Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. 390 Park Avenue Associates, LLC et al
Filing
53
OPINION AND ORDER re: 28 MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction . filed by 390 Park Avenue Associates, LLC, Aby J. Rosen, Michael Fuchs, 48 LETTER MOTION for Oral Argument with respect to the Defendants' pending m otions addressed to Judge Lorna G. Schofield from Janice Mac Avoy dated March 24, 2017. filed by 390 Park Avenue Associates, LLC, Aby J. Rosen, Michael Fuchs. For the foregoing reasons, Defendant 390 Park Avenue Associates LLC's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is DENIED, and its motion for oral argument is DENIED as moot. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close the motions at Docket Nos. 28 and 48. (Signed by Judge Lorna G. Schofield on 6/21/2017) (kgo)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
------------------------------------------------------------ X
:
:
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,
:
Plaintiff,
:
:
-against:
390 PARK AVENUE ASSOCIATES , LLC, et :
:
al.,
Defendants. :
------------------------------------------------------------ X
6/21/2017
16 Civ. 9112 (LGS)
OPINION AND ORDER
LORNA G. SCHOFIELD, District Judge:
Plaintiff Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), as Trustee for a commercial mortgagebacked security trust, brings this action “by and through” its Special Servicer CWCapital Asset
Management LLC (“CWCapital”) to foreclose a commercial mortgage loan. Defendant 390
Park Avenue Associates, LLC (“390 Park”) moves to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. For the reasons stated
below, 390 Park’s motion is denied.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the Complaint and documents submitted on this
motion. The facts are construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. See McGowan v. United
States, 825 F.3d 118, 125 (2d Cir. 2016).
On March 9, 2005, 390 Park entered into a Note and Loan Agreement evidencing a $110
million loan from Column Financial, Inc. (the “Original Lender”). On the same day, 390 Park
and the Original Lender entered into several other agreements to secure the loan, including a
mortgage agreement granting the Original Lender a first priority lien on certain real property
commonly known as The Lever Building located at 390 Park Avenue; a guaranty agreement; and
an assignment of leases and rents (collectively with the Note and Loan Agreement, the “Loan
Documents”). Effective May 26, 2005, the Original Lender assigned “all the right, title and
interest” in the Loan Documents to Plaintiff as Trustee for Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage
Securities Corp., Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-C2 (the
“Trust”).
The Trust is referred to generally as a commercial mortgage-backed securities trust.
More precisely, it is a New York common law trust designated as a real estate mortgage
investment conduit (“REMIC”) for federal income tax purposes. The “Trust Fund” consists of
commercial and multifamily loans, including the loan to 390 Park. The beneficiaries of the Trust
are the “Certificateholders.”
The Trust is governed by a Pooling and Servicing Agreement (“PSA”), which divides
responsibility for the management of the Trust among three parties -- the Trustee, the Master
Servicer and the Special Servicer. The Trustee is charged with “hold[ing] the Trust Fund in trust
for the exclusive use and benefit of all present and future Certificateholders.” Any transfer of
mortgage loans to the Trustee for inclusion in the Trust Fund is “absolute” and “intended by the
parties to constitute a sale.” The Trustee “may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or
perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys,” including, in
the event a default occurs, the commencement of legal proceedings. The Special Servicer is
generally responsible for administration of defaulted loans and is specifically authorized “to
foreclose upon or otherwise comparably convert . . . the ownership of any property securing such
Loans.” Before initiating a foreclosure action, however, the Special Servicer must obtain the
consent of the “Directing Certificateholder.”
The PSA also limits the control Certificateholders may exercise over the Trust. Subject
to certain exceptions, Certificateholders do not have a right to vote or otherwise control the
2
operation or management of the Trust Fund. Additionally, Certificateholders may not take legal
action with respect to any loan held in the Trust Fund unless a specified percentage of
Certificateholders have made written demand on the Trustee and the Trustee has refused to file
suit in its own name.
390 Park defaulted on its loan by failing to pay the full amount due on or before the
maturity date, which was March 11, 2015. On March 19, 2015, counsel for CWCapital, acting
“on behalf of the Trust,” sent a default notice to 390 Park demanding payment of the outstanding
amounts due under the Loan Documents. On November 22, 2016, Wells Fargo commenced this
action in its own name as Trustee, by and through CWCapital, its Special Servicer. The
Complaint alleges that subject matter jurisdiction exists pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) in that
this action is between citizens of different states -- Wells Fargo is a citizen of South Dakota,
while none of the defendants1 is -- and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.
STANDARD
In deciding motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), a court accepts as true all factual
allegations in the complaint and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.
McGowan, 825 F.3d at 125. The plaintiff has the burden of showing by a preponderance of the
evidence that subject matter jurisdiction exists. Id. “When subject matter jurisdiction is
challenged, we are free to consider materials extrinsic to the complaint.” Moser v. Pollin, 294
F.3d 335, 339 (2d Cir. 2002); accord Devi v. Silva, 861 F. Supp. 2d 135, 143–44 (S.D.N.Y.
2012) (citing Moser).
1
In addition to 390 Park, the Complaint names as defendants eight entities that have mechanic’s
liens or other claims on the property.
3
DISCUSSION
390 Park’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is denied. Wells
Fargo, as Trustee, is a real and substantial party to the controversy, and therefore its citizenship
is used to assess diversity jurisdiction. Because the Complaint adequately alleges diversity of
citizenship between Plaintiff and all Defendants and the amount in controversy requirement is
met, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).
Diversity jurisdiction exists where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and is
between “citizens of different States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). The diversity of citizenship must
be “complete” in the sense that “all plaintiffs must be citizens of states diverse from those of all
defendants.” Pa. Pub. Sch. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. Morgan Stanley & Co., 772 F.3d 111, 118 (2d
Cir. 2014).
The Complaint alleges, and 390 Park does not dispute, that the amount in controversy
here exceeds $75,000. 390 Park also does not dispute that there is complete diversity of
citizenship between Wells Fargo, the nominal plaintiff here, and all Defendants. The issue is
whether it is Wells Fargo’s citizenship that determines diversity where, as here, it is suing “as
Trustee” and “by and through its Special Servicer.”
“[T]he ‘citizens’ upon whose diversity a plaintiff grounds jurisdiction must be real and
substantial parties to the controversy.” Navarro Sav. Ass’n v. Lee, 446 U.S. 458, 460 (1980);
accord Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Kentucky, 704 F.3d 208, 218 (2d Cir. 2013). “[A] trustee is a real
party to the controversy for purposes of diversity jurisdiction when he possesses certain
customary powers to hold, manage, and dispose of assets for the benefit of others.” Navarro,
446 U.S. at 464. In Navarro, the Supreme Court found the trustee possessed those customary
powers based on its authority under the declaration of trust “to take legal title to trust assets, to
4
invest those assets for the benefit of the shareholders, and to sue and be sued in their capacity as
trustees.” Id.
Here, the PSA grants the Trustee substantially the same powers that the trustee in
Navarro had. The PSA provides that the transfer of loans to the Trustee is “absolute” and
conveys “all the right, title and interest” in the loans; that the Trustee shall “hold the Trust Fund
in trust for the exclusive use and benefit of all present and future Certificateholders”; and that the
Trustee may sue to enforce payment or performance on the loans. The Trustee -- Wells Fargo -therefore is a “real and substantial” party to the controversy and its citizenship is considered for
purposes of assessing diversity jurisdiction. See Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Tr. v. Konover, No. 05
Civ. 1924, 2009 WL 2710229, at *3 (D. Conn. Aug. 21, 2009) (Droney, J.) (holding that Wells
Fargo, as trustee, was the real and substantial party to the controversy because the PSA granted it
the customary powers described in Navarro), aff’d sub nom. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Konover
Dev. Corp., 630 F. App’x 46 (2d Cir. 2015); see also U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n v. Nesbitt Bellevue
Prop. LLC, 859 F. Supp. 2d 602, 607–08 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (same as to U.S. Bank as trustee); U.S.
Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. UBS Real Estate Sec. Inc., 205 F. Supp. 3d 386, 409–10 (S.D.N.Y. 2016)
(same).
“[W]hen a trustee files a lawsuit in her name, her jurisdictional citizenship is the State to
which she belongs . . . .” Americold Realty Trust v. Conagra Foods, Inc., 136 S. Ct. 1012, 1016
(2016) (citing Navarro, 446 U.S. at 465); cf. also Raymond Loubier Irrevocable Trust v. Loubier,
--- F.3d ----, 15-802-CV, 2017 WL 2366498, at *7, *10 (2d Cir. June 1, 2017) (quoting
Americold and holding that the citizenship of a traditional trust, which can be sued only in the
name of its trustee, is the citizenship of the trustee). Wells Fargo is a citizen of South Dakota.
The Complaint alleges that none of the defendants is a citizen of South Dakota. Accordingly, the
5
Complaint adequately alleges that complete diversity exists and the Court has subject matter
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).
390 Park’s arguments for considering the citizenship of CWCapital, as the Special
Servicer, or the Certificateholders, as the beneficiaries of the trust, are unpersuasive. That this
action is brought “by and through” CWCapital as the Special Servicer does not undermine the
conclusion that the Trustee is a real and substantial party. See Konover, 2009 WL 2710229, at
*4 (“[D]elegation to a servicer is not relevant [to the real and substantial party inquiry] because,
in so delegating, the Trustee does not relinquish the powers it holds as Trustee.”). Nor is
CWCapital an additional real and substantial party for purposes of assessing diversity. In
considering whether a plaintiff is a real and substantial party,
a crucial distinction must be made between a plaintiff who sues solely in his
capacity as an agent, on the one hand, and, on the other, a plaintiff who sues not
only as an agent, but also as an individual who has his own stake in the
litigation. . . . [W]here a plaintiff brings a suit solely in his representative
capacity, the citizenship of the represented party, and not that of the
representative, controls.
Oscar Gruss & Son, Inc. v. Hollander, 337 F.3d 186, 194 (2d Cir. 2003). Here, the PSA dictates
CWCapital’s role in this action, which is to represent the Trustee, the real party in interest, in
certain dealings related to the loans held by the Trustee. CWCapital has no other stake in the
litigation, notwithstanding its option under the PSA to acquire defaulted loans if certain
conditions are met, and thus does not qualify as a real and substantial party. See Nesbitt, 859 F.
Supp. 2d at 609 (the special servicer “does not have ‘its own stake in the litigation’ apart from its
duties under the PSA”).
The citizenship of the Certificateholders also is irrelevant to the diversity assessment.
The Supreme Court in Navarro held that the citizenship of the plaintiff trustees, and not that of
the trust’s beneficiaries, determines whether diversity exists -- at least where the plaintiffs are
6
“active trustees” who exercise certain customary powers and not “naked trustees” who “act as
‘mere conduits’ for a remedy flowing to others.” 446 U.S. at 464–65. The Second Circuit also
recently held that “traditional common law trusts” cannot sue or be sued except through their
trustees, and “[t]hus it is the trustees’ citizenship that must determine diversity, not the
citizenship of trust beneficiaries.” Loubier, 2017 WL 2366498, at *9–10. Here, the Trust is a
New York common law trust, and as explained above, Plaintiff exercises the customary powers
described in Navarro, including the power to sue to enforce the loans. Although 390 Park notes
that the PSA imposes a limitation on that particular power -- the Directing Certificateholder must
give consent before a foreclosure action is initiated -- the Trustee nonetheless has the power to
bring suit in its name on behalf of the trust. Additionally, the plaintiff trustees in Navarro were
not without limitations; the declaration of trust in that case gave the beneficiaries “substantial
control over the actions of [the] trustees.” 446 U.S. at 469 (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
Finally, 390 Park’s allegation that Wells Fargo and CWCapital colluded to establish
diversity jurisdiction is irrelevant for several reasons. First, Loubier held that a traditional trust
can sue only through its trustee, 2017 WL 2366498, at *10, so naming the trustee as the plaintiff
cannot be considered a product of collusion. Second, including CWCapital in the diversity
analysis would not change the outcome because, as explained above, CWCapital is acting solely
in a representative capacity here. See Oscar Gruss, 337 F.3d at 194 (“[W]here a plaintiff brings
a suit solely in his representative capacity, the citizenship of the represented party, and not that of
the representative, controls.”). Third, because Wells Fargo is a real and substantial party to the
controversy and has authority under the PSA to control the litigation, a strategic choice to name
Wells Fargo as the plaintiff instead of CWCapital would not be collusive. See id. at 195
(“Where multiple parties all have a financial interest in a lawsuit, a strategic choice of parties in
7
order to maintain diversity is not considered to be collusive so long as the party chosen to bring
the suit is in fact the master of the litigation.”). Accord Nesbitt, 859 F. Supp. 2d at 609
(concluding that alleged collusion between trustee and special servicer was irrelevant to diversity
analysis).
The Complaint adequately alleges diversity of citizenship between Plaintiff Wells
Fargo -- the real and substantial party to the controversy -- and Defendants. The Court therefore
has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant 390 Park Avenue Associates LLC’s motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is DENIED, and its motion for oral argument is
DENIED as moot.
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close the motions at Docket Nos. 28 and 48.
Dated: June 21, 2017
New York, New York
8
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?