Jones v. City Of New York et al
Filing
175
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER granting 141 Motion for Attorney Fees. For the foregoing reasons, the plaintiff's motion for attorney's fees and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988, Docket Entry No. 141, is granted and the following attorney's fees and costs are found to be reasonable: (As set forth herein.) SO ORDERED. (Signed by Magistrate Judge Kevin Nathaniel Fox on 8/24/2021) (va)
Case 1:16-cv-08080-JGK-KNF Document 175 Filed 08/24/21 Page 1 of 43
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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MATTHEW JONES,
:
Plaintiff,
-againstCITY OF NEW YORK, et al.,
:
:
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
:
16-CV-8080 (JGK) (KNF)
Defendants.
:
--------------------------------------------------------X
KEVIN NATHANIEL FOX
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Matthew Jones (“Jones”) commenced this action asserting violations of his
rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution pursuant
to 42 US.C. §§ 1983 and 1988. The plaintiff alleged that he was in a stairwell of a building at
112 East 128th Street in New York County with another person when defendant police officers
Adam Muniz (“Muniz”) and Michael Vaccaro (“Vaccaro”) approached him and sought consent
to a search. The plaintiff obliged and stated he had nothing to hide. Vaccaro frisked the plaintiff
and found a prescription drug bottle containing pills in the plaintiff’s front pants pocket.
Vaccaro grabbed the plaintiff’s right arm to handcuff him, and Muniz forced the plaintiff to the
ground where the plaintiff landed on top of his left arm with Muniz and Vaccaro on top of him.
Muniz and Vaccaro ordered the plaintiff to release his arm and he responded that he could not
release his arm because it was pressed underneath him. Within moments, other police officers
arrived, and Undercover Officer #349 began to jab the plaintiff’s left shoulder with a metal
police issued ASP and demanded that he release his arm. One of the defendants sprayed pepper
spray into the plaintiff’s face demanding that the plaintiff release his arm, despite the plaintiff
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having no way of releasing his arm from beneath the bodies piled on top of him. The plaintiff
insisted he was not resisting when the officers suddenly let go of the plaintiff. Before the
plaintiff could stand up, he heard a voice saying, “Hit him” and felt an electric shock penetrate
his body through the center of his back as Lieutenant Christopher Treubig (“Treubig”) stunned
him with a police issued electro-shock weapon, taser. The plaintiff was incapacitated by the pain
from the shock and was handcuffed and taken to Harlem Hospital, where his eyes were rinsed
and the coils from the taser were removed from his back. Thereafter, the plaintiff was
transported to 125th Street police precinct, then to Central Booking, where he was processed,
arraigned and released after being detained approximately 24 hours. All charges against the
plaintiff were dismissed. The plaintiff sought compensatory damages, punitive damages, costs
and attorney’s fees.
On November 27, 2018, a judgement was entered finding that, on May 23, 2018, after the
jury returned a verdict of no liability to the plaintiff by Muniz, Vaccaro and Undercover Officer
#349, and awarded the plaintiff nominal damages against Treubig in the amount of $0.25, and
punitive damages in the amount of $30,000, and answered special interrogatories, Treubig was
entitled to qualified immunity and was not liable to the plaintiff. See Docket Entry No. 111.
The November 27, 2018 judgment was reversed on July 17, 2020, and the case remanded. See
Docket Entry No. 125. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals stated:
Because we conclude that it was clearly established at the time of the incident that
an officer could not use significant force against an individual who was no longer
resisting arrest and posing no threat to the safety of officers or other individuals,
and the evidence allowed the jury to reasonably conclude that Jones was no longer
resisting arrest and was not a safety threat at the time of Lt. Treubig’s second use
of the taser against him, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Jones v. Treubig, 963 F.3d 214, 219 (2d Cir. 2020).
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Upon remand, the jury verdict against Treubig was reinstated and a judgment entered in favor of
the plaintiff against Treubig in the amount of $0.25 in nominal damages and $30,000 in punitive
damages. See Docket Entry No. 135. Before the Court is the plaintiff’s application for
attorney’s fees and expenses, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988, opposed by the defendant.
PLAINTIFF’S CONTENTIONS
The plaintiff seeks: (1) $389,555 in attorney’s fees for 312 hours expended by Alexis G.
Padilla (“Padilla”) at an hourly rate of $500, 104.5 hours expended by David Zelman (“Zelman”)
at an hourly rate of $600, 302.2 hours expended by Amir H. Ali (“Ali”) at an hourly rate of $525,
36.1 hours expended by David Schmutzer (“Schmutzer”) at an hourly rate of $150, and 27.1
hours expended by Meghan Ram (“Ram”) at an hourly rate of $250; and (2) $3,988.04 in costs.
The plaintiff contends that the degree of success, obtained following four years of litigation, trial,
post-trial motions and appeal, culminating in a verdict and judgment in favor if the plaintiff
finding that his constitutional rights were violated and that the violation was malicious and
wanton necessitating punitive damages, as well as the unattractive nature of the case, warrant an
upward adjustment of the fees. The plaintiff argues he is a prevailing party, having obtained a
jury verdict in his favor in the amount of $30,000.25 in nominal and punitive damages, for the
violation of his constitutional right to be free from excessive force. According to the plaintiff,
the case involved depositions by both parties, trial, post-trial motions, a lengthy appeal and postappeal motions, and several complex legal issues, including the law governing the use of a taser
and other substantial force, the application of qualified immunity, the law governing
supplemental interrogatories and the Sixth Amendment right to a jury. “These novel issues
attracted the attention and participation of national think tanks and led to issuance of a 57-page
precedential opinion by the Court of Appeals.” Thus, the duration, novelty and difficulty, and
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the level of skill required justify a fee at the top end of the range. Padilla agreed to accept the
case without any guaranteed fee, on contingency alone and Zelman and Ali agreed to appear in
the case without any fee to the client or contingency. Absent the statutory right to fees and the
willingness of a nonprofit to take the appeal, a substantial risk exists that the trial and appeal
would have not occurred.
Padilla litigated the case from pleadings, through discovery and trial, to verdict and
requests an hourly rate of $500. Padilla graduated from Brooklyn Law School in 2012 and has
been admitted to the New York bar since 2013, litigating to completion over 50 civil rights cases
in the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York, as well as representing clients before the
Second Circuit Court of Appeals. His current practice is dedicated to criminal defense and civil
rights litigation. Presently, Padilla is representing plaintiffs in over one dozen federal civil rights
cases and several in state courts. He has tried twelve cases, including five federal civil rights
actions involving excessive force.
Zelman was responsible chiefly for post-trial motions and seeks an hourly rate of $600.
He was admitted to the New York bar in 1999 and has been practicing in the civil rights field for
20 years, focusing on police misconduct cases. Zelman has handled over 250 police misconduct
cases and has tried or assisted in trying more than one dozen civil rights cases to verdict in
federal court. He has also briefed and argued several appeals before the Second Circuit Court of
Appeals and the New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division. Zelman was consulted
during trial and entered a formal appearance to oppose the defense motion for a directed verdict
on qualified immunity. Zelman’s arguments during post-trial motions formed the basis for the
appeal, and he spent considerable time with appellate counsel, Ali, to discuss the proceedings
below, provide relevant documentation and collaborate on the appellate arguments.
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Ali was lead and arguing counsel on the successful appeal and he seeks an hourly rate of
$525. Ali graduated from Harvard Law School in 2011, and is the Director of the Washington,
D.C. office of the MacArthur Justice Center, and Deputy Director of the organization’s Supreme
Court & Appellate Program. He teaches a Criminal Justice Appellate Clinic at Harvard Law
School and has taught appellate and constitutional litigation at Harvard and Georgetown law
schools. Ali worked in a national law firm’s appellate practice previously. Ali has expertise in
federal appellate and civil rights litigation, and he has been retained by victims of police
misconduct across the country to argue civil rights appeals concerning qualified immunity. Ali
litigated dozens of appeals, in the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth,
Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits, and he argued two civil rights cases in the United States Supreme
Court, prevailing in both. Ali tapped junior associates to assist with research: Schmutzer, a
2018 graduate of the UCLA Law School, from January 2019 through September 2019, and Ram,
a 2018 graduate of Yale Law School, from September 2019 to present. Ali requests an hourly
fee of $150 for Schmutzer, since he was not admitted to the bar until after his work on the case,
and an hourly fee of $250 for Ram. The plaintiff asserts that, between 2000 and 2015, the rate
awarded to experienced civil rights litigators ranged from $250 to $650 and the rate for
associates ranged from $200 to $350, both increasing over time, and courts have routinely
awarded amounts in the $500 range to attorneys at the senior associate level.
The plaintiff argues that the hours expended by counsel were reasonable because Padilla
was the sole attorney who conducted discovery and litigated the trial, Zelman litigated post-trial
motions and Ali completed the appeal with the assistance of a junior associate. Furthermore, the
record shows that counsel limited discovery and sought repeatedly to narrow the claims at issue.
For example, the plaintiff
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deposed only the officers who had been identified and present during the events,
including deposing two on the same day to save time and money. Mr. Jones did not
rely on any expert witnesses, though he reasonably could have concerning
reasonable police practices and use of Tasers. Mr. Padilla also voluntarily dropped
related claims at the pleading stage, such as those for false arrest and municipal
liability. Those decisions successfully avoided any motion for summary judgment
on the part of the City and limited the trial and appeal to a single claim, substantially
reducing the cost to arrive at this point.
The defendants mounted a vigorous defense and fought successfully to have the verdict
set aside on post-trial motions. On appeal, the parties filed lengthy briefs canvassing the law
across all jurisdictions at a high level of particularity, and the defendants advanced new factual
and legal bases to defend the decision. The plaintiff’s appeal included oral argument
preparations, including moots and an oral argument that was longer that the scheduled time.
Counsel excluded the time expended by law students and paralegals, although it is compensable.
At every stage of the case, the plaintiff made efforts to settle and avoid further litigation, but the
defendants declined to consider such a resolution.
The plaintiff contends that an upward adjustment is appropriate in the circumstance of
this case based on the following factors the: (i) degree of success, which surpassed the
defendants’ assessment when they rejected the plaintiff’s offer to settle the case for $20,000
before suit; (ii) unattractive nature of the case involving the allegation of a constitutional
violation by a convicted felon against police officers during the lawful arrest for a drug crime;
and (iii) unnecessary use of force by law enforcement and the issue of qualified immunity are a
focal point in addressing systemic racism in policing and use of excessive force, and counsel
undertook representation despite the absence of any severe and permanent injury. The plaintiff
seeks costs for filing fees, process server fees, deposition fees, deposition transcripts, printing
costs and train and lodging for oral argument for Ali. According to the plaintiff, he is entitled to
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fees for the time spent on this motion and any more post-judgment motions. In support of the
motion, the plaintiff submitted declarations by: (a) Padilla with Exhibit A (“containing my hours
and costs related to this case”) and Exhibit B (“receipts for costs”); (b) Zelman with Exhibit A
(“detailed billing records”); (c) Ali with Exhibit A (Ali’s time entries), Exhibit B (time entries
for Schmutzer and Ram), Exhibit C (cost invoices) and Exhibit D (“the City’s email exchange
with the mediator”); and (d) Heath Gershengorn (“Gershengorn”), a partner and chair of the
Appellate and Supreme Court Practice at Jenner & Block LLP. 1
DEFENDANT’S CONTENTIONS
The defendant argues that the plaintiff’s: (1) “counsel’s proposed hourly rates are
unreasonably high”; (2) “counsel’s claimed hours are unreasonable”; and (3) “recovery of costs
should be reduced to reflect plaintiff’s limited success.” The plaintiff seeks fess as follows:
Attorney
Hours
Rate
Amount
Alexis G. Padilla
312
$500
$156,000
David Zelman
104.5
$600
$62,700
Amir H. Ali
302.2
$525
$158,665 2
David Schmutzer
36.1
$150
$5,415
Meghan Ram
27.1
$250
$6,775
$389,555 3
Total Attorney Charges:
According to the defendant, “the prevailing rates awarded to solo practitioners like Mr. Zelman
and Mr. Padilla should be commensurate with the legal community for small firms or solo
1
Declarations by Zelman, Ali and Gershengorn do not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746.
The plaintiff’s table contains an error because 302.2 multiplied by 525 results in 158,655, not $158,665.
3
As a result of the error in the amount shown for Ali, the total amount is erroneous. The correct total amount is
$389,545, not $389,555.
2
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practitioners, characterized by few employees and minimal overhead.” The defendant maintains
that “in the Southern District, prevailing rates tend to range from $250 to $600, with rates for
associates ranging from $250 - $350” and “[t]he appropriate hourly rate for paralegals for a case
of this nature in this district is $100, which is the rate that has been awarded even to mid-size and
large corporate law firms.” The most critical factor in assessing attorney’s fees is the degree of
success obtained compared to what was sought in the litigation, and the plaintiff sued four
members of the New York City Police Department, seeking substantial compensatory and
punitive damages, but failed to obtain compensatory damages. Based on the limited success, an
across-the-board reduction of thirty percent should apply to the plaintiff’s award of fees and
costs.
The defendant contends that hourly rates requested “bear no relationship to the skill level
displayed or needed for this straightforward action, nor are they commensurate with counsels’
varied levels of experience.” According to the defendant:
Mr. Padilla commenced this action and served as trial counsel. He avers that he
has been admitted to the New York State bar since 2013 and has “litigated to
completion” over 50 civil rights cases in this district and in the Eastern District of
New York. Mr. Padilla represents that he has completed twelve trials, including
five federal civil rights matters. This level of experience does not merit an hourly
rate of $500. Just months ago, Mr. Padilla was awarded an hourly rate of $200 in
the Eastern District of New York. Murray v. Marshall, No. 15-CV-599 (RPK)
(PK), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119857, at *3-4 (E.D.N.Y. July 8, 2020). In that
action, Mr. Padilla had also paired with Mr. Zelman on behalf of plaintiff. Mr.
Padilla sought an hourly rate of $300. Judge Kuo, in making a report and
recommendation on plaintiff’s fee application, considered Mr. Padilla’s
representation that he had handled more than 30 civil rights cases and had been
litigating in the Eastern and Southern Districts since 2014. In light of his
experience, Judge Kuo found that Mr. Padilla was not entitled to $300 an hour and
that $200 was appropriate. . . . While the Eastern District rates are slightly less than
those awarded in the Southern District, the measured consideration by Judge Kuo
and Judge Kovner is instructive here. Mr. Padilla is a skilled attorney with growing
experience in federal civil litigation. Defendant does not discredit that. However,
that is insufficient to justify top-tier rates. The litigation of this case prior to trial
was unusually straightforward. The parties conducted limited document discovery,
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five party depositions, engaged in no substantive motion practice, and reached
agreement on most in limine matters. Trial too, was relatively straightforward.
Only plaintiff and the four defendant officers were examined. According to his
declaration, Mr. Padilla has completed five civil trials, including this one. That he
is relatively inexperienced in the practice was evident in some ways. For example,
Mr. Padilla’s improper conduct during summation is currently a basis of
defendant’s motion for new trial. During trial, the Court needed to explain to Mr.
Padilla some facets of federal civil litigation that an attorney worthy of the $500
rate that Mr. Padilla is seeking would likely know. For example, after Mr. Padilla
attempted to elicit his own client’s prior statements to bolster his trial testimony,
the Court explained that hearsay evidence cannot be used in that manner. Similarly,
defense counsel and the Court had to inform Mr. Padilla that he was quite close to
waiving attorney client privilege during plaintiff’s direct examination. (See Trial
Transcript at 124:2-25). In light of his role and limited but growing experience in
federal civil rights litigation, and in keeping with the recent analysis of his fee
application in the Eastern District of New York, Murray, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
119857, at *3, an hourly rate of no more than $250 would be appropriate in this
matter.
The defendant asserts that Zelman’s hourly rate of $600 and nearly one third of primary
counsel’s hours are surprising given his “limited and largely invisible role.” Although Zelman
was awarded $450 hourly rate, not $500 he sought, in one instance in this district, that rate
“represented a substantial increase over Mr. Zelman’s previously awarded rates, due in part to
the nature of the litigation, which involved two trials and an appeal.” Similarly, courts in the
Eastern District of New York awarded Zelman $350, not $500 or $450 that he sought, despite
Zelman’s spending 14 years of his career focused on police misconduct cases and handling more
than one hundred cases, including five that he tried or helped try to verdict in federal court. The
defendant asserts that “nothing about Mr. Zelman’s experience or the nature of work required in
the post-trial motion phase of this litigation warrants an exceptionally high fee award.”
Concerning Ali’s request for an hourly rate of $525, the defendant maintains it is
unreasonably high.
Mr. Ali has built a laudable resume since graduating from law school nine years
ago, and his practice is focused on federal appellate litigation. Mr. Ali reports that
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he works for a well-respected institute and is one of five full time employees in the
Supreme Court and Appellate Program. As such, his organization does not have the
massive overhead costs that often justify extremely high rates for large law firms.
It was in Mr. Ali’s interest to litigate qualified immunity and the case, no doubt
produced reputational benefits. Indeed, Mr. Ali sought out plaintiff’s attorneys to
get involved in this action and, during the course of his representation, drew the
attention of organizations such as the Cato Institute. These factors weigh against
granting a fee award as high as the top-tier rates that Mr. Ali seeks. . . . The rate
now sought by Mr. Ali is considerably more than has often been awarded to civil
rights attorneys with many more years of relevant experience. See e.g. Dancy v.
McGinley, No. 11-CV-7952 (LMS), 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 150366 (S.D.N.Y.
Sept. 21, 2015) ($400 per hour for experienced civil rights attorney with more than
two decades of experience); Agyapong v. Bohan, No. 11-CV-586 (VB), 2013 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 56464 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2013) ($400 per hour for attorney who has
been practicing law since 1980 and litigated 400 civil rights cases); Lee v. Santiago,
No. 12CV-2558 (PAE) (DF), 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 130141, *12 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.
15, 2013) ($350 per hour for attorney claiming 20 years’ experience in civil rights,
with eight years of significant experience in civil rights); Access 4 All, Inc. v. Park
Lane Hotel, Inc., No. 04-CV07174 (SAS) (JCF), 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34159
(S.D.N.Y. 2005) ($350 per hour to attorneys with 20 years of experience);
Handschu v. Special Servs. Div., 727 F. Supp. 2d 239, 243 & 246 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)
($400 for five attorneys admitted to the bar in the 1960s and 1970s, “active in one
way or another during their careers in civil rights litigation,” including the Legal
Director of the NYCLU); Adams v. New York State Educ. Dep’t, 630 F. Supp. 2d
333, 349-350 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ($350 per hour for attorney with 21 years of relevant
experience); Trs. of the Mason Tenders Dist. Council Welfare Fund, Pension Fund,
Annuity Fund & Training Program Fund v. Stevenson Contracting Corp., 05-CV5546, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108690 (S.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008) ($325 per hour and
$ 350 per hour for a large firm associates with more than twenty-four years of
general litigation experience and fifteen years of subject-matter experience), report
& rec. adopted, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 58018, (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 2008). There is
no reason to conclude that, in this case, Mr. Ali should be compensated in the
highest tier of awarded rates. This does not diminish the importance of fee shifting
statutes. It simply recognizes historical awards in this jurisdiction. . . . Recognizing
his substantial experience but mindful that he has been practicing for less than a
decade as compared with those who attain the highest fee awards, defendant
submits that a reasonable hourly rate is $400. While this proposed rate is quite
high, defendant proposes it, in part, in light of the nature of the appellate work
performed in this case.
The defendant asserts that Schmutzer and Ram did not demonstrate that they are entitled to the
hourly rates they seek, $150 and $250 respectively. The case did not present unique challenges
and complexity; rather, it involved a typical and uncomplicated set of issues, and its simplicity is
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prevalent on the face of the complaint. Although the plaintiff claims that the case was
undesirable, the reason was that his factual allegations were difficult to believe. Thus, his
counsel made a strategic decision to streamline the claims to excessive force prior to trial. The
plaintiff’s counsel “acknowledge that they work on contingency and do not affirm that any
paying clients have actually tendered the hourly rates that they now seek.” Moreover, “counsel
have offered no evidence that their role as counsel in this action otherwise precluded them from
employment. To the contrary, it appears that they remained engaged in other substantial matters
during the pendency of this action.” The defendant argues that reduction to an hourly rate no
more than $400 for Ali, $350 for Zelman, $250 for Padilla and $125 for Schmutzer and Ram are
warranted.
The defendant argues that hours requested are unreasonable and the Court should reject
the argument that each counsel seeking fees
is of such exceptional caliber that he or she falls within the top tier of the prevailing
rates for his or her respective positions yet, on the other hand, each attorney needed
to devote substantial hours to this litigation. If, as plaintiff’s team declares, each
member brought an exceptional level of skill to this action, then efficiency should
have been a natural consequence.
As it concerns Padilla’s 312 hours, his time sheets seem to reflect that pretrial activities were
conducted in an efficient manner. However, certain instances of unreasonable billing include:
(1) “.3 hours mailing initial disclosures on February 21, 2017”; (2) “2 hours drafting the
Amended Complaint on May 25, 2017, when that pleading simply replaced Doe defendants with
the named defendants and omitted previously alleged highly dubious factual contentions about
plaintiff’s alleged uncle”; (3) “another hour drafting the Second Amended Complaint on July 27,
2020, when that pleading simply named Undercover Officer #349 as a defendant”; (4) “7.5 hours
on proposed voir dire questions”; (5) from May 24, 2018 onward “plaintiff’s counsel’s entries
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are unreasonable,” as they involve mostly communications with Zelman, allegedly experienced
and capable counsel, and constitute double billing”; and (6) “vague entries regarding the
appellate phase of the case, from November 21, 2018 to the present.” The defendant asserts that
reducing Padilla’s hours by 51 is warranted, leaving 261 compensable hours.
The defendant contends that Zelman’s 104.5 hours are most unreasonable because he
appeared briefly in the case to oppose the defendants’ post-trial motions and, when he failed, Ali
joined the team as appellate counsel.
No reasonable client would agree to compensate for the hours spent by Mr. Zelman
acting as an “observer” during trial nor would a reasonable client pay for Mr.
Zelman to simply stay apprised of the issues being addressed on appeal. See
Thomas v. City of N.Y., No. 1:09-cv-3162 (ALC), 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 232964,
at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2017) (reducing Mr. Zelman’s claimed hours from 59 to
8.6 because “under the facts of this case, no client would be willing to pay trial
counsel for 59 hours of work on an appeal, when appellate counsel was retained to
work on the appeal.”). In this case, a reasonable client would only be willing to
compensate Mr. Zelman at a reasonable rate for his limited role in helping to oppose
defendants’ initial post-trial motion. For these tasks, however, from a period
spanning from May 24, 2018, until November 21, 2018, plaintiff’s counsel seeks
compensation for 53.5 hours. This is unreasonable on its face, so it is not surprising
that plaintiff’s time entries for the alleged basis for this claim are extremely vague.
Under the circumstances, this portion of plaintiff’s counsel’s claimed fees should
be subject to a substantial across the board reduction of at least 50 percent (for a
maximum of 26.75 hours). The remainder of Mr. Zelman’s claimed hours should
be rejected as unreasonable.
The defendant asserts that Ali’s 302.2 hours are unreasonable despite his successful
advocating for his legal position.
While qualified immunity is a developing legal issue, Mr. Ali is, by his own
account, well versed in qualified immunity jurisprudence. Indeed the legal subject
matter was a reason for getting involved in this litigation. By way of comparison,
the Honorable Denise L. Cote recently determined that a single lawyer seeking fees
for a § 1983 excessive force action that was litigated with discovery disputes and
motion practice, proceeded to trial, resulted in judgment as a matter of law for
defendants after post-trial motions based on, among other grounds, qualified
immunity, and was successfully appealed by plaintiff, could reasonably be
expected to spend “ conservatively about 280 hours on this litigation, and
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generously about 340 hours.” Ortiz v. City of N.Y., No. 15-CV-2206 (DLC), 2020
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26241, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2020).
Accordingly, the defendant contends that a 40 percent reduction is appropriate, resulting in 181.2
compensable hours for Ali. For the same reasons, hours expended by Ali’s law clerks are
redundant and excessive, warranting an across-the-board reduction of 40 percent, resulting in
37.86 compensable hours for both Schmutzer and Ram.
The defendant concedes that the categories for which the plaintiff seeks costs are
appropriate. However, considering the plaintiff’s limited success, a 30 percent reduction is
appropriate, for an award of $2,791.63 in costs. The defendant argues that the total fee award
should not exceed $106,272.25 and costs should not exceed $2,791.63.
PLAINTIFF’S REPLY
The plaintiff asserts that the defendant does not contest that over four years it refused to
consider settlement offers in favor of litigation or that the plaintiff received a verdict that
exceeded his pretrial settlement offer and a finding that an officer acted maliciously and
wantonly. The defendant ignores the plaintiff’s authorities and “resorts to 10-to-15-year-old
and out-of-district cases. As to time expended, the City does not identify a single unnecessary
litigation decision and ultimately disputes 20.7 hours of billing records.” The defendant does not
allege any typical basis for downward adjustment, such as systematic block or duplicative
billing, but argues that the plaintiff received “25 cents” in compensatory damages and prevailed
only as to a single officer, without citing to any authority. The plaintiff cited a 2015 decision
surveying this district’s caselaw and finding the top-end rate for civil rights attorneys was $650.
Although rates increase over time, the requested rates are below the high-end five years ago.
Without addressing Mr. Jones’s authorities, the City says the high-end is $600,
citing Alicea v. City of New York, 272 F. Supp. 3d 603 (S.D.N.Y. 2017), and some
nearly decade-old cases. Fee-Opp. 4-5. This is misleading. Alicea merely
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recognized $600 was the high end “as of 2010,” while noting “$650 [is] reasonable
for civil rights litigator[s] in light of ‘skill and experience.’” 272 F. Supp. 3d at 609.
And this Court recognized that “rates of $600 and $550 [were] reasonable for
lawyers with over a decade of experience,” id. —a benchmark that makes Mr.
Jones’s proposals modest.
The defendant does not address the factors for determining the appropriate rate and it does not
dispute the lengthy proceedings, corresponding investment of labor and fee structure, which all
support a high rate. The defendant also
does not attempt to reconcile its position with Lilly v. City of N.Y., 934 F.3d 222
(2d Cir. 2019). There, the Court of Appeals found “no error” where the district court
began with $650 for experienced civil-rights attorneys and reduced to $450 based
on “the ‘duration and simplicity.’” Id. at 226-27, 231. The City does not dispute
that the Court’s analysis, reducing the rate because the case “‘lasted less than 10
months, required no depositions, and involved no substantial motions or briefings’
or appearances before the district court,” id. at 232, supports Mr. Jones here. This
case lasted four years, required depositions by both parties, involved a full trial,
post-trial motions, a complex appeal, and post-appeal litigation.
The defendant’s assertion that this case was typical and uncomplicated without any explanation
based on the record and citation to cases in which courts recognize that excessive force cases can
be relatively straightforward are not sufficient to show that this case, implicating complex legal
issues and standards, was simple. The appeal in this case confirms the complexity of the case.
Concerning hourly rates, the plaintiff contends:
Alexis G. Padilla. The City acknowledges Mr. Padilla “is a skilled attorney” with
eight years’ experience. Fee-Opp. 8. Mr. Padilla accordingly proposed $500, less
than typical for attorneys with a decade of experience. See supra. The City points
to a recent Eastern District award for $200, Fee-Opp. 7-8, but that supports Mr.
Padilla’s request. First, the Court of Appeals has recognized that Eastern District
rates are “substantially lower” than this district, Simmons v. New York City Transit
Auth., 575 F.3d 170, 172 (2d Cir. 2009). The upper limit there is $350 to $400—a
50% to 60% discount. AdvantEdge Corp. v. Krajicek, No. 16CV1643WFKRML,
2017 WL 7411018, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2017). Second, the Eastern District rate
assumed Mr. Padilla “handl[ed] more than 30 civil rights cases.” Murray v.
Marshall, No. 15-CV-599(RPK)(PK), 2020 WL 5899851, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Mar.
16, 2020). The record here reflects Mr. Padilla has nearly twice that experience:
over 50 civil rights cases, plus two dozen pending. Padilla Decl. ¶¶ 29, 31.
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David Zelman. The City does not dispute Mr. Zelman has litigated 250 police
misconduct cases over 20 years. Fee-App. 13. Mr. Zelman accordingly proposed
$600, still below the high-end. Relying on out-of-district cases, the City says Mr.
Zelman’s rate is $350—less than the $450 he was awarded in this district almost
five years ago. See Thomas v. City of New York, No. 1:09CV-3162 (ALC), 2016
WL 319982, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 26, 2016). This Court confronted a similar
circumstance in Rozell v. Ross-Holst, 576 F. Supp. 2d 527 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). There,
counsel had received rates between $400 and $500 about four years earlier. The
Court nonetheless awarded $600, explaining that “[t]he rates previously awarded
should not necessarily be considered a cap” because “rates charged by attorneys
have generally increased.” Id. at 546.
Amir H. Ali. The City acknowledges that Mr. Ali has “substantial” and “laudable”
experience based on his record of success in civil rights cases before federal appeals
courts and the U.S. Supreme Court. Fee-Opp. 10; Gershengorn Decl. ¶ 10; Ali Decl.
¶¶ 5-9. It also acknowledges that “the nature of the appellate work performed”
necessitates a “quite high” rate. Fee-Opp. 12. Mr. Ali proposed $525, less than is
typically awarded to Director-level attorneys or to attorneys with ten years’
experience even without his accomplishments. Fee-App. 14-16; Gershengorn Decl.
¶ 10. The City asks for $400, but does not ground that request on any relevant factor
or anything in the record. It offers an unsubstantiated assurance that Mr. Ali “no
doubt” received “reputational benefits.” Fee-Opp. 10. But such claims require
actual evidence, such that an attorney “actively did leverage [the case] to obtain
business” and “actively sought” and received “widespread media coverage.”
Schoolcraft v. City of New York, No. 10 CIV. 6005, 2016 WL 4626568, at *7
(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2016). Here, the unrebutted evidence shows Mr. Ali works for a
nonprofit (a far cry from leveraging for business) and is routinely retained to litigate
far higher profile appeals. Ali Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.
Megha [sic] Ram & David Schmutzer. Mr. Jones cited authority establishing $200
to $350 for associates. He requested only $150 for Mr. Schmutzer, a law clerk and
then first-year associate, and $250 for Ms. Ram, a second-year associate. The City
cites decade-old cases to suggest a $125 to $200 range and simply asserts they
“should not be compensated more than $125.” Fee-Opp. 1213. This is unsound.
Over a decade ago, this Court found “ample support” to award $150 to paralegals.
Hnot v. Willis Grp. Holdings Ltd., No. 01 CIV. 6558, 2008 WL 1166309, at *3
(S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2008). Mr. Jones’s proposal is in line with, and indeed less than,
amounts awarded to law clerks and junior attorneys. E.g., Rozell, 576 F. Supp. 2d
at 546 (awarding $250 for junior associates and $175 to law clerks).
The plaintiff asserts that the defendant does not allege any unnecessary litigation and the
majority of the defendant’s assertions of unreasonable hours are made without identifying any
time records that are excessive in light of the litigated issues. The defendant concedes that
Padilla’s pre-trial and trial work was efficient but challenges his 10.8 hours, which is superficial
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because “determining whether to amend (or not amend) a complaint, and how to craft voir dire
questions, entails research and careful analysis, which reasonably takes some time.” As it
concerns the defendant’s challenge to Padilla’s hours after May 24, 2018, only 9.9 hours are
communications with Zelman and the rest of hours describe “a telephonic hearing, research,
reviewing briefing and court decisions, and communications with the client, opposing
counsel, or appellate counsel.” Courts award routinely fees for second-chairs or teams and the
plaintiff only had one counsel at any given time, with communications as needed to serve the
plaintiff. The defendant asserts that Zelman’s time as an “observer” during trial should be
excluded but failed to explain what that means since none of Zelman’s entries are for observing
trial. Zelman’s review of trial transcripts was necessary to oppose the defendants’ post-trial
motion, and the defendant made no citation to any authority to support the assertion that 53.5
hours to oppose a post-trial motion, which threatened the plaintiff’s jury verdict, is too high.
The defendant failed to identify any time entries in Ali’s appeal or post-trial work that are
unreasonable and to rebut Gershengorn’s and Ali’s declarations describing the complexity of the
several legal issues, particularized research across jurisdictions and post-trial appeal. The
defendant does not dispute that Ali’s time expended on appeal and post-trial litigation is less than
previously compensated time.
The plaintiff asserts that the defendant’s arguments for downward adjustment contravene
the binding precedent, in which the Second Circuit holds that a lodestar “should not be reduced
simply because a plaintiff recovered a low damage award.” Cowan v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
935 F.2d 522, 526 (2d Cir. 1991) (emphasis added).” The plaintiff testified he pursued this case
to “bring light” to the unnecessary escalation of force, not for compensation, which does not
make him less worthy of fees under § 1988. The plaintiff proceeded to trial on a single legal
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theory, excessive force arising from a single encounter involving all officers and the defendant
does not argue that the claims in this action were wholly unrelated. The plaintiff demonstrated
by record-based reasons that an upward adjustment is warranted and the defendant’s assertion
that the plaintiff’s allegations were “difficult to believe” only support the fact that this case arose
on “undesirable” facts. Since the defendants declined to settle the matter for $20,000 and made
no offer of judgment, the jury vindicated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights, awarding $30,000
and finding malicious and wanton conduct. The defendant
does not dispute that such adjustment is necessary if § 1988 is to safeguard
“meritorious civil rights claims which might otherwise be abandoned.” Farbotko
v. Clinton Cty. of New York, 433 F.3d 204, 208 (2d Cir. 2005). We face a national
reckoning on race, policing, and force. As General Gershengorn attests: “It is
critical to the accountability of government and the vindication of civil rights that
cases and appeals of this nature be zealously litigated even when other financial
incentives, such as a large damage award, are not present.” Gershengorn Decl. ¶
11.
The defendant’s request for a reduction of the costs should be denied because the
defendant relies on a case that reduced costs partially for computerized research where the
plaintiffs failed on most of their claims; the plaintiff does not seek costs for computerized
research and the defendant does not allege that costs were excessive. The plaintiff submitted
supplemental time records concerning the instant fee application, seeking: (1) $19,950 for 39.9
hours by Padilla at his $500 hourly rate; (2) $9,000 for 15 hours by Zelman at his $600 hourly
rate; and (3) $10,972 for 20.9 hours by Ali at his $525 hourly rate.
LEGAL STANDARD
In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982,
1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92-318, the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized
Persons Act of 2000, title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, or section 12361 of
Title 34, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the
United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs[.]
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42 U.S.C § 1988(b).
Section 1988 was enacted to insure that private citizens have a meaningful
opportunity to vindicate their rights protected by the Civil Rights Acts. Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S., at 429, 103 S.Ct., at 1937. See S.Rep. No. 94–1011, p. 2
(1976). “The effective enforcement of Federal civil rights statutes depends largely
on the efforts of private citizens,” and unless reasonable attorney’s fees could be
awarded for bringing these actions, Congress found that many legitimate claims
would not be redressed. H.R.Rep. No. 94–1558, p. 1 (1976) H.R.Rep. No. 94–1558,
p. 1 (1976).
Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546,
559–60, 106 S. Ct. 3088, 3095 (1986), supplemented, 483 U.S. 711, 107 S. Ct.
3078, 97 L. Ed. 2d 585 (1987).
Prevailing Party
When a plaintiff succeeds in remedying a civil rights violation, we have stated, he
serves “as a ‘private attorney general,’ vindicating a policy that Congress
considered of the highest priority.” Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., 390
U.S. 400, 402, 88 S.Ct. 964, 19 L.Ed.2d 1263 (1968) (per curiam). He therefore
“should ordinarily recover an attorney's fee” from the defendant—the party whose
misconduct created the need for legal action. Christiansburg Garment Co. v.
EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 416, 98 S.Ct. 694, 54 L.Ed.2d 648 (1978) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Fee-shifting in such a case at once reimburses a plaintiff for “what
it cos[t] [him] to vindicate [civil] rights,” Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 577–
578, 106 S.Ct. 2686, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted), and
holds to account “a violator of federal law,” Christiansburg, 434 U.S., at 418, 98
S.Ct. 694. . . . [W]e have made clear that plaintiffs may receive fees under § 1988
even if they are not victorious on every claim. A civil rights plaintiff who obtains
meaningful relief has corrected a violation of federal law and, in so doing, has
vindicated Congress’s statutory purposes. That “result is what matters,” we
explained in Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d
40 (1983): A court should compensate the plaintiff for the time his attorney
reasonably spent in achieving the favorable outcome, even if “the plaintiff failed to
prevail on every contention.” Ibid. The fee award, of course, should not reimburse
the plaintiff for work performed on claims that bore no relation to the grant of relief:
Such work “cannot be deemed to have been expended in pursuit of the ultimate
result achieved.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). But the presence of these
unsuccessful claims does not immunize a defendant against paying for the
attorney's fees that the plaintiff reasonably incurred in remedying a breach of his
civil rights.
Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 833-34, 131 S. Ct. 2205, 2213-14 (2011).
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The Supreme Court “explained that when a plaintiff secures an ‘enforceable judgmen[t] on the
merits’ or a ‘court-ordered consent decre[e],’ that plaintiff is the prevailing party because he has
received a ‘judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.’” CRST Van
Expedited, Inc. v. E.E.O.C., 136 S. Ct. 1642, 1646 (2016) (quoting Buckhannon Bd. & Care
Home, Inc. v. W. Va Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S.598, 604-05, 121 S. Ct. 1835,
1840 (2001)).
Reasonable Attorney’s Fees
Our cases interpreting § 1988 establish “[a] strong presumption that the lodestar
figure—the product of reasonable hours times a reasonable rate—represents a
‘reasonable’ fee.” Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air,
478 U.S. 546, 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986). To be sure, before the
lodestar became “the guiding light of our fee shifting jurisprudence,” Burlington v.
Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562, 112 S.Ct. 2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992), many lower
courts used one of your classic 12–factor balancing tests. See Delaware Valley, 478
U.S., at 562, and n. 7, 106 S.Ct. 3088. Ultimately, though, this Court rejected undue
reliance on the 12–factor test because it “gave very little actual guidance to district
courts [,] ... placed unlimited discretion in trial judges[,] and produced disparate
results.” Id., at 563, 106 S.Ct. 3088.
Murphy v. Smith, 138 S. Ct. 784, 789–90 (2018).
A strong presumption that the lodestar figure—the product of reasonable hours
times a reasonable rate—represents a “reasonable” fee is wholly consistent with the
rationale behind the usual fee-shifting statute, including the one in the present case.
These statutes were not designed as a form of economic relief to improve the
financial lot of attorneys, nor were they intended to replicate exactly the fee an
attorney could earn through a private fee arrangement with his client. Instead, the
aim of such statutes was to enable private parties to obtain legal help in seeking
redress for injuries resulting from the actual or threatened violation of specific
federal laws. Hence, if plaintiffs, such as Delaware Valley, find it possible to
engage a lawyer based on the statutory assurance that he will be paid a “reasonable
fee,” the purpose behind the fee-shifting statute has been satisfied. Moreover, when
an attorney first accepts a case and agrees to represent the client, he obligates
himself to perform to the best of his ability and to produce the best possible results
commensurate with his skill and his client’s interests. Calculating the fee award in
a manner that accounts for these factors, either in determining the reasonable
number of hours expended on the litigation or in setting the reasonable hourly rate,
thus adequately compensates the attorney, and leaves very little room for enhancing
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the award based on his post-engagement performance. In short, the lodestar figure
includes most, if not all, of the relevant factors constituting a “reasonable”
attorney's fee, and it is unnecessary to enhance the fee for superior performance in
order to serve the statutory purpose of enabling plaintiffs to secure legal assistance.
Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. at 565–66, 106 S. Ct. at
3098.
Although the lodestar method is not perfect, it has several important virtues. First,
in accordance with our understanding of the aim of fee-shifting statutes, the lodestar
looks to “the prevailing market rates in the relevant community.” Blum v. Stenson,
465 U.S. 886, 895, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984). Developed after the
practice of hourly billing had become widespread, see Gisbrecht, supra, at 801, 122
S.Ct. 1817, the lodestar method produces an award that roughly approximates the
fee that the prevailing attorney would have received if he or she had been
representing a paying client who was billed by the hour in a comparable case.
Second, the lodestar method is readily administrable, see Dague, 505 U.S., at 566,
112 S.Ct. 2638; see also Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia
Dept. of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 609, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149
L.Ed.2d 855 (2001); and unlike the Johnson approach, the lodestar calculation is
“objective,” Hensley, supra, at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, and thus cabins the discretion
of trial judges, permits meaningful judicial review, and produces reasonably
predictable results.
Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 551–52, 130 S. Ct. 1662, 1672
(2010).
The Supreme Court’s “decisions concerning the federal fee-shifting statutes have established six
important rules”: (1) “a ‘reasonable’ fee is a fee that is sufficient to induce a capable attorney to
undertake the representation of a meritorious civil rights case”; (2) “the lodestar method yields a
fee that is presumptively sufficient to achieve this objective”; (3) “enhancements may be
awarded in ‘rare’ and ‘exceptional’ circumstances”; (4) “the lodestar figure includes most, if not
all, of the relevant factors constituting a ‘reasonable’ attorney’s fee,” and “an enhancement may
not be awarded based on a factor that is subsumed in the lodestar calculation,” such as (i)
“novelty and complexity of a case,” which is generally presumed to be “fully reflected in the
number of billable hours recoded by counsel,” and (ii) “quality of an attorney’s performance,”
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which is “normally reflected in the reasonable hourly rate”; (5) “the burden of proving that an
enhancement is necessary must be borne by the fee applicant”; and (6) “a fee applicant seeking
an enhancement must produce “specific evidence” that supports the award.” Id. at 552-53, 130
S. Ct. at 1672-73.
The Second Circuit Court of Appeals explained:
[T]he district court, in exercising its considerable discretion, [should] bear in mind
all of the case-specific variables that we and other courts have identified as relevant
to the reasonableness of attorney’s fees in setting a reasonable hourly rate. The
reasonable hourly rate is the rate a paying client would be willing to pay. In
determining what rate a paying client would be willing to pay, the district court
should consider, among others, the Johnson factors; it should also bear in mind that
a reasonable, paying client wishes to spend the minimum necessary to litigate the
case effectively. The district court should also consider that such an individual
might be able to negotiate with his or her attorneys, using their desire to obtain the
reputational benefits that might accrue from being associated with the case. The
district court should then use that reasonable hourly rate to calculate what can
properly be termed the “presumptively reasonable fee.”
Lilly v. City of New York, 934 F.3d 222, 230 (2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Arbor Hill
Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. County of Albany, 522 F.3d 182, 190
(2d Cir. 2008)).
In calculating the presumptively reasonable fee, a district court considers, among others, the
twelve factors articulated in Johnson v. Ga. Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Circ.
1974). See Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 190. Those factors are:
(1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3)
the level of skill required to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion
of employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the attorney’s
customary hourly rate; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) the time
limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved in
the case and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the
attorneys; (10) the “undesirability” of the case; (11) the nature and length of the
professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases.
Id. at 186-87 n.3.
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The Second Circuit Court of Appeals stated that “Perdue confirmed the long-standing approach
to calculating attorney’s fees endorsed by the Supreme Court in Hensley, Blum, Delaware
Valley, as well as our circuit in Arbor Hill.” Lilly, 934 F.3d at 231.
When a plaintiff's attorney achieves results that are more favorable than would have
been predicted based on the governing law and the available evidence, the outcome
may be attributable to superior performance and commitment of resources by
plaintiff's counsel. Or the outcome may result from inferior performance by
defense counsel, unanticipated defense concessions, unexpectedly favorable
rulings by the court, an unexpectedly sympathetic jury, or simple luck. Since none
of these latter causes can justify an enhanced award, superior results are relevant
only to the extent it can be shown that they are the result of superior attorney
performance. Thus, we need only consider whether superior attorney performance
can justify an enhancement. And in light of the principles derived from our prior
cases, we inquire whether there are circumstances in which superior attorney
performance is not adequately taken into account in the lodestar calculation. We
conclude that there are a few such circumstances but that these circumstances are
indeed “rare” and “exceptional,” and require specific evidence that the lodestar fee
would not have been “adequate to attract competent counsel.” First, an
enhancement may be appropriate where the method used in determining the hourly
rate employed in the lodestar calculation does not adequately measure the attorney's
true market value, as demonstrated in part during the litigation. This may occur if
the hourly rate is determined by a formula that takes into account only a single
factor (such as years since admission to the bar) or perhaps only a few similar
factors. In such a case, an enhancement may be appropriate so that an attorney is
compensated at the rate that the attorney would receive in cases not governed by
the federal fee-shifting statutes. But in order to provide a calculation that is
objective and reviewable, the trial judge should adjust the attorney's hourly rate in
accordance with specific proof linking the attorney's ability to a prevailing market
rate. Second, an enhancement may be appropriate if the attorney's performance
includes an extraordinary outlay of expenses and the litigation is exceptionally
protracted. As Judge Carnes noted below, when an attorney agrees to represent a
civil rights plaintiff who cannot afford to pay the attorney, the attorney presumably
understands that no reimbursement is likely to be received until the successful
resolution of the case, and therefore enhancements to compensate for delay in
reimbursement for expenses must be reserved for unusual cases. In such
exceptional cases, however, an enhancement may be allowed, but the amount of the
enhancement must be calculated using a method that is reasonable, objective, and
capable of being reviewed on appeal, such as by applying a standard rate of interest
to the qualifying outlays of expenses. Third, there may be extraordinary
circumstances in which an attorney’s performance involves exceptional delay in
the payment of fees. An attorney who expects to be compensated under § 1988
presumably understands that payment of fees will generally not come until the end
of the case, if at all. Compensation for this delay is generally made “either by basing
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the award on current rates or by adjusting the fee based on historical rates to reflect
its present value.” But we do not rule out the possibility that an enhancement may
be appropriate where an attorney assumes these costs in the face of unanticipated
delay, particularly where the delay is unjustifiably caused by the defense. In such a
case, however, the enhancement should be calculated by applying a method similar
to that described above in connection with exceptional delay in obtaining
reimbursement for expenses. We reject the suggestion that it is appropriate to grant
performance enhancements on the ground that departures from hourly billing are
becoming more common.
Perdue, 559 U.S. at 554-56, 130 S. Ct. at 1674-75 (internal citations omitted).
APPLICATION OF LEGAL STANDARD
Prevailing Party
The defendant does not contest that the plaintiff is a prevailing party based on the
judgment he obtained against Treubig. The Court finds that the plaintiff is a prevailing party
under 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) because he received a judicially sanctioned change in the legal
relationship of the parties. See CRST Van Expedited, Inc., 136 S. Ct. at 1646.
Reasonable Attorney’s Fees
Reasonable Hourly Rates
The defendant acknowledges that: (1) the hourly rates requested, namely, $600 by
Zelman, $525 by Ali, $500 by Padilla, $250 by Ram and $150 by Schmutzer, are within the rates
prevailing in the Southern District of New York where this action was litigated because he
asserts that “in the Southern District, prevailing rates tend to range from $250 to $600, with rates
for associates ranging from $250 - $350”; and (2) the hourly rates in the Eastern District of New
York are lower than those in the Southern District of New York because he asserts that “the
Eastern District rates are slightly less than those awarded in the Southern District.” However,
when seeking a reduction of Zelman’s hourly rate from $600 to $350 and Padilla’s hourly rate
from $500 to $250, the defendant relies erroneously on the cases from the Eastern District of
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New York, not the forum applicable here. The Second Circuit recognized that the prevailing
hourly rates in the Southern District of New York are higher than those in the Eastern District of
New York, even substantially higher. See Simmons v. New York City Transit Auth., 575 F.3d
170, 177 (2d Cir. 2009) (“While Simmons cannot be faulted for wanting to retain counsel with
the best possible reputation, it is not the TA’s responsibility to compensate for such counsel
based on higher out-of-district rates where Simmons has not shown that they were likely to
produce a substantially better result than competent counsel in the Eastern District would
produce for less—in this case, substantially less—money.”).
Padilla
The defendant’s assertion that Padilla’s “level of experience does not merit an hourly rate
of $500” because he was awarded recently $200 in the Eastern District of New York is rejected
as meritless because the instant forum is the Southern District of New York where hourly rates
are higher. The defendant contends Padilla’s rate should be reduced to $250 because this action
was “straightforward” and completing five trials makes Padilla “relatively inexperienced,” as
evident from his conduct at trial, including when he “attempted to elicit his own client’s prior
testimony to bolster his trial testimony” and “the Court explained that hearsay evidence cannot
be used in that manner.” The defendant does not make citation to any authority to support his
proposition that Padilla’s conduct at trial, including his attempt to introduce hearsay evidence,
establishes Padilla’s inexperience, rather than his litigation strategy. To support his proposition
that $250 is a reasonable hourly rate for Padilla, the defendant relies on Wright v. City of New
York, 283 F. Supp. 3d 98, 104 (S.D.N.Y. 2017), in which the court stated that courts have
reached consensus in this judicial district that the prevailing rate for civil rights attorneys with
approximately ten years of experience is between $250 and $350, citing “Adorno v. Port
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Authority of New York & New Jersey, 685 F.Supp.2d 507, 513–14 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (finding that
the range of fees in this District for civil rights and employment litigators with approximately ten
years of experience is between $250 per hour and $350 per hour).” The defendant’s reliance on
the rates found to be prevailing in this forum in 2010, is misplaced because this case commenced
in 2016, and the plaintiff seeks fees for work that includes the instant fee application, filed in
2020; thus the 2010 hourly rates are historical. See LeBlanc-Sternberg v. Fletcher, 143 F.3d
748, 764 (2d Cir. 1998) (“The lodestar should be based on ‘prevailing market rates’; and current
rates, rather than historical rates, should be applied in order to compensate for the delay in
payment.”) (citations omitted). “The rates previously awarded should not necessarily be
considered a cap, however, since the rates charged by attorneys have generally increased since
[the 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007] cases were decided, though it is unclear by what degree.”
Rozell v. Ross-Holst, 576 F. Supp. 2d 527, 546 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). Moreover, the length of
counsel’s experience and the size of counsel’s law firm are not the only factors courts consider in
determining reasonable hurly rates.
In Wright, which commenced in February 2016 and concluded in June 2017 by the
acceptance of an offer of judgment and which in 2017 relied on the 2010 prevailing rates, the
court awarded $300, not $250 the lowest rate in the range, after considering “the previous
approval of Counsel’s rate at $300,” “the totality of the circumstances surrounding Wright’s
claim and its resolution,” and despite “Counsel’s history of sanctionable conduct.” Wright, 283
F. Supp.3d at 104. Even in 2010, courts awarded hourly rates of $450 and $400 under Section
1988 to seasoned attorneys who are not experienced in civil rights litigation. See Tatum v. City
of New York, No. 06-CV-4290, 2010 WL 334975, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2010). In 2016, a
court awarded, pursuant to Section 1988, a $550 hourly rate to civil rights attorneys with at least
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a decade of experience and $450 to those with “slightly less” than a decade of experience, after
eight years of litigation and the Second Circuit affirmance of a jury verdict on appeal. See
Bailey v. Pataki, No. 08-CV-8563, 2016 WL 3545941, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 2016). In 2019,
a court awarded a $400 hourly rate to a solo practitioner who was “‘competent and seasoned’ in
civil rights matters, especially involving Plaintiff and his years-long litigation” and faced a case
of “factual and historical complexity.” Medina v. Buther, No. 15-CV-1955, 2019 WL 4370239,
at *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2019).
Padilla, who litigated to completion over fifty civil rights cases since he was admitted to
the New York bar in 2013, and tried twelve cases since 2015, of which five were civil rights
cases involving excessive force claims, has not been subject to sanctionable conduct and worked
on this case from its inception in October 2016 to October 14, 2020, including conducting pretrial discovery, making motions in limine, conducting a week-long trial and preparing postverdict interrogatories and making the instant motion. As the Second Circuit noted at the
plaintiff’s successful appeal, this case involved an issue of law, namely, qualified immunity
against the claim of excessive use of force, in particular the use of a taser on the plaintiff,
asserted at the close of the evidence and renewed after the jury verdict against Treubig. See
Jones, 963 F.3d at 219. However, the defendant did not assert qualified immunity until the close
of the evidence and renewed it after the jury verdict, at which point Padilla stated in his
declaration he contacted Zelman because he “was aware of his extensive experience with
litigating federal civil rights trials” and “Zelman advised me and provided citations to relevant
caselaw that I could use in my arguments before the Court concerning the substance of the postverdict interrogatories.” According to Padilla, following the post-verdict interrogatories, the
defendant moved for judgment as a matter of law on the ground that Treubig was entitled to
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qualified immunity, at which point Zelman filed his notice of appearance “and formally came on
to the case to take the lead in drafting and arguing plaintiff’s opposition.” Padilla does not
assert, and his time records do not reflect that he performed any research or expended any hours
on the qualified immunity issue prior to soliciting Zelman’s aid in responding to the defendant’s
post-verdict motion for judgment as a matter of law. Even then, Padilla stated that Zelman
provided him with citations to relevant caselaw, and his time records show “Reviewing relevant
caselaw” on June 16, 2018, one day after the defendant’s motion for judgment as a matter of law
was made.
“Although the actual rate an attorney charges paying clients is persuasive evidence of
reasonableness, compensable attorneys’ fees must ultimately conform to market rates.” Medina,
2019 WL 4370239, at *10. Padilla stated in his September 6, 2020 declaration that his “current
practice is dedicated entirely to criminal defense and civil rights litigation” and he “currently
represents plaintiffs in over two dozen pending civil rights matters in the federal courts and
several others in the state courts.” Padilla did not identify in his declaration the actual hourly
rate that he charges his clients. In his November 2, 2020 reply, the plaintiff does not make
citation to any recent case in this forum awarding a $500 hourly rate to an attorney with
experience and skills comparable to Padilla’s in a civil rights case such as this one.
In March 2021, a court considered a reduction of the hourly rate, in an employment
discrimination case, “from $650 to $400” for Erica T. Healey-Kagan, recommended by a
magistrate judge, finding that $400 was a reasonable hourly rate given her years of experience
since graduating from law school in 2008 and “the nature of the suit.” Sanson v. City of New
York, No. 19 CIV. 2569, 2021 WL 1191566, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2021). Another court
considered, also in March 2021, hourly rates in a civil rights case as follows:
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The Court first considers the hourly billing rates of the plaintiff's attorneys. The
attorneys billed at hourly rates ranging from $275 to $500 an hour. Two partners of
the law firm DePaola & Sim, LLP – John R. DePaola and Sang J. Sim – billed at
hourly rates of $500, while a third partner, Samuel DePaola, billed at a $475 hourly
rate. (Sim Dec. ¶¶ 6-8.) Two senior counsel, John Kouroupas and Markus A.
Wilson, billed at hourly rates of $375. (Sim Dec. ¶¶ 9-10.) An associate, Weibo
Zhang, billed at hourly rates of $275. (Pl. Mem. ¶ 35.) Two paralegals billed at
hourly rates of $125. (Pl. Mem. ¶¶ 36-37.) While six attorneys of the firm billed
time on this case, a substantial majority of time was billed by Sim and Samuel
DePaola. . . . The Court has reviewed the background and experience of plaintiff's
attorneys, as described in plaintiff's memorandum and reply. (Pl. Mem. 10-11;
Reply 6-8.) John DePaola has practiced law since 1982, first working as an assistant
district attorney in the Bronx from 1982 to 1986 before going into private practice
and specializing in civil rights claims. Sang J. Sim has practiced law since 1996,
and principally did corporate taxation work until 2003, when he began to practice
in litigation, including civil rights claims. Samuel C. DePaola has practiced law
since 2011 and worked as an assistant district attorney in King's County from 2011
to 2015, at which point he joined DePaola & Sim and has practiced civil rights law.
John Kouroupas has practiced law since 2004 and worked for the Corporation
Counsel of the City of New York until 2007, at which point he joined DePaola &
Sim. It is not clear when Markus A. Wilson began his legal career, but he previously
worked as an assistant district attorney in the Bronx, and joined DePaola & Sim in
2012. Plaintiff asserts that attorney Weibo Zhang has worked on more than 300
civil rights cases against the City, though she does not dispute that Zhang was
admitted to practice in 2019. A district court opinion of Judge Ramos thoroughly
reviewed the hourly rates in this district for attorneys who successfully prosecute
civil rights claims, observing that they ranged from $250 to $650, varying with the
size and complexity of the case. Lilly v. City of New York, 2017 WL 3493249, at
*4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2017). Recognizing that some time has passed since the
opinion of Judge Ramos, the Court is nevertheless persuaded by his detailed review
of hourly rates in civil rights cases and uses it as a reference point. Id.; see also
Jean-Louis v. City of New York, 342 F. Supp. 3d 436, 442 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (courts
generally award reasonable hourly fees of $350 to $450 for experienced civil rights
attorneys in this District). Judge Ramos concluded that a $450 rate was appropriate
for a case that lasted ten months and required no depositions or substantial motion
practice. 2017 WL 3493249, at *4-5. The Second Circuit affirmed, noting that fee
awards in “straightforward civil rights cases” in this District generally fell within
the $350 to $450 range. Lilly v. City of New York, 934 F.3d 222, 231 (2d Cir.
2019). Having considered the experience of the attorneys, the range of fees
commonly awarded in this district and all other case-specific variables, the Court
concludes that the reasonable hourly rates for work in this case are $425 for John
DePaola and Sim, $400 for Samuel DePaola, $350 for Kouroupas and Wilson and
$275 for Zhang.
Hill v. City of New York, No. 19-CV-7882, 2021 WL 1062585, at *3–4 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 18, 2021).
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In a case involving a Fourth Amendment challenge to a regulation by a corporation, the court
found in March 2021 the following hourly rates under Section 1988 reasonable based on
comparable Fourth Amendment civil rights cases: $650 for Kristin Linsley, a partner at Gibson
Dunn for nearly five years and at Munger, Tolles & Olsen LLP for 22 years before that, “in light
of the unusually complex and sophisticated work” and her “substantial experience in the relevant
area of law generally and with HomeAway specifically”; $600 for Mylan Denerstein, a partner at
Gibson Dunn, for similar reasons as Linsley but reduced given her “lesser experience” in the
particular area of law and type of challenge; $500 for Joshua Dick, a partner at Gibson Dunn,
“[o]wing to his seniority and substantial experience in this area of law, the uncommonly complex
nature of the constitutional issues presented in this civil rights action, and the rising tide of
billing rates in this District—and in civil rights cases specifically”; $400 for Jacob Spenser, a
senior associate at Gibson Dunn who graduated from law school in 2012, and Alex Harris, a
senior associate at Gibson Dunn who graduated from law school in 2012; $375 for Patrick
Hyden, a senior associate at Gibson Dunn who served as a mid-level associate during most of
litigation and graduated from law school in 2014; $300, “slightly above market rate,” for a firstyear and junior associates at Gibson Dunn given the complex nature of the work.
HomeAway.com, Inc. v. City of New York, No. 18 CIV. 7742, 2021 WL 791232, at *17-18
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2021). In March 2021, a court found that “$475 per hour – slightly higher
than the rate applied in Ekukpe, to account for the inevitable upward drift of legal fees over time
in this jurisdiction – is a fair figure for the work of an experienced and skillful civil rights
attorney with a solo practice on this ‘garden variety’§ 1983 action that never came close to trial
and was ultimately settled, pursuant to Rule 68, prior to the first court conference.” Robles v.
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City of New York, No. 19CV6581, 2021 WL 1034773, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2021), report
and recommendation adopted, No. 19CIV6581, 2021 WL 1177462 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2021). In
February 2021, in a case under the Americans with Disabilities Act, the court considered hourly
rates in civil rights cases finding that $375 was reasonable for “an experienced litigator who has
litigated many cases under the ADA in this District and has more than fifteen years’ experience
practicing law in New York.” Juscinska v. Meson Sevilla, Ltd., No. 19-CV-5284, 2021 WL
706548, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 23, 2021). In January 2021, a court determined that a $500 hourly
rate was reasonable for Sang J. Sim, named partner at Sim & DePaola, LLP, based on his
training and substantial experience and “because that is the ‘rate he charges in civil rights
matters’”; a $400 hourly rate was reasonable for Samuel DePaola, the other named partner at
Sim & DePaola, LLP, because he is an attorney with “comparatively limited experience,”
practicing for nine years, including practicing civil rights cases for five years; and a $300 hourly
rate was reasonable for Markus Wilson, a senior associate at the firm with eight years of
experience litigating civil rights matters. Field v. Metro. Transp. Auth., No. 20-CV-928, 2021
WL 22817, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2021).
The Court has considered current relevant caselaw, the parties’ submissions on this
motion and the nature of this action, which did not involve uncommon factual, procedural or
legal complexity or novelty before or during the trial before the defendant asserted his qualified
immunity defense, when Padilla performed most of his work on the case, and Padilla’s
involvement in the case after he enlisted Zelman’s help and during the appellate phase consisted
of communicating with Zelman, Ali and the plaintiff, reviewing briefs and caselaw and
researching caselaw. Upon consideration of all relevant factors, including Padilla’s experience,
skills and the quality of his performance, the nature and length of this case, the case-specific
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variables, and the lack of caselaw supporting a $500 hourly rate for a civil rights attorney with
comparable experience and skills to those of Padilla in similar circumstances, the Court finds
that $450 is a reasonable hourly rate for Padilla.
Zelman
The defendant asserts that “Zelman has played a limited and largely invisible role,” and
his request for a $600 hourly rate is in the highest range in this district and higher than the $450
hourly rate that he was awarded in “Thomas v. City of N.Y., No. 1:09-cv-3162 (ALC), 2017 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 232964, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2017) (awarding $450 an hour rather than the
$500 sought by Mr. Zelman and reducing his ‘unreasonable’ claimed hours from 59 to 8.6).”
The defendant asserts that a reduction from $600 to $350 is warranted, relying on the 2015 and
2020 cases from the Eastern District of New York in which a $350 hourly rate was found
reasonable for Zelman. According to the defendant, nothing in Zelman’s experience or the
nature of work required in the post-trial motion phase warrants an exceptionally high hourly rate.
The defendant’s unsupported assertion that Zelman played a “largely invisible role” is
puzzling since Zelman entered his appearance in this action, signed the brief and argued the postverdict opposition to the defendant’s motion for judgment as a matter of law and represented the
plaintiff at the appellate mediation directed by the Second Circuit in February 2019. As
explained above, the defendant’s reliance on cases from the Eastern District of New York is
misplaced because that is not the applicable forum. In support of his request for a $600 hourly
rate for Zelman, the plaintiff relies on the 2008 “single plaintiff sexual harassment and retaliation
case, complicated by the computer ‘hacking’ issue and by the extent of conflict between
opposing counsel” litigated in this forum in which the court found, based on the rates actually
charged, counsel’s experience, other rates charged in this forum and the complexity of the case,
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that “a reasonable rate for partners and counsel (Ms. Peratis and Mr. Steel) is $600; for senior
associates (Mr. Humowiecki and Ms. Malalis), $350; for junior associates (Ms. Miazad and Ms.
Quinlan), $250; for law clerks, $175; and for paralegals, $125.” Rozell, 576 F. Supp. 2d at 546.
In his declaration Zelman stated that he has been practicing civil rights litigation for
approximately 20 years, worked on approximately 250 civil rights cases since 1999 and “tried
several civil rights matters.” Zelman did not indicate the customary rate he charges his clients or
his success rate in any of the several trials he conducted. According to Zelman, when Padilla
asked for his assistance when the defendants raised the issue of qualified immunity “as well as an
interest . . . in submitting interrogatories to the jury,” Zelman “performed some research and
provided it to Mr. Padilla and advised him as to what I felt were the best arguments for him to
make.” Thereafter, when Padilla asked Zelman to become involved formally, Zelman briefed
and argued the qualified immunity issue in Treubig’s post-trial motion, after which he sought
actively appellate counsel to assist in the matter. After Ali contacted Padilla about the case,
Zelman worked with Ali to ensure that “he had an accurate and complete understanding of the
proceedings below, including all of the documentation which was necessary for Mr. Ali to
review.” Zelman stated that he reviewed Ali’s briefs and made comments and suggestions. Ali
did not state in his declaration that Zelman reviewed his briefs and made comments and
suggestions.
Contrary to the defendant’s assertion that nothing in Zelman’s experience or the nature of
the work required in the post-trial motion phase warrants an exceptionally high hourly rate,
Zelman’s approximately 20 years of experience and his work on approximately 250 civil rights
cases demonstrate that he is an experienced attorney, and the complexity and the nature of his
work in opposing the defendant’s post-verdict motion on the issue of qualified immunity is best
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demonstrated by the subsequent appeal, which was based on Zelman’s arguments that “[t]he law
regarding the use of tasers was clearly established at the time of this incident in the Second
Circuit” and “defendant Treubig’s claim of qualified immunity during the second use of the taser
when the plaintiff was not resisting is unavailable.” Docket Entry No. 98. Although Zelman’s
brief and argument in opposition to the defendant’s motion for judgment as a matter of law did
not persuade the trial judge who granted the defendant’s motion, it served as the basis for a
successful appeal. However, without information about the actual rate Zelman charges his
clients and his previous success rate, and upon considering the record, the relevant factors, the
unsuccessful opposition to the post-trial motion, and the circumstances of this case, the Court
finds that the reasonable hourly rate for Zelman is $550.
Ali
The defendant asserts that Ali’s requested rate of $525 should be reduced to $400,
considering his less than one decade of experience, the appellate work he performed in this case,
his organization’s lack of “massive overhead costs that often justify extremely high rates for
large firms,” and that his becoming involved in the appeal of a qualified immunity issue
“produced reputational benefits.” The defendant made no citation to any evidence for his
assertions concerning overhead costs of Ali’s organization and the “reputational benefits”
produced by Ali’s involvement in this case. The defendant does not contest the quality of Ali’s
performance in this case and the only remaining basis for reducing Ali’s hourly rate is that he has
“less than a decade of experience.” However, the length of experience is not the only or
determining factor when assessing a reasonable hourly rate and, without more, cannot serve as
the proper basis for reducing Ali’s hourly rate considering all other factors and the specific
circumstances of this case.
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Ali explained in his declaration that the Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center
(“MJC”) is a nonprofit public interest firm, which litigates important civil rights issues ranging
from police misconduct, criminal procedure and sentencing, prison and jail conditions, solitary
confinement, wrongful death and wrongful convictions, and habeas corpus” and “ MJC’s
Supreme Court & Appellate Program consists of five full-time attorneys with specialized
expertise in appellate and civil-rights litigation.” Ali litigated dozens of appeals on civil rights
and criminal justice issues in federal appellate courts and he argued successfully two cases in the
United States Supreme Court, “Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016)” and “Garza v.
Idaho, 139 S. Ct. 738 (2019).” In recent years, Ali has been retained by victims of police
violence across the country to argue some of the most significant appeals concerning the doctrine
of qualified immunity, including last year, when he
was retained by shooting victim Ryan Cole and his family to argue before eighteen
judges of the en banc Fifth Circuit, and obtained an 11-7 decision holding that
Texas police officers violated clearly established law when they shot Ryan. See
Cole v. Carson, 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019) (en banc), cert. denied, Hunter v.
Cole, No. 19-753, 2020 WL 3146695 (U.S. June 15, 2020). I was also retained by
the estate and family of Marquez Smart on appeal to the Tenth Circuit, and obtained
a unanimous decision reversing qualified immunity to the officer who shot and
killed Mr. Smart in downtown Wichita, Kansas. See Smart v. City of Wichita, 951
F.3d 1161 (10th Cir. 2020).
Concerning Ali’s involvement in this case, he stated:
Following the grant of qualified immunity, MJC’s Supreme Court & Appellate
Program identified as one which raised issues of national importance and had
potential grounds for appeal, but presented a significant risk of going without any
appeal. This concern was driven by the fact that the case did not involve any
compensatory damages and that the jury’s award of $30,000.25 would provide
insufficient financial incentive for an appeal of this complexity. . . . In November
2018, I contacted Alexis Padilla and David Zelman to offer assistance on appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Mr. Padilla and Mr. Zelman
indicated to me that they were considering forgoing any appeal given the time
required to litigate an appeal and the unlikelihood of overcoming qualified
immunity on appeal. . . . MJC agreed to represent Mr. Jones without any charge or
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contingency fee, relying exclusively on the right to petition for fees in the event it
succeeded on appeal.
Ali described in detail the complexity of the appeal, which required a comprehensive review of
the testimony and evidence presented at trial and numerous letter and oral motions during and
following the trial, stating that of the many dozens of appeals he handled during his career, “the
issues briefed in this case were among the most complex and research-intensive,” which
included: (a) “[t]he constitutional standards governing law enforcement use of force and
excessive force”; (b) “[t]he doctrine of qualified immunity”; (c) “[t]he U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Second Circuit’s deep body of caselaw concerning the procedures for supplemental
interrogatories”; and (d) “[t]he constitutional standards surrounding the Seventh Amendment
right to a jury in a civil trial.” Ali explained that, consistent with the complexity and researchintensive nature of the appeal, Ali filed a 55-page opening brief, which included in-depth
analysis of cases across all circuits, which was opposed by the defendant’s 48-page brief raising
new, alternative reasoning “premised on a novel account of the witness testimony at trial” and
“dozens of cases that the City cited for the first time,” all of which raised novel legal questions
and “serious consequences to this case and civil rights generally.” The novel and important
issues raised by the defendant’s brief attracted the attention of a national think tank, The Cato
Institute, which filed a 27-page amicus brief in support of the plaintiff, who prevailed on appeal
when the Second Circuit issued its 57-page opinion.
Upon considering the record, Ali’s experience and skills, the relevant factors, the
complexity of the appeal, and the circumstances of this case, the Court finds that the reasonable
hourly rate for Ali is $525.
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Schmutzer and Ram
The defendant asserts that Schmutzer’s hourly rate of $150 and Ram’s hourly rate of
$250 should be reduced to $125 because a law clerk should be awarded slightly more than a
paralegal in a small firm context, relying on “Schoolcraft v. City of N.Y., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
183036, at *19 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 1, 2016).” However, the hourly rates awarded in 2016 are
historical. In March 2021, “[r]ates in this district for junior associates range from $200 to $350
per hour at law firms specializing in civil rights” and $150 was awarded as a reasonable hourly
rate for a law clerk. Sanson, 2021 WL 1191566, at *4 (“The hourly rate for the time Cullum and
Jasinski billed as associates is reduced to $200 and the hourly rate for their time billed as law
clerks is reduced to $150.”). Upon review of the record, Schmutzer’s and Ram’s experience and
skills, the relevant factors, the complexity of the appeal, and the circumstances of this case, the
Court finds that the reasonable hourly rate for Schmutzer is $150 and for Ram is $250. See
Sanson, 2021 WL 1191566, at *4.
Reasonable Hours
The defendant seeks a reduction of the hours as follows: 51 hours for Padilla (from 312 to
261), a 50% reduction for Zelman’s 53.5 hours expended on the post-trial motion and all hours
claimed related to the appeal should be rejected (from 104.5 to 26.75), a 40% reduction for Ali’s
hours (from 302.2 to 181.2), and a 40% reduction for Ram’s 27 and Schmutzer’s 36.1 hours
(from 63.1 to 37.86). The reduction is requested for: (1) Padilla based on “.3 hours mailing
initial disclosures on February 21, 2017; 2 hours drafting the Amended Complaint on May 25,
2017,” “7.5 hours on proposed voir dire questions,” and hours expended from May 24, 2018,
onward consisting mostly of communications with Zelman; (2) Zelman because the hours
expended opposing the post-trial motion are unreasonable and no reasonable client would agree
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to compensate Zelman “to simply stay apprised of the issues being addressed on appeal”; and (3)
Ali, Schmutzer and Ram because their hours “exceed the level recognized as reasonable” in
“Ortiz v. City of N.Y., No. 15-CV-2206 (DLC), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26241, at *18 (S.D.N.Y.
Feb. 14, 2020).” The plaintiff asserts that the defendant’s challenge to: (a) Padilla’s 20.7 hours is
superficial and only 9.9 hours were expended on his communication with Zelman, with the
remaining hours devoted to communications with the plaintiff, a telephonic hearing, research and
review of briefs and court decisions; (b) Zelman’s hours is not supported by legal authorities;
and (c) Ali’s hours fails to identify any hours in his time records as unreasonable.
Padilla
The defendant’s assertion that Padilla’s hours expended on drafting the amended
complaint replacing Doe defendants with named defendants and omitting certain allegations and
voir dire questions are excessive, without citation to any authority in support, are rejected as
baseless. The defendant’s challenge to Padilla’s hours expended communicating with Zelman in
connection with the post-trial motion and hours expended in connection with the appellate phase,
as lacking specificity and being duplicative is meritless. Padilla did not state in his declaration
that he performed substantive work once Zelman entered his formal appearance or during the
appellate phase and his time records reflect that. The defendant does not make citation to any
binding authority for the proposition that it was unreasonable to communicate with Zelman and
Ali in connection with the post-trial motion and appeal and to review related briefs, which is
what Padilla’s time records demonstrate. Since only one attorney performed substantive work on
each phase of the case, namely, Padilla, Zelman and Ali, with Schmutzer and Ram assisting Ali
with legal and factual research, the Court does not find that Padilla’s time entries showing
communications with Zelman and Ali lack specificity or that they are duplicative or unnecessary.
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Similarly, the Court does not find that the limited hours Padilla expended reviewing briefs in
connection with the post-trial motion and appeal are duplicative, unnecessary or unreasonable
under the circumstances of this case. Given that the defendant’s qualified immunity defense was
the only issue on the post-trial motion handled by Zelman and on the appeal handled by Ali, the
Court does not find that Padilla’s communication time entries lacked specificity under the
circumstances of this case. Upon review of the parties’ submissions, including Padilla’s time
records, and the relevant factors, the Court finds that Padilla’s 351.9 hours (312 hours prior to
the fee application plus 39.9 hours in connection with the fee application) are reasonable.
Zelman
The defendant asserts that Zelman’s request for 53.5 hours related to the post-trial motion
“is unreasonable on its face” and should be reduced 50%, without citation to any authority. The
defendant’s unsupported, self-serving, conclusory assertion is meritless. The defendant also
asserts that Zelman’s request for the hours related to the appeal should be denied because no
reasonable client would be willing to pay Zelman “to simply stay apprised of the issues being
addressed on appeal,” relying on “Thomas v. City of N.Y., No. 1:09-cv-3162 (ALC), 2017 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 232964, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2017) (reducing Mr. Zelman’s claimed hours
from 59 to 8.6 because ‘under the facts of this case, no client would be willing to pay trial
counsel for 59 hours of work on an appeal, when appellate counsel was retained to work on the
appeal.’).” The defendant concedes that the court did not deny Zelman’s hours expended in
connection with the appeal in that case; rather it reduced them. See Thomas v. City of New
York, No. 1:09-CV-3162 (ALC), 2017 WL 11563332, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2017)
(“However, the Court does find that Mr. Zelman is entitled to attorney’s fees for work done
during the appeal, but that the calculation should be based upon Ms. Hasapidis’ fee schedule. . . .
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The amount of work includes any substantive correspondence between Mr. Zelman and Ms.
Hasapidis, any review of the trial record to assist Ms. Hasapidis with the preparation of
appendix, brief, and oral argument, and preparation of the fee application.”). Thus, Thomas does
not support the defendant’s request to deny all hours Zelman expended in connection with the
appeal.
However, the Court finds that 51 hours related to the appeal are excessive. For example,
no reasonable client would be willing to pay 4.5 hours for Zelman to attend oral argument on the
appeal which was briefed and argued by the appellate attorney, Ali, 4 hours to read the Second
Circuit decision in favor of the plaintiff and reviewing filings on appeal, including orders,
notices, court entries and amicus briefs for no apparent reason other than to be appraised of the
progress on appeal. Although Ali’s time records contain numerous entries indicating
“conferred,” they do not identify the persons with whom Ali conferred and Zelman is not
mentioned in Ali’s time records; thus, unlike in Thomas, the Court cannot calculate Zelman’s
hours based on Ali’s time records.
Zelman’s time entries include hours billed in connection with “Camp conference,”
without any explanation in the time entries or his declaration of the meaning of that phrase.
Although Ali stated in his declaration that Zelman represented the plaintiff at the February 28,
2019 appellate telephonic mediation, Zelman did not state in his declaration that he represented
the plaintiff at the appellate mediation and his time records do not mention the word
“mediation.” Exhibit D, “the City’s email exchange with the mediator,” to Ali’s declaration
indicates that the defendant’s counsel sent an email, on “January 25, 2019 11:16AM,” to various
recipients including “Camp Support,” Zelman and Ali, and “CA02db CampSupport” sent an
email on “January 25, 2019 4:33PM,” to various recipients including Zelman and Ali providing
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dates to reschedule “[t]he CAMP conference,” and signing the email on behalf of the “CAMP
Support Civil Appeals Mediation Program (CAMP).” Zelman’s silence on his representation of
the plaintiff during the appellate mediation and the lack of any explanation of the term “Camp
conference” in his time records constitute a material deficiency in Zelman’s submissions in
support of his fee request. Had it not been for Ali’s declaration and Exhibit D attached to Ali’s
declaration explaining the meaning of “CAMP conference” and demonstrating that Zelman was
included in the email correspondence, with “CAMP Support,” the Court would not know that
Zelman represented the plaintiff at the appellate mediation and the nature of Zelman’s hours
billed in connection with the “Camp conference.”
The Court finds that reducing Zelman’s 51 hours related to the appeal by 50% is
warranted, based on the excessive hours including those which no reasonable client would be
willing to pay and the performance of unnecessary tasks that duplicated Ali’s tasks that he was
required to perform as the appellate attorney of record, resulting in 25.5 hours. See Fox, 563
U.S. at 838, 131 S. Ct. at 2216 (“But trial courts need not, and indeed should not, become greeneyeshade accountants. The essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to do rough justice,
not to achieve auditing perfection. So trial courts may take into account their overall sense of a
suit, and may use estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney's time.”). Upon review of
the time records, the relevant factors and the circumstances of this case, the Court finds that 94
hours are reasonable for Zelman (53.5 hours related to the post-trial motion, 25.5 hours related to
appeal and 15 hours related to the instant fee application).
Ali
The defendant asserts that the 302.2 hours Ali expended “exceed the level recognized as
reasonable,” namely 280 hours conservatively and 340 hours generously, relying on
40
Case 1:16-cv-08080-JGK-KNF Document 175 Filed 08/24/21 Page 41 of 43
Ortiz v. City of New York, No. 15CV2206(DLC), 2020 WL 755878, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 14,
2020), aff'd in part, rev’d in part and remanded, 843 F. App’x 355 (2d Cir. 2021) (“A single
lawyer would have spent conservatively about 280 hours on this litigation, and generously about
340 hours.”). The court in Ortiz explained:
The two lead counsel, Lee and Benno, assert that they worked 734 and 771.30
hours, respectively, on this case. That is equivalent to almost 38 weeks of work
(measured in 40-hour work weeks), or over four months of attorney time devoted
to claims that prompted three depositions and were tried in the course of one week.
This represents an extraordinary misallocation of resources. Nothing in this case
supports these numbers. A single lawyer would have spent conservatively about
280 hours on this litigation, and generously about 340 hours. This calculation takes
into account, among other things, the hours that were necessary to do each of the
following: (1) pretrial work, including the notice of claim practice, drafting the
complaint and preparing for and attending the initial pretrial conference, (2) taking
or defending three depositions, (3) summary judgment practice, (4) briefing on
motions in limine and trial preparation, (5) trial, (6) the post-trial motion, and (7)
appeal. This amount of time would be adequate given the lack of novelty and
complexity of this run-of-the-mill § 1983 action.
Ortiz , 2020 WL 755878, at *6-7.
However, this case did not involve “the lack of novelty and complexity” of the “run-of-the-mill §
1983 action” present in Ortiz, and the defendant acknowledged as much when he asserted that
“Ali necessarily spent a substantial amount of time crafting his appellate arguments and
successfully advocating for his position” on the qualified immunity, which “is a developing legal
issue.” The defendant does not make citation to any binding authority in support of his argument
that 302.2 hours is excessive in the circumstance of this case, and by his own cited authority,
Ortiz, Ali’s 302.2 hours are within the range of reasonable hours. The defendant does not assert
that Ali’s time entries are vague or deficient. Moreover, the defendant does not provide citation
to any authority justifying his request for a 40% reduction of Ali’s hours or explain why 40%
and not some other percentage is appropriate in this circumstance. Upon review of the record,
41
Case 1:16-cv-08080-JGK-KNF Document 175 Filed 08/24/21 Page 42 of 43
the relevant factors and the circumstances of this case, the Court finds that 323.1 hours are
reasonable for Ali (302.2 related to appeal and 20.9 related to the fee application).
Schmutzer and Ram
The defendant asserts that Schmutzer’s 36.1 hours and Ram’s 27 hours are unreasonable
and should be reduced by 40% for the same reasons urged for reducing Ali’s hours. The Court
finds that Schmutzer’s 36.1 hours and Ram’s 27 hours are reasonable for the same reasons as the
hours expended by Ali.
Reasonable Costs
The defendant concedes that the categories of expenditures for which the plaintiff seeks
costs are appropriate but asserts that a reduction of 30% is appropriate based on the plaintiff’s
limited success, relying on “Anderson v. City of N.Y., 132 F. Supp. 2d 239, 247 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)
(applying a 40% across the board reduction to plaintiff’s claimed costs for computerized
research).” The defendant’s reliance on Anderson is misplaced because the plaintiff does not
seek costs for computerized research. The defendant does not assert that any costs are excessive
or unreasonable. The Court finds that $2,562.45 in costs incurred by Padilla and $1,425.59 in
costs incurred by Ali are reasonable.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the plaintiff’s motion for attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1988, Docket Entry No. 141, is granted and the following attorney’s fees and costs
are found to be reasonable:
42
Case 1:16-cv-08080-JGK-KNF Document 175 Filed 08/24/21 Page 43 of 43
Alexis G. Padilla
David Zelman
Amir H. Ali
David Schmutzer
Meghan Ram
TOTAL
Rate
$450
$550
$525
$150
$250
Hours
351.9
94
323.1
36.1
27
Attorney’s Fees
$158,355
$51,700
$169,627.5
$5,415
$6,750
Dated: New York, New York
August 24, 2021
Costs
$2,562.45
$1,425.59
SO ORDERED:
43
Total
$160,917.45
$51,700
$171,053.09
$5,415
$6,750
$395,835.54
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