Taylor v. Trigeno et al
Filing
200
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: re: 134 MOTION to Dismiss . filed by City Of New York, Rikers C.O. Quayyum. For the reasons stated here, the City Defendants' motion to dismiss is granted in part. Plaintiff's claim of delib erate indifference against C.O. Quayyum, his municipal liability claim against the City of New York, and his claims for IIED against C.O. Quayyum and the City of New York are dismissed without prejudice. The City Defendants' motion to dismi ss Plaintiff's excessive force claim against C.O. Quayyum and his claims for assault and battery against both C.O. Quayyum and the City of New York is denied. The Court requests that counsel for Defendants provide Plaintiff with copies of unpublished cases cited in this decision pursuant to Local Rule of the United States District Courts for the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York 7.2. The Court certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that any appeal from this o rder would not be taken in good faith, and therefore IFP status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 44445 (1962). The Clerk of Court is directed to mail a copy of this order by first class mail to Plaintiff and to terminate the motion currently pending at Dkt. No. 134. SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge Gregory H. Woods on 12/21/2021) (js)
Case 1:16-cv-01143-GHW Document 200 Filed 12/21/21 Page 1 of 20
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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:
ROY TAYLOR,
:
:
:
Plaintiff,
:
:
-v:
:
RIKERS C.O. QUAYYUM, and CITY OF
:
NEW YORK,
:
:
Defendants. :
:
------------------------------------------------------------- X
GREGORY H. WOODS, United States District Judge:
I.
USDC SDNY
DOCUMENT
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
DOC #: _________________
DATE FILED: 12/21/21
1:16-cv-1143-GHW
MEMORANDUM OPINION &
ORDER
INTRODUCTION
On January 25, 2016, Roy Taylor, a pretrial detainee on Rikers Island, was injured by the
blowback of a correction officer’s unreasonable use of pepper spray. Correction Officer Quayyum
(“C.O. Quayyum”) was cursed out by an inmate. In response, the officer sprayed him with pepper
spray. Because Mr. Taylor was near the targeted inmate, the pepper spray afflicted Mr. Taylor as
well. The exposure caused him to cough, made it difficult for him to breathe, and burned his eyes
and skin.
Mr. Taylor, acting pro se, filed this civil rights lawsuit under 18 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that
C.O. Quayyum used excessive force and was indifferent to his medical needs. Mr. Taylor does not
allege that he was the intended target of the pepper spray. However, because C.O. Quayyum’s use
of the pepper spray was intentional and unreasonable, Mr. Taylor has adequately pleaded an
excessive force claim against C.O. Quayyum.
Case 1:16-cv-01143-GHW Document 200 Filed 12/21/21 Page 2 of 20
II.
BACKGROUND
a. Facts 1
Plaintiff is a pretrial detainee at Rikers Island in New York City. He was housed at Rikers’
Robert N. Davoren Complex (“RNDC”). On January 25, 2016, while at RNDC, Plaintiff “was
exposed to MK-9 pepper spray.” Complaint (“Compl.”), Dkt. No. 2, at 10. 2 A “‘trigger happy’
C.O. Quayyum [] recklessly sprayed inmate Louis Dorsey unprovoked for cussing him out.” Id.
“[S]o much mace was used that it affected [Plaintiff] and . . . other inmates and guards in the
immediate area.” Id. Plaintiff “suffered restricted breathing, caoughing [sic], sneezing, burning of
eyes and throat and skin erritation [sic]” as a result of the pepper spray exposure. Id. The incident
also caused him “mental anguish.” Id. at 3.
According to Plaintiff, C.O. Quayyum’s use of pepper spray violated the New York City
Corrections Department’s (the “D.O.C.”) “chemical directive guideline[s].” Id. at 10; Id., Ex. A (the
“Chemical Agents Guidelines”) at 27. Section V.A.3 of the Chemical Agents Guidelines prohibits
the use of hand-held chemical agents “[t]o force an inmate to comply with an officer’s verbal
orders” and “[t]o punish an inmate,” among other proscriptions. Chemical Agents Guidelines at 27.
Those prohibitions are subject to exceptions when an officer uses hand-held chemical agents “[t]o
defend oneself” or “[t]o defend another employee, inmate or visitor.” Id. at 26.
After being sprayed, Plaintiff “and others were denied medical treatment and ordered to line
up.” Id. at 15. 3 Plaintiff and other inmates were then “escorted” back to their units and “denied
Unless otherwise noted, the facts are taken from the Complaint, and are accepted as true for purposes of this Rule
12(b)(6) motion. See, e.g., Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002). However, “[t]he tenet that a
court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
1
2
The Court refers to the relevant ECF page number when citing to the Complaint.
In his Opposition brief and for the first time, Plaintiff alleges that a John Doe “Captain assigned to the area” also
denied him “medical treatment” and “‘acted in concert’ with [C.O. Quayyum] in an apparent coverup” of the spraying.
Dkt. No. 150 (“Opp’n”) at 4. As noted by the City Defendants in their Reply in Support of the Motion to Dismiss, Dkt.
3
2
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medical treatment.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that C.O. Quayyum “failed to treat [Plaintiff] and covered
[the pepper spray incident] up by returning [Plaintiff] and others to unit.” Id.
b. Procedural History
Plaintiff was arrested by the New York City Police Department on December 26, 2015. Id.
at 8. That arrest led to criminal charges against Plaintiff in New York State Supreme Court. Dkt.
No. 8, Ex. A. Plaintiff brought this action on February 9, 2016 asserting claims for false arrest and
the use of excessive force in relation to his December 26, 2015 arrest, and asserting claims for
excessive force and deliberate indifference in relation to the January 25, 2016 incident at RNDC.
Compl. at 8–12. On June 3, 2016, Judge Richard Sullivan, who was then presiding over this case,
stayed the entire action pending resolution of Plaintiff’s criminal case. Dkt. No. 9.
On March 11, 2019, Plaintiff moved to amend his original complaint (the “Complaint”) to
add additional claims relating to his criminal prosecution. Dkt. No. 79. The Court granted Plaintiff
leave to do so. Dkt. No. 80. Plaintiff then filed his First Amended Complaint (the “FAC”) on May
9, 2019, Dkt. No. 87, after which—and without leave of Court—he filed his Second Amended
Complaint (the “SAC”), Dkt. No. 90.
On December 10, 2020, this Court partially lifted the stay, permitting Plaintiff to proceed on
his claims related to the incident at RNDC. Dkt. No. 132. Plaintiff’s criminal charges are still
pending in New York State Supreme Court and, therefore, Plaintiff’s claims arising from his
December 26, 2015 arrest and subsequent prosecution remain stayed. Id.
The City Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on December 30, 2020, arguing that because
Plaintiff failed to plead his claims related to the incident at RNDC against the City Defendants in the
SAC, the City Defendants should be dismissed from this action. See Dkt. No. 135 (“Def.’s Br.”), at
No. 151 (“Reply”), the John Doe Captain is not a named defendant in this case. Reply at 5. The Court therefore does
not consider any allegations against him.
3
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6–7. In the alternative, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to plead sufficient facts to
support his claims for excessive force and deliberate indifference under 18 U.S.C. § 1983 and that he
has failed to plead the existence of any municipal policy, practice, or custom sufficient to establish
liability under Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Id. at 7–12.
Plaintiff filed his opposition on February 9, 2021. Opp’n. The City Defendants filed a reply on
March 22, 2021. Reply.
c. Operative Complaint
Because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court will consider the Complaint, FAC, and SAC
together as the operative pleading. This is a threshold issue that the Court must address at the outset
because neither the FAC nor the SAC mention the January 25, 2016 incident at RNDC.
“It is well established that an amended complaint ordinarily supersedes the original and
renders it of no legal effect.” Int’l Controls Corp. v. Vesco, 556 F.2d 665, 668 (2d Cir. 1977). When the
plaintiff is pro se, however, some courts “will consider facts from the [p]laintiff’s [previous complaint]
that have not been repeated in the [amended complaint].” Washington v. Westchester Cnty. Dep’t of
Corr., No. 13-cv-5322, 2015 WL 408941, at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2015) (citations omitted); see
also, e.g., Little v. City of New York, No. 13-cv-3813, 2014 WL 4783006, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2014)
(“The plaintiff thus appears to believe that the Amended Complaint supplements, rather than
replaces, the Original Complaint. Because the plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court will consider
the Original Complaint and the Amended Complaint together as the operative pleading.”); Camarano
v. City of New York, 624 F. Supp. 1144, 1147–48 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) (“Apparently viewing the amended
complaint as supplemental, [plaintiff] did not repeat in his later filing the allegations set forth in the
original complaint. . . . Since pro se civil rights complaints should be read with generosity, [plaintiff’s]
complaint must be given the benefit of incorporation.” (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted)).
4
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It is apparent that Plaintiff believed that the FAC and SAC would supplement, rather than
replace, his original complaint. In fact, he titled his SAC an “addedum [sic] to amended complaint,”
evincing his belief that it would add to the previously filed pleadings. See SAC at 1. Therefore, the
Court has elected to consider the factual support for Plaintiff’s allegations contained in his
Complaint, FAC and SAC.
III.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader
is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). If a complaint fails to meet this pleading standard, a
defendant may move to dismiss it for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint
“must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
(citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “To survive dismissal, the plaintiff must provide the grounds upon
which his claim rests through factual allegations sufficient ‘to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.’” ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
A court must accept all facts alleged in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable
inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. 4 Burch v. Pioneer Credit Recovery, Inc., 551 F.3d 122, 124 (2d Cir.
4
The City Defendants contest Plaintiff’s description of events. They ask me to adopt the facts from the D.O.C.’s
investigative report filed in Brown v. City of New York, No. 16-CV-06077 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2020). See Def.’s Br. at 8;
Dkt. No. 153-1 (“Rolon Decl.”), Ex. A. The City Defendants allege that Mr. Taylor’s complaint concerns the same
incident analyzed in Brown. Def.’s Br. at 8. According to Brown, C.O. Quayyum was breaking up a fight when he used
pepper spray on a group of inmates. Rolon Decl. at 10. The Court cannot adopt the facts from Brown when deciding
whether to dismiss Mr. Taylor’s complaint. On a motion to dismiss, the Court must take as true the facts alleged by the
plaintiff and draw all inferences in his favor. The Court may only “consider documents that are attached to the
complaint, incorporated in it by reference, integral to the complaint, or the proper subject of judicial notice.” United
5
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2008) (per curiam). But the Court is “not required to credit conclusory allegations or legal
conclusions couched as factual allegations.” Rothstein v. UBS AG, 708 F.3d 82, 94 (2d Cir. 2013)
(citation omitted). And a complaint that offers “labels and conclusions” or “naked assertion[s]”
without “further factual enhancement” will not survive a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
(citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” DeJesus v. HF Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 726
F.3d 85, 87–88 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79).
Because he is proceeding pro se, the Court must liberally construe Plaintiff’s submissions and
interpret them “to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest.” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons,
470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Pabon v. Wright, 459 F.3d 241, 248 (2d Cir. 2006)); see also,
e.g., Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (“A document filed pro se is ‘to be liberally
construed’ . . . .” (citation omitted)); Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d 58, 63 (2d Cir. 2014) (“Where . . . the
complaint was filed pro se, it must be construed liberally to raise the strongest arguments it suggests.”
(quoting Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2013))). This mandate “applies with particular
force when a plaintiff’s civil rights are at issue.” Bell v. Jendell, 980 F. Supp. 2d 555, 558 (S.D.N.Y.
2013) (quoting Maisonet v. Metro. Hosp. & Health Hosp. Corp., 640 F. Supp. 2d 345, 348 (S.D.N.Y.
2009)). Even so, “dismissal of a pro se complaint is . . . appropriate where a plaintiff has clearly failed
States v. Strock, 982 F.3d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither Brown nor the D.O.C.’s
investigative report are attached to the complaint, incorporated in it by reference, or integral to the Complaint; the
Complaint makes no reference to any investigative report or to any other lawsuits arising from the same incident. Under
Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the Court can take judicial notice of a fact only when it “is not subject to reasonable
dispute because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and
readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201. The Court can
therefore take judicial notice of Judge Amon’s decision in Brown since the fact of that decision is not subject to
reasonable dispute. The Court cannot, however, adopt the facts relied upon in Brown. See Strock, 982 F.3d at 63 (noting
that the court was permitted to take judicial notice of a public report “in order to determine what statements [it]
contained . . . not for the truth of the matters asserted therein.” (quoting Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir. 2007)
(alterations and emphasis in original)).
6
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to meet minimum pleading requirements.” Rahman v. Schriro, 22 F. Supp. 3d 305, 310 (S.D.N.Y.
2014) (citing Rodriguez v. Weprin, 116 F.3d 62, 65 (2d Cir. 1997)).
The Court has reviewed Plaintiff’s Complaint and construes it to raise both federal and state
law claims arising from the January 25, 2016 incident at RNDC. The Court construes Plaintiff’s
Complaint to raise the following claims under 18 U.S.C. § 1983: (1) excessive force in violation of
the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) deliberate indifference to medical needs in violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment; and (3) municipal liability against the City of New York. Although
Plaintiff brings this action under 18 U.S.C. § 1983, see Compl. at 1, the Court has an obligation to
carefully review a pro se plaintiff’s pleadings and construe them to raise the strongest arguments they
suggest. See Triestman, 470 F.3d at 474. This includes an obligation to consider state law claims even
where, as here, a Plaintiff has only referenced a federal cause of action. See McLeod v. Jewish Guild for
the Blind, 864 F.3d 154, 157–158(2d Cir. 2017) (overruling Judge William Pauley’s determination that
a pro se plaintiff only asserted claims under federal law where she did not check the blanks
corresponding to two state causes of action on a complaint form provided by the district court’s pro
se office). Therefore, the Court also construes Plaintiff’s Complaint as raising the following state law
claims arising from the January 25, 2016 incident: (1) battery; (2) assault; and (3) intentional
infliction of emotional distress.
IV.
DISCUSSION
a. Excessive Force
Plaintiff has adequately pleaded that C.O. Quayyum acted in an objectively unreasonable
manner when he deliberately sprayed Mr. Dorsey. Because Plaintiff was injured as a result of C.O.
Quayyum’s conduct, Plaintiff’s claim for excessive force is adequately pleaded. “Section 1983
provides a civil claim for damages against any person who, acting under color of state law, deprives
another of a right, privilege or immunity secured by the Constitution or the laws of the United
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States.” Thomas v. Roach, 165 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). “Analysis of a claim
for use of excessive force begins with ‘identification of the specific constitutional right allegedly
infringed by the challenged application of force.’” Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 268 (2d Cir. 2009)
(brackets omitted) (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989)). “While the Eighth
Amendment’s protection does not apply ‘until after conviction and sentence,’ the right of pretrial
detainees to be free from excessive force amounting to punishment is protected by the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” United States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d 37, 47 (2d Cir. 1999)
(citation omitted) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S at 392 n.6). As a pretrial detainee, Plaintiff’s excessive
force claim arises under the Fourteenth Amendment.
To state a claim for excessive force under the Fourteenth Amendment, a pretrial detainee
must allege that the defendant used force “purposefully, knowingly, or (perhaps) recklessly.” Edrei v.
Maguire, 892 F.3d 525, 534 (2d Cir. 2018) (citing Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 395–96 (2015)).
This is because “accidental or negligent acts are not subject to Fourteenth Amendment liability.” Id.
A pretrial detainee must also allege that “the force purposely or knowingly used against him was
objectively unreasonable.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “‘[A] pretrial detainee can prevail’
by alleging ‘that the challenged governmental action is not rationally related to a legitimate
governmental objective or that it is excessive in relation to that purpose.’” Id. at 535 (quoting
Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 398). In Kingsley, the Supreme Court cautioned that this standard cannot be
applied “mechanically” and that “objective reasonableness turns on the facts and circumstances of
each particular case.” 576 U.S. at 397 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the following
six non-exhaustive factors “bear on the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the force used: [(1)]
the relationship between the need for the use of force and the amount of force used; [(2)] the extent
of the plaintiff’s injury; [(3)] any effort made by the officer to temper or to limit the amount of force;
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[(4)] the severity of the security problem at issue; [(5)] the threat reasonably perceived by the officer;
[(6)] and whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.” Id.
Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that C.O. Quayyum’s use of force was deliberate. He describes
the officer as “trigger happy” and alleges that C.O. Quayyum “recklessly” sprayed Mr. Dorsey after
Mr. Dorsey used foul language. Compl. at 10. According to Plaintiff, the officer used the mace
because “an inmate cusse[d]” at him. Id. Plaintiff has therefore alleged that C.O. Dorsey’s discharge
of the pepper spray was intentional. See Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 396 (“[I]f the use of force is
deliberate—i.e., purposeful or knowing—the pretrial detainee’s claim may proceed.”)
Plaintiff has also alleged that the use of force was objectively unreasonable. According to
the Complaint, C.O. Quayyum sprayed Mr. Dorsey merely because he cursed at him, not because
there was a security issue or other threat. Compl. at 15. Plaintiff has therefore alleged that Mr.
Dorsey’s conduct did not reasonably require the use of pepper spray. Plaintiff has also alleged that
he, along with other inmates, suffered harm as a result of C.O. Quayyum’s use of the pepper spray.
Id. at 10. The injuries Plaintiff alleges, including difficulty breathing, skin irritation, and burning of
the eyes, are sufficient to state a claim for excessive force. See Robison v. Via, 821 F.2d 913, 924 (2d
Cir. 1987) (“If the force used was unreasonable and excessive, the plaintiff may recover even if the
injuries inflicted were not permanent or severe.”). The other Kingsley factors do not apply here
because Plaintiff alleges that there was no real or perceived security threat.
The City Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to plead an excessive force claim against
C.O. Quayyum because Plaintiff was “not the target of the chemical agent.” Def.’s Br. at 8. This is
not, however, a categorical rule. Compare McNair v. Ponte, No. 17 Civ. 2976, 2020 WL 3402815, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. June 18, 2020) (noting that “the secondhand inhalation of pepper spray by persons who
were not the intended targets of the discharge does not typically give rise to a constitutional claim.”
(quoting Gutierrez v. City of New York, No. 13 Civ. 3502, 2015 WL 5559498, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 21,
9
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2015))), with Rodriguez v. City of New York, No. 14-cv-8647, 2016 WL 11483837, at *5–6 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 2, 2016) (finding that a plaintiff stated an excessive force claim by alleging that he was exposed
to pepper spray following five corrections officers’ “unprovoked assault” on another inmate), report
and recommendation adopted by 2016 WL 5476003 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2016) and Hodge v. City of New
York, No. 19-cv-2474, 2019 WL 1455170, at *2 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 1, 2019) (noting that “[a]
prisoner may be able to state an excessive force claim if he is injured by officers who are using force
against another inmate.”).
The Second Circuit has yet to consider whether an unintended target of an officer’s
unreasonable use of force can plausibly state a claim for excessive force. The Ninth Circuit,
however, has held that officers are liable for excessive force under the Eighth Amendment “so long
as they have a specific intent to harm” regardless of their intended target. Robins v. Meecham, 60 F.3d
1436, 1440 (9th Cir. 1995). In the Ninth Circuit, when bringing an excessive force claim under the
Eighth Amendment, a plaintiff need not allege “a specific intent to punish a specific individual.” Id.
at 1439. Instead, “[e]xcessive force directed at one prisoner can also establish a cause of action for
harm that befalls other prisoners.” Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d 898, 903 n.3 (9th Cir. 2002). Some
courts in this district have adopted the Ninth Circuit’s approach. See e.g., Santos v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of
Corr., No. 08 Civ. 8790, 2010 WL 1142066, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2010) (following the Ninth
Circuit’s analysis in Robins and finding that “when a correctional official intentionally and wantonly
uses force without justification against one inmate, and thereby creates a substantial risk of harm and
actual injury to other inmates, it cannot be the case that she is free of constitutional liability to the
inmates she injures just because they were not her intended targets”), report and recommendation adopted
by 2010 WL 1142065 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2010); Bilan v. Davis, No. 11 Civ. 5509, 2013 WL 3940562,
at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 31, 2013) (following the reasoning from Robins and Santos in holding that
plaintiff’s “allegations could potentially state a claim for excessive force if he was injured while officers
10
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were trying to use excessive force against the non-party inmate”), report and recommendation adopted by
2013 WL 4455408 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2013).
This Court need not decide whether, categorically, an unintended victim of pepper spray
targeted at another has a cause of action for excessive force under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Edrei suggests that each case should be evaluated on the basis of its unique facts—weighing against
Defendants’ argument that such a categorical rule exists. 892 F.3d at 536 (“the central inquiry has
always been whether the government action was rationally related to a legitimate government
objective.”). The Court decides this case based on the fundamental principles outlined in Edrei.
Where, as here, a plaintiff has alleged that the use of force was intentional—that is, that C.O.
Quayyum deliberately used the pepper spray—and that the use of that force was objectively
unreasonable, he has adequately pleaded a claim of excessive force under the Fourteenth
Amendment. Therefore, the City Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for excessive force
against C.O. Quayyum is denied.
b. Deliberate Indifference to Medical Needs
Because Plaintiff has not alleged a sufficiently serious injury, his deliberate indifference claim
against C.O. Quayyum must be dismissed. A claim for deliberate indifference, when brought by a
pretrial detainee, is “governed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather
than the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment.” Darnell v. Pineiro, 849
F.3d 17, 29 (2d Cir. 2017). This is because “pretrial detainees have not been convicted of a crime
and thus may not be punished in any manner—neither cruelly and unusually nor otherwise.” Id.
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
A claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs has two elements. “The first
requirement is objective: the alleged deprivation of adequate medical care must be ‘sufficiently
serious.’” Spavone v. New York State Dep’t of Correctional Servs., 719 F.3d 127, 138 (2d Cir. 2013)
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(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d 263, 279 (2d Cir. 2006)).
“The second requirement is subjective: the charged officials must be subjectively reckless in their
denial of medical care.” Id. Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Kingsley, 576 U.S. 389, the
Second Circuit held that the second element of a deliberate indifference claim—often referred to as
the “mens rea prong”— is to be assessed objectively. Lloyd v. City of New York, 246 F. Supp. 3d 704,
719 (2d Cir. 2017) (citing Darnell, 849 F. 3d at 33, 35).
The Court first examines the objective prong. “Determining whether a deprivation is an
objectively serious deprivation entails two inquiries.” Salahuddin, 467 F.3d at 279. Courts must first
determine “whether the prisoner was actually deprived of adequate medical care.” Id. If so, the
Court must then consider “whether the inadequacy in medical care is sufficiently serious.” Id. at
280. “[I]f the unreasonable medical care is a failure to provide any treatment for an inmate’s medical
condition, courts examine whether the inmate’s medical condition is sufficiently serious.” Id. at 280.
“Factors relevant to the seriousness of a medical condition include whether ‘a reasonable doctor or
patient would find [it] important and worthy of comment,’ whether the condition ‘significantly
affects an individual’s daily activities,’ and whether it causes ‘chronic and substantial pain.’” Id.
(alteration in original) (quoting Chance v. Armstrong, 143 F.3d 698, 702 (2d Cir. 1998)).
Plaintiff pleads an actual deprivation of adequate medical care. He never received any
medical attention following his exposure to the pepper spray. See Compl. at 15 (“[D]efendant failed
to treat me”).
Plaintiff does not, however, allege an injury that is sufficiently serious to state a claim for
deliberate indifference to medical needs. Plaintiff’s alleged injuries include “rest[r]icted breathing,
caoughing [sic], sneezing, burning of eyes and throat, skin irritation [and] mental anguish.” Compl.
at 3. “[T]he temporary discomfort caused by pepper spray . . . does not constitute a sufficiently
serious [objective] injury.” McArdle v. Ponte, No. 17-cv-2806, 2018 WL 5045337, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
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Oct. 17, 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Holmes v. City of New York, No. 17 cv
3874, 2018 WL 4211311, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2018)); see also Johnson v. Schiff, No. 17-cv-8000,
2019 WL 4688542, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2019) (finding plaintiff failed to plead deliberate
indifference because he did not claim “that he suffered permanent effects or serious injury from the
pepper spray”); Wright v. Trapasso, No. 15-cv-4428, 2018 WL 4688940, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28,
2018) (stating that “[p]laintiff’s ‘incredible discomfort’ as a result of the pepper spray does not rise to
the level of seriousness required for a constitutional violation”). Therefore, Plaintiff has not alleged
a sufficiently serious injury. See McArdle, 2018 WL 5045337, at *1, 4 (plaintiff who alleged that
pepper spray exposure caused him “temporary vision loss, respiratory difficulties, and skin irritation”
did not plead a sufficiently serious injury); Holmes, 2018 WL 4211311, at *7 (plaintiff who suffered a
“20–60 minute coughing fit and burning sensations on his skin and eyes” after exposure did not
plead a sufficiently serious injury); Williams v. City of New York Dep’t of Corr., No. 19 Civ. 9528, 2020
WL 3893929, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 10, 2020) (holding that plaintiff who alleged trouble breathing and
chest pains at the time of exposure and claimed that denial of care worsened his asthma did not
identify “a serious condition that . . . caused him chronic and substantial pain or that . . . significantly
affected his daily activities”).
Plaintiff has not adequately pleaded that his injury was sufficiently serious under the
objective prong and, therefore, the Court need not consider whether the denial of care was
subjectively reckless. Because Plaintiff does not allege a sufficiently serious injury, his claim against
C.O. Quayyum for deliberate indifference to his medical needs is dismissed.
c. Municipal Liability
Plaintiff has not identified a municipal policy or custom that is responsible for the alleged
constitutional violations and, therefore, has not stated a federal claim against the City of New York.
A municipality is not vicariously liable for its employees’ actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Connick v.
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Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658,
691). Municipalities are, however, liable for “their own illegal acts.” Id. (quoting Pembaur v. City of
Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 479 (1986)). Plaintiffs seeking to hold a municipality liable under § 1983
must plead “(1) an official policy or custom that (2) causes the plaintiff to be subjected to (3) a
denial of a constitutional right.” Wray v. City of New York, 490 F.3d 189, 195 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
A plaintiff may satisfy the “policy or custom” element in one of four ways: by alleging the
existence of (1) a formal policy, see Monell, 436 U.S. at 690; (2) actions taken or decisions made by
final municipal policymakers that caused the violation of plaintiff’s rights, see Pembaur, 475 U.S. at
483-84; (3) a practice so persistent and widespread that it constitutes a “custom or usage” and
implies the constructive knowledge of policymakers, see Monell, 436 U.S. at 690–91; or (4) a failure to
properly train or supervise municipal employees that amounts to “deliberate indifference to the
rights of those with whom municipal employees will come into contact.” See City of Canton v. Harris,
489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989); see also Moray v. City of Yonkers, 924 F. Supp. 8, 12 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).
The facts pleaded by Plaintiff do not support liability on the basis of any of the first three
theories. The only official policy mentioned by Plaintiff is the Chemical Agent Guidelines. And that
policy explicitly prohibited this conduct. See Chemical Agents Guidelines at 27. Second, Plaintiff
never implicates any final municipal policymakers. A final municipal policymaker is an official
“sufficiently high up in the municipal hierarchy that he [i]s responsible under state law for making
policy in that area of the municipality’s business.” Agosto v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., 982 F.3d 86,
98 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff does not allege that any
such official was involved in the incident. C.O. Quayyum is the only D.O.C. officer mentioned, and
there is no allegation that C.O. Quayyum was responsible for establishing D.O.C. policy. Finally,
Plaintiff only describes one incident involving the use of pepper spray, not a “persistent and
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widespread” practice. See, e.g., Jones v. Town of E. Haven, 691 F.3d 72, 85 (2d Cir. 2012) (holding that
two or three alleged constitutional violations did not demonstrate “a policy, custom, or usage” for
purposes of Monell liability).
Thus, Plaintiff’s only potential theory of liability under Monell is a failure to train. “A
municipality’s culpability for a deprivation of rights is at its most tenuous where a claim turns on a
failure to train.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 61. In order for municipal liability to attach on a failure to
train theory, “a municipality’s failure to train its employees in a relevant respect must amount to
‘deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the [untrained employees] come into
contact.’” Id. (citing City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 388). “A pattern of similar constitutional violations
by untrained employees is ordinarily necessary to demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes
of failure to train.” Id. at 62 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Plaintiff does not allege that improper training or supervision caused his constitutional
deprivation, and Plaintiff details only one instance in which he was exposed to pepper spray. On its
own, this incident does not provide a sufficient factual basis to plead improper training or
supervision. See Cox v. City of New Rochelle, No. 17-cv-8193, 2019 WL 3778735, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.
12, 2019) (holding that plaintiff failed to state a Monell claim regarding improper training when the
only facts alleged were drawn “from the incident giving rise to this case”); Holmes, 2018 WL
4211311, at *3 (stating that “a pattern of similar incidents” was necessary for alleging Monell liability
regarding improper training and pepper spray exposure). Because Plaintiff has not alleged that an
official municipal policy or custom deprived him of his constitutional rights, he has failed to state a
claim for municipal liability under Monell and his federal claims against the City of New York must
be dismissed. 5
Plaintiff alleges in his Opposition that “a Captain assigned to the area . . . ‘acted in concert’ with Quayyum in an
apparent cover up” after Plaintiff was exposed to pepper spray. See Opp’n at 4. These allegations were not raised in the
Complaint, the FAC, or the SAC. Even if the Court were to exercise its discretion to consider Plaintiff’s new factual
5
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d. State Law Claims
The City Defendants did not address any of Plaintiff’s possible state law causes of action in
their motion. Courts, however, have an obligation to liberally construe a pro se plaintiff’s pleadings
and identify all possible claims, even those not explicitly referenced. See McLeod, 864 F.3d at 157.
Despite the City Defendants’ failure to raise or brief this issue, the Court has construed Plaintiff’s
Complaint to bring intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) and assault and battery claims
under New York State law.
1. Assault and Battery
Plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded that C.O. Quayyum used excessive force against him, and,
therefore, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged assault and battery claims against both C.O. Quayyum and
the City of New York. “Under New York law, civil assault ‘is an intentional placing of another
person in fear of imminent harmful or offensive contact.’” Tardif v. City of New York, 991 F.3d 394,
410 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Charkhy v. Altman, 678 N.Y.S.2d 40, 41 (1st Dep’t 1998)). “Civil battery
is an intentional wrongful physical contact with another person without consent.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Charkhy, 678 N.Y.S.2d at 41). “The elements of New York
assault and battery and Section 1983 excessive force claims are substantially identical.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Posr v. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 94–95 (2d Cir. 1991). “To succeed
on assault or battery claims in the law enforcement context, a plaintiff must also demonstrate that
allegations regarding the John Doe Captain, he would still fail to allege a policy or custom that resulted in a
constitutional deprivation. First, the newly raised factual allegations against the John Doe Captain do not change
Plaintiff’s description of his injuries. Plaintiff still fails to assert a sufficiently serious injury in order to plead a deliberate
indifference to medical needs claim against anyone. The fact that a John Doe Captain saw that Plaintiff and others
suffered from these short-term pepper spray effects changes nothing. “A municipality is not liable under § 1983 when
no constitutional violation has occurred.” Williams, 2020 WL 3893929, at *6. Second, Plaintiff does not allege that the
John Doe Captain himself used pepper spray or otherwise deployed force against Plaintiff, nor that the John Doe
Captain was even present when C.O. Quayyum deployed the chemical agent. Third, Plaintiff does not allege that the
John Doe Captain had decision-making authority or was a policy-maker and, therefore, his inaction would not establish a
policy or custom sufficient to create Monell liability.
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the defendant officer’s conduct ‘was not reasonable within the meaning of the New York statute
concerning justification of law enforcement’s use of force in the course of their duties.’” Id.
(quoting Nimely v. City of New York, 414 F.3d 381, 391 (2d Cir. 2005)). “[P]er the text of [New York
Penal Law § 35.30], the use of physical force ‘when and to the extent the officer reasonably believes
such to be necessary,’ is the ‘functional equivalent’ of an objective reasonableness standard.” Id.
(brackets omitted) (quoting Heath v. Henning, 854 F.2d 6, 9 (2d Cir. 1988)). Thus, having already
found that Plaintiff has adequately pleaded an excessive force claim against C.O. Quayyum under
§ 1983, the Court also finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged assault and battery claims against
C.O. Quayyum.
Plaintiff has also adequately alleged assault and battery against the City of New York because
the City can be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior. One crucial difference between
assault and battery under New York law and an excessive force claim under federal law is that
“under state law, the City may be held vicariously liable for the torts of its employees . . . regardless
of whether those actions resulted from a municipal policy or practice.” Johnson v. N.Y. Dep’t of Corr.,
No. 15-CV-640, 2015 WL 4884880, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2015); Chamberlain v. City of White
Plains, 986 F. Supp. 2d 363, 399 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (stating that respondeat superior applies to state law
claims for assault and battery against a city). Therefore, Plaintiff’s claims for assault and battery
against C.O. Quayyum and the City of New York may proceed.
2. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Because Plaintiff has alternative claims available to him and because he has not sufficiently
alleged at least two of the claim’s elements, his IIED claims against C.O. Quayyum and the City of
New York must be dismissed. “Under New York law [] a claim for IIED requires a showing of: ‘(i)
extreme and outrageous conduct; (ii) intent to cause, or disregard of a substantial probability of
causing, severe emotional distress; (iii) a causal connection between the conduct and injury; and (iv)
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severe emotional distress.’” Rich v. Fox News Network, LLC, 939 F.3d 112, 122 (2d Cir. 2019)
(quoting Howell v. N.Y. Post Co., 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 353 (1993)). “As New York’s highest court has
observed, the standard for stating a valid claim of [IIED] is ‘rigorous, and difficult to satisfy.’”
Conboy v. AT&T Corp., 241 F.3d 242, 258 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Howell, 596 N.Y.S.2d at 353). “To
meet this standard, the conduct must be ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to
go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in
a civilized’ society.’” Specht v. City of New York, 15 F.4th 594, 606 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Murphy v.
Am. Home Prods. Corp., 461 N.Y.S.2d 232, 236 (1983)).
Plaintiff has not pleaded the second or fourth element of an IIED claim. Plaintiff has not
alleged that C.O. Quayyum intended to cause or disregarded the probability of causing Plaintiff
severe emotional distress when he exposed Plaintiff to pepper spray. Nor has Plaintiff pleaded that
he actually experienced severe emotional distress. Plaintiff’s only reference to emotional distress is
the broad assertion that he suffered “mental anguish.” Compl. at 3. This lone and conclusory
allegation is insufficient to plead severe emotional distress. See Delaney v. Perez, No. 19-cv-6084, 2021
WL 3038642, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 16, 2021) (“Any allegations of suffering from severe emotional
distress must be supported with objective evidence and not speculative claims.”); Winter v. Pinkins,
No. 14-cv-8817, 2016 WL 1023319, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2016) (“conclusory allegations do not
suffice to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, as Plaintiff offers no facts indicating what emotional
distress he suffered, how long it lasted, how severe it was, and whether he sought medical treatment
for the distress.”).
Furthermore, IIED is “a highly disfavored tort under New York law,” Turley v. ISG
Lackawanna, Inc., 774 F.3d 140, 158 (2d Cir. 2014) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted),
and “may be invoked only as a last resort, to provide relief in those circumstances where traditional
theories of recovery do not,” Rich, 939 F.3d at 122 (quoting Salmon, 802 F.3d at 256). “[W]here the
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challenged conduct ‘falls well within the ambit of other traditional tort liability,’” the New York
Appellate Division courts have all held that IIED claims cannot be brought. Salmon v. Blesser, 802
F.3d 249, 256 (2d Cir. 2015) (first quoting Fischer v. Maloney, 43 N.Y.2d 553, 557–58 (1978); then
citing Doin v. Dame, 82 A.D.3d 1338, 1340 (3d Dep’t 2011); Leonard v. Reinhardt, 20 A.D.3d 510, 510
(2d Dep’t 2005); Di Orio v. Utica City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 305 A.D.2d 1114, 1115 (4th Dep’t 2003);
and Hirschfeld v. Daily News, L.P., 269 A.D.2d 248, 249 (1st Dep’t 2000)). As described above,
Plaintiff has other causes of action available to him to challenge C.O. Quayyum’s use of pepper
spray. For the above reasons, Plaintiff’s IIED claim against C.O. Quayyum is therefore dismissed.
V.
LEAVE TO AMEND
The Court grants Plaintiff leave to replead his dismissed claims against C.O. Quayyum and
the City of New York. See Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991) (“It is
the usual practice upon granting a motion to dismiss to allow leave to replead.”); see also Fed. R. Civ.
P. 15(a)(2) (“The court should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.”). While leave
may be denied “for good reason, including futility, bad faith, undue delay, or undue prejudice to the
opposing party,” those circumstances do not apply in this case. TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports, Inc., 758
F.3d 493, 505 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). Any amended complaint must be filed no later than
fourteen days from the date of this order. Because Plaintiff’s third amended complaint would
completely replace his existing complaints, any facts or claims that Plaintiff wishes to maintain must
be included in the third amended complaint, including all claims relating to Plaintiff’s arrest and
ongoing prosecution.
VI.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated here, the City Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part.
Plaintiff’s claim of deliberate indifference against C.O. Quayyum, his municipal liability claim against
the City of New York, and his claims for IIED against C.O. Quayyum and the City of New York are
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dismissed without prejudice. The City Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s excessive force
claim against C.O. Quayyum and his claims for assault and battery against both C.O. Quayyum and
the City of New York is denied.
The Court requests that counsel for Defendants provide Plaintiff with copies of unpublished
cases cited in this decision pursuant to Local Rule of the United States District Courts for the
Southern and Eastern Districts of New York 7.2.
The Court certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that any appeal from this order
would not be taken in good faith, and therefore IFP status is denied for the purpose of an appeal.
See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444–45 (1962).
The Clerk of Court is directed to mail a copy of this order by first class mail to Plaintiff and
to terminate the motion currently pending at Dkt. No. 134.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: December 21, 2021
New York, New York
__________________________________
GREGORY H. WOODS
United States District Judge
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