Biocad JSC v. F. Hoffman La-Roche Ltd. et al
Filing
84
MEMORANDUM & ORDER: For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion for sanctions is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Biocad shall pay to Defendants the total amount of attorneys' fees and costs involved in r esponding to Biocad's unfounded allegations brought under the Robinson-Patman Act. Because the Robinson-Patman discussion made up approximately 4% of the total pages that Defendants collectively spent responding to Biocad's Amended Complaint and in their moving for sanctions, see Doc. Nos. 52, 55, 57, 65, 66, 67, and 72, fees will be limited proportionally. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants shall file submissions setting forth the total cost of the motion for sanctions a nd their respective motions to dismiss (including reply briefs) no later than February 11, 2022. Plaintiffs may respond to Defendants submissions no later than February 25, 2022. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion pending at Doc. No. 71. ( Motions due by 2/11/2022., Responses due by 2/25/2022) (Signed by Judge Richard J. Sullivan on 1/28/2022) Sitting by Designation. (ate) Modified on 1/28/2022 (ate).
Case 1:16-cv-04226-RJS Document 84 Filed 01/28/22 Page 1 of 17
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
BIOCAD JSC,
Plaintiff,
-v-
No. 16-cv-4226 (RJS)
F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE LTD., et al,
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
Defendants.
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judge:
In 2016, Plaintiff Biocad JSC (“Biocad”) commenced this action against Defendants F.
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (“Roche”) and Roche Holding AG (“Roche Holding”) – two Swiss
corporations – along with Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”), an affiliated U.S. corporation, and RPharm JSC (“R-Pharm”), a Russian pharmaceutical company (collectively “Defendants”), alleging
various antitrust violations under federal and state law. On September 30, 2017, the Court issued
an opinion dismissing Biocad’s claims, see Biocad, JSC v. F. Hoffman-La-Roche, Ltd., No. 16-cv4226 (RJS), 2017 WL 4402564 (S.D.N.Y Sept. 30, 2017), and on November 5, 2019, the Second
Circuit affirmed that decision, see Biocad JSC v. F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 942 F.3d 88 (2019). Now
before the Court is Defendants’ motion to sanction Biocad and its counsel under 28 U.S.C. § 1927
and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. Nos. 71, 72.) For the reasons set forth
below, Defendants’ motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
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I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 1
Biocad is a Russian pharmaceutical company that created biosimilars, or generic versions,
of three “blockbuster” cancer-treatment drugs developed by Roche. (FAC ¶¶ 4, 22, 34.) Biocad
competes with Roche in Russia and had plans to enter the United States market upon the expiration
of Roche’s exclusive rights to sell those drugs in 2018 and 2019. (Id. ¶¶ 9, 22, 40, 56.)
On June 7, 2016, Biocad sued Roche, Genentech, and R-Pharm, alleging that it had been
injured by those Defendants’ anti-competitive conduct in violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C.
§§ 1 and 2, the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 14, the Robinson-Patman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 13, the
Donnelly Act, N.Y. General Business Law § 340 et seq., and common law tort. (Compl. ¶¶ 166–
216.) The alleged anti-competitive conduct, which took place in Russia, included predatory
pricing, tying arrangements, registration of a “non-existent” drug, and participation in auctions
with fraudulent bids. (Id. ¶¶ 6–15.) Biocad also alleged that those Defendants limited the
distribution network for the drugs in the United States “to slow down the entry of generic
alternatives” into the U.S. market by competitors like Biocad. (Id. ¶¶ 144–51.)
At a pre-motion conference on September 23, 2016, the Court and the three Defendants
noted several deficiencies in Biocad’s Complaint. (See Hr’g Tr.) These included: (1) the lack of
personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm, a Russian corporation with its principal place of business in
Russia and no business operations in the United States (id. at 8–12); (2) Biocad’s lack of standing,
since any injury to Biocad either occurred in Russia or was speculative, (id. at 12–22); and (3) the
The facts are drawn from Biocad’s Complaint (Doc. No. 1 (“Compl.”)) and First Amended Complaint (Doc. No. 37
(“FAC”)), the transcript of the September 23, 2016 pre-motion conference (Doc. No. 33 (“Hr’g Tr.”)) and the Court’s
September 2017 order granting Defendants’ motions to dismiss (Doc. No. 75), see Biocad, JSC, No. 16-cv-4226 (RJS),
2017 WL 4402564. The Court has also considered Defendants’ memoranda in support of their motions to dismiss the
FAC (Doc. Nos. 52, 55, 57), Biocad’s opposition to the motions to dismiss (Doc. No. 63), Defendants’ memorandum
of law in support of their motion for sanction (Doc. No. 72 (“Defs.’ Mem.”)), Biocad’s opposition (Doc. No. 74
(“Opp’n”)), Defendants’ supplemental letter (Doc. No. 80 (“Defs.’ Supp. Ltr.”)), and Biocad’s supplemental letter
(Doc. No. 83 (“Biocad’s Supp. Ltr.”)), as well as all attached exhibits and declarations.
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lack of subject matter jurisdiction given that the alleged conduct took place exclusively outside the
United States and was beyond the reach of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act
(“FTAIA”) (id. at 22–31). During the conference, the Court observed that there was “not a viable
cause of action, at least as currently pled,” and that there was “arguably a Rule 11 motion to be
made here.” (Id. at 38.)
On October 24, 2016, Biocad filed an Amended Complaint, adding Roche Holding as a
defendant and attempting to address some of the deficiencies discussed during the pre-motion
conference.
With respect to personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm, Biocad made conclusory
allegations that R-Pharm has a subsidiary in the United States that was established merely “as part
of [R-Pharm’s] strategy to expand into the United States,” that R-Pharm’s illicit conduct was
designed to have effect in the United States, and that R-Pharm was involved in a conspiracy with
the other defendants to injure Biocad in the United States. (FAC ¶¶ 20, 26–28.) To bolster its
standing, Biocad alleged new facts asserting its “intent and preparedness” to enter the U.S. market.
(Id. ¶¶ 68–81.) And as to subject matter jurisdiction, Biocad stated that its claims fell under the
“import exclusion” exception of the FTAIA. (Id. ¶¶ 64–67, 223–28, 230–33.) The Amended
Complaint altered Biocad’s Clayton Act claims, abandoning its prior claim under section 3, 15
U.S.C § 14, but adding claims under sections 4 and 16 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 15 and 26,
respectively. (Id. ¶¶ 296–310.) Biocad also alleged that Defendants gave kickbacks to doctors
and sponsored R-Pharm’s illegal activities in Russia. (Id. ¶¶ 10, 151–69, 171–80.)
On December 12, 2016, R-Pharm, Genentech, and Roche filed motions to dismiss the
Amended Complaint. (Doc. Nos. 51, 53, 56.) Among other things, they contended that Biocad
failed to plead (1) an antitrust injury; (2) viable claims under the FTAIA, the Clayton Act, or the
Robinson-Patman Act; or (3) personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm. (Doc. Nos. 52, 55, 57.)
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On March 7, 2017, Defendants jointly filed a motion to sanction Biocad under Rule 11 of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and 28 U.S.C. § 1927, asserting that Biocad unreasonably or
vexatiously multiplied the proceedings by (1) bringing claims without an antitrust injury;
(2) bringing claims contrary to the FTAIA, the Clayton Act, and the Robinson-Patman Act;
(3) prosecuting with improper motives of extracting settlements and adjudicating Russian matters
through the United States justice system; and (4) making specious arguments for personal
jurisdiction over R-Pharm. (Doc. Nos. 71, 72.)
On September 30, 2017, the Court granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss, concluding that
Biocad (1) lacked antitrust standing and (2) lacked a viable cause of action under the FTAIA, the
Clayton Act, or the Robinson-Patman Act. Biocad, JSC, 2017 WL 4402564, at *3, *6. With
respect to antitrust standing, the Court found that Biocad suffered no present injury in the United
States and that any future injury was purely speculative, as Biocad had not established that it was
prepared to enter the U.S. pharmaceutical market. Id. at *3–6. In doing so, the Court determined
that to establish its preparedness to enter the U.S. pharmaceutical market, a prospective entrant
must show that FDA approval is probable, which Biocad failed to do. Id. at *4–5. As to Biocad’s
FTAIA claim, the Court noted that Defendants’ alleged conduct had a foreign locus and effect,
thus meeting neither the “import” exception nor the “domestic effects” exception to the FTAIA.
Id. at *7–10. Similarly, the Court ruled that the foreign locus of the claims barred any causes of
action under the Clayton and Robinson-Patman Acts. Id. at *6–7. The Court did not reach the
personal jurisdiction issue. Id. at *2 n.4.
Biocad appealed, and on November 5, 2019, the Second Circuit affirmed this Court’s
dismissal of the Amended Complaint. Biocad JSC, 942 F.3d at 101. The Second Circuit concluded
that Biocad lacked a viable cause of action under the antitrust laws because Defendants’ conduct
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did not fall within the “import exclusion” (in other words, the import exception) of the FTAIA. 2
Id. at 91, 92, 94–101. Nevertheless, the Circuit recognized that the statutory language of “conduct
involving . . . import trade or import commerce” in the FTAIA could invite different
interpretations. Id. at 96 (omission in original). Then-Chief Judge Katzmann wrote a separate
concurrence in which he agreed that Biocad’s claims were barred by the FTAIA and that the panel
need not reach the antitrust standing issue, but noted that, had it reached the antitrust standing
issue, he would have disagreed “with the district court’s determination that a potential entrant to a
pharmaceutical market must show at the motion to dismiss stage that FDA approval of its products
was probable.” Id. at 101. In his view, the probability of FDA approval should be a significant
but not dispositive factor in establishing “preparedness” to enter the U.S. pharmaceutical market.
Id. at 105.
On December 18, 2019, Defendants renewed their motion for sanctions, stating that the
decisions by this Court and the Second Circuit confirmed that Biocad’s claims were objectively
unreasonable and vexatious. (Defs.’ Supp. Ltr. at 1, 2.) On January 15, 2020, Biocad responded,
arguing that the Second Circuit’s acknowledgement that the language of the FTAIA can invite
different interpretations, coupled with Judge Katzmann’s concurrence on antitrust standing,
“reinforce[d] that Biocad’s claims and arguments had reasonable bases.” (Biocad’s Supp. Ltr. at
3.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 11(b) requires an attorney to certify “to the best of the person’s knowledge,
information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,” that his or
Although this Court addressed the “domestic effects” exception to the FTAIA sua sponte, Biocad, JSC, 2017 WL
4402564, at *9, the Second Circuit declined to reach the “domestic effects” issue, finding that Biocad “waived its
reliance on” that exception on appeal, Biocad JSC, 942 F.3d at 95.
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her (1) motions and claims are not “presented for any improper purpose;” (2) legal contentions are
“warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument” for extending or changing the law; (3)
factual contentions have or are likely to have evidentiary support upon reasonable investigation or
discovery; and (4) denials of fact are warranted on evidence, reasonably based belief, or a lack of
information. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). So long as the non-movant is given “notice and a reasonable
opportunity to respond,” Rule 11(c) permits the district court to impose appropriate sanctions for
violations of Rule 11(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(1). In determining whether Rule 11(b) has been
violated, courts apply an “objective standard of reasonableness.” United States v. Int’l Bhd. of
Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 948 F.2d 1338, 1344 (2d Cir.
1991).
The Second Circuit has recognized that “the principal objective of the imposition of Rule
11 sanctions is not compensation of the victimized party but rather the deterrence of baseless
filings and the curbing of abuses.” Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole–CNCA, N.Y. Branch v.
Valcorp, Inc., 28 F.3d 259, 266 (2d Cir. 1994). Thus, sanctions “must be limited to what suffices
to deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 11(c)(4). Furthermore, “imposition of Rule 11 sanctions is discretionary and should be reserved
for extreme cases.” Gameologist Grp., LLC v. Sci. Games Int’l, Inc., No. 09-cv-6261 (JGK), 2012
WL 1446922, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 26, 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result,
“[s]anctions should only be imposed if it is patently clear that a claim has absolutely no chance of
success, and all doubts should be resolved in favor of the signing attorney.” K.M.B. Warehouse
Distribs., Inc. v. Walker Mfg. Co., 61 F.3d 123, 131 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
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Similarly, 28 U.S.C. § 1927 states that any attorney or pro se litigant “who so multiplies
the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy
personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such
conduct.” “[A]n award under § 1927 is proper when the attorney’s actions” show bad faith – that
is, “are so completely without merit as to require the conclusion that they must have been
undertaken for some improper purpose.” Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 948 F.2d at 1345 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). Alternatively, a § 1927 sanction is proper when an attorney
“negligent[ly] or reckless[ly] fail[s] to perform his or her responsibility as an officer of the court”
and those actions are not “undertaken as part of [the attorney’s] role in representing [his or] her
client.” United States v. Seltzer, 227 F.3d 36, 41 (2d Cir. 2000). 3
III. DISCUSSION
Defendants contend that sanctions are warranted because Biocad (1) brought claims
without a recognized antitrust injury, thus lacking antitrust standing; (2) brought claims contrary
to the FTAIA, Clayton Act, and Robinson-Patman Act; (3) prosecuted with the improper motive
of extracting settlements or using the United States justice system to adjudicate Russian matters;
and (4) made specious arguments for personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm. (See Defs.’ Mem. at 2,
3.) The Court will address each argument in turn.
A. Bringing Claims Without Antitrust Injury
Defendants first assert that Biocad and its counsel should be sanctioned because they
“willfully ignored their obligations under Rule 11” in bringing claims without an antitrust injury.
Seltzer dealt with a district court’s inherent power to impose sanctions, but the Court finds it applicable here because
the Second Circuit has explained that “the only meaningful difference between an award made under § 1927 and one
made pursuant to the court’s inherent power is” that courts have inherent power to order awards against attorneys and
parties, while § 1927 only permits awards against “persons authorized to practice before the courts.” Oliveri v.
Thompson, 803 F.2d 1265, 1273 (2d Cir. 1986).
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(Defs.’ Mem. at 8.) To demonstrate antitrust standing, a plaintiff must allege “(a) that it suffered
a special kind of ‘antitrust injury,’ and (b) that it is a suitable plaintiff to pursue the alleged antitrust
violations.” Gatt Commc’ns, Inc. v. PMC Assocs., L.L.C., 711 F.3d 68, 76 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal
quotation marks omitted). To establish antitrust injury, “the plaintiff must demonstrate that its
injury is of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent.” In re Aluminum Warehousing
Antitrust Litig., 833 F.3d 151, 157 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). While a
plaintiff that has yet to enter a market may be able to establish antitrust injury, the would-be
competitor must first demonstrate its “intention and preparedness” to enter the relevant market.
See Reaemco, Inc. v. Allegheny Airlines, 496 F. Supp. 546, 553 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) (quoting Am.
Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 166 F. 261, 264 (2d Cir. 1908)).
Here, Defendants assert that Biocad, which had no sales in the United States, failed to
allege that it was prepared to enter the U.S. pharmaceutical market. (Defs.’ Mem. at 8–9.) In
particular, Defendants maintain that because Biocad could not enter the U.S. market until its drugs
received FDA approval, and because Biocad failed to allege any specifics concerning its prospects
for such FDA approval, Biocad provided insufficient facts to establish preparedness. (Id. at 4, 9;
see also Defs.’ Supp. Ltr. at 2.) Thus, Defendants argue that Biocad was objectively unreasonable
in continuing to pursue this lawsuit, especially after the Court “[w]arned multiple times that
[Biocad’s] claims could not proceed absent injury” during the pre-motion conference. (Defs.’
Memo at 9.)
But while Biocad’s initial Complaint was clearly defective in pleading an antitrust injury,
Biocad’s Amended Complaint and briefs did not patently fall below an objective standard of
reasonableness on this point. Although the Court agreed with Defendants that a plaintiff seeking
entry into the U.S. pharmaceutical market must show “probable” FDA approval to satisfy the
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preparedness prong, Biocad JSC, 2017 WL 4402564 at *3–4, other courts had taken different
approaches to that question at the time of the Amended Complaint. See, e.g., BNLfood Invs. Ltd.
SARL v. Martek Biosciences Corp., No. 11-cv-0446 (WDQ), 2011 WL 6439451, at *4 (D. Md.
Dec. 14, 2011) (stating that “alleging mere anticipation of FDA approval may indicate
preparedness to enter a market”); Roxane Labs., Inc. v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., No. 09-cv1638, 2010 WL 331704, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 26, 2010) (considering “the probability of FDA
approval as [only] one significant factor to recognize within the intent and preparedness
standard”). More importantly, the Second Circuit had not spoken to this issue – either at the time
of the Amended Complaint or since – and in fact, Judge Katzmann’s concurrence agreed with
Biocad that the probability of FDA approval is a significant, but not dispositive, factor in
determining preparedness to enter the U.S. pharmaceutical market. Biocad JSC, 942 F.3d at 105,
106. Accordingly, the Court cannot agree that Biocad’s claim as to the antitrust injury had
“absolutely no chance of success” at the time the Amended Complaint was filed. K.M.B.
Warehouse Distribs., 61 F.3d at 131.
B. Bringing Claims Contrary to Statute
Defendants next contend that Biocad should be sanctioned for unreasonably bringing
claims contrary to the FTAIA, Clayton Act, and the Robinson-Patman Act. (Defs.’ Mem. at 10–
12.)
1. FTAIA of the Sherman Act
The FTAIA states that the Sherman Act “shall not apply to conduct involving trade or
commerce . . . with foreign nations unless” the conduct falls under (1) the “import exclusion”
exception or (2) the “domestic effects” exception. 15 U.S.C. § 6a; see Lotes Co. v. Hon Hai
Precision Indus. Co., 753 F.3d 395, 404, 411 (2d Cir. 2014). The “import exclusion” exception
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applies to conduct involving “import trade or import commerce,” 15 U.S.C. § 6a, including
“foreign anticompetitive conduct with an immediate impact on U.S. markets,” Maricultura Del
Norte v. World Bus. Capital, Inc., 159 F. Supp. 3d 368, 383 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (citing Lotes, 753
F.3d at 411). Defendants argue that the conduct alleged in the Amended Complaint neither
involved nor had any immediate effect on imports and “instead pertain[ed] entirely to
[Defendants’] sale of drugs in Russia.” 4 (Defs.’ Mem. at 10 n.4.) Defendants thus assert that
Biocad should be sanctioned for bringing claims under the Sherman Act without “provid[ing] any
justification for [its claims] or any basis on which existing law might be modified.” (Id. at 12.)
But while Biocad’s claims were clearly based on a strained reading of this Circuit’s
precedents, the Second Circuit nevertheless entertained Biocad’s argument, noting that the word
“involving” in the FTAIA could be interpreted in a number of ways, including the interpretation
put forth by Biocad. Biocad JSC, 942 F.3d at 95–97. Considering that the Second Circuit
recognized the potential ambiguity of the statutory language in the FTAIA, the Court concludes
that Biocad’s FTAIA claim, though ultimately meritless, was nonetheless “a nonfrivolous
argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2).
2. Clayton and Robinson-Patman Acts
Defendants also insist that Biocad’s Clayton Act claims “have no statutory basis” as the
cited sections, §§ 15 and 26, “do not prohibit any conduct and cannot be the basis of a violation.”
(Defs.’ Mem. at 11.) Contrary to Defendants’ assertions, however, Biocad did not rely on §§ 15
and 26 of the Clayton Act as independent bases for violations; instead, Biocad maintained that
Defendants’ actions “constitut[ed] violations of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act” (FAC
Defendants also point out that Biocad’s claim is barred by the FTAIA because the illegal conduct alleged does not
meet the “domestic effect[s]” exception. (Defs.’ Memo at 10.) But while Biocad relied on the “domestic effect[s]”
exception in its original Complaint, Biocad withdrew that argument in favor of the import exclusion theory in its
Amended Complaint.
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¶¶ 297, 305) – provisions which may prohibit foreign anticompetitive conduct in certain
circumstances when the FTAIA does not apply. See Lotes Co., 753 F.3d at 398, 404. 5
Defendants further argue that Biocad impermissibly asserted claims under the RobinsonPatman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 13(a), and the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 14, because “[t]he jurisdictional
reach of both acts extends only to conduct involving products sold for ‘use, consumption, or resale
within the United States.’” (Defs.’ Mem. at 12 (citing 15 U.S.C. §§ 13(a), 14).) Although Biocad
withdrew its Clayton Act § 14 claim in its Amended Complaint, Biocad’s continued assertion of
the Robinson-Patman Act claim merits sanctions. (FAC ¶¶ 121–27, 311–19.) The RobinsonPatman Act makes it illegal “to discriminate in price between different purchasers of commodities
of like grade and quality, where either or any of the purchases involved in such discrimination are
in commerce, where such commodities are sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United
States.” 15 U.S.C. § 13(a). Several courts, including this one, have previously explained that “the
Robinson-Patman Act does not reach price discrimination in different national markets.” C.E.D.
Mobilephone Commc’ns, Inc. v. Harris Corp., No. 81-cv-4651 (JFK), 1985 WL 193, at *2
(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 14, 1985); Zenith Radio Corp. v. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd., 402 F. Supp.
244, 248 (E.D. Pa. 1975) (dismissing suit for failure to state a claim where plaintiffs had alleged
that foreign manufacturers violated the Robinson-Patman Act by charging U.S. purchasers higher
prices than Japanese purchasers for certain products); see also Laitram Mach., Inc. v. Carnitech
A/S, 884 F. Supp. 1074, 1079 (E.D. La. 1995) (dismissing counterclaims for Robinson-Patman
violations involving sales and other conduct occurring in Iceland, India, and Norway).
To be sure, Biocad did oddly – or perhaps carelessly – title its fifth claim for relief as “Violation of Section 4 of the
Clayton Act 15 U.S.C. § 15.” (FAC at 70.) Nevertheless, just two paragraphs later, the Amended Complaint clarified
that the violation related to “Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.” (Id. ¶ 297.)
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Here, Biocad argued that the Robinson-Patman Act covers the alleged price discrimination
between consumers in Russia and the United States. (FAC ¶¶ 121–27, 311–19.) But while this
argument was not directly foreclosed by Second Circuit precedent, Biocad did not cite a single
case that applied the relevant statutory provision to discriminatory pricing schemes across nations
(Doc. No. 63 at 49–50.) Moreover, even if there could be a “nonfrivolous argument for extending”
the existing jurisprudence on the Robinson-Patman Act, Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2), Biocad failed to
make such an argument here, devoting only three sentences in its opposition brief to the RobinsonPatman issue. (Doc. No. 63 at 49–50.) Generally speaking, lawyers and litigants are not permitted
to evade contrary arguments simply by ignoring them, ostrich-style, in their briefs. The Court
therefore concludes that sanctions are warranted, and grants Defendants’ motion under Rule 11
with respect to Biocad’s claim under the Robinson-Patman Act.
C. Bringing Claims with Improper Motives
Defendants next contend that Biocad had improper motives for bringing the suit. (Defs.’
Mem. at 13, 14.) Pointing to Biocad’s own press releases contradicting its present claims of harm,
and the fact that Biocad brought a previous suit in Russia with comparably disastrous results,
Defendants argue that Biocad must have brought its U.S. claims with an improper motive designed
to extract a settlement by adjudicating Russian matters using the United States justice system. (Id.)
However, the materials put forth by Defendants do not definitively establish that Biocad
brought its claims with improper motives. First, while Biocad’s press releases stated that Biocad
was having “[g]reat success” in Russia and had a “[b]right future” worldwide, such vague
statements are typically treated as puffery and do not support an inference that Biocad’s claims of
injury in the Amended Complaint were knowingly false. (Doc. No. 73-1, Ex. A.) Second, while
it is true that the alleged kickbacks and bribes to Russian physicians began prior to Biocad’s sale
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of drugs in Russia, they nevertheless coincided with Biocad’s development of biosimilars in 2010
(FAC ¶¶ 58, 136–40) and are thus not wholly inconsistent with Biocad’s claim that Defendants
“took every opportunity to destroy [Biocad] and prevent [Biocad’s] U.S. market entry” (Opp’n at
11). Third, while Biocad did bring and lose a suit in Russia relating to “illegal tying” and the
registration of what it calls an allegedly “non-existent” drug, the claims in this case involve a wider
conspiracy with alleged injuries occurring in the United States. (See FAC ¶ 192–205; Doc. No.
73-6.) True, the Court advised the parties during the pre-motion conference that the claim would
be better suited for adjudication in the Russian courts – advice that Biocad’s counsel failed to heed.
(Hr’g Tr. at 39.) Nonetheless, the Second Circuit seemed to view those claims as a closer call than
this Court did. Biocad JSC, 942 F.3d at 95–97. Thus, while some aspects of the case suggest that
Biocad’s motives may have been suspect, the inference of improper motive is not so overwhelming
as to compel sanctions.
D. Specious Arguments for Personal Jurisdiction over R-Pharm
Finally, Defendants contend that Biocad should be sanctioned for making specious
arguments for personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm. (Defs.’ Mem. at 14–17.) The Due Process
Clause requires that defendants be subject to personal jurisdiction of the court as a result of having
“certain minimum contacts with [the forum] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S.
310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.
Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 291 (1980). Those “traditional notions” require, among other things, that
the litigation results from alleged injuries that “arise out of or relate to” the defendants’ contacts
with the forum. Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “In other words, there must be an affiliation between the forum
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and the underlying controversy, principally, an activity or an occurrence that takes place in the
forum . . . and is therefore subject to [its] regulation.” Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court
of Cal., San Francisco, 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1780 (2017) (brackets and internal quotation marks
omitted). Furthermore, for “single or occasional acts occurring or having their impact within the
forum,” courts inquire “whether there was some act by which the defendant purposefully availed
itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum . . . thus invoking the benefits and
protections of its laws.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A., v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924
(2011) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
Here, Defendants argue that, even following the Court’s admonition regarding the lack of
personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm, “[Biocad’s] Counsel continue[d] to ignore the separate
corporate identities of R-Pharm and its wholly owned U.S. subsidiary” and failed to establish that
Biocad’s claims against R-Pharm “ar[o]se from, or relate[d] to, any alleged contacts by R-Pharm
in this forum.” (Defs.’ Mem. at 15, 16.) 6 As Defendants note, some of Biocad’s arguments were
untenable under existing law, and Biocad presented no valid argument for an assertion of personal
jurisdiction. For example, all of R-Pharm’s allegedly anticompetitive conduct occurred in Russia.
Thus, even if R-Pharm’s U.S. subsidiary were “a mere department of R-Pharm” as Biocad claims
(Doc. No. 63 at 37–39; see Opp’n at 13), the activities of that U.S. subsidiary would still have no
relation to the alleged injury suffered by Biocad. Further, even if it could have been argued that
Defendants also insist that Biocad “suggest[ed] that R-Pharm could be subject to general jurisdiction in the U.S.”
(Defs.’ Mem. at 15 (emphasis in original).) Contrary to Defendants’ assertions, however, it does not seem that Biocad
ever made such a claim. Biocad asserted that R-Pharm had “sufficient contacts with the U.S. under [Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure] 4(k)(2)” through operations in the United States and ownership of a U.S. subsidiary. (See Doc. No.
63 at 25–27.) Rule 4(k)(2) allows a district court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant when “(1) the
claim arise[s] under federal law; (2) the defendant [is] not . . . subject to jurisdiction in any state’s courts of general
jurisdiction; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction [is] consistent with the United States Constitution and laws.” Porina v.
Marward Shipping Co., 521 F.3d 122, 127 (2d Cir. 2008). The Second Circuit has not “conclusively answered”
whether Schwab’s standard for finding “minimum contacts” under a conspiracy-based jurisdiction theory can apply
cases involving Rule 4(k)(2). See Rudersdal v. Harris, No. 18-cv-11072 (GHW) (RWL), 2021 WL 2209042, at *15
(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2021).
6
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R-Pharm’s Russian activities had an “impact within” the United States, Biocad offered scant facts
to suggest that R-Pharm purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in or
the protection of the United States. Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 924. As this Court noted during the
pre-motion conference, merely “pleading that somebody was engaged in or intended to violate
U.S. laws is [not] enough to establish minimum contacts for purposes of finding personal
jurisdiction.” (Hr’g Tr at 11.)
However, at the time that Biocad’s original Complaint and Amended Complaint were filed,
a number of judges in the Southern District of New York had recognized the conspiracy-based
theory of personal jurisdiction. See, e.g., In re Satyam Comput. Servs. Ltd. Sec. Lit., 915 F. Supp.
2d 450, 484 (S.D.N.Y. 2013); Singer v. Bell, 585 F. Supp. 300, 302 (S.D.N.Y. 1984). And while
R-Pharm asserts that “[n]umerous courts in the Second Circuit have expressed serious doubts about
the viability of basing jurisdiction on [the] involvement of a co-conspirator,” (Doc. No. 66 at 6),
the Second Circuit has recently adopted a standard for conspiracy jurisdiction similar to the one
used in Satyam, see Charles Schwab Corp. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 883 F.3d 68, 87 (2d Cir. 2018)
(stating that, to establish conspiracy jurisdiction, “the plaintiff must allege that (1) a conspiracy
existed; (2) the defendant participated in the conspiracy; and (3) a co-conspirator’s overt acts in
furtherance of the conspiracy had sufficient contacts with a state to subject that co-conspirator to
jurisdiction in that state”).
Here, Biocad alleged facts suggesting that R-Pharm was engaged in a conspiracy with the
other named Defendants, and that part of that conspiracy involved increasing the price of drugs
sold in the United States to finance its lower, “predatory” pricing of the same drugs in Russia.
(FAC ¶¶ 20, 26, 27, 121–27.) Although the Court ultimately determined that the facts alleged
were insufficient to state a plausible claim, Biocad’s conspiracy-based theory for personal
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jurisdiction over R-Pharm was arguably “warranted by existing law” and therefore not wholly
untenable. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). While recognizing that Biocad made numerous specious
arguments concerning personal jurisdiction, the Court will exercise its discretion to not impose
sanctions on this issue. Biocad’s counsel has not previously been sanctioned under Rule 11 or
§ 1927. 7 As “imposition of Rule 11 sanctions . . . should be reserved for extreme cases,”
Gameologist Grp., LLC., 2012 WL 1446922, at *4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted),
and “all doubts should be resolved in favor of the signing attorney,” K.M.B. Warehouse Distribs.,
Inc., 61 F.3d at 131 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted), the Court will forgo imposing
sanctions on Biocad.
This is not to say that Biocad and its counsel have always been judicious in bringing claims.
Biocad’s initial Complaint was clearly deficient in establishing antitrust standing as well as
personal jurisdiction over R-Pharm, and Biocad continued to assert an untenable argument for
personal jurisdiction long after the Court cautioned that there is “arguably a Rule 11 motion to be
made here.” (Hr’g. Tr. at 38.) As courts consider prior conduct in exercising their discretion to
impose sanctions, see, e.g., Lipin v. Hunt, No. 14-cv-1081 (RJS), 2015 WL 1344406, at *11
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2015) (considering the plaintiff’s “litany of [previous] frivolous lawsuits” in
imposing Rule 11 sanctions), Biocad and its counsel should be aware that this Court (and others
like it) are not likely to be so forgiving in the future.
In Finkelman v. SBRE, LLC, the Supreme Court of New York did impose sanctions on Biocad’s counsel, under 22
NYCRR 130-1.1, for bringing a frivolous claim. No. 013159, 2008 WL 4537786 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Sept. 18, 2008),
rev’d, 71 A.D.3d 1081 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010). However, the ruling was reversed by the Appellate Division, which
found that counsel’s claims were “not frivolous because [counsel] raised a genuine legal dispute” and the Supreme
Court of New York had abused its discretion in imposing sanctions. Finkelman v. SBRE, LLC, 71 A.D.3d 1081, 1082
(N.Y. App. Div. 2010).
7
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IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for sanctions is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Biocad shall pay to Defendants the total amount
of attorneys’ fees and costs involved in responding to Biocad’s unfounded allegations brought
under the Robinson-Patman Act.
Because the Robinson-Patman discussion made up
approximately 4% of the total pages that Defendants collectively spent responding to Biocad’s
Amended Complaint and in their moving for sanctions, see Doc. Nos. 52, 55, 57, 65, 66, 67, and
72, fees will be limited proportionally. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants shall file
submissions setting forth the total cost of the motion for sanctions and their respective motions to
dismiss (including reply briefs) no later than February 11, 2022. Plaintiffs may respond to
Defendants’ submissions no later than February 25, 2022. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully
directed to terminate the motion pending at Doc. No. 71.
SO ORDERED.
Dated:
January 28, 2022
New York, New York
____________________________________
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE
Sitting by Designation
17
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