Republic of Turkey v. Christie's Inc. et al
Filing
142
OPINION AND ORDER re: 136 LETTER MOTION to Compel Republic of Turkey to produce documents and amend discovery answers: For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants' motion, as set forth below: 1. Th e Court DENIES Defendants' motion to compel the Republic to provide amended responses to the RFAs. 2. The Court GRANTS Defendants' motion to compel Ms. Boz to testify at deposition regarding the Bowling Green settlement, which testimony sha ll be provided within thirty days of the date of this Order. 3. The Court GRANTS IN PART Defendants' motion to compel the production of documents. The Republic shall produce the documents set forth below, within thirty days of the date of this O rder: (a) Requests to museums from the Directorate General for Museums and Cultural Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit for any other information or documents pertaining to Kiliya-type idols, and museums' responses to those re quests, dated 1989 or later. (b) Instructions to the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit employees to research, investigate, or otherwise track museums or collections abroad for antiquities of Anatolian origin, dated 1989 or later. (c) Electronic comm unications from Ozgen Acar to the Ministry of Culture and/or Directorate General for Museums and Cultural Property regarding antiquities of Anatolian origin abroad, dated 1989 or later (d) Documents referenced by Dr. Zoroglu at his deposition regardi ng any emailed or hard copy instructions sent from the Director General's office to Directorate General employees in the Anti-Smuggling Unit to investigate particular collections in or after 1989. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate only the pending Letter-Motion at ECF No. 136, and not the pending motions at ECF Nos. 114 and 124. (Signed by Magistrate Judge Stewart D. Aaron on 8/20/2018) (jwh)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Republic of Turkey,
08/20/2018
Plaintiff,
-against-
1:17-cv-03086 (AJN) (SDA)
OPINION AND ORDER
Christie’s, Inc., et al.,
Defendants.
STEWART D. AARON, United States Magistrate Judge:
Before the Court is a Letter Motion (ECF No. 136) by the defendants, Christie’s, Inc.
(“Christie’s”) and Michael Steinhardt (“Steinhardt”) (collectively, the “Defendants”), seeking to
compel Plaintiff, the Republic of Turkey (the “Republic” or “Plaintiff”), to provide amended
answers to Defendants’ requests for admissions (“RFAs”), to provide additional deposition
testimony and to produce documents. For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS IN PART and
DENIES IN PART Defendants’ Letter Motion.
BACKGROUND
I.
Claims And Counterclaims Asserted In Lawsuit
This is an action by the Republic to recover an Anatolian Kiliya-Type Idol (the “Idol”), an
extremely rare artifact currently in the possession of Christie’s, which the Republic contends was
illicitly removed from the Republic. (Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 1-3.) This action was commenced on
April 27, 2017 in advance of a planned sale of the Idol at an auction to be held by Christie’s on
April 28, 2017. (Id. ¶ 3.) The Republic seeks a declaration that all right, title and interest in and to
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the Idol is vested in the Republic, and also asserts claims against Defendants for replevin and
conversion. (Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 65, ¶¶ 37-53.)
Defendants assert three counterclaims against the Republic. Count I of the Amended
Counterclaims is brought by Steinhardt and seeks a declaration that Steinhardt is the rightful
owner of the Idol and thus is entitled to immediate possession of the Idol. (Am. Countercls., ECF
No. 122, ¶¶ 45-49.) Counts II and III of the Amended Counterclaims, which are brought by both
Defendants, assert claims for tortious interference with contract and, in the alternative, tortious
interference with prospective economic advantage. (Id. ¶¶ 50-77.)
II.
Dispute Regarding RFAs
On October 22, 2017, Defendants served 145 RFAs on the Republic. (See ECF 137-1.) On
January 5, 2018, the Republic served its responses and objections to the RFAs. (See ECF 136-1.) A
meet-and-confer was held by the parties on May 23, 2018 with respect to the RFAs. On August
9, 2018, Defendants moved to compel amended answers to the RFAs. (See 8/9/18 Letter Mot.,
ECF No. 136.) Defendants assert that the Republic has made “hypertechnical” objections to
certain definitions. (Id. at 1.)
The Republic opposes the Defendants’ motion regarding the RFAs. (Pl. 8/14/18 Letter
Resp., ECF No. 137.) The Republic asserts that it fairly responded to the substance of the requests
and that many of the terms used in the RFAs were vague and ambiguous. (Id. at 1-2.) 1
1
There were two other RFA-related issues raised in Defendants’ Letter Motion with respect to the
Republic’s Letter Motion that will not be addressed in this Opinion and Order, since one is a non-issue and
the other has been resolved, as confirmed during oral argument today. First, Defendants assert that
twenty-four identified responses to RFAs were answered “on information and belief” without stating that
a reasonable inquiry was conducted. (8/9/18 Letter Motion at 1.) However, many of those responses
identified by Defendants do not state that they were made “on information and belief.” Moreover, the
remaining RFA responses (to RFAs 120, 121, 143 & 145) state that a reasonable inquiry was conducted.
2
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III.
Dispute Regarding Deposition Testimony
During her deposition, Zeynep Boz, a witness on behalf of the Republic, refused to answer
questions regarding settlement negotiations between the Republic and Bowling Green State
University (“Bowling Green”) for the return of a Roman mosaic. (8/9/18 Letter Mot. at 3.) On
August 1, 2018, the parties met and conferred about Ms. Boz’s refusal to answer, but no
resolution was reached. (Id.) Defendants now move to compel Ms. Boz to testify about the
Bowling Green settlement negotiations.
The Republic opposes the motion. It states that a settlement protocol with Bowling Green
has been reached, but that the settlement has not been concluded. (Pl. 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at
2.) The Republic argues that it “should not be forced to put that settlement in jeopardy by
revealing confidential communications of the parties.” (Id.) The Republic has offered to provide
information about the settlement once it has closed. (Id.)
IV.
Dispute Regarding Document Requests
There are disputes as to five requests made by Defendants to the Republic for the
production of documents, which disputes were not resolved during meet-and-confer sessions on
May 4 and August 1, 2018, as follows:
1.
“Written instructions to Manisa Museum officials from the Directorate General
for Museums and Cultural Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit regarding
witness interviews in Kulaksizlar and files to be searched, dated 1989 or later.” 2
(See RFA Answers, ECF No. 136-1, at 38, 46.) Thus, there is no dispute as to the identified RFAs. Second,
the Republic had objected to certain RFAs where Defendants failed to provide the document that was the
subject of the RFA or provide its Bates number. On July 20, 2018, Bates numbers were provided by the
Defendants, and the Republic has agreed to serve amended answers to the RFAs where answers were not
already supplied, thus resolving this issue.
2
Defendants assert that the year 1989 was chosen as a start date since that was the year that an article
was published in a leading Turkish newspaper regarding the Idol. (Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter at 2.)
3
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As to this request, the Republic asserts that the “written instructions were derived from
counsel’s instructions for collecting documents for the case,” and therefore that they are
protected by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter
Resp. at 3.) In reply, Defendants argue that “the witness statements are highly suspect” and that
the Defendants “need to understand the background of those statements and other recently
created documents . . . .” (Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter Reply, ECF No. 138, at 2.)
2.
“Requests to museums from the Directorate General for Museums and Cultural
Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit for any other information or documents
pertaining to Kiliya-type idols, and museums’ responses to those requests, dated 1989 or later.”
The Republic asserts that this request is overbroad, unduly burdensome and not
proportional to the needs of the case. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at 3.) In reply, Defendants argue
that “this is a basic request well within the expected scope of discovery.” (Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter
at 3.)
3.
“Instructions to the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit employees to research,
investigate, or otherwise track museums or collections abroad for antiquities of Anatolian origin,
dated 1989 or later.”
The Republic objects to this request on the grounds that it is overbroad, unduly
burdensome and not proportional to the needs of the case. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at 3.) In
reply, Defendants argue that this request is relevant to the Republic’s diligence, which is a “highly
contested issue in this case.” (See Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter Reply at 3.)
4.
“Both electronic and paper communications from Özgen Açar to the Ministry of
Culture and/or Directorate General for Museums and Cultural Property regarding antiquities of
Anatolian origin abroad, dated 1989 or later.”
In objection to this request, the Republic states that “[t]he Ministry of Culture does not
maintain separate files relating to journal articles or communications with journalists. Plaintiff
4
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has already produced all such non-privileged communications and articles in the Ministry files
relating to the Idol at issue in this case. The Republic would have to search all of the files of the
Ministry and of the Directorate in order to respond to this request.” (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp.
at 3 (emphasis in original).) In reply, the Defendants do not address the burden that would be
imposed upon the Republic to comply with this request, but simply argue about the relevance of
the documents sought. (See Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter Reply at 3.)
5.
“Documents referenced by Dr. Zoroglu at his deposition . . . regarding any emailed
or hard copy instructions sent from the Director General’s office to Directorate General
employees in the Anti-Smuggling Unit to investigate particular collections over the past 50 years.”
The Republic argues that this request is overbroad, unduly burdensome and not
proportional to the needs of the case. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at 3.) In reply, Defendants argue
that these instructions are relevant to the Republic’s diligence, and should be produced. (See Def.
8/15/18 Letter Reply at 3.)
Oral argument with respect to all the discovery disputes was held by telephone on August
20, 2018.
DISCUSSION
I.
Legal Standards
A.
Scope Of Discovery Generally
Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure defines the scope of permissible discovery
as follows: “Unless otherwise limited by court order . . .: [p]arties may obtain discovery regarding
any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the
needs of the case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in
controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the
5
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importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the
proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). “A district court has
broad latitude to determine the scope of discovery and to manage the discovery process.” EM
Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 695 F.3d 201, 207 (2d Cir. 2012) (citing In re Agent Orange Prod.
Liab. Litig., 517 F.3d 76, 103 (2d Cir. 2008)).
B.
Requests For Admission
Requests for admission are governed by Rule 36 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
which provides in relevant part as follows: “A party may serve on any other party a written
request to admit, for purposes of the pending action only, the truth of any matters within the
scope of Rule 26(b)(1) relating to: (A) facts, the application of law to fact, or opinions about either;
and (B) the genuineness of any described documents.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a)(1).
Rule 36 is unique among the rules of procedure that govern discovery in federal court.
“While the basic purpose of discovery is to elicit facts and information and to obtain production
of documents, Rule 36 was not designed for this purpose. Instead, requests for admission are
used to establish admission of facts about which there is no real dispute.” 7 Moore's Federal
Practice § 36.02[1] (3d ed. 2013) (footnote omitted). Stated differently, Rule 36 “is intended to
expedite the trial and to relieve the parties of the cost of proving facts that will not be disputed
at trial, the truth of which is known to the parties or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.”
8B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2252 (3d ed. 2006)
(footnote omitted); see also Perez v. Miami-Dade County, 297 F.3d 1255, 1264 (11th Cir. 2002)
(citing Wright & Miller § 2252). It has been recognized that Rule 36 can be misused. See Wright
& Miller § 2252. For example, where requests for admission are not designed to identify and
6
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eliminate matters on which the parties agree, but to seek information as to fundamental
disagreement at the heart of the lawsuit, or are unduly burdensome, a court may excuse a party
from responding to the requests. See, e.g., Tamas v. Family Video Movie Club, Inc., 301 F.R.D.
346, 347-48 (N.D. Ill. 2014).
Under Rule 36, in responding to a request for admission, the answering party may admit
or deny a request or “state in detail why the answering party cannot truthfully admit or deny it.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a)(4). The rule also provides that the “answering party may assert lack of
knowledge or information as a reason for failing to admit or deny only if the party states that it
has made reasonable inquiry and that the information it knows or can readily obtain is insufficient
to enable it to admit or deny.” Id.
An answering party also is entitled to assert objections to requests for admission. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 36(a)(5). An objection may “be based on vagueness, that is, the respondent cannot answer
because the meaning of the request is uncertain.” 7 Moore's Federal Practice § 36.11[5][c]; see
also Erie Ins. Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Johnson, 272 F.R.D. 177, 185 (S.D. W. Va. 2010) (objection that
request was vague in its use of the term “insureds” was proper).
A party serving a request for admission may move to determine the sufficiency of an
answer or objection. “Unless the court finds an objection justified, it must order that an answer
be served. On finding that an answer does not comply with this rule, the court may order either
that the matter is admitted or that an amended answer be served.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a)(6).
C.
Discovery Of Settlement Negotiations
Rule 408 of the Federal Rules of Evidence limits the introduction at trial of evidence
regarding settlement negotiations in light of the strong “public policy favoring the compromise
7
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and settlement of disputes.” Fed. R. Evid. 408 advisory committee’s note (citations omitted).
However, Rule 408 does not apply to discovery. Small v. Nobel Biocare USA, LLC, 808 F. Supp. 2d
584, 586 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (citations omitted). Discovery of settlement-related information is
governed by Rule 26, and the burden of demonstrating relevance is on the party seeking
discovery. Id. at 587 (citation omitted); see also State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Fayda, No. 14CV-9792 (WHP) (JCF), 2015 WL 7871037, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2015), aff'd, 2016 WL 4530890
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2016) (confirming that the burden of demonstrating relevance remains on the
party seeking discovery even after 2015 amendments to Rule 26).
II.
Application
A.
Defendants’ Motion To Compel Amended Responses To RFAs
The Court denies Defendants’ motion to compel amended responses to RFAs on two
grounds. First, before stating its objections to each of the RFAs at issue, the Republic denies each
of the RFAs. As such, no amended responses are needed. See Bernstein v. Principal Life Ins. Co.,
No. 09-CV-4925 (CM) (HBP), 2010 WL 4922093, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2010) (plaintiffs “have
denied each of the requests in this group;” “[a]lthough defendant may disagree with these
responses, that disagreement does not render the responses inadequate”). Second, the Court
finds that the RFAs in dispute are not consonant with the purpose of Rule 36. The RFAs do not
seek to establish admission of facts about which there is no real dispute. Rather, they seek
information as to fundamental disagreement at the heart of the lawsuit. See Wright & Miller §
2252; Tamas, 301 F.R.D. at 347. There are discovery devices that can be used to obtain
information regarding the disputed issues, e.g., depositions and requests for production of
documents.
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In addition, the Court addresses below certain objections to the RFAs that it finds to be
well founded:
In RFAs 18, 19 and 28, Defendants ask for admissions as to what “Turkey” saw, was aware
of or alerted to. (See Defs.’ Req. for Admissions, ECF 137-1, at 4.) “Turkey” is defined as “the
Republic of Turkey.” (Id. at 2.) The Republic objects to each of these RFAs on the ground that the
term “Turkey” is vague and ambiguous. (Pl.’s Resps. & Objs., ECF No. 136-1, at 9, 11.) The Court
agrees that in context, the term “Turkey” is vague. As the Republic notes in its opposition,
“Turkey” may be understood to include all employees, officials and agents of the Republic. (Pl.’s
8/14/18 Letter Resp. at 1.)
RFAs 59 and 96 refer to “research” of Jürgen Seeher (“Seeher”). (Defs.’ Req. for
Admissions at 7, 9.) “Research” is not a defined term. The Court agrees that in context, the term
“research” is vague. As the Republic notes in its opposition, Seeher’s “research” could include all
investigations, studies or analyses by this scholar on any subject. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at
1.) 3
B.
Defendants’ Motion To Compel Testimony Regarding Settlement Negotiations
As discussed above, Ms. Boz testified at deposition on behalf of the Republic regarding
settlement negotiations with Bowling Green. During oral argument, the Republic stated that it
may rely upon the facts associated with the Bowling Green settlement in order to establish the
Republic’s diligence. As such, information regarding the settlement plainly is relevant to the
issues in this case. Thus, the discovery requested regarding the Bowling Green settlement—i.e.,
3
The objection to the term “research” in RFA 60 is not well founded since that RFA is limited to Seeher’s
“research on Kiliya-type idols.” (Defs.’ Req. for Admissions at 4.) Nevertheless, inasmuch as the Republic
already has denied RFA 60, no amended response is required.
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deposition testimony by Ms. Boz—is appropriate, see Small, 808 F. Supp. 2d at 586, and shall be
provided. The confidentiality concerns expressed by the Republic can be addressed by the
Republic designating the relevant testimony by Ms. Boz as confidential pursuant to the terms of
the Stipulated Protective Order entered in this case. (See ECF No. 78.)
C.
Defendants’ Motion To Compel Production Of Documents
With respect to document discovery, the Court is mindful of an earlier ruling in this case.
As Judge Nathan held with respect to the Republic when it was seeking discovery, the Defendants
have “the right to use reasonable avenues of discovery to attempt to build” their case. See
Republic of Turkey v. Christie’s, Inc., No. 17-CV-3086 (AJN), 2017 WL 3206334, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July
26, 2017). Against that backdrop, the Court addresses each of the document requests at issue
separately, as follows:
1.
“Written instructions to Manisa Museum officials from the Directorate General
for Museums and Cultural Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit regarding
witness interviews in Kulaksizlar and files to be searched, dated 1989 or later.”
The Court finds that the attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine protect the
instructions that were given by or on behalf of counsel regarding witness interviews in Kulaksizlar
and files to be searched. See In re Gen. Motors LLC Ignition Switch Litig., 80 F. Supp. 3d 521, 53031 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine protected
communications and materials regarding witness interviews). To the extent that Defendants
believe that the witness statements provided are “highly suspect” (Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter Reply at
2), Defendants are free to inquire during depositions about how the witness statements were
prepared and the contents of the witness statements themselves. Thus, the Court denies
Defendants’ motion to compel documents in response to this request.
10
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2.
“Requests to museums from the Directorate General for Museums and Cultural
Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit for any other information or documents
pertaining to Kiliya-type idols, and museums’ responses to those requests, dated 1989 or later.”
3.
“Instructions to the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit employees to research,
investigate, or otherwise track museums or collections abroad for antiquities of Anatolian origin,
dated 1989 or later.”
The Court finds that the documents sought by the above two requests are important for
Defendants to obtain, as they relate to the Republic’s diligence, and are proportional to the needs
of the case. Moreover, the Court finds the temporal scope of this request to be reasonable given
the fact that in 1989 an article was published in a leading Turkish newspaper regarding the Idol.
(See Defs.’ 8/15/18 Letter Reply at 2.) Thus, the Court grants Defendants’ motion to compel
production of documents in response to these requests. The Republic shall conduct a reasonable
search for responsive hard copy documents in locations where those documents are likely to be
found. With respect to electronic documents, the parties shall meet and confer within seven days
of the date of this Order as to appropriate search terms and custodians.
4.
“Both electronic and paper communications from Özgen Açar to the Ministry of
Culture and/or Directorate General for Museums and Cultural Property regarding antiquities of
Anatolian origin abroad, dated 1989 or later.”
In objection to this request, the Republic makes particularized statements regarding the
burden of complying with this request regarding hard copy documents. The Republic states that
separate files are not maintained relating to journal articles or communications with journalists,
and that the Republic would need to search all of the files of the Ministry and the Directorate in
order to respond to this request. (Pl.’s 8/14/18 Letter Resp. at 3.) In the circumstances, the Court
finds that this request, insofar as it relates to hard copy documents, is not proportional to the
11
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needs of the case. Thus, the Court denies Defendants’ motion to compel the production of hard
copy documents in response to this request.
With respect to electronic communications that are responsive to this request, the parties
shall meet and confer within seven days of the date of this Order with respect to appropriate
custodians and then search those custodians’ electronic files for communications containing the
terms “Açar” and “Anatolia*”.
5.
“Documents referenced by Dr. Zoroglu at his deposition . . . regarding any emailed
or hard copy instructions sent from the Director General’s office to Directorate General
employees in the Anti-Smuggling Unit to investigate particular collections over the past 50 years.”
The Court finds that the documents sought by this request are important for the
Defendants to obtain, as they relate to the Republic’s diligence. However, due to proportionality
concerns, the Court will narrow this request to the period 1989 to the present. Thus, the Court
grants Defendants’ motion to compel production of documents in response to this request as
modified. The Republic shall conduct a reasonable search for responsive hard copy documents in
locations where those documents are likely to be found. With respect to electronic documents,
the parties shall meet and confer within seven days of the date of this Order as to appropriate
search terms and custodians.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants’
motion, as set forth below:
1.
The Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to compel the Republic to provide amended
responses to the RFAs.
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2.
The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to compel Ms. Boz to testify at deposition
regarding the Bowling Green settlement, which testimony shall be provided within thirty days of
the date of this Order.
3.
The Court GRANTS IN PART Defendants’ motion to compel the production of documents.
The Republic shall produce the documents set forth below, within thirty days of the date of this
Order:
(a) Requests to museums from the Directorate General for Museums and Cultural
Property and/or the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit for any other information or
documents pertaining to Kiliya-type idols, and museums’ responses to those requests,
dated 1989 or later.
(b) Instructions to the Combating Illicit Trafficking Unit employees to research,
investigate, or otherwise track museums or collections abroad for antiquities of
Anatolian origin, dated 1989 or later.
(c) Electronic communications from Özgen Açar to the Ministry of Culture and/or
Directorate General for Museums and Cultural Property regarding antiquities of
Anatolian origin abroad, dated 1989 or later
(d) Documents referenced by Dr. Zoroglu at his deposition regarding any emailed or hard
copy instructions sent from the Director General’s office to Directorate General
employees in the Anti-Smuggling Unit to investigate particular collections in or after
1989.
The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate only the pending Letter-Motion at ECF No. 136,
and not the pending motions at ECF Nos. 114 and 124.
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SO ORDERED.
Dated: New York, New York
August 20, 2018
________________________________
STEWART D. AARON
United States Magistrate Judge
14
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