the Republic Entities
reference phone logs which show phone calls between RMRC and Plaintiffs on various dates. See
Dkt. No. 45, Declaration of Margaret Ciavarella in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Ciavarella
Decl.”), Ex. 11. The Republic Entities also present photocopied entries from Ms. Accurso’s
“trading ledger,” where she kept an internal record of RMRC’s anticipated purchases of gold
following calls with Yakutilov. Id., Ex. 13. Finally, the Republic Entities cite to various “fix tickets,”
created by RMC and also kept internally, which memorialized the sale of the expected deliveries
from RMRC to RMC. See e.g., id., Ex. 14.
III.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs brought claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied duty of good faith

and fair dealing against Defendant RMRC on October 15, 2015 in New York State Court for New
York County. Dkt. No. 1, Verified Complaint (“Compl.”). The case was removed to this Court on
November 6, 2015. See Dkt. No. 1. On November 13, 2015, Defendant answered the complaint

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and, along with Counterclaim Plaintiff RMC, brought counterclaims against Plaintiffs for breach of
contract and promissory estoppel.
After the close of discovery, on October 14, 2016, Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment
on all claims—including the Republic Entities’ counterclaims—in their favor. Dkt. No. 40, Mem. in
Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pls.’ Mot.”). Defendant RMRC moved for summary judgment
on Plaintiffs’ contract claims, and Counterclaim Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment on their
promissory estoppel claim as it related to nineteen of the sixty-five transactions for which Plaintiffs’
allegedly failed to deliver gold as promised. Dkt. No. 42, Mem. in Supp. of Def. and Counterclaim
Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”). On November 11, 2016, the parties filed their respective
oppositions. Dkt. No. 50, Def.’s Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Opp’n”); Dkt. No. 52,
Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., (“Pls.’ Opp’n”). On December 2, 2016, the parties filed
their respective reply briefs. Dkt. No. 56, Pls.’ Reply in Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pls.’
Reply”); Dkt. No. 59, Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”).
On September 29, 2017, the Court denied both motions for summary judgment as they
related to Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims. In doing so, the Court held that it could not
determine what the terms of the contracts between the parties were on the basis of the record
presented to it, and as a result, it could not determine if and when a breach of those terms occurred.
This opinion address both parties’ motions for summary judgment as they relate to the Republic
Entities’ counterclaims.
IV.

LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (“[S]ummary judgment is proper ‘if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

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affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” (quoting former Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c))).
The party moving for summary judgment must first demonstrate the absence of any genuine
dispute of material fact. Holcomb v. Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 137 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Celotex, 477
U.S. at 323-24). If the burden of proof at trial would fall on the movant, that party’s “own
submissions in support of the motion must entitle it to judgment as a matter of law.” Albee Tomato,
Inc. v. A.B. Shalom Produce Corp., 155 F.3d 612, 618 (2d Cir. 1998). If, on the other hand, “the burden
of proof at trial would fall on the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point
to a lack of evidence to go to the trier of fact on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.”
Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc., 575 F.3d 199, 204 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at
322-23).
If the moving party meets its burden, the nonmoving party “must come forward with
‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial’” in order to avoid summary judgment.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (quoting former Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(e)). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant’s] position
will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmovant].” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. Moreover, the non-movant “must do more than simply show
that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586, and he
“may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation,” Fujitsu Ltd. v. Fed. Express
Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 428 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
A genuine dispute exists where “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party,” while a fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit
under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “Factual disputes
that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.” Id. In determining whether there exists a

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genuine dispute as to a material fact, the Court is “required to resolve all ambiguities and draw all
permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought.”
Johnson v. Killian, 680 F.3d 234, 236 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The Court’s job is not to “weigh the evidence or resolve issues of fact.” Lucente v. Int’l Bus. Machs.
Corp., 310 F.3d 243, 254 (2d Cir. 2002). “Assessments of credibility and choices between conflicting
versions of the events are matters for the jury, not for the court on summary judgment.” Jeffreys v.
City of New York, 426 F.3d 549, 553-54 (2d Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
In resolving cross-motions for summary judgment, “each party’s motion must be examined
on its own merits, and in each case all reasonable inferences must be drawn against the party whose
motion is under consideration.” Morales v. Quintel Entm’t, Inc., 249 F.3d 115, 121 (2d Cir. 2001)
(citing Schwabenbauer v. Bd. of Educ., 667 F.2d 305, 314 (2d Cir. 1981)).
V.

DISCUSSION
A. Breach of Contract
Counterclaim Plaintiffs bring a breach of contract claim against the Viktor Entities,

contending that the Viktor Entities breached a series of oral agreements to deliver gold. “To
establish a prima facie case for breach of contract, a plaintiff must plead and prove: (1) the existence
of a contract; (2) a breach of that contract; and (3) damages resulting from the breach.” Nat’l Mkt.
Share, Inc. v. Sterling Nat’l Bank, 392 F.3d 520, 525 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal citation omitted).
Before the Court can determine whether a breach occurred, it must determine as a
“threshold issue” whether these oral contracts are barred as unenforceable by the statute of frauds.
Bazak Int’l Corp. v. Mast Indus., Inc., 73 N.Y.2d 113, 118 (1989). Because the agreements between
Plaintiffs and Defendant involved the sale of goods, New York’s Uniform Commercial Code (“NY

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UCC”) applies to the parties’ claims.3 McNally Wellman Co. v. New York State Elec. & Gas Corp., 63
F.3d 1188, 1194 (2d Cir. 1995).
The NY UCC statute of frauds, NY UCC 2–201(1), states:
Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for the price of
$500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some writing
sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties and signed
by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker.
It is undisputed that there is no signed writing between the parties that would satisfy the statute of
frauds. The focus of this case therefore turns on whether the “merchant’s exception” to the statute
of frauds, NY UCC 2–201(2), applies to the parties’ oral agreements. That exception provides that:
Between merchants if within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and
sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its
contents, it satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) against such party unless written
notice of objection to its contents is given within ten days after it is received.
Neither party disputes that both are “merchants” within the meaning of UCC 2–104(1), but the
parties do dispute whether any writing exists that satisfies this exception.
The adequacy of a writing, for purposes of the statute of frauds, “must be determined from
the documents themselves, as a matter of law.” Hilord Chem. Corp. v. Ricoh Elec., Inc., 875 F.2d 32, 37
(2d Cir. 1989) (quoting Bazak, 73 N.Y.2d at 122). “Parol evidence, even in affidavit form, is
immaterial to the threshold issue whether the documents are sufficient on their face to satisfy the
Statute of Frauds.” Bazak, 73 N.Y.2d at 118. To survive summary judgment, a writing need only be
“sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made.” Id. at 122. A confirmatory writing
need not explicitly state that its purpose is to confirm an agreement, as long as it “afford[s] a basis
for believing that the offered oral evidence rests on a real transaction.” Id. at 120. As the Court in
Bazak explained, the “only indispensable term” in such a confirmatory writing is quantity. Id. at 119.

Both parties cite to the NY UCC in their briefs as the controlling body of law. As the Second Circuit has
explained, where “[t]he parties’ briefs assume” that a certain body of law controls,” such implied consent is
sufficient to establish choice of law.” Krumme v. WestPoint Stevens Inc., 238 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2000).
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Here, Counterclaim Plaintiffs point to no evidence in the record that constitutes a writing
“in confirmation of the contract and sufficient against the sender” and that was “received [by a party
that] has reason to know its contents.” NY UCC 2-201(2). As a result, these oral contracts to
deliver gold do not fall under the merchant’s exception to the statute of frauds.
In opposing Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, the Republic Entities contend that
they have produced “ample evidence of agreements between Plaintiffs and Defendant RMRC for
the sale of physical gold, [including] purchase orders, phone records and internal trade ledger entries
for the transactions.” Def.’s Opp’n at 18. Neither the purchase orders, which were made by RMC
and merely documented the trades between RMRC and RMC, nor Ms. Accurso’s trading ledger,
which was created and kept internally by RMRC, were received by Plaintiffs. Furthermore, the
phone records alone merely show that phone calls took place between Plaintiffs and Defendant, but
those phone records were also not sent to or received by Plaintiffs. Given that these writings were
never transmitted to, or received by, Plaintiffs, they cannot satisfy the requirements of NY UCC 2201(2). Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims are therefore barred by the statute of
frauds. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the Republic Entities’ breach of contract claim
is granted; Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on that claim is denied.
B. Promissory Estoppel
The Republic Entities also move for summary judgment on their promissory estoppel claim
as it relates to nineteen of the sixty-five transactions for which the Viktor Entities allegedly failed to
deliver gold as promised. Plaintiffs move for summary judgment on the Republic Entities’ claim for
promissory estoppel as to all sixty-five transactions. Because the Republic Entities fail to assert an
unconscionable injury caused by these promises, and such evidence is necessary to overcome the
statute of frauds, the Viktor Entities’ motion for summary judgment is granted as to the claim for
promissory estoppel.

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Promissory estoppel is an equitable doctrine that can apply in two situations under New
York law. First, the doctrine may allow the enforcement of a promise in the absence of bargainedfor consideration. Merex A.G. v. Fairchild Weston Sys., Inc., 29 F.3d 821, 824 (2d Cir. 1994). Second,
promissory estoppel can be applied to provide relief to a party who relied on a contract that is
unenforceable under the statute of frauds. Id. The elements of a claim for promissory estoppel are
(1) a clear and unambiguous promise; (2) reasonable and foreseeable reliance by the party to whom
the promise was made; and (3) an injury to the party to whom the promise was made by reason of
the reliance. Cyberchron Corp. v. Calldata Sys. Dev., Inc., 47 F.3d 39, 44 (2d Cir. 1995). When
promissory estoppel is employed to overcome the statute of frauds, the doctrine only applies “in
those rare cases where the circumstances [are] such as to render it unconscionable to deny the oral
promise upon which the promisee has relied.” Robins v. Zwirner, 713 F. Supp. 2d 367, 376-77
(S.D.N.Y. 2010) (emphasis in original) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). An
“unconscionable” injury is one “beyond that which flows naturally (expectation damages) from the
non-performance of the unenforceable contract.” Merex A.G., 29 F.3d at 826.
The Republic Entities contend that their promissory estoppel claim is one that seeks the
enforcement of a promise in the absence of consideration, and that as such they need not make a
showing of unconscionable injury. Def.’s Reply at 9. However, the New York Court of Appeals
recently explained that a party seeking to enforce a promise that must be reduced to a writing is
“obliged to bring [the] case within an exception to the statute of frauds.” In re Estate of Hennel, 29
N.Y.3d 487, 493 (2017). In Estate of Hennel, the court affirmed the Appellate Division’s holding that
a party seeking to enforce a testamentary provision was required to bring its promissory estoppel
claim as an exception to the statute of frauds because, in that instance, New York Estates, Powers
and Trusts Law and New York General Obligations Law held that such provisions must be in
writing. See id.

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Here, as explained above, the Viktor Entities’ promises to deliver gold are subject to the NY
UCC’s statute of frauds. Thus the doctrine of promissory estoppel may only be invoked here as a
means of overcoming the statute of frauds. Merex A.G., 29 F.3d at 824 (2d Cir. 1994). As a result,
the Republic Entities are required to show an unconscionable injury to satisfy the requirements of
promissory estoppel as a matter of law. Id.; see also In re Hennel, 29 N.Y.3d at 495 (“The strongly held
public policy reflected in New York’s Statute of Frauds would be severely undermined if a party
could be estopped from asserting it every time a court found that some unfairness would otherwise
result. For this reason, the doctrine of promissory estoppel is properly reserved for that limited class
of cases where the circumstances are such as to render it unconscionable to deny the promise upon
which the plaintiff has relied.”) (quoting Philo Smith & Co. v. USLIFE Corp., 554 F.2d 34, 36 (2d Cir.
1977) (internal citation marks omitted).
The Republic Entities assert that they have made a showing of an unconscionable injury
because, in order to satisfy their obligations to third-party purchasers, and as a result of relying on
the Viktor Entities’ promises to deliver gold, they were required to purchase gold at prices that
“substantially exceeded” the price it would have paid the Viktor Entities. Def.’s Reply at 9 n.4.
However, even if the costs incurred were exceptionally high, a cover price is an injury that “flows
naturally . . . from the non-performance of the unenforceable agreement” and thus is not
unconscionable. Merex, 29 F.3d at 826. “[I]n the absence of ‘egregious’ circumstances, courts have
consistently rejected promissory estoppel claims when the alleged injuries consisted of lost profits,
lost fees, forgone business opportunities or damage to business reputation.” Mobile Data Shred, Inc. v.
United Bank of Switz., No. 99-cv-10315, 2000 WL 351516, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2000) (citation
omitted); see also N. Am. Knitting Mills, Inc. v. Int’l Women’s Apparel, Inc., No. 99-cv-4643, 2000 WL
1290608, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2000) (finding no unconscionable injury where plaintiff alleged it
“incurred substantial expenses” and “lost other substantial clients”); River Glen Assocs., Ltd. v. Merrill

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Lynch Credit Corp., 743 N.Y.S.2d 870, 871 (1st Dep’t 2002) (holding that a “plaintiff’s claimed
additional financing and other costs do not constitute an unconscionable injury warranting the
application of promissory estoppel”). There are no egregious circumstances here. While the
Republic Entities may be frustrated by their inability to enforce their oral agreements, “what is unfair
is not always unconscionable.” In re Hennel, 29 N.Y.3d at 497. Because Counterclaim Plaintiffs have
not shown that they suffered an unconscionable injury, they may not invoke promissory estoppel to
overcome the NY UCC’s statute of frauds, and as a result, their claim for promissory estoppel fails
as a matter of law. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted as to Counterclaim Plaintiffs’
claim for promissory estoppel, and Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment as to that
claim is denied.
VI.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is GRANTED in

part. Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: October 5, 2017
New York, New York

_____________________________________
GREGORY H. WOODS
United States District Judge

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