Contrera et al v. Langer et al.

Filing 194

OPINION AND ORDER: re: 104 FIRST MOTION to Certify Class Notice of Plaintiffs' Motion to Conditionally Certify a FLSA Collective Action, Authorize Notice of Pendency and Toll the Statute of Limitations filed by Francisco Lopez, Usvaldo Cont rera. For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' motion for conditional approval of a collective action (Docket # 104) is granted in part and denied in part as set forth herein. SO ORDERED. (Signed by Magistrate Judge Gabriel W. Gorenstein on 10/05/2017) (ama)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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USVALDO CONTRERA et al.,
:
:
Plaintiffs,
:

OPINION AND ORDER

:

16 Civ. 3851 (LTS) (GWG)

-v.-

IRVING LANGER et al.,

:

Defendants.
:
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GABRIEL W. GORENSTEIN, United States Magistrate Judge
Plaintiffs Usvaldo Contrera, Francisco Lopez, Pedro Batista, Fabian Herrera, and
Antonio Reyes — superintendents, handymen, and a porter at residential buildings in Upper
Manhattan and the Bronx — filed this action against their purported employers: individuals,
investment entities, management entities, and title-holding entities that plaintiffs collectively
refer to as “the E&M Enterprise.” Plaintiffs move to have this case conditionally approved as a
collective action under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et. seq. (“FLSA”), with
notice being sent to “all of Defendants’ current and former superintendents, porters, and
handymen.”1 For the following reasons, plaintiffs’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.
1

See Notice of Motion, filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket # 104); Declaration of Usvaldo
Contrera, filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket # 105) (“Contrera Decl.”); Declaration of Francisco Lopez,
filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket # 106) (“Lopez Decl.”); Declaration of Pedro Batista, filed Mar. 7,
2017 (Docket # 107) (“Batista Decl.”); Declaration of Fabian Herrera, filed Mar. 7, 2017
(Docket # 108) (“Hererra Decl.”); Declaration of Antonio Reyes, filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket
# 109) (“Reyes Decl.”); Declaration of Marc A. Rapaport, filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket # 110)
(“Rapaport Decl.”); Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion to Conditionally
Certify Fair Labor Standards Act Collective Action and Authorize that Notice be Issued to All
Persons Similarly Situated, filed Mar. 7, 2017 (Docket # 111) (“Pls. Mem.”); Opposition
Declaration of Scott Katz, filed Apr. 24, 2017 (Docket # 116); Opposition Declaration of Larry
R. Martinez, filed Apr. 24, 2017 (Docket # 117); Defendants’ Memorandum of Law in
Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Conditionally Certify Fair Labor Standards Act Collective
and Authorize that Notice be Issued to All Persons Similarly Situated, filed Apr. 24, 2017

I. BACKGROUND
A. Allegations in the Amended Complaint Regarding Wage and Hour Violations
The amended complaint alleges that plaintiffs were not paid minimum wage and
overtime wage rates required by the FLSA. See Amended Class Action Complaint, filed July
11, 2017 (Docket # 131) (“Am. Compl.”), at ¶¶ 402-412. More specifically, plaintiffs claim that
superintendents employed by defendants had “to work an average of eighty (80) hours per week
and to be on-call at all hours of the day and night,” but that defendants “failed to pay
Superintendents for any hours that they worked in excess of forty each week.” Id. ¶¶ 5, 24.
Plaintiffs claim that porters and handymen employed by defendants were also not paid for any
hours they worked beyond 40, id. ¶ 25, alleging that defendants had a pattern of not paying for
handymen’s first and last half-hour of work, id. ¶ 7, and that porters worked an average of 70
hours per week without overtime compensation, id. ¶ 8.
B. Allegations in the Amended Complaint Regarding the Identity of Plaintiffs’ Employer
Plaintiffs’ amended complaint names four individuals and over 160 corporate entities as
plaintiffs’ employers. The complaint alleges:
Defendants were and still are a centrally managed real estate enterprise [a.k.a. the
“E&M Enterprise”] that was founded by Defendant Irving Langer (“Langer”) in
or about 1979, and that, upon information and belief, owned, controlled, and
managed more than 3,000 rental apartment units located in at least 262 apartment
buildings situated primarily in lower-income neighborhoods in Bronx, Brooklyn,
Queens, and Upper Manhattan. . . . During the time period relevant . . . the E&M
Enterprise was controlled by individual defendants Langer, Leibel Lederman

(Docket # 118) (“Defs. Mem.”); Plaintiffs’ Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of
Motion to Conditionally Certify Fair Labor Standards Act Collective Action and Authorize that
Notice be Issued to All Persons Similarly Situated, filed May 25, 2017 (Docket # 119) (“Pls.
Reply”); Letter from Meredith R. Miller, Esq., dated Aug. 4, 2017 (Docket # 174) (“Miller
Letter”); Letter from Christopher P. Hampton, Esq., dated Aug. 11, 2017 (Docket # 180)
(“Hampton Letter”).
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(“Lederman”), Aryeh Z. Ginzberg (“Ginzberg”) and Meyer Brecher
(“Brecher”) . . . .
Id. ¶¶ 10, 12. The complaint alleges that the “E&M Enterprise” had its principal place of
business at 1465A Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn, and maintained an office at 975 Walton
Avenue in the Bronx. Id. ¶ 13. It alleges that Langer, Lederman, and Ginzberg owned and
managed the Enterprise’s apartment buildings through investment entities such as
“Manhattanville Holdings LLC” and “SG2-E&M”; management companies, including E&M
Bronx Associates LLC, E&M Associates LLC, Galil Management LLC, and Galil Realty LLC;
and title-holding entities, usually named after the buildings to which they held the title (e.g. “638
West 160 Holdings LLC”). See id. ¶¶ 16, 97-110.
The amended complaint alleges that Langer, Lederman, Ginzberg, and Brecher
“exercised sufficient control over the E&M Enterprise’s operations to be considered Plaintiffs’
employer[s] under the FLSA . . . .” Id. ¶¶ 73, 83, 92, 96. It further alleges that the corporate
entities named as defendants are “vertically integrated” and “function[ ] as a single enterprise
with unified management and personnel policies.” Id. ¶ 98. It claims that all of the defendants,
“often acting through E&M Bronx and/or Galil, had the power to hire and fire [employees],
supervised and controlled [employees’] work schedules and conditions of employment,
determined the rate and method of paying [employees] and maintained [employees’]
employment records.” Id. ¶ 305.
C. Facts from Plaintiffs’ Declarations
1. Superintendent Plaintiffs
Contrera, Lopez, and Batista all worked as superintendents at buildings on the 600 block
of West 160th Street in Manhattan: Contrera at 655 West 160th Street, and Lopez and Batista at
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638 West 160th Street. See Contrera Decl. ¶ 2; Lopez Decl. ¶ 2; Batista Decl. ¶ 5. Contrera
worked in this role from 2005 through July 1, 2015, Contrera Decl. ¶ 2; Lopez from March 1995
through April 2014, Lopez Decl. ¶ 2; and Batista from January 2015 through March 2016,
Batista Decl. ¶ 5. Lopez and Batista say their supervisor was Ephraim Weiss, or “Effi,” who
described 638 West 160th Street’s owners as “E&M” when the building was sold to Weiss’s
employers in 2013. Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 6, 8-9; Batista Decl. ¶ 24. Their paychecks were issued by
“StaffPro Inc.” and “StaffE&M.” Lopez Decl. ¶ 7; Batista Decl. ¶ 25.2 Contrera and Lopez’s
employment identification cards were marked “E&M Associates.” Usvaldo Contrera ID Card
(attached as Ex. A to Contrera Decl.); Lopez Decl. ¶ 9; Francisco Lopez ID Card (attached as
Ex. B to Lopez Decl.). A termination letter sent to Contrera on July 1, 2015, was on “Galil
Management” letterhead, but sent and signed by “Ephraim Weiss, Property Manager, E & M
Associates, LLC.” Letter from Ephraim Weiss, dated July 1, 2015 (attached as Ex. B to
Contrera Decl.) (“Weiss Letter”).
Contrera was paid $400 per week, Lopez $275 per week, and Batista $600 per week
while working as superintendents, regardless of the number of hours they actually worked.
Contrera Decl. ¶ 9; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 3, 17; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 23, 31. They all claim that they
worked over 40 hours per week, were required to be on-call at all times in case of emergencies
or tenant requests, and could not take days off.3 Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 3-6, 8; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 3, 15;
Batista Decl. ¶¶ 26-27. Their duties included removing garbage and recycling from the

2

Lopez says that, based on conversations “with other E&M maintenance employees,”
including Contrera, Reyes, and Batista, he is “aware that E&M . . . also paid them through
StaffPro Inc. with paystubs listing ‘StaffE&M.’” Lopez Decl. ¶ 7.
3

Lopez claims that he took two weeks of vacation per year, but was required to pay for
his temporary replacement. Lopez Decl. ¶ 16.
4

buildings, cleaning common areas, repairing fixtures and lights and patching drywall, addressing
leaks and other plumbing issues, killing rats and mice, monitoring and maintaining the boiler,
and shoveling snow. Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 5, 7; Lopez Decl. ¶ 14; Batista Decl. ¶ 26. They were
never given an opportunity to report the number of hours they worked, and were not paid
overtime. See Contrera Decl. ¶ 9; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 7, 17; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 10, 31. They were also
required to pay for and provide their own tools, such as paint compressors, nail guns, tile cutters,
plumbing snakes, drills, and measuring tape. Contrera Decl. ¶ 12; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 4, 7; Batista
Decl. ¶ 32.
Contrera, Lopez, and Batista were supervised by E&M managers based at an office at
975 Walton Avenue, Bronx, New York, where they picked up paychecks, attended meetings, and
met other superintendents from buildings in the Bronx and Upper Manhattan. See Contrera
Decl. ¶¶ 10-11; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 18-22; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 28-30. Lopez and Batista recall specific
meetings at this office led by “Effi” where they discussed superintendent responsibilities and
work duties such as instructions to keep each building free of litter and garbage, to monitor each
building’s boiler, and to be on-call for tenant requests. Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 18-19; Batista Decl.
¶¶ 28-30. They all estimate that 30-40 superintendents reported to this office, and attest that
conversations with these other superintendents showed that they all were subject to similar
policies regarding hours worked, rate of pay, and lack of overtime pay. Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 10-11;
Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 18, 20-22; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 28-30.
2. Porter Plaintiff
Herrera began working as a porter at 655 West 160th Street, where Contrera was the
superintendent, in 2013. Herrera Decl. ¶ 2. He occasionally performed porter work at 638 West
160th Street and, at the request of “Effi (who supervised superintendents and porters),” he served
5

as a temporary superintendent at 638 West 160th Street for two weeks in 2016. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. His
pay remained the same regardless of where he worked or what his title was. See id. ¶ 4. Herrera
was paid $305.17 per week in 2014 and $313.76 per week in 2015. Id. ¶¶ 6-7. He worked about
70 hours per week — from approximately 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Id. ¶ 9. He assisted Contrera
with various tasks, including “taking out garbage, removing mattresses and other large items,
cleaning the sidewalk, killing rats, helping with apartment repairs, plastering, painting,
refinishing floors, shoveling snow, mopping floors, and cleaning windows.” Id. ¶¶ 2, 8. He was
never told that he was entitled to receive overtime pay, was never asked to report to anyone the
number of hours he worked, and received the same flat sum each week, “regardless of the
number of hours that [he] worked.” Id. ¶ 5.
3. Handymen Plaintiffs
Batista and Reyes were employed as handymen by enterprises known as “E&M” and
“Galil” and performed repairs and renovations at apartment buildings in Upper Manhattan and
the Bronx. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 2-3; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 2, 4. Batista worked as a handyman from April
2014 to approximately January 2015, Batista Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5, and Reyes worked as a handyman
from 2012 until March 2016, Reyes Decl. ¶ 2. Each was hired by a manager named Melendez
Medina, who supervised a team of handymen who performed repairs and renovations at “E&M
buildings.” Batista Decl ¶¶ 3, 13; Reyes Decl ¶¶ 3, 11. Batista and Reyes state that Medina’s
boss was defendant Meyer Brecher. See Batista Decl. ¶¶ 12-13; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 3, 11. Their
paychecks from 2013 onwards were issued by “StaffPro, Inc.,” with the name “StaffE&M”
printed at the bottom of each paystub. Batista Decl. ¶ 8; Reyes Decl. ¶ 6; see also Antonio

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Reyes Paystub, dated Aug. 8, 2014 (attached as Ex. B to Reyes Decl.).4 While working, they
were each required to wear an identification card that bore the name “Galil Management LLC.”
Batista Decl. ¶ 2; Reyes Decl. ¶ 7; see also Pedro Batista ID Card (attached as Ex. A to Batista
Decl.).
Batista was paid $600 per week for 40 hours of work as a handyman, and Reyes was paid
$500 per week for the same hours. See Batista Decl ¶¶ 18, 22; Reyes Decl. ¶ 14; Antonio Reyes
Paystub, dated Aug. 8, 2014 (attached as Ex. B to Reyes Decl.). Each attests that they were
required to report to “E&M’s offices” at 975 Walton Avenue in the Bronx no later than 7:30 a.m.
each work morning, in order to receive deliveries and speak with Medina. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 1315, 18; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11-14. From there they would be dispatched to apartment buildings in
Upper Manhattan and the Bronx. Batista Decl. ¶ 15; Reyes Decl. ¶ 4. They would sign in each
morning, but would not sign out when they finished work that evening, generally after 5:30 p.m.
Batista Decl. ¶¶ 14, 18; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 14-15, 17. They were never asked how many hours they
worked, never had a chance to report overtime hours, and were never paid for overtime despite
regularly working over 40 hours per week. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 14, 17-18, 22; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 14-18.
Additionally, Batista and Reyes were required to provide their own work tools, such as drills,
hammers, trowels, saws, screwdrivers, chisels, and tape measures. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 19-21; Reyes
Decl. ¶ 20.
Batista and Reyes state that they worked with approximately 30 other handymen who

4

Reyes avers that “LGL2 Bronx Portfolio LLC,” “LGLS Bronx Portfolio LLC,” and
“Bronx Platinum Portfolio LLC” issued him his paychecks for the first three years of his
employment, with the paystubs listing the address as 1465A Flatbush Ave, Brooklyn, NY, and
the phone number as [phone]. Reyes Decl. ¶ 5. He says that he knows these as “the
main office and telephone number of E&M.” Id. He states that beginning in 2013, his
paychecks and paystubs were issued to him by “StaffPro, Inc,” and “StaffE&M.” Id. ¶ 6.
7

were all subject to the same policies and treatment they were. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 14, 18-20; Reyes
Decl. ¶¶ 13-15, 18, 21. Reyes specifically refers to the fact that he had conversations with other
handymen who stated they were not paid for all hours worked, Reyes Decl. ¶ 18, and Batista
says that “[his] coworkers told [him] that E&M did not pay overtime,” Batista Decl. ¶ 14.
D. Other Evidence Submitted by Plaintiffs
The record includes excerpts from deposition transcripts of Ginzberg and Brecher in
another lawsuit. See Transcript Excerpts, Deposition of Aryeh Ginzberg, dated Jan. 27, 2016,
Fortune Society, Inc. v. Sandcastle Towers Hous. Dev. Fund Corp., No. 14 Civ. 6410 (E.D.N.Y.)
(attached as Ex. 7 to Am. Compl.) (“Ginzberg Dep.”); Transcript Excerpts, Deposition of Meyer
Brecher, dated Nov. 18, 2015, Fortune Society, Inc. v. Sandcastle Towers Hous. Dev. Fund
Corp., No. 14 Civ. 6410 (E.D.N.Y.) (attached as Ex. 5 to Declaration of Marc A. Rapaport, filed
Nov. 2, 2016 (Docket # 91)) (“Brecher Dep.”). Ginzberg explains in the deposition that there are
many individuals who work for “some E&M associated entity,” but several hundred of them are
“officially under StaffPro” — E&M’s payroll company — “even though they really work for our
company.” Id. at 52-53.
The amended complaint also attaches two memoranda on StaffPro letterhead from
“StaffE&M” explaining employee work schedules, overtime rules, break rules, and how to
record hours worked. See Memoranda from Staff E&M, dated Dec. 4, 2012 (attached as Ex. 6 to
Am. Compl.) (“StaffE&M Memoranda”). Also attached is a document that was supplied to the
New York State Division of Human Rights in response to an age discrimination complaint from
plaintiff Lopez. See Letter from Jillian N. Bittner, dated Aug. 12, 2014 (attached as Ex. 1 to
Am. Compl.) (“Bittner Letter”). This document contains a list of “all superintendents employed
at any other premises managed by [E&M Bronx Associates LLC] . . . from April 2012 to April
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2014.” Id. at 1. Approximately 250 names are listed, although the letter indicates that “[t]he
name of an individual superintendent may appear multiple times due to employment at multiple
premises,” id. at 2, and there is no indication on the list of the locations of their places of work.
Another document is a management agreement between “E&M Bronx Associates LLC”
and entities listed as “Portfolio Owner” and “Deed Holders” for buildings in Upper Manhattan.
See Management Agreement (attached as Ex. 2 to Am. Compl.). There are additionally other
documents, diagrams, and statements purporting to show how Ginzberg, Langer, and Lederman
“exercise[ ] ownership and control” over those buildings. See Harlem Portfolio Ownership
Diagram (attached as Ex. 3 to Am. Compl.); Affirmation of Irving Langer, Georgia Malone &
Co. v. E & M Assocs., No. 1506660/2014 (Sup. Ct. Mar. 17, 2016) (attached as Ex. 4 to Am.
Compl.); Guaranty (attached as Ex. 5 to Am. Compl.).
II. APPLICABLE LEGAL PRINCIPLES
The FLSA was enacted to eliminate “labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of
the minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being of
workers.” 29 U.S.C. § 202(a). Section 216(b) of the FLSA provides, in pertinent part:
An action to recover . . . liability . . . may be maintained against any employer . . .
by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and
other employees similarly situated. No employee shall be a party plaintiff to any
such action unless he gives his consent in writing to become such a party and
such consent is filed in the court in which such action is brought.
Id. § 216(b). While the statute does not prescribe any procedures for approval of collective
actions, section 216(b) has long been construed to grant authority to a district court to mandate
that notice be given to potential plaintiffs informing them of the option to join the suit. See
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 169 (1989) (“[D]istrict courts have
discretion, in appropriate cases, to implement 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) . . . by facilitating notice to
9

potential plaintiffs.”); Braunstein v. E. Photographic Labs., Inc., 600 F.2d 335, 336 (2d Cir.
1978) (per curiam) (“Although one might read the [FLSA], by deliberate omission, as not
providing for notice, . . . it makes more sense, in light of the ‘opt-in’ provision of § 16(b) of the
Act, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), to read the statute as permitting, rather than prohibiting, notice in an
appropriate case.”). Orders authorizing notice are sometimes referred to as orders “certifying” a
collective action, even though the FLSA does not contain a certification mechanism. Myers v.
Hertz Corp., 624 F.3d 537, 555 n.10 (2d Cir. 2010). Where a court refers to “certifying” a
collective action, however, it means only that the court has exercised its discretionary power “to
facilitate the sending of notice” to similarly situated individuals. Id. The approval of a
collective action thus amounts to a “‘case management’ tool for district courts to employ in
‘appropriate cases.’” Id. (quoting Hoffmann-La Roche, 493 U.S. at 169, 174).
The requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not apply to the
approval of a collective action. Young v. Cooper Cameron Corp., 229 F.R.D. 50, 54 (S.D.N.Y.
2005); see also Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 133 S. Ct. 1523, 1532 (2013) (“Whatever
significance ‘conditional certification’ may have in § 216(b) proceedings, it is not tantamount to
class certification under Rule 23.”). Accordingly, “no showing of numerosity, typicality,
commonality, and representativeness need be made.” Bittencourt v. Ferrara Bakery & Café Inc.,
310 F.R.D. 106, 111 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Young, 229
F.R.D. at 54). Furthermore, “while a class under Rule 23 includes all unnamed members who
fall within the class definition, the ‘sole consequence of conditional certification [under § 216] is
the sending of court-approved written notice to employees . . . who in turn become parties to a
collective action only by filing written consent with the court.’” Tyson Foods, Inc. v.
Bouaphakeo, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1043 (2016) (alteration and omission in original) (quoting Genesis
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Healthcare Corp, 133 S. Ct. at 1530).
The Second Circuit has endorsed a “two-step process” for approval of an FLSA
collective action:
At step one, the district court permits a notice to be sent to potential opt-in
plaintiffs if the named plaintiffs make a modest factual showing that they and
others together were victims of a common policy or plan that violated the law.
[Myers,] 624 F.[3]d at 555. At step two, with the benefit of additional factual
development, the district court determines whether the collective action may go
forward by determining whether the opt-in plaintiffs are in fact similarly situated
to the named plaintiffs. Id.
Glatt v. Fox Searchlight Pictures, Inc., 811 F.3d 528, 540 (2d Cir. 2015). Thus, “[t]he threshold
issue in deciding whether to authorize class notice in an FLSA action is whether plaintiffs have
demonstrated that potential class members are ‘similarly situated.’” Hoffman v. Sbarro, Inc.,
982 F. Supp. 249, 261 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)).
“Neither the FLSA nor its implementing regulations define the term ‘similarly situated.’
However, courts have held that plaintiffs can meet this burden by making a modest factual
showing sufficient to demonstrate that they and potential plaintiffs together were victims of a
common policy or plan that violated the law.” Id. (citing cases); accord Myers, 624 F.3d at 555;
Garcia v. Spectrum of Creations Inc., 102 F. Supp. 3d 541, 547 (S.D.N.Y. 2015). In other
words, at this preliminary stage, the focus of the inquiry “is not on whether there has been an
actual violation of law but rather on whether the proposed plaintiffs are ‘similarly situated’ under
29 U.S.C. § 216(b) with respect to their allegations that the law has been violated.” Young, 229
F.R.D. at 54 (citation omitted); accord Garcia, 102 F. Supp. 3d at 547. While only a “modest
factual showing” is required, the burden on a plaintiff “is not non-existent and the factual
showing, even if modest, must still be based on some substance.” Guillen v. Marshalls of MA,
Inc., 750 F. Supp. 2d 469, 480 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
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“At the second stage, the district court will, on a fuller record, determine whether a
so-called ‘collective action’ may go forward by determining whether the plaintiffs who have
opted in are in fact ‘similarly situated’ to the named plaintiffs.” Myers, 624 F.3d at 555; accord
Juarez v. 449 Rest., Inc., 29 F. Supp. 3d 363, 369 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
III. ANALYSIS
Plaintiffs request that the Court approve the text and permit the circulation of a notice of
the pendency of this action to all superintendents, porters, and handymen employed by the
defendants from six years before plaintiffs filed their complaint to the present date. Pls. Mem. at
2-3. We address the scope of this proposed collective action first, then address plaintiffs’ request
that the Court approve the text of their proposed notice, see id. at 2; Notice of Lawsuit with
Opportunity to Join (attached as Ex. 13 to Rapaport Decl.) (“Proposed Notice”), and that the
statute of limitations be tolled for any individual who joins the lawsuit in the future, see Pls.
Mem. at 3.
A. Conditional Certification of Collective Action
Plaintiffs define the class of potential opt-in plaintiffs as superintendents, porters, and
handymen currently or previously employed at “the E&M Enterprise’s buildings.” Pls. Mem. at
2. To support their claim that defendants all operate as one “enterprise,” plaintiffs point to the
evidence described above and argue that it demonstrates common ownership of “the E&M
Enterprise’s constituent entities.” Id. at 15-17. They also argue that this evidence shows that the
wage and hour policies applicable to plaintiffs applied to all of the handymen, superintendents,
and porters employed by defendants. See id. at 17-21; Miller Letter at 3-4. Defendants counter
that plaintiffs are improperly using an “integrated enterprise” theory to identify their “employer”
for FLSA purposes. Defs. Mem. at 3-9; Hampton Letter at 2-5. Additionally, they argue that the
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plaintiffs only demonstrate personal knowledge of wage and hour polices for 638 and 655 West
160th Street, and of the actions of a single supervisor who had limited responsibilities.5 Defs.
Mem. at 9-15.6
We begin by addressing whether plaintiffs have shown that the persons they seek to have
notified are employed by the same person or entity that employs plaintiffs. We then consider
whether the plaintiffs have shown that they are similarly situated to all superintendents, porters,
and handymen employed by this person or entity.
1. Common Ownership or Management
In addressing defendants’ argument regarding the plaintiffs’ employers, we are mindful
of the fact that in “evaluating whether court-authorized notice is appropriate, the court does not
resolve factual disputes, decide ultimate issues on the merits, or make credibility
determinations.” Diaz v. S & H Bondi’s Dep’t Store, 2012 WL 137460, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18,
2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Davis v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 2008 WL
4702840, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2008)). Additionally, “whether a particular defendant can be
considered a plaintiff’s ‘employer’ is a fact-specific inquiry” that cannot be resolved at this
stage. Li v. Ichiro Sushi, Inc., 2016 WL 1271068, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2016) (emphasis and
internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Perez v. Westchester Foreign Autos, Inc., 2013 WL
749497, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2013)).
We thus disagree with defendants that “[w]hether Plaintiffs may proceed . . . using an

5

Defendants identify the “Effi” named in plaintiffs’ declarations as Ephraim Weiss.
Defs. Mem. at 2 n.5. They claim that Weiss managed approximately 25 buildings, including 638
and 655 West 160th St. Id. at 14 n.21.
6

Defendants’ previous objection that no named plaintiffs are handymen, see Defs. Mem.
at 17-20, is now moot because the amended complaint includes two handymen.
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‘integrated enterprise’ theory is a primary, threshold issue” and that “the scope and breadth of
the putative collective is dependent upon resolving this ‘joint’ employer issue.” Hampton Letter
at 2. The test for conditional certification does not ask a court to definitively resolve who may
be the plaintiffs’ employer or what policies that employer has instituted. Instead, it asks
“whether the plaintiffs have made an adequate factual showing to support an inference that . . . a
uniform policy or practice exists, and whether the locations share common ownership or
management.” Cruz v. Ham N Eggery Inc., 2016 WL 4186967, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 8, 2016)
(ellipsis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Garcia v. Four Bros. Pizza, Inc.,
2014 WL 2211958, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 23, 2014)); accord Hamadou v. Hess Corp., 915 F.
Supp. 2d 651, 662 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). Thus, our ruling will not determine whether all defendants
are in fact employers of plaintiffs. See, e.g., Lindberg v. UHS of Lakeside, LLC, 761 F. Supp.
2d 752, 763 n.14 (W.D. Tenn. 2011) (declining to decide integrated enterprise question when
considering conditional certification of an FLSA collective action, observing that “[t]he
standards are different,” and that “Defendants[’] arguments are better suited to a motion for
summary judgment or a motion for decertification”).
“When there are ambiguities in the papers seeking collective action status, the court must
draw all inferences in favor of the plaintiff at the preliminary certification stage.” Jeong Woo
Kim v. 511 E. 5th St., LLC, 985 F. Supp. 2d 439, 446 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (citations, brackets, and
internal quotation marks omitted). Reading all inferences in favor of plaintiffs, we find that they
have met their burden of showing that one or more of the defendants was their employer, and
that these defendants are employers of superintendents, handymen, and porters at the buildings
plaintiffs have identified. Defendant Brecher — in a sworn deposition in a separate case —
testified that “Galil” and “E&M” are owned by the same people, and “run” several hundred
14

buildings principally owned by Ginzberg, Langer, and Lederman. See Brecher Dep. at 56, 58.
As for plaintiffs, Lopez, Batista, and Reyes each declared that they receive their paychecks from
“StaffPro” and “StaffE&M,” see Batista Decl. ¶ 8; Reyes Decl. ¶ 6; Lopez Decl. ¶ 7 —
notwithstanding the fact that they worked at many different buildings.7 Ginzberg previously
testified that many employees of E&M Associates are “officially under StaffPro, even though
they really work for our company” — apparently referring to E&M. Ginzberg Dep. at 52. He
further explained that E&M employees “officially work[ ] for StaffPro . . . . But E&M is . . .
managing the company that makes those decisions to hire and to fire,” and that if someone were
fired, “StaffPro would then send a termination letter,” but “[t]he decision-making comes from
E&M.” Id. at 127. Memoranda from “StaffE&M” and “Management” on StaffPro letterhead
explain the work schedules and overtime policies for “employees of StaffE&M.” See StaffE&M
Memoranda. This evidence easily meets plaintiffs’ modest burden at the conditional
certification stage to demonstrate that one or more of the defendants commonly own and manage
E&M and thus commonly own or manage all the buildings in the E&M portfolio as well as
manage all the employees of those buildings.
2. Uniform Practice or Policy
Having established that one or more of the defendants manage or supervise all the
employees of E&M, the next question is whether plaintiffs have shown that all superintendents,

7

As further explanation, Lopez’s declaration also includes a letter drafted by defendant
E&M Bronx Associates LLC’s attorney as part of Lopez’s New York State Division of Human
Rights case, which states that “[E&M Bronx Associates LLC] first retained this payroll company
(Staff Pro LLC) to handle the payroll with respect to all Superintendents employed at premises
that it manages as of January 1, 2013.” Bittner Letter at 2.
15

handymen, and porters employed by the “E&M enterprise” are similarly situated to plaintiffs
with respect to their allegations regarding overtime and other FLSA violations.
While not every case under section 216(b) may be neatly sorted into categories, case law
points to two broad methods by which a plaintiff may show he or she is “similarly situated” to
the group of employees to whom he or she seeks to send notice of a lawsuit. One is a “topdown” method of proof, in which a plaintiff provides evidence from a central office or from
management levels of an employer showing that the employer had a policy or practice of treating
all employees in the class similarly with respect to the allegedly illegal labor law practice. For
example, in Hoffmann v. Sbarro, Inc., 982 F. Supp. 249 (S.D.N.Y. 1997), a class of managers of
Sbarro obtained conditional approval of a collective action based in part on evidence that Sbarro
had a company-wide policy of improperly requiring restaurant managers to reimburse the
company for cash shortages and other losses. See id. at 261; see also Barbato v. Knightsbridge
Props., 2015 WL 5884134, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2015) (uniform policy of not paying overtime
established where employer had stated “[a]ll employees are exempt [from overtime]”); Pippins
v. KPMG LLP, 2012 WL 19379, at *9-10 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2012) (all Audit Associates at
accounting firm were “similarly situated” as to its overtime exemption policy “in that they are
constrained by uniform, explicit, and unvarying rules” as to their conduct, based on firm policy
and professional rules).
The other form of proof may be called “bottom-up” — that is, where plaintiffs and
sometimes other employees provide affidavits conveying their own experience with the
employer, or recount conversations with other employees, and then seek to draw an inference
that an illegal policy or practice exists that covered a group of employees broader than the
plaintiff or the other employees who provided the affidavits. Thus, in Fernandez v. Sharp
16

Management Corp., 2016 WL 5940918 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 13, 2016), two building superintendents
in Manhattan filed affidavits giving information about other employees who suffered illegal
treatment in the same manner as the superintendents claimed they did. Id. at *1, *3. The court
granted conditional approval for superintendents in Manhattan, but denied approval as to other
categories of defendants’ employees and to those who worked outside of Manhattan, finding that
“the Plaintiffs’ evidence provides the Court with no objective criteria for determining whether
[defendant] has a ‘common plan or policy’ with regard to any job title except their own,” and
that “[t]here is no evidence in the record that plaintiffs had any interaction with or personal
knowledge of the salary structure of any employees outside Manhattan or that [defendant]
applied uniform salary practices across its entire operations.” Id. at *3-5; see also Islam v. BYO
Co. (USA), 2017 WL 2693717, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 20, 2017) (denying conditional certification
where plaintiffs’ declarations “contain[ed] no non-conclusory allegations demonstrating that
they [had] knowledge of how” other employees of defendants were paid). We note that the
“bottom-up” method does not require multiple affidavits. Even “a single affidavit providing
some basis for an inference that a company-wide policy exists could be sufficient to grant
conditional certification.” Fernandez, 2016 WL 5940918, at *3 (collecting cases).
Plaintiffs here make both kinds of arguments. With respect to their “top-down”
arguments, see Pls. Mem. at 11-12, 14-16; Pls. Reply at 6-7; Miller Letter at 3-4, plaintiffs have
not shown that the owners, managers, or operators of the “E&M Enterprise” had instituted a citywide practice or policy of not paying its superintendents, porters, or handymen overtime. In fact,
some of their documentary evidence suggests the opposite. The memoranda from StaffE&M
generally forbid employees from working greater than 40 hours per week or 9 ½ hours per day,
and required that employees record and submit their time worked on timesheets. See StaffE&M
17

Memoranda. The other documents attached to plaintiffs’ declarations do not indicate that a
uniform policy or practice across the “E&M Enterprise” of violating labor laws existed. See,
e.g., Antonio Reyes Pay Stub, dated Aug. 8, 2014 (attached as Ex. B to Reyes Decl.) (showing
regular rate of $12.50 and overtime rate of $18.75, with payment for 40 hours worked). The
plaintiffs supply no other evidence as to policies or practices instituted by the management levels
of the “E&M Enterprise” regarding non-payment of overtime or any of the other violations
challenged here.
We next examine the plaintiffs’ sworn declarations to see if they provide sufficient
evidence from the “bottom-up” perspective to find that plaintiffs are similarly situated to the
class of employees to whom they seek to have notice sent.
a. Superintendents
Contrera, Lopez, and Batista all declare that they worked as superintendents at 655 or
638 West 160th Street, performed substantially similar tasks, and were paid a flat salary despite
working well over 40 hours per week. Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 2-9, 11; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 2-3, 13-17;
Batista Decl. ¶¶ 5, 23-27, 31. They were issued identification cards that read “E&M Associates
LLC” or “Galil Management LLC.” Contrera Decl. ¶ 13; Lopez Decl. ¶ 9; Batista Decl. ¶ 2; see
also Usvaldo Contrera ID Card (attached as Ex. A to Contrera Decl.); Francisco Lopez ID Card
(attached as Ex. B to Lopez Decl.); Pedro Batista ID Card (attached as Ex. A to Batista Decl.).
They each were supervised by “Effi” — Ephraim Weiss. Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 3, 8, 13; Batista Decl.
¶¶ 29-30.8 They each reported to the same office at 975 Walton Avenue in the Bronx to receive

8

Although Contrera did not declare that he was supervised by “Effi,” the letter
terminating his employment was signed by Weiss. See Weiss Letter. Lopez additionally says
that “[b]ased on my conversations with [Contrera] . . . he was also supervised by Ephraim
Goldstein [sic].” Lopez Decl. ¶ 13.
18

their paychecks and to attend meetings led by Weiss regarding their work responsibilities.
Contrera Decl. ¶ 10; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 18-22; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 24, 28-30. Contrera and Lopez said
they would have conversations at the 975 Walton Avenue office with other superintendents from
the Bronx and Upper Manhattan who went there to pick up their paychecks, and who also
complained about the large number of hours they worked, the low pay, and the lack of overtime
pay. Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 10-11; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 21-22.
The fact that these individuals were employed at the same two buildings, worked for the
same supervisor, regularly visited the same management office operating under the same
corporate name, and were denied overtime wages despite working over 40 hours per week, easily
allows the inference that there was a policy or practice at these two buildings of not paying
overtime. See, e.g., Yap v. Mooncake Foods, Inc., 146 F. Supp. 3d 552, 562 (S.D.N.Y. 2015)
(testimony that deliveryman was paid below minimum wage, had to sign a book certifying that
he received minimum wage, and that book “listed the names of all deliverymen from all
locations” allowed Court to infer uniform policy of violations across four restaurants) (internal
quotation marks omitted); Barbato, 2015 WL 5884134, at *4 (plaintiffs’ declarations that they
were not paid overtime, knew of other superintendents who were treated similarly, and were told
by an officer at Knightsbridge that “all superintendents . . . [were] not entitled to any
compensation for overtime” sufficient to establish common policy existed at all Knightsbridge
properties) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The declarations also satisfy plaintiffs’ modest burden of showing that this policy applied
to superintendents supervised from the office at 975 Walton Avenue. Contrera and Lopez aver
that they met other superintendents at the 975 Walton Avenue office each week when they
collected their paychecks there, and that the other superintendents they met also complained
19

about not receiving overtime pay. Contrera Decl. ¶¶ 10-11; Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 21-22. Plaintiffs
testify that they shared the same manager, who called meetings at this office to discuss the work
obligations of superintendents, including those who did not work at their buildings. See Lopez
Decl. ¶¶ 18-20; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 28-30. Thus, the plaintiffs’ declarations as to their
conversations with these employees provide evidence of a uniform policy affecting all
superintendents who reported to the 975 Walton Avenue office in the Bronx, and meets their
modest burden of showing that these other superintendents are “similarly situated” to them.
The cases defendants cite do not counsel otherwise. For example, in Vasquez v. Vitamin
Shoppe Industries, Inc., 2011 WL 2693712 (S.D.N.Y. July 11, 2011), the plaintiff sought to
conditionally certify a nationwide class of employees based on his observations of specific
individuals at locations in Brooklyn and Manhattan. Id. at*3. Notably, even though nationwide
notice was denied, conditional certification “with respect to [persons] employed at the seven
retail stores” in Brooklyn and Manhattan identified in the plaintiff’s declaration was granted. Id.
at *5. The court in Fernandez similarly denied conditional certification to potential plaintiffs
outside of Manhattan because there was “no evidence in the record that plaintiffs had any
interaction with or personal knowledge of the salary structure of any employees outside
Manhattan.” Fernandez, 2016 WL 5940918, at *5. The declarations in this case present
evidence of such interactions between Contrera, Lopez, and Batista, and potential opt-in
plaintiffs in Manhattan and the Bronx. In Ikikhueme v. CulinArt, Inc., 2013 WL 2395020
(S.D.N.Y. June 13, 2013), the plaintiff was the only sous chef at a single location, and made only
one unsupported assertion regarding other sous chefs employed by defendants, and none
concerning his predecessors or successors in the position. Id. at *2-3. Here, plaintiffs’
declarations provide much more detail. Finally, in Rudd v. T.L. Cannon Corp., 2011 WL
20

831446 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2011), the plaintiffs asserted a host of disparate labor law violations
and were ultimately “unable to identify any unlawful policy or practice applied systemically
throughout defendants’ many restaurant operations.” Id. at *8-9. Plaintiffs’ claims are thus
distinguishable.9
Defendants argue that plaintiffs have at most shown that individuals supervised by Weiss
were subject to common policies on overtime. See Defs. Mem. at 2 n.5; Hampton Letter at 7.
There is no evidence in the record, however, that Weiss was the only supervisor of
superintendents at the Bronx management office, or that he was responsible for all of the
superintendents who received their paychecks from that office.10 There is evidence, however,
that multiple superintendents reported to the same office as plaintiffs and had verified to
plaintiffs that they were experiencing the same overtime violations. See Contrera Decl. ¶ 10;
Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 20-22. This evidence supports approving notice to a broader class of individuals.

9

In Laroque v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 557 F. Supp. 2d 346 (E.D.N.Y. 2008), the court
granted approval as to defendants’ store in Coney Island, but not their other stores in Brooklyn,
due to a lack of factual support. Id. at 355-56. The Court did so by making determinations as to
the credibility of plaintiffs’ declarations and by comparing their testimony to defendants’
testimony. Id. at 356. Case law dictates, however, that at this stage “the court does not resolve
factual disputes, decide ultimate issues on the merits, or make credibility determinations.” E.g.
Diaz, 2012 WL 137460, at *3 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Schaefer
v. M & T Bank Corp., 122 F. Supp. 3d 189, 196 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (refusing to resolve which
description of the employees’ job duties was “accurate” at conditional certification stage). Thus,
we do not view Laroque as persuasive.
10

On a similar point, although plaintiffs claim that “the putative collective for
superintendents and porters must be limited to the . . . Manhattanville Portfolio,” Hampton Letter
at 7 n.10, the evidence in the record does not show that the wage and hour policies applicable to
these buildings did not also apply to other buildings in Upper Manhattan and the Bronx owned
and operated by defendants, or that the “Manhattanville Portfolio” is the limit of defendants’
holdings in that area. In other words, there may be superintendents and porters in Upper
Manhattan and the Bronx similarly situated to plaintiffs at properties outside of the
“Manhattanville Portfolio.”
21

See, e.g., Colon v. Major Perry St. Corp., 2013 WL 3328223, at *6-7 (S.D.N.Y. July 2, 2013)
(approving notice to superintendents employed by defendants at different buildings on basis of
three affidavits indicating superintendents were not paid overtime).
Defendants briefly argue that we should exclude buildings that are unionized or are
subject to “prevailing wage” contracts from any class. See Defs. Mem. at 14-15 (citing
Declaration of Scott Katz, dated Sept. 19, 2016 (attached as Ex. D to Declaration of Larry R.
Martinez, filed Sept. 23, 2016 (Docket # 42)). But the mere fact that contracts exist regarding
payment of wages at some buildings does nothing to show that the wage violations identified in
plaintiffs’ declarations do not exist at such buildings as well.
We agree with defendants, however, that plaintiffs have not shown that they are similarly
situated to superintendents who work or worked at properties outside of Upper Manhattan and
the Bronx. See Hampton Letter at 6-7. No declarant worked at a building outside of these two
areas or claims to have information from employees of defendants outside these areas. Although
plaintiffs argue that the “E&M Enterprise” maintains common, city-wide payroll policies, they
do not present evidence that lets us infer a city-wide policy to not pay superintendents overtime.
Our case is thus distinguishable from those like Rosario v. Valentine Ave. Discount Store, Co.,
828 F. Supp. 2d 508, 517 (E.D.N.Y. 2011), where declarations established that payroll was
controlled and centrally managed across defendants’ stores and that plaintiffs were transferred
from one store to the other with no change in minimum wage or overtime policies.

22

We are sympathetic to plaintiffs’ argument that they may be entitled to certain inferences
because “specific information about the E&M Enterprise’s multi-entity corporate structure is
uniquely within Defendants’ knowledge,” Pls. Reply at 7, and defendants have declined to
provide a full explanation of the ownership of their buildings. We have therefore already
accepted plaintiffs’ argument that one or more of the defendants may be deemed the employer of
all employees of the buildings owned by E&M. However, even where businesses have common
ownership, an FLSA plaintiff still must make a showing that employees at all locations were
subject to the same illegal policies before a class may be approved consisting of all employees at
all locations. See, e.g., Hamadou, 915 F. Supp. 2d at 667 (conditionally certifying class of
employees at Hess gas stations in Queens and Bronx, but not state- or nation-wide, because “the
allegations only reach as far as the management of the territories encompassing the Queens and
Bronx stations” and “[n]othing in the record suggests that similar failures” extended to other
territories); Guillen, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 478 (finding that store manager’s evidence provided
“virtually no basis on which to conclude” that he was similarly situated to all store managers
nationwide).
The case of Siewmungal v. Nelson Management Group Ltd., 2012 WL 715973
(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2012), is not to the contrary because in that case there was evidence of
centralized policy and management control imposed by the defendants from a single
management office. See id. at *1, *3. In another case cited by plaintiffs, Cruz, plaintiffs showed
that two separate food-preparation locations actually “share[d] employees, ingredients and
materials” between the two locations. 2016 WL 4186967, at *1. No plaintiff here has alleged
that he worked at a building that they claim was managed by any office other than the one in the
Bronx. Thus, for example, while plaintiffs assert that Reyes has “personal experience working at
23

more than 50 different apartment buildings,” Pls. Reply at 6 (citing Reyes Decl. ¶ 8), Reyes
never claims that any of those buildings were supervised by other offices.
Accordingly, the Court will authorize notice to all superintendents who were supervised
or managed by agents of the defendants who operated out of 975 Walton Avenue, Bronx, New
York.
b. Porters
Unlike the superintendent plaintiffs, Herrera does not allege that he had any
conversations with other porters about their pay or their work schedule, or ever had to visit the
975 Walton Avenue, Bronx, office. Rather, Herrera claims that he worked with Contrera at 655
West 160th Street and occasionally at 638 West 160th Street, was supervised by “Effi,” never
received overtime pay despite working an average of 70 hours per week, and performed similar
tasks to what the superintendents did, such as taking out garbage, removing mattresses, killing
rats, and helping with repairs. See Herrera Decl. ¶¶ 2-5, 8-9.
If this testimony was presented alone, it would fail to show that other employees are
“similarly situated” to Herrera. When considered with the evidence presented as to the
superintendents, however, we reach a different conclusion. “In the Second Circuit, courts
routinely find employees similarly situated despite not occupying the same positions or
performing the same job functions and in the same locations, provided that they are subject to a
common unlawful policy or practice.” Guaman v. 5 M Corp., 2013 WL 5745905, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); accord Rojas v.
Kalesmeno Corp., 2017 WL 3085340, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2017) (collecting cases).
According to Herrera’s declaration, he performed substantially the same duties as the
superintendent plaintiffs, worked at the same buildings in Upper Manhattan, reported to a
24

supervisor who supervised superintendents and porters at 975 Walton Avenue in the Bronx, and
was not paid for overtime work despite working well over 40 hours per week. Herrera Decl.
¶¶ 2-5, 8-9; see Lopez Decl. ¶¶ 18-19; Batista Decl. ¶¶ 28-30. These allegations are enough to
show that Herrera and other porters were “similarly situated,” for purposes of the FLSA, to the
superintendents who were supervised from that office.
Accordingly, notice is authorized as to all porters who were supervised or managed by
agents of the defendants who operated out of 975 Walton Avenue, Bronx, New York.
c. Handymen
Two named plaintiffs — Batista and Reyes — worked as handymen for enterprises called
“E&M” or “Galil.” Batista Decl. ¶ 2; Reyes Decl. ¶ 2. Batista started as a handyman in about
April 2014, Batista Decl. ¶ 2, and Reyes in approximately 2012, Reyes Decl. ¶ 2. They were
both initially hired by Melendez Medina, who reported to “Mayer,” who Reyes believed was in
charge of building maintenance and construction for E&M. Batista Decl. ¶ 3; Reyes Decl. ¶ 3.
They reported to “E&M’s management office” at 975 Walton Avenue in the Bronx at 7:30 a.m.
each morning, and were dispatched from there to perform repair work at various buildings in
Upper Manhattan and the Bronx. Batista Decl. ¶¶ 15, 18; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 4, 11, 13-15. They
generally worked until 5:30 p.m. Batista Decl. ¶ 18; Reyes Decl. ¶ 15. Despite working 45
hours per week, they were only ever paid for eight hours of work per day, 40 hours per week.
Batista Decl. ¶ 18; Reyes Decl. ¶¶ 14-18. They each worked with a team of about 30 handymen.
Batista Decl. ¶ 14; Reyes Decl. ¶ 13. Reyes avers that based on his conversations with other
E&M handymen, he learned that “other handymen who worked for E&M also were not paid
anything for the extra hours that we worked.” Reyes Decl. ¶ 18.

25

This evidence, in combination with other evidence regarding superintendents, is
sufficient to establish that a group of handymen were “similarly situated” to these plaintiffs such
that notice of a potential collective action is warranted. See, e.g., Fernandez, 2016 WL 5940918,
at *4-5; Colon, 2013 WL 3328223, at *6. However, plaintiffs present no evidence concerning
any handyman employed by defendants outside of the Bronx or Upper Manhattan. Thus, the
conditional collective action should be limited to those employees supervised by the E&M office
at 975 Walton Avenue in the Bronx.
Accordingly, notice is authorized as to all handymen who were supervised or managed
by agents of the defendants who operated out of 975 Walton Avenue, Bronx, New York.
B. Form of Notice
“Upon authorizing the distribution of notice to potential opt-in plaintiffs, the district court
maintains ‘broad discretion’ over the form and content of the notice.” Martin v. Sprint/united
Mgmt. Co., 2016 WL 30334, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Chhab v. Darden Rest., Inc., 2013 WL 5308004, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2013)).
“By monitoring preparation and distribution of the notice, a court can ensure that it is timely,
accurate, and informative. Both the parties and the court benefit from settling disputes about the
content of the notice before it is distributed.” Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, 493 U.S. at 171. With
this in mind, when determining the particulars of the notice, courts are “guided by the goals of
the notice: to make as many potential plaintiffs as possible aware of this action and their right to
opt in without devolving into a fishing expedition or imposing undue burdens on the
defendants.” Elmajdoub v. MDO Dev. Corp., 2013 WL 6620685, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11,
2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Guzelgurgenli v. Prime Time Specials, Inc.,
883 F. Supp. 2d 340, 356 (E.D.N.Y. 2012)).
26

Plaintiffs include a proposed notice with their motion papers, see Proposed Notice, but it
now must be revised both to reflect new claims in the amended complaint and the rulings in this
Opinion. Accordingly, the Court directs the parties to discuss the proposed notice and to bring
any disputes to the Court’s attention by letter as promptly as possible. The one dispute that can
be addressed now is the question of whether notice should be provided to individuals who
worked for defendants within the last three years — the maximum limitations period under the
FLSA, see 29 U.S.C. § 255(a) — as defendants propose, or whether it should given to
individuals who worked for defendants within the last six years — the limitations period for
claims under the New York Labor Law, see N.Y. Labor Law § 198(3) — as plaintiffs propose.
See Defs. Mem. at 21-22; Pls. Mem. at 22-23.
Courts have selected both time periods. One case summarizes the split as follows:
The courts that have approved six-year notice periods have cited the economy of
providing notice to plaintiffs with FLSA claims who may also have NYLL claims
subject to a six-year statute of limitations. See, e.g., [Winfield v. Citibank, N.A.,
843 F.Supp.2d 397, 410-11 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)]; [Schwerdtfeger v. Demarchelier
Mgmt., Inc., 2011 WL 2207517, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 6, 2011)]; [Klimchak v.
Cardrona, Inc., 2011 WL 1120463, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2011)]. By contrast,
the courts that have approved three-year notification windows have cited the
confusion caused by notifying plaintiffs who potentially have two disparate
claims with different statutes of limitations, along with the inefficiency of
providing notice to plaintiffs whose claims may well be time-barred. See[,] e.g.,
Hamadou, 915 F. Supp. 2d at 667-68; [Lujan v. Cabana Mgmt., Inc., 2011 WL
317984, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2011)]; [McBeth v. Gabrielli Truck Sales, Ltd.,
768 F. Supp. 2d 396, 400 (E.D.N.Y. 2011)].
Trinidad v. Pret a Manger (USA) Ltd., 962 F. Supp. 2d 545, 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).
As Trinidad notes, there is the potential for “confusion caused by notifying plaintiffs who
potentially have two disparate claims with different statutes of limitations” as well as
“inefficiency” in “providing notice to plaintiffs whose claims may well be time-barred.” Id.;
accord Rojas, 2017 WL 3085340, at *6 (“The three-year period more effectively serves the goal
27

of efficiency in this case and will avoid confusing individuals whose claims arise only under the
NYLL . . . .”); Ramos v. PJJK Rest. Corp., 2016 WL 1106373, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2016)
(only approving notice for three years prior to filing of complaint, as the plaintiffs “[did] not
explain how efficiency or judicial economy are enhanced if the collective action notice includes
a six-year limitations period for NYLL claims that have not received class certification”).
In the present case, we believe that “the three-year period more effectively serves the
goal of efficiency . . . and will avoid confusing individuals whose claims arise only under the
NYLL . . . .” Rojas, 2017 WL 3085340, at *6.
C. Tolling
Plaintiffs’ motion in this case centers on the notice that plaintiffs seek to have sent to
current and former employees of defendants. But plaintiffs also request that the Court rule that
the statute of limitations be tolled for opt-in plaintiffs from the date of the filing of the complaint
or, at the latest, the date the instant motion was filed. See Pls. Mem. at 23-25. The limitations
period for FLSA claims is at most three years. See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). If the limitations period
is not so tolled, opt-in plaintiffs would not be able to make claims for any period prior to three
years from the date they actually file a consent to join the action. See 29 U.S.C. § 256(b)
(limitations period is measured from date plaintiff joins an FLSA lawsuit); Yahraes v. Rest.
Assocs. Events Corp., 2011 WL 844963, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2011) (“the limitations periods
in a FLSA action continues to run until an individual affirmatively opts into the action.”).
1. Law Governing Equitable Tolling
The doctrine of equitable tolling allows a court to extend a statute of limitations “on a
case-by-case basis to prevent inequity.” Warren v. Garvin, 219 F.3d 111, 113 (2d Cir.), cert.
denied, 531 U.S. 968 (2000). “Equitable tolling applies as a matter of fairness where a party has
28

been prevented in some extraordinary way from exercising his rights.” Iavorski v. I.N.S., 232
F.3d 124, 129 (2d. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
The Supreme Court has made clear, however, that the conditions for applying the
doctrine are strict. “Generally, a litigant seeking equitable tolling bears the burden of
establishing two elements: (1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some
extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.” Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005);
accord Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 336 (2007) (noting that the extraordinary
circumstance must have “prevented timely filing”); Bolarinwa v. Williams, 593 F.3d 226, 231
(2d Cir. 2010); Zerilli-Edelglass v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 333 F.3d 74, 80-81 (2d Cir. 2003);
Estate of Mandarino v. Mandarino, 699 F. Supp. 2d 646, 652 (S.D.N.Y. 2010), aff’d, 408
F. App’x 428 (2d Cir. 2011). The second prong of the equitable tolling test “is met only where
the circumstances that caused a litigant’s delay are both extraordinary and beyond its control.”
Menominee Indian Tribe of Wis. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 750, 756 (2016) (emphasis
omitted).
The Second Circuit has repeatedly cautioned that “equitable tolling is considered a
drastic remedy applicable only in rare and exceptional circumstances.” A.Q.C. ex rel. Castillo v.
United States, 656 F.3d 135, 144 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted); accord Phillips v. Generations Family Health Ctr., 723 F.3d 144, 150 (2d Cir. 2013)
(quoting A.Q.C. ex rel. Castillo, 656 F.3d at 144); Bertin v. United States, 478 F.3d 489, 494 n.3
(2d Cir. 2007) (quoting Smith v. McGinnis, 208 F.3d 13, 17 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam)). Thus,
“[w]hen a movant does not provide any grounds showing equitable tolling may be appropriate, it
will not be applied.” Mark v. Gawker Media LLC, 2014 WL 5557489, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3,
2004) (citing Ouedraogo v. A-1 Int’l Courier Serv., Inc., 2013 WL 3466810, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
29

July 8, 2013)).
2. Whether Potential Opt-In Plaintiffs Have Shown Entitlement to Equitable
Tolling
Here, plaintiffs have failed to establish the first prong of the equitable tolling doctrine.
Plaintiffs provide no facts or even arguments regarding existing or potential opt-in plaintiffs that
reflect that these employees of the defendants have been “pursuing [their] rights diligently.”
Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336. As noted by another court in this district in denying equitable tolling
in an FLSA suit, the equitable tolling inquiry is “a highly factual issue that depends on what and
when a plaintiff knew or should have known — an inquiry that is simply impossible to conduct
when opt-in plaintiffs and the facts specific to them have not yet been revealed.” Alvarado
Balderramo v. Taxi Tours Inc., 2017 WL 2533508, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. June 9, 2017); see also
Hintergerger v. Catholic Health Sys., 2009 WL 3464134, at *15 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2009)
(denying equitable tolling because “[p]laintiffs here have offered no allegations or proof from
which this Court can conclude that a reasonably prudent potential plaintiff would not have
known of his or her right to receive overtime pay after 40 hours”). The plaintiffs on whose
behalf equitable tolling is being sought have not been identified. Although plaintiffs
conclusorily allege that many of the potential collective members do not speak English and may
be unaware of their rights under the FLSA, see Pls. Mem. at 24, no specific information has been
provided about any particular opt-in plaintiff’s circumstances. Thus, this Court cannot assess
whether any potential opt-in plaintiff has diligently pursued his or her rights.
We are aware that some courts in this district have assessed the actual (or “named”)
plaintiff’s diligence when granting equitable tolling in this context. See Flood v. Carlson Rests.
Inc., 2015 WL 260436, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 20, 2015) (granting equitable tolling for opt-in
30

plaintiffs “in light of Plaintiffs’ diligence in pursuing the FLSA claims on behalf of putative optins”); McGlone v. Contract Callers, Inc., 867 F. Supp. 2d 438, 445 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (granting
equitable tolling for opt-in plaintiffs because “those whose putative class representatives and
their counsel are diligently and timely pursuing the claims should [] not be penalized due to the
courts’ heavy dockets and understandable delays in rulings”). However, the test for equitable
tolling is not concerned with the diligence of a plaintiff who has already timely filed a claim, but
rather with the diligence of a plaintiff who is seeking the application of the doctrine. As the
Second Circuit has formulated the rule, “when determining whether equitable tolling is
applicable, a district court must consider whether the person seeking application of the equitable
tolling doctrine (1) has acted with reasonable diligence during the time period she seeks to have
tolled, and (2) has proved that the circumstances are so extraordinary that the doctrine should
apply.” Zerilli-Edelglass, 333 F.3d at 80–81 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
In their brief, plaintiffs cite to McGlone, 867 F. Supp. 2d at 445, which held that the time
period spent by a court deciding a motion for conditional approval may by itself allow for the
application of the equitable tolling doctrine. See Pls. Mem. at 24. McGlone ruled that “the
delay caused by the time required for a court to rule on a motion” for conditional approval of a
collective action “may be deemed an extraordinary circumstance justifying” equitably tolling the
statute of limitations. 867 F. Supp. 2d at 445 (quoting Yahraes, 2011 WL 844963, at *2)
(internal quotations marks omitted). Indeed, other cases have similarly ruled. See, e.g., Viriri v.
White Plains Hosp. Med. Ctr., – F.R.D. –, 2017 WL 2473252, at *1, *8-9 (S.D.N.Y. June 8,
2017); Varghese v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 2016 WL 4718413, at *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 9,
2016); Tubiak v. Nielsen Co. (U.S.), LLC, 2016 WL 796861, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2016);
31

Reyes v. N.Y. F&B Serv. LLC, 2016 WL 796859, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2016).11
These cases, however, do not conform to the equitable tolling doctrine as described by
the Supreme Court and the Second Circuit. Some of the cases provide no reasoned argument as
to why the equitable tolling doctrine applies but simply cite to other cases that allowed for delays
in adjudicating a motion to support equitable tolling. See Reyes, 2016 WL 796859, at *5; Colon,
2013 WL 3328223, at *8. Others characterize the period of time taken to decide the motion for
conditional approval as “extraordinary” and use that delay alone as a basis for finding equitable
tolling. See Viriri, 2017 WL 2473252, at *8-9; Varghese, 2016 WL 4718413, at *10-11. We do
not find these cases persuasive because by focusing exclusively on the time it took the court to
decide the conditional approval motion, none make a finding that the opt-in plaintiffs for whom
tolling is sought acted diligently in pursuing their rights. Thus, putting aside the question of
whether a court’s delay could qualify as “extraordinary” under the second prong of the equitable
tolling test, we do not see how these decisions square with Pace, 544 U.S. at 418, Lawrence, 549
U.S. at 336, and numerous other Supreme Court cases that require a showing of diligence by a
litigant seeking to toll a statute of limitations.
In sum, we have no basis for making a ruling at this time that any current or future opt-in
employees’ claims must be equitably tolled given that there has been no showing that they have
met the “diligence” prong of the equitable tolling doctrine. Thus, we need not reach the second
prong of the equitable tolling doctrine. See, e.g., Hintergerger, 2009 WL 3464134, at *15

11

Other courts have found a delay in resolving a particular motion too brief to be
considered “extraordinary” and have refused to equitably toll the statute of limitations on that
basis. See Vasto v. Credico (USA) LLC, 2016 WL 2658172, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. May 5, 2016)
(less than five months); Guzman v. Three Amigos SJL, Inc., 117 F. Supp. 3d 516, 527-28
(S.D.N.Y. 2015) (three and a half months); Mark, 2014 WL 5557489, at *2-3 (11 months).
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(denying equitable tolling because no showing had been made on the “dilligence” of the
potential opt-in plaintiffs); see also Pace, 544 U.S. at 418 (denying equitable tolling because
“petitioner’s lack of diligence precludes equity’s operation.”)
We are certainly aware that this approach means that some employees of defendants will
not be entitled to pursue potentially meritorious wage claims under the FLSA. But the
enforcement of any statute of limitations results in meritorious claims going uncompensated.
More to the point, even courts of equity “must be governed by rules and precedents no less than
the courts of law.” Lonchar v. Thomas, 517 U.S. 314, 323 (1996) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Because governing precedent does not permit equitable tolling here, plaintiffs’
application for a categorical ruling tolling the statute of limitations for all opt-in plaintiffs is
denied. This ruling is without prejudice to any application by a plaintiff for equitable tolling that
conforms to the requirements of the equitable tolling doctrine.
Of course, some plaintiffs who receive notice will have claims that pre-date the threeyear period depending on how long they worked for defendants. Thus, after any such plaintiffs
have opted in, these plaintiffs will be free to make equitable tolling arguments. We are aware
that one court has criticized a procedure under which a court allows applications for tolling on an
individualized basis rather than making a categorical equitable tolling ruling. See Jackson v.
Bloomberg, L.P., 298 F.R.D. 152 (S.D.N.Y. 2014). Jackson characterized such a process as a
“piecemeal approach to equitable tolling, which would waste judicial resources, further delay
resolution of this action, and contravene the purposes of FLSA” and granted equitable tolling
categorically based on the delay in deciding the motion for conditional approval. Id. at 171. We
respectfully disagree with Jackson. While adjudicating equitable tolling for plaintiffs after they
join an FLSA action certainly consumes judicial resources and may create delay, it is a necessary
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result of the law governing equitable tolling, which has strict rules that limit its application. For
good or ill, the application of the equitable tolling standard is “‘highly case-specific,’ and the
‘burden of demonstrating the appropriateness of equitable tolling . . . lies with the plaintiff.”
Wilder v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 175 F. Supp. 3d 82, 90 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). As to
Jackson’s view that such a process “contravene[s] the purposes of FLSA,” we note that, while
Congress could have instituted a statutory scheme under which opt-in FLSA plaintiffs benefit
from the filing date of the original plaintiff (similar to the regime that governs class actions
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23), Congress did not do so. Instead, the FLSA explicitly measures the
statute of limitations from the date an opt-in plaintiff joins the lawsuit, and limits an employer’s
exposure to three years worth of claims. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 255(a), 256. Thus, one of the
purposes of the FLSA is to protect employers from suits that accrue more than three years before
that date. Finally, we note that the expenditure of judicial resources to adjudicate such claims
may be limited to the extent that opt-in plaintiffs share common circumstances that may allow
for an equitable tolling ruling that governs plaintiffs sharing those circumstances.
3. Whether Notice Should be Sent to Former Employees Who Ended Their
Employment With Defendants More Than 3 Years Prior to the Date the Notice Is
Mailed
That the Court cannot grant equitable tolling at this stage of the case, however, does not
end our inquiry. This is because plaintiffs are seeking to have the notice period calculated based
on the date the complaint was filed, see Pls. Mem. at 22-23, and presumably would be prepared
to have the entitlement of any future opt-in plaintiffs to equitable tolling be decided at a later
stage of the case. In other words, plaintiffs would seek to have the notice sent to employees
whose employment with defendants ended more than three years ago on the theory that one or
more of these employees might qualify for equitable tolling were they to make the requisite
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showing once they joined the lawsuit. Under this scenario, notice would be sent to all employees
in this case who worked for defendants three years prior to the filing of the lawsuit or the filing
of this motion and the Court would determine later whether equitable tolling would be permitted
for any of the employees who later join the lawsuit. Courts authorizing notice under this logic
note that while they will not toll the statute of limitations before providing notice to potential
opt-in plaintiffs, they will send out notice to the wider group of employees and permit
“challenges to the timeliness of individual plaintiffs’ actions . . . at a later date.” See Martin,
2016 WL 30334, at *16 (quoting Trinidad, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 564 n.14); accord Lopez v. JVA
Indus., Inc., 2015 WL 5052575, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2015); Guzman, 117 F. Supp. 3d at
528; She Jian Guo v. Tommy’s Sushi Inc., 2014 WL 5314822, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 16, 2014).
The question then becomes under what conditions should notice be sent to employees
whose employment ended before the start of the three-year limitations period. Some courts have
permitted notice to a wider group of employees simply on the theory that “equitable tolling
issues often arise for prospective plaintiffs” in FLSA suits. Winfield, 843 F. Supp. 2d at 410;
accord Gomez v. Terri Vegetarian LLC, 2017 WL 2628880, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 2017);
Alves v. Affiliated Home Care of Putnam, Inc., 2017 WL 511836, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2017);
Bittencourt, 310 F.R.D. at 116-17; Fonseca v. Dircksen & Talleyrand Inc., 2014 WL 1487279, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 11, 2014); Hamadou, 915 F. Supp. 2d at 668. In other words, these courts do
not require any presentation of facts that would show the potential for equitable tolling. Rather,
the fact that “equitable tolling issues often arise” in other FLSA actions is sufficient to send
notice to the larger group.
We disagree with these cases, however, to the extent they do not conduct an analysis of
the potential for equitable tolling in the particular case at hand. As the Second Circuit has noted,
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equitable tolling is expected to occur in only “rare” circumstances, Phillips, 723 F.3d at 150, and
must be considered on a “case-by-case basis,” Warren, 219 F.3d at 113. Thus we cannot follow
a rule that simply assumes that equitable tolling will be routinely available in all FLSA cases.
See generally Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 396 (2007) (“Equitable tolling is a rare remedy to
be applied in unusual circumstances, not a cure-all for an entirely common state of affairs”). A
court’s “discretionary power to facilitate the sending of notice to potential class members is
premised on its use as a tool for efficient case management.” Trindad, 962 F. Supp. 2d at 556
(citing Hoffman-LaRoche, 493 U.S. at 169, 174; Myers, 624 F.3d at 555 n.10). But sending
notice to potential opt-in plaintiffs with obviously time-barred claims and no explanation as to
why they may be able to demonstrate equitable tolling in the future fails to serve this purpose.12
We agree, rather, with those courts that have conducted some inquiry into whether there
are particular circumstances suggesting that potential plaintiffs might actually succeed in
demonstrating entitlement to equitable tolling. See, e.g., Gaspar v. Pers. Touch Moving, Inc.,
2014 WL 4593944, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 2014) (allowing notice to be sent to potential optin plaintiffs whose claims accrued within three years prior to the date the complaint was filed
because “[d]efendants did not post the workplace notices that the FLSA requires”). Where there
is at least a realistic possibility that individuals whose employment fell outside the limitations
period may be able to show equitable tolling, notice to such individuals is appropriate. Where,
however, plaintiffs have made no showing of the potential for equitable tolling, expanding the

12

We are also concerned that an individual who receives notice that he may join
litigation justifiably believes that he has a realistic potential to recover money. It seems unfair to
raise such hopes if the suit is time-barred and there is no basis for concluding that the employee
will overcome that bar. It also may unnecessarily subject such individuals to potential burdens
of participating in the litigation of a time-barred claim.
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notice period is unjustified. See Cordova v. SCCF, Inc., 2014 WL 3512820, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.
July 16, 2014) (because plaintiffs failed to make “a sufficient showing of rare and exceptional
circumstances . . . . the Court declines to toll the statute of limitations, and so notice will be
limited to individuals who were delivery persons within three years from the date the Court
issues an order approving the proposed notice.”) (citation omitted); Ouedraogo, 2013 WL
3466810, at *4 (“because Plaintiff has failed to provide any grounds to support his argument that
equitable tolling is or may be appropriate in this case, the notice period will be for the three year
period prior to the filing of the notice, not the complaint”).
In this case, plaintiffs have not shown that there is a realistic possibility that any
individuals whose employment fell outside the limitations period will be able to demonstrate
equitable tolling. Plaintiffs briefly note that potential opt-in plaintiffs are likely unaware of their
rights under the FLSA, and that this ignorance is exacerbated by the possibility that many may
not speak English. See Pls. Mem. at 24. However, in the cases cite by plaintiffs, the courts
pointed to factual circumstances in addition to the plaintiff’s own lack of knowledge or language
facility. See Kone v. Joy Constr. Corp., 2016 WL 866349, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2016) (noting
that “Defendants intentionally failed to comply with their obligations to provide plaintiffs with
notice as to their legal rights”) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted); United States
v. Sabhnani, 566 F. Supp. 2d 139, 146 (E.D.N.Y. 2008), aff’d in part, vacated in part, 599 F.3d
215 (2d. Cir. 2010) (noting the lack of notice in the workplace). This is consistent with case law
holding that ignorance of the law and language barriers are normally insufficient to permit
equitable tolling. Hengjin Sun v. China 1221, Inc., 2015 WL 5542919, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 12,
2015) (“Although Plaintiffs assert that they are poor immigrant workers who do not speak
English, the law is clear that lack of education, limited financial means, and ignorance of the law
37

are not extraordinary circumstances that justify equitable tolling") (citation omitted); see also
Ormiston v. Nelson, 117 F.3d 69, 72 n.5 (2d Cir. 1997) ("Mere ignorance of the law is, of
course, insufficient to delay the accrual of the statute oflimitations"). Assuming arguendo that
an employer's failure to post a statutorily required notice might justify equitable tolling, no such
failure has been shown here.
In sum, because plaintiffs have not shown a realistic possibility that employees whose
employment ended outside the limitations period will be able to demonstrate equitable tolling,
notice will be sent only to individuals who were last employed by defendants within three years
prior to the date the notices are mailed.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' motion for conditional approval of a collective
action (Docket # 104) is granted in part and denied in part as set forth herein.
SO ORDERED.
Dated:

New York, New York
October 5, 2017

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