Jones v. Beth Isreal Hospital

Filing 35

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER re: 18 MOTION to Dismiss . filed by Beth Isreal Hospital. For the reasons stated above, Defendant's motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Plaintiff's Section 1983 claims are dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff's Section 1981 claim is dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff's EMTALA claim survives. Plaintiff's NYSHRL claim is dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff's other state law claims survive. Pl aintiff is granted leave to replead his Section 1981 and NYSHRL claims no later than 30 days following the date of this order. Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint will replace, not supplement, the original complaint. The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962). The Cour t requests that counsel for Defendant provide Plaintiff with copies of unpublished cases cited in this decision pursuant to Local Rule of the United States District Courts for the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York 7.2. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motion pending at Dkt. No. 18 and to mail a copy of this opinion to Plaintiff by certified mail. SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge Gregory H. Woods on 4/11/2018) (rj)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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MICHAEL J. JONES, JR.,
:
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Plaintiff,
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-v :
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BETH ISRAEL HOSPITAL,
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Defendant.
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USDC SDNY
DOCUMENT
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
DOC #: _________________
DATE FILED: 4/12/18

1:17-cv-3445-GHW
MEMORANDUM OPINION
AND ORDER

GREGORY H. WOODS, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff Michael Jones, Jr. is currently incarcerated for assaulting three New York City Police
Department (“N.Y.P.D.”) officers in the spring of 2017. Months after the assault, Mr. Jones
asserted that in the crucial hours leading up to his altercation with the police, he was neglected and
discriminated against by employees in the Emergency Room of Defendant Beth Israel Hospital, and
that this mistreatment was the catalyst for the violence that subsequently resulted. He alleges that
the medical services he received were inadequate and wholly failed to address the mental health
difficulties he was experiencing and that he explained to his attending doctors. Because of this poor
treatment for his mental health, and the unjust discrimination he experienced due to his race and
perceived financial status, Plaintiff attempted to end his life that day by provoking the police. After
his failed suicide attempt and incarceration, Plaintiff has filed this action pro se, bringing claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”), 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (“Section 1981”), the Emergency Medical
Treatment and Active Labor Act (“EMTALA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd, and New York state law
against Defendant. Defendant has moved to dismiss the complaint. Because Beth Israel Hospital is
not a “state actor,” Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims against Defendant are dismissed. Plaintiff’s
Section 1981 claim is also dismissed. Plaintiff plausibly pleads a claim under the EMTALA,
however, and will have the opportunity to litigate that claim.

I.

BACKGROUND1
Between March 6 and 7, 2017, Plaintiff was admitted to the Emergency Room at Beth Israel

Hospital for treatment after a Metropolitan Transportation Authority (“MTA”) worker threw hot
coffee in his face. Complaint, ECF No. 1, ¶¶ II.C-D. Plaintiff informed the doctor treating him for
his physical injury that he was also suffering from suicidal and homicidal tendencies. Compl. ¶ II.D.
Plaintiff has been on psychiatric medication since 2005 and was “in and out of the psych wards” of
other New York City hospitals, including Bellevue, Harlem Hospital, and Woodhull Hospital, for
months leading up to Plaintiff’s presentment at Beth Israel. Pl.’s Letter in Opposition to Mot. to
Dismiss, ECF No. 27 (“Pl.’s Opp.”) at ¶ 3, 5. In the emergency room, Plaintiff described his
personal circumstances to his attending physician—his kids were taken from him by the
Administration for Children’s Services (“ACS”), his younger brother had been murdered, and his
wife was using drugs and cheating on him. Id. ¶ 5. As Plaintiff explained, he “had no real reason to
live.” Id.
Despite this information, the unidentified doctor discharged Plaintiff and subsequently sent
another person to speak with him about “why and how [he] was feeling.” Compl. ¶ II.D. Because
Plaintiff was discharged “without medical treatment for [his] mental state,” it became his “goal to
hurt a police officer [and] [he] wanted to commit suicide by a N.Y.P.D. [officer] that day.” Id.
Plaintiff acted on this plan after being “force[d] out of the hospital”; he assaulted three N.Y.P.D.
officers. Compl. ¶¶ IID, III. Plaintiff was in turn assaulted and injured by those officers, and the
assault on Plaintiff continued even after the officers had restrained him in handcuffs. Compl. ¶ III.

Unless otherwise noted, the facts are taken from the complaint and Plaintiff’s opposition to the motion to dismiss and
are accepted as true for the purposes of this motion. See, e.g., Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir.
2002); Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 122 n.1 (2d Cir. 2013) (“A district court deciding a motion to dismiss may consider
factual allegations made by a pro se party in his papers opposing the motion.”). However, “the tenet that a court must
accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
1

2

Plaintiff initiated this action with the filing of his complaint on May 8, 2017, seeking
damages in the amount of $100,000,000.00, as well as payment of all medical bills in his medical
history and funding for surgery for “other damage.” ECF No. 1. The Court authorized Plaintiff to
proceed in forma pauperis on August 18, 2017. ECF No. 6. During a conference on October 31,
2017, the Court granted a stay of discovery pending the briefing of, and the Court’s decision of,
Defendant’s motion to dismiss. ECF No. 17.
Defendant filed its motion to dismiss on November 14, 2017. ECF No. 18. Plaintiff filed a
letter in opposition on January 10, 2018. ECF No. 27. In that opposition, Plaintiff asserts that “if
[he] had been held overnight for suicide watch and medicated[,] [he] would not have been in the
position to be arrested” and because the hospital “denied [him,] now [he has] to pay with [his] life.”
Id. ¶ 5. Nonetheless, Plaintiff reduced the damages that he seeks to $150,000.00. Id. ¶ 2. On
January 25, 2018, Defendant filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss. ECF No. 32.
II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted

as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility
when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). It is not
enough for a plaintiff to allege facts that are consistent with liability; the complaint must “nudge”
claims “across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “To survive
dismissal, the plaintiff must provide the grounds upon which his claim rests through factual

3

allegations sufficient ‘to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.’” ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v.
Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim is a “context-specific task that
requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 679. The court must accept all facts alleged in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable
inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Burch v. Pioneer Credit Recovery, Inc., 551 F.3d 122, 124 (2d Cir. 2008)
(per curiam). However,
‛[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice.’ A complaint must therefore contain more
than ‘naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement.’ Pleadings that
contain ‘no more than conclusions . . . are not entitled to the assumption of truth’
otherwise applicable to complaints in the context of motions to dismiss.
DeJesus v. HF Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 726 F.3d 85, 87-88 (2d Cir. 2013) (alterations in original) (quoting
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79). Thus, a complaint that offers “labels and conclusions” or “naked
assertion[s]” without “further factual enhancement” will not survive a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678 (alteration in original) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557).
Because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court must liberally construe Plaintiff’s allegations
and “interpret[ ] [them] to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest.” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of
Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted); see also, e.g., Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (“A document filed pro se is to be
liberally construed . . . .” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d
58, 63 (2d Cir. 2014) (“Where . . . the complaint was filed pro se, it must be construed liberally to raise
the strongest claims it suggests.” (quoting Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2013))).
Nevertheless, “dismissal of a pro se complaint is [ ] appropriate where a plaintiff has clearly failed to
meet the minimum pleading requirements.” Rahman v. Schriro, 22 F. Supp. 3d 305, 310 (S.D.N.Y.
2014) (citing Rodriguez v. Weprin, 116 F.3d 62, 65 (2d Cir. 1997)).
4

III.

DISCUSSION
A. Federal Claims Against Defendant
The Court construes Plaintiff’s complaint to assert a claim under Section 1983 for deliberate

indifference to Plaintiff’s medical needs and a Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim, a
claim under Section 1981, and a claim under the EMTALA.
1. Section 1983 Claims
Defendant moves to dismiss the Section 1983 claims on the grounds that Beth Israel
Hospital is not a state actor and did not act under color of state law, and therefore cannot be liable
under Section 1983. The Court agrees and finds that Defendant is a private actor excluded from the
scope of liability governed by Section 1983.
Section 1983 provides, in relevant part:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,
custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia,
subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or
other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any
rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws,
shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or
other proper proceeding for redress . . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1983.
It is well established that “private conduct” is not controlled by Section 1983, unless the
“private entity’s challenged actions are ‘fairly attributable’ to the state.” McGugan v. Aldana-Bernier,
752 F.3d 224, 229 (2d. Cir. 2014) (quoting Fabrikant v. French, 691 F.3d 193, 207 (2d Cir. 2012)), cert.
denied, 135 S. Ct. 1703 (2015). Courts have found that “a private entity acts under color of state law
for purposes of § 1983 when ‘(1) the State compelled the conduct [the ‘compulsion test’], (2) there is
a sufficiently close nexus between the State and the private conduct [the ‘close nexus test’ or ‘joint
action test’], or (3) the private conduct consisted of activity that has traditionally been the exclusive
prerogative of the State [the ‘public function test’].’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Hogan v.
5

A.O. Fox Mem’l Hosp., 346 F. App’x 627, 629 (2d Cir. 2009)); Sybalski v. Indep. Grp. Home Living
Program, Inc., 546 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir. 2008). “It is not enough, however, for a plaintiff to plead
state involvement in ‘some activity of the institution alleged to have inflicted injury upon a plaintiff’;
rather, the plaintiff must allege that the state was involved ‘with the activity that caused the injury’ giving
rise to the action.” Sybalski, 546 F.3d at 257-58 (quoting Schlein v. Milford Hosp., Inc., 561 F.2d 427,
428 (2d Cir. 1977)).
a. The State Did Not Compel Defendant’s Actions
Plaintiff’s allegations do not suggest that the State of New York compelled the conduct of
which he complains. A private entity may be considered a state actor under the state compulsion
test “only when [the State] has exercised coercive power or has provided such significant
encouragement, either overt or covert, that the choice must in law be deemed to be that of the
State.” Doe v. Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp. 343, 348-49 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (quoting Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S.
991, 1004 (1982)), aff’d, 166 F.3d 507 (2d Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1144 (2000). Thus, absent
allegations of significant encouragement from the State, either overt or covert, a plaintiff cannot
establish a claim under the compulsion test. See id. at 348. It is also established that while the law
authorizes a private hospital to perform its duties, it does not compel the hospital’s personnel
specifically to do anything “any more than repossession laws are passed because states want to
encourage creditors to repossess their debtors’ goods.” McGugan v. Aldana-Bernier, No. 11-cv-00342
(TLM), 2012 WL 1514777, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2012) (quoting Spencer v. Lee, 864 F.2d 1376,
1379 (7th Cir. 1989)), aff’d, 752 F.3d 224.
Here, Plaintiff complains of Defendant’s decision not to intern him overnight under “suicide
watch” and not to prescribe psychiatric medication. These allegations suggest that Plaintiff asserts
he should have been committed. See Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5 (“I should have been put in the psych ward.”).
New York’s Mental Hygiene Law, however, affords private physicians “complete discretion in
6

deciding whether to commit an individual.” M.C. v. Cty. of Westchester, N.Y., No. 16-cv-3013 (NSR),
2018 WL 1275435, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2018) (citing Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp. at 349); see
McGugan, 752 F.3d at 229 (finding no state action where “the state endowed [private] Defendants
with the authority to involuntarily hospitalize (and medicate) the plaintiff, but it did not compel
them to do so”). Plaintiff’s submissions do not otherwise suggest that the State took any action to
infringe on that discretion. Defendant’s actions as alleged were thus permissive under the law, but
not mandatory, and therefore not compulsory.
b. Defendant’s Actions Were Not Jointly Undertaken with the State
The complaint asserts no facts that fit the requirements of the close nexus test, as Plaintiff
does not claim that state control was close enough in proximity or specificity to Defendant’s alleged
conduct to render it state action. See McGugan, 752 F.3d at 229. Courts have found a close nexus
when the state was alleged to be “intimately involved” in the decisions of hospitals regarding
treatment and discharge, or when the private hospital in some way consults or contacts state
employees regarding a medical decision. McGugan, 2012 WL 1514777, at *6 (citing Jensen v. Lane City,
222 F.3d 570, 575 (9th Cir. 2000); Kia v. McIntyre, 235 F.3d 749, 757 (2d Cir. 2000)). Plaintiff’s
allegations here, however, say nothing regarding the State’s involvement in the decision to discharge
him without mental health treatment. Indeed, the complaint suggests that the State was not
involved; Plaintiff was admitted to the emergency room because of coffee burns, and it was Plaintiff,
not a state official or agency, who spoke with attending physicians regarding his mental state. There
are no allegations that the emergency room staff who attended to Plaintiff relied on consultations
with state employees regarding the decision to discharge Plaintiff without further mental health
treatment.
While Defendant, as a hospital, operates in a “highly regulated context,” this fact alone is
insufficient to satisfy the close nexus test and render Defendant a state actor for Section 1983
7

purposes. McGugan, 752 F.3d at 229; see Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp. at 352 (finding no close nexus
between hospital and State where the State had not “so far insinuated itself into a position of
interdependence with the [private party] that it was a joint participant in the enterprise” (alteration in
original) (citation omitted)). Furthermore, while the state licenses hospitals and doctors to practice
medicine, this also is not enough to create a sufficient nexus in order to lend Defendant’s conduct
the “imprimatur” of state action. Blum, 457 U.S. at 1003; see also id. at 1004-05 (explaining that “[t]he
mere fact that a business is subject to state regulation does not by itself convert its action into that of
the State” for constitutional purposes and finding that decisions of private nursing home employees
to transfer or discharge residents did not constitute state action when the State was not responsible
for those particular actions); Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp. at 352-53 (concluding that, because the State
“merely licenses private physicians and hospitals to commit involuntary commitments yet in no way
influences the decisions to commit, its relationship with the Hospital Defendants is insufficient to
pass the close nexus/joint action test”).
c. Defendant Did Not Assume a Traditionally Public Function
Finally, Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant’s relevant conduct—providing, or electing
not to provide, certain medical services—is traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State. To
plead state action under a public function theory, a plaintiff must allege facts showing that “the
private entity assumed powers ‘traditionally exclusively reserved to the State.’” Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp.
at 353 (quoting Jackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 352 (1974)). Indeed, even “[t]he fact that
the private party has powers coextensive with the state is irrelevant to determine that state action
exists.” Id. (citing Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1131 (11th Cir. 1992)).
Courts in this Circuit have recognized that private hospitals “have not been ‘traditionally
associated with sovereignty,’ and have long been relegated to the private domain, rather than treated
as ‘traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State.’” Jackson v. Barden, No. 12-cv-1069 (KPF),
8

2018 WL 340014, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2018) (quoting Schlein, 561 F.2d at 429); see also Heicklen v.
U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 10-cv-2239 (RJH) (JLC), 2011 WL 3841543, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30,
2011) (“Generally, ‘[a] private hospital is not considered a state . . . actor’ for Section 1983
purposes.” (alterations in original) (quoting Urena v. Wolfson, No. 09-cv-1107 (KAM) (LB), 2010 WL
5057208, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010))); Liburd v. Bronx Lenbanon Hosp. Ctr., No. 07-cv-11316
(HB), 2008 WL 3861352, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2008) (“Courts have held that the actions of
private medical facilities are not ‘fairly attributable’ to the government despite the presence of
government regulation, funding, or both.”); Amofa v. Bronx-Lebanon Hosp. Ctr., No. 05-cv-9230
(SHS), 2006 WL 3316278, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 2006) (“Unless certain rare conditions exist,
private hospitals such as Bronx-Lebanon are not state actors for purposes of Section 1983.”).
Moreover, “the hospitalization authority that the [mental hygiene law] bestows on hospitals and
physicians is not the sort of power traditionally reserved for the State because ‘[t]he responsibility
for [involuntary] commitment lies with the physician as a private individual.’” Jackson, 2018 WL
340014, *14 (second and third alterations in original) (quoting Rosenberg, 996 F. Supp. at 353).
In light of this precedent, the complaint fails to pass the public function test on its face as it
does not allege any facts that suggest that the nature of the relevant conduct is traditionally the
exclusive prerogative of the state.
* * * *
In sum, Plaintiff has alleged insufficient facts to suggest that Defendant has acted under
color of state law. Given the well-established law that private physicians are afforded discretion in
deciding whether to commit a patient; that State regulation is by itself insufficient to show a joint
enterprise between the State and a private hospital; and that the provision of mental health

9

treatment is not a function traditionally within the exclusive prerogative of the State, Plaintiff’s
Section 1983 claims against Defendant are dismissed with prejudice.2
2. Section 1981 Claim3
Plaintiff’s allegations that he was denied medical services on the basis of his race suggest that
he brings claims under Section 1981. Section 1981 provides, in relevant part, that “[a]ll persons
within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to
make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all
laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens . . . . .”
42 U.S.C. § 1981(a). To state a claim under Section 1981, a plaintiff must allege (1) that the plaintiff
is a member of a racial minority; (2) an intent to discriminate on the basis of race by the defendant;
and (3) that the discrimination concerned one or more of the activities enumerated in the statute, i.e.,
make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence, etc. Brown v. City of Oneonta, 221 F.3d
329, 339 (2d Cir. 2000); Mian v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp., 7 F.3d 1085, 1087 (2d Cir.
1993) (per curiam).

To the extent that Plaintiff brings claims against Beth Israel Hospital in connection with the medical treatment he has
received while incarcerated, Plaintiff has not pleaded the personal involvement of Beth Israel Hospital in that treatment.
The “personal involvement of defendants in alleged constitutional deprivations is a prerequisite to an award of damages
under § 1983.” Victory v. Pataki, 814 F.3d 47, 67 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Farrell v. Burke, 449 F.3d 470, 484 (2d Cir.
2006)). The Second Circuit has defined “personal involvement” to mean direct participation, such as “personal
participation by one who has knowledge of the facts that rendered the conduct illegal,” or indirect participation, such as
“ordering or helping others to do the unlawful acts.” Provost v. City of Newburgh, 262 F.3d 146, 155 (2d Cir. 2001)
(footnote omitted) (citation omitted). Even under the liberal pleading standard for pro se submissions, the Plaintiff has
not sufficiently alleged the involvement of this defendant in his medical treatment while incarcerated. Therefore, setting
aside Plaintiff’s failure to plead that Beth Israel Hospital is a state actor under Section 1983, Plaintiff has also failed to
state a claim for deliberate indifference to his medical needs while incarcerated on the basis of his failure to plead the
hospital’s involvement in the treatment of those medical needs.
2

Defendant argues in its reply that the claims based on racial discrimination were not timely and therefore should not
be considered by the Court as they were not included in the original complaint and only raised in Plaintiff’s opposition.
Indeed, it is firmly established that “[n]ew claims not specifically asserted in the complaint may not be considered by
courts when deciding a motion to dismiss.” Bernstein v. City of New York, No. 06-cv-895 (RMB), 2007 WL 1573910, at
*10 (S.D.N.Y. May 24, 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Lerner v. Forster, 240 F. Supp. 2d 233, 241 (E.D.N.Y. 2003)).
However, this tenet does not apply to pro se pleadings. See Walker, 717 F.3d at 122 n.1 (“A district court deciding a
motion to dismiss may consider factual allegations made by a pro se party in his papers opposing the motion.”).
3

10

Plaintiff’s allegations suggest a Section 1981 claim based on Defendant’s discriminatory
interference with his right to the “equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of
persons and property.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a); see Phillip v. Univ. of Rochester, 316 F.3d 291, 294-98 (2d
Cir. 2003) (discussing contract-clause claims and equal-benefit-clause claims under Section 1981 and
describing racially motivated torts as basis for equal-benefit claims). Unlike in the case of claims
brought under Section 1983, the Second Circuit has held that Section 1981 does not require state
action for equal-benefits claims. See Phillip, 316 F.3d at 297-98; 42 U.S.C. § 1981(c) (“The rights
protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and
impairment under color of State law.” (emphasis added)). Rather, Section 1981 plaintiffs bringing
equal-benefit claims must “identify a relevant law or proceeding for the ‘security of persons and
property’” and establish that “defendants have deprived them of ‘the full and equal benefit’ of this
law or proceeding.” Phillip, 316 F.3d at 298 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a)); see Pierre v. J.C. Penney Co.,
Inc., 340 F. Supp. 2d 308, 310-13 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (discussing nexus requirement).
The Second Circuit has declined to define the scope of “laws and proceedings for the
security of persons and property.” Phillip, 316 F.3d at 298 (“We do not here attempt to define the
universe of laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property, believing this task best
resolved case by case.”); see Corbett v. City of New York, No. 11-cv-3549 (CBA) (VMS), 2013 WL
5366397, at *20 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2013) (“There is little case law interpreting the equal benefit
provision of Section 1981, and the Second Circuit has declined to give bright-line guidance as to
what activity falls within the equal benefit language.” (citation omitted)). Phillip did, however,
provide some insight into the types of laws that likely fall within the scope of Section 1981.
Examining Section 1981’s legislative history, Phillip noted that Congress expressed particular
“concern over private acts motivated by racial discrimination.” Phillip, 316 F.3d at 295. For
example, Congress considered reports that “hatred toward the negro as a freeman is intense among
11

the low and brutal, who are the vast majority. Murders, shooting, whippings, robbing, and brutal
treatment of every kind are daily inflicted upon them.” Id. (quoting Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st
Sess. 94 (1865)). The “fundamental rights” that were to be protected by the statute thus included
“the enjoyment of life and liberty” and the freedom to “pursue and obtain happiness and safety.”
Id. (quoting Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 339, 475 (1866)).
In light of Section 1981’s legislative history, state laws designed to protect medical patients
from physicians’ negligence, such as New York’s medical malpractice laws at issue here, may fall
within the ambit of laws protecting the security of persons under Section 1981. The Court need not
decide at this time whether those laws are in fact within the purview of the statute, however, because
Plaintiff fails to meet the gating requirement for Section 1981 claims. While Plaintiff alleges that
Defendant refused to treat him because of his race, he fails to identify his race. Without that fact,
the Court cannot conclude that Plaintiff satisfies the first and threshold element of his claim. See
Brown, 221 F.3d at 339 (noting that Section 1981 plaintiffs must allege that they belong to a racial
minority); Corbett, 2013 WL 5366397, at *21 (finding that plaintiff failed to satisfy the first element of
his Section 1981 claim when he pleaded that he was a Caucasian male).4 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s
Section 1981 claim is dismissed.

The Court notes that Plaintiff’s allegations regarding Defendant’s racial motivation would be sufficient to withstand
dismissal at this stage if Plaintiff had pleaded that he belongs to a racial minority. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s
physicians “refused to treat [him] because of [his] race.” Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 4. This allegation coupled with Plaintiff’s
allegations explaining Defendant’s conduct are sufficient. See Phillip, 316 F.3d at 298 (finding allegations sufficient where
they described in detail the defendants’ actions and alleged that defendants “selected them for maltreatment ‘solely
because of their color’”); Boykin v. KeyCorp, 521 F.3d 202, 215 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Phillip and holding that plaintiff
sufficiently pleaded disparate treatment on account of her race by alleging that she “is an African American female,”
describing defendant’s action with respect to plaintiff’s loan application, and alleging that she “was treated differently
from similarly situated loan applicants . . . because of her race, sex, and the location of the property in a predominantly
African-American neighborhood”); cf. Yusuf v. Vassar College, 35 F.3d 709, 713 (2d Cir. 1994)) (affirming dismissal of
Section 1981 claim where plaintiff’s allegations did nothing to connect his race with defendant’s conduct); Johnson v. City
of New York, 669 F. Supp. 2d 444, 450 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“The mere fact that plaintiff and defendants are of different
races, standing alone, is simply insufficient as a factual pleading to allege racially motivated discrimination for purposes
of a plausible section 1981 claim.”).
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3. Claims Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
In addition to Section 1981 and 1983 claims, Plaintiff’s complaint may be construed to allege
a breach of the EMTALA. The EMTALA, commonly referred to as the “Patient Anti-Dumping
Act,” applies to all hospitals that participate in the federal Medicare program and that have
emergency departments. Hardy v. N.Y. City Health & Hosp. Corp., 164 F.3d 789, 792 (2d Cir. 1999).
The EMTALA requires that “if a patient comes to a hospital emergency department and requests
treatment for a medical condition, the hospital must screen the patient to determine if he has an
emergent condition and examine and treat a patient in such condition ‘as may be required to
stabilize the medical condition’ or provide for the safe transfer of the patient to another hospital.”
Lorenz v. Managing Dir., St. Luke’s Hosp., No. 09-cv-8898 (DAB) (JCF), 2010 WL 4922267, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Nov. 5, 2010) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a), (b)(1)), report and recommendation adopted, No.
09-cv-8898 (DAB), 2010 WL 4922541 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2010). The statute was enacted to ensure
that “hospitals [ ] provide medical screening and stabilizing treatment to individuals seeking
emergency care in a nondiscriminatory manner.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Byrne v. Cleveland
Clinic, 684 F. Supp. 2d 641, 651 (E.D. Pa. 2010)). The Act accordingly imposes two principal
obligations on hospitals. First, it requires that when an individual seeks treatment in a hospital’s
emergency room, “the hospital must provide for an appropriate medical screening examination . . .
to determine whether or not an emergency medical condition” exists. 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a).
Second, if the screening examination reveals the presence of an emergency medical condition, the
hospital ordinarily must “stabilize the medical condition” before transferring or discharging the
patient. Id. § 1395dd(b)(1)(A).
The EMTALA has its limits, however. The Act “is not a substitute for state law on medical
malpractice. It was not intended to guarantee proper diagnosis or to provide a federal remedy for
misdiagnosis or medical negligence.” Neeseman v. Mt. Sinai West, No. 17-cv-1766 (LGS), 2018 WL
13

626358, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2018) (quoting Hardy, 164 F.3d at 792); see 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(f)
(“The provisions of this section do not preempt any State or local law requirement . . . .”); Lorenz,
2010 WL 4922267, at *8 (The EMTALA was “not intended to create a federal malpractice statute or
cover cases of hospital negligence.” (citation omitted)); Baber v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 977 F.2d 872, 880
(4th Cir. 1992) (“Questions regarding whether a physician or other hospital personnel failed properly
to diagnose or treat a patient’s condition are best resolved under existing and developing state
negligence and medical malpractice theories of recovery.”).
Thus, “[i]n order to state a claim under the EMTALA, a plaintiff must allege that he went to
the emergency room of a participating hospital seeking treatment for a medical condition, and that
the hospital did not adequately screen him to determine whether he had an emergency medical
condition, or discharged or transferred him before such a condition had been stabilized.” Kolari v.
New York-Presbyterian Hosp., 382 F. Supp. 2d 562, 573-574 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), vacated in part on other
grounds, 455 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Fisher ex rel. Fisher v. New York Health and Hosps., Corp.,
989 F. Supp. 444, 448 (E.D.N.Y. 1998) (same).
a. Failure to Screen
EMTALA’s requirement that individuals seeking emergency care receive an “appropriate
medical screening examination” obligates hospitals to “apply uniform screening procedures to all
individuals coming to the emergency room.” Matter of Baby K, 16 F.3d 590, 595 (4th Cir.), cert. denied,
513 U.S. 825 (1994); see Baber, 977 F.2d at 879; Holcomb v. Monahan, 30 F.3d 116, 117 (11th Cir. 1994)
(holding that EMTALA’s screening provision “requires a hospital to provide indigent patients with a
medical screening similar to one which they would provide any other patient”).
Here, Plaintiff’s allegations suggest that he brings a claim under the EMTALA not for failure
to screen, but for failure to stabilize his emergency medical condition. Plaintiff alleges that he was
seen by an emergency room physician, who directed another hospital employee to speak with
14

Plaintiff regarding “why and how [he] was feeling.” Compl. ¶ II.D. Plaintiff’s allegations regarding
the hospital’s financial and racial discrimination against him are pleaded in connection with
Defendant’s failure to medicate him and intern him, and not in connection with the screening itself.
Therefore, the Court reads Plaintiff’s complaint as raising a claim under the EMTALA for the
hospital’s failure to stabilize him before discharging him.
b. Failure to Stabilize
The EMTALA requires “such treatment as may be required to stabilize the medical
condition,” 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(b)(1)(A), and forbids the patient’s release unless his condition has
“been stabilized,” id. § 1395dd(c)(1). The statute defines “emergency medical condition” as “a
medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain)
such that the absence of immediate medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in . . .
[inter alia] placing the health of the individual . . . in serious jeopardy[.]” Id. § 1395dd(e)(1)(A)(i). An
acute psychiatric condition can qualify as an “emergency medical condition” under EMTALA. See
42 C.F.R. § 489.24(b) (defining “emergency medical condition” to include “psychiatric disturbances
and/or symptoms of substance abuse”); Thomas v. Christ Hosp. and Med. Ctr., 328 F.3d 890, 893-94
(7th Cir. 2003) (“Once an emergency medical condition is detected, the hospital must act to stabilize
the condition––whether physical or psychiatric––before the patient can be transferred or released”
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd).
A patient with an emergency medical condition is “stabilized” when “no material
deterioration of the condition is likely, within reasonable medical probability, to result from or occur
during” the patient’s release from the hospital. 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(e)(3)(B). Thus, the EMTALA
requires a hospital to treat a patient with an emergency condition in such a way that, upon the
patient’s release, no further deterioration of the condition is likely. Moses v. Providence Hosp. & Med.
Ctrs., Inc., 561 F.3d 573, 582 (6th Cir. 2009). A psychiatric patient is considered stable for purposes
15

of discharge under EMTALA “when he/she is no longer considered to be a threat to him/herself or
others.” Thomas, 328 F.3d at 893 (applying the Health Care Financing Administration’s definition of
stability for psychiatric patients).
Importantly, though, a stabilization claim exists only when “the patient had an emergency
condition” and “the hospital actually knew of that condition.” Baber, 977 F.2d at 883. The Act does
not hold hospitals accountable for failing to stabilize conditions of which they are unaware, or even
conditions of which they should have been aware. Id.; accord Vickers v. Nash Gen. Hosp., Inc., 78 F.3d
139, 145 (4th Cir. 1996).
Here, Plaintiff states that he informed his attending physician that he was both suicidal and
homicidal. Compl. ¶ II.D. He also alleges that he described in detail the basis for his mental state to
his attending doctor and that he advised “the doctors in Beth Israel [he] was going to kill [himself]
or some one [sic] else” and he “had no real reason to live.” Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5. Given Plaintiff’s
allegations that he informed multiple physicians of his suicidal sentiment, the Court is satisfied that
Plaintiff plausibly pleads that he presented with an emergency medical condition and that Defendant
actually knew of his condition.
Plaintiff’s complaint also sufficiently suggests that he was discharged prior to being
stabilized. He alleges that, despite having informed multiple emergency department physicians of
his mental state and his desire to kill, he was discharged without medication or further observation.
Compl. ¶ II.D.; Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5. Immediately after Plaintiff was discharged, he assaulted three
N.Y.P.D. officers. Compl. ¶ III. Therefore, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff,
and reading his submissions to raise the strongest claims they suggest, the Court is satisfied that
Plaintiff has stated a claim under the EMTALA for Defendant’s failure to stabilize him before
discharging him. See, e.g., Mahone v. Med. Ctr., Inc., No. 17-cv-113 (MSH,) 2017 WL 6559911, at *8-9
(M.D. Ga. Dec. 22, 2017) (finding failure to stabilize claim plausibly pleaded when plaintiff alleged
16

“suicidal ideations, depression, PTSD, and hallucinations” that were not stabilized prior to plaintiff’s
transfer); Carlisle v. Frisbie Mem’l Hosp., 888 A.2d 405, 414 (N.H. 2005) (holding that jury questions
existed on EMTALA claims where plaintiff alleged hospital transferred her to jail without proper
stabilization while she was intoxicated and suicidal).
B. State Claims against Defendant
Plaintiff’s complaint, construed broadly, asserts claims under New York state law for medical
malpractice, negligence, and discrimination.
1. Medical Malpractice and Negligence Claims
Under New York law, “there is no prohibition against simultaneously pleading both an
ordinary negligence cause of action and one sounding in medical malpractice.” Ingutti v. Rochester
Gen. Hosp., 44 N.Y.S.3d 274, 275-76 (4th Dep’t 2016); see also Piccoli v. Panos, 13 N.Y.S.3d 478, 479
(2d Dep’t 2015); Miller ex rel. Miller v. Albany Med. Ctr. Hosp., 464 N.Y.S.2d 297, 299 (3d Dep’t 1983).
“It is simply beyond cavil ‘that an action for personal injuries may be maintained, in the proper case,
on the dual theories of medical malpractice or simple negligence where a person is under the care
and control of a medical practitioner or a medical facility.’” Ingutti, 44 N.Y.S.3d at 276 (quoting
Twitchell v. MacKay, 434 N.Y.S.2d 516, 518 (4th Dep’t 1980)). “Moreover, in a proper case, both
theories may be presented to the jury.” Id.
In determining whether an action sounds in medical malpractice or simple negligence, the
critical question is the nature of the duty to the plaintiff which the defendant is alleged to have
breached. When the duty arises from the physician-patient relationship or is substantially related to
medical treatment, the breach gives rise to an action sounding in medical malpractice, not simple
negligence. La Russo v. St. George’s Univ. Sch. of Med., 936 F. Supp. 2d 288, 304 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)
(citations omitted), aff’d, 747 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2014); see also Sweeney v. Presbyterian/Columbia Presbyterian
Med. Ctr., 763 F. Supp. 50, 52 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (discussing the difference, under New York law,
17

between negligence and malpractice claims in a medical context, and noting that the New York
Court of Appeals has held that “conduct which constitutes medical treatment or bears a substantial
relationship to the rendition of medical treatment by a licensed physician is medical malpractice”
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).
a. Medical Malpractice
To establish liability in a medical malpractice action under New York law, “a plaintiff must
prove (1) the standard of care in the locality where the treatment occurred, (2) that the defendant
breached that standard of care, and (3) that the breach of the standard was the proximate cause of
the injury.” Zak v. Brookhaven Mem’l Hosp. Med. Ctr., 863 N.Y.S.2d 821, 822 (2d Dep’t 2008) (quoting
Berger v. Becker, 709 N.Y.S.2d 418 (2d Dep’t 2000). To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must
allege the defendant’s deviation from “accepted medical practice” and a causal nexus between the
deviation and the harm suffered by the plaintiff. Koulkina v. City of New York, 559 F. Supp. 2d 300,
327-28 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); see also Lorenz, 2010 WL 4922267, at *11 (finding that the plaintiff
adequately pleaded medical malpractice when he alleged that he was a patient at the defendant
hospital, that hospital physicians “made treating decisions that might plausibly be deviations from
accepted medical practice,” and that those decisions caused him injury).5
Plaintiff alleges that he was “discharged without medical treatment for [his] mental state and
because of that [his] goal was to hurt a police officer.” Compl. ¶ II.D. He also alleges that, due to
his mental state, he “did not control [his] emotions and it lead [sic] to careless actions,” namely his
assault of the three police officers. Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5. Defendant does not contest that Plaintiff has

The Court understands Plaintiff’s medical malpractice claims against the hospital to be asserted on the basis of the
hospital’s vicarious liability for the malpractice of its doctors. See Kavanaugh by Gonzales v. Nussbaum, 71 N.Y.2d 535, 546
(1988) (noting that “[v]icarious liability applies to hospitals and physicians” and finding hospital vicariously liable for
negligence of its employee physician); Hill v. St. Claire’s Hosp., 67 N.Y.2d 72, 75 (1986) (holding that owner of medical
clinic held out to the public as offering medical services could be held vicariously liable for malpractice of treating
doctor).

5

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pleaded an actionable injury. Therefore, the Court accepts, for purposes of this motion, that
Plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded an injury.6
Turning to the other elements of Plaintiff’s claim, Plaintiff does not expressly allege the
applicable standard of care. Rather, he states that he “should have been medicated” yet “was not”
and that “by law they were not suppose [sic] to release” him in the condition in which he was upon
discharge. Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5. He also explains that he has been on psychiatric medication since 2005,
had been “in and out of the psych wards” at various other hospitals, and that the emergency room
physicians at Defendant’s hospital “knew” that he needed help. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5. Plaintiff described his
homicidal and suicidal thoughts to the physicians, and to his treating doctor in detail. Id.; Compl. ¶
II.D. Nonetheless, the only task that Defendant is alleged to have undertaken to address Plaintiff’s
mental state was to direct an individual to speak with Plaintiff about his feelings. Compl. ¶ II.D.
Plaintiff alleges this was insufficient, as he left the hospital with suicidal thoughts intact and assaulted
police officers in the hope that he would fall victim to their deadly assault in return. Id.; Pl.’s Opp. ¶
5. These allegations suffice to plausibly plead a deviation from the standard of care. They suggest
that the applicable standard of care required admission for psychological observation—as other New
York City hospitals had admitted Plaintiff to their psych wards—or medication—as Plaintiff had
been on psychiatric drugs for twelve years—and that Defendant deviated from that standard of care
by releasing Plaintiff after only having an employee speak with him about his feelings.
To the extent that Plaintiff’s medical malpractice and negligence claims are premised on physical injuries that Plaintiff
received during the alleged assault by the police officers, those claims contravene public policy and, therefore, necessarily
fail. The New York Court of Appeals has held that “when the plaintiff has engaged in activities prohibited, as opposed
to merely regulated, by law, the courts will not entertain the suit if the plaintiff’s conduct constituted a serious violation
of the law and the injuries for which he seeks recovery were the direct result of that violation.” Barker v. Kallash, 63
N.Y.2d 19, 24 (1984); see Hernandez v. Yoon, 661 N.Y.S.2d 753, 754 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1997) (“Cases where recovery has been
barred or would be barred because the plaintiff was engaged in criminal activity at the time of injury frequently involve
conduct dangerous to physical well-being.”). At the time that Plaintiff alleges he was assaulted by the officers, he was
engaged in the criminal activity of assaulting them. Plaintiff’s actions were not only regulated, but prohibited by law. See
N.Y. Penal Law § 120.08. Accordingly, Plaintiff is precluded from pursuing compensation for any damages that were
caused by the officers’ acts in allegedly assaulting and arresting him.

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Plaintiff’s submissions also plausibly plead that Defendant’s deviation from the standard of
care was the proximate cause of his injury—his inability to control his emotions and his ongoing
suicidal ideations that led to his attack of the N.Y.P.D. officers. The complaint alleges that it was
because of his lack of medication and his early discharge that he desired to commit suicide by cop,
and that the assault on the officers was carried out the same day that Plaintiff was discharged from
Defendant’s hospital. Compl. ¶ II.D; Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 5. These allegations suggest a causal link between
Defendant’s alleged deviation from the standard of care and the harm suffered by Plaintiff and are
sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. See Rennalis v. Alfredo, No. 12-cv-5300 (KMK), 2015 WL
5730332, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2015) (finding allegations that defendant denied plaintiff scans
and a hearing test and that plaintiff suffered severe degenerations with worsening pain to his spine
sufficient under New York law to plead causation in connection with medical malpractice claim);
Gale v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 989 F. Supp. 2d 243, 252 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (finding allegations of
causation sufficient at the pleading stage where a “reasonable reading” of the complaint showed that
plaintiff alleged the defendant was “at least in part” responsible for surgery and aftercare that caused
his injuries); cf. Imperati v. Lee, 18 N.Y.S.3d 615, 616 (1st Dep’t 2015) (finding conclusory allegation of
causal connection insufficient).
Accordingly, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the medical malpractice claim is denied.7
b. Negligence
While dual claims for medical malpractice and negligence may be brought under New York
law, a proper basis for each is required. Ingutti, 44 N.Y.S.3d at 276. Under New York law, conduct

7 Defendant makes much of Plaintiff’s unlikely ability to retain a medical expert to prove his medical malpractice claim,
including the causal link between the alleged deviation from the standard of care and Plaintiff’s injury. See Def.’s Mem.
in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 20 (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 15; Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 32 (“Def.’s Reply”) at 8-9. The
Court is not required at this stage to decide whether a deviation from the standard of care or proximate causation
exist—only whether they are plausibly pleaded. Nonetheless, the Court acknowledges that expert testimony may be
required at future stages of the litigation of Plaintiff’s claims. See Deadwyler v. N. Shore Univ. Hosp. at Plainview, 866
N.Y.S.2d 306, 307 (2d Dep’t 2008) (“Expert testimony is necessary to prove a deviation from accepted standards of
medical care and to establish proximate cause.” (quoting Nichols v. Stamer, 854 N.Y.S.2d 220, 222 (2d Dep’t 2008))).

20

that “‘constitutes medical treatment or bears a substantial relationship to the rendition of medical
treatment by a licensed physician’ is medical malpractice, whereas conduct such as a claim that a
hospital failed to provide a patient with competent and qualified nurses or failed to promulgate rules
requiring doctors to take adequate medical histories from patients sounds in negligence.” Sweeney,
763 F. Supp. at 52 (quoting Bleiler v. Bodnar, 489 N.Y.S.2d 885, 889 (1985)); see also La Russo, 747 F.3d
at 101 (affirming dismissal of negligence claim that was substantially related to medical treatment
and “merely a reformulation of [plaintiff’s] medical malpractice claim”); Friedmann v. N.Y. Hosp.Cornell Med. Ctr., 884 N.Y.S.2d 733, 734 (1st Dep’t 2009) (“Simple negligence principles are
applicable to those cases where the alleged negligent act may be readily determined by the trier of
fact based on common knowledge. However, where the directions given or treatment received by
the patient is in issue, consideration of the professional skill and judgment of the practitioner or
facility is required and the theory of medical malpractice applies.”).
Here, Plaintiff’s complaint, even liberally construed, alleges no facts that plausibly suggest
that Defendant acted negligently apart from its failure to medicate and to admit Plaintiff for further
observation. Therefore, any claim for ordinary negligence brought by Plaintiff is dismissed.
2. Unlawful Discrimination
Plaintiff alleges in the complaint that the emergency room physicians treated him “poorly”
and discharged him without mental health treatment because they believed him to be homeless.
Compl. ¶ II.D. In his opposition, Plaintiff expands by asserting that “this is not only a medical
malpractice case . . . it’s a racial discrimination case as well” and that he was “refused treatment”
because of his race and perceived financial status. Pl.’s Opp. ¶ 4. The Court construes these
allegations as raising claims of discrimination under the New York State Human Rights Law
(“NYSHRL”) and the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”).

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a. NYSHRL Claim
Defendant moves to dismiss any claim brought under the NYSHRL because such a claim
“must be brought in New York state court since causes of action under the NYHRL arise under
New York law.” Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 32 (“Def.’s Reply”) at 10.
Defendant apparently forgets that any NYSHRL claim is before the Court under the Court’s
supplemental jurisdiction, as the claim arises from the same nucleus of operative facts as the
EMTALA claim and forms part of the same case or controversy. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (federal
district courts have supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims “that are so related to” federal
claims “that they form part of the same case or controversy”).
Supplemental jurisdiction is “discretionary,” City of Chicago v. Int’l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S.
156, 173 (1997), and courts in this Circuit generally decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
a claim that is part of the same case or controversy as a federal claim only when the court “has
dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction,” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c); see Cohen v. Postal
Holdings, LLC, 873 F.3d 394, 399 (2d Cir. 2017) (“[A] district court ‘cannot exercise supplemental
jurisdiction unless there is first a proper basis for original federal jurisdiction.” (quoting Nowak v.
Ironworkers Local 6 Pension Fund, 81 F.3d 1182, 1187 (2d Cir. 1996))); Kolari, 455 F.3d at 122 (“[I]n the
usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors . . . will
point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” (quoting
Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988))). Indeed, courts in this Circuit routinely
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over claims brought under the NYSHRL where the related federal
claims proceed to be litigated. See, e.g., D’Eredita v. ITT Water Tech., Inc., 677 F. App’x 686, 688 (2d
Cir. 2017) (upholding district court’s exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s NYSHRL
claims); Kolenovic v. ABM Indus., Inc., 361 F. App’x 246, 248 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming district court’s
grant of summary judgment on plaintiff’s federal and NYSHRL claims); Vuona v. Merrill Lynch &
22

Co., Inc., 919 F. Supp. 2d 359, 393 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (exercising supplemental jurisdiction over
NYSHRL claim when it formed part of the same case or controversy as a claim brought under the
Americans with Disabilities Act).
Here, Plaintiff’s NYSHRL claim is based on the medical services, or lack thereof, that he
received on March 6 and 7, 2017 at Defendant’s emergency room. The facts on which the
NYSHRL claim is predicated are, thus, the same facts on which Plaintiff’s federal claim under the
EMTALA is based. Because the Court has not dismissed the EMTALA claim and the two claims
are related so as to form part of the same case or controversy, the Court exercises supplemental
jurisdiction over the NYSHRL claim.
The NYSHRL makes it unlawful for “any person, being the owner, lessee, proprietor,
manager, superintendent, agent or employee of any place of public accommodation . . . because of
the race . . . of any person, directly or indirectly, to refuse, withhold from or deny to such person any
of the accommodations, advantages, facilities or privileges thereof . . . .” N.Y. Exec. Law §
296(2)(a); see In re Cahill v. Rosa, 89 N.Y.2d 14, 23 (1996) (NYSHRL “deems it unlawful
discrimination if a place of public accommodation denies its accommodations to any person on the
basis of ‘race, creed, color, national origin, sex, or disability or marital status.’”). At the pleading
stage, a plaintiff is required to allege facts sufficient to give rise to an inference of discrimination. See
Schwarz v. Consolidated Edison, Inc., 47 N.Y.S.3d 9, 11 (1st Dep’t 2017); Emengo v. State, 40 N.Y.S.3d 30,
32 (1st Dep’t 2016). However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a [NYSHRL] cause of
action, supported by mere conclusory statements are not enough.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Akinsanya
v. N.Y. City Health & Hosps. Corp., No. 16-cv-3332 (VEC) (KNF), 2017 WL 4049246, at *6
(S.D.N.Y. July 28, 2017), report and recommendation adopted, No. 16-cv-3332 (VEC) (KNF), 2017 WL
4023138 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2017).

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As an initial matter, an individual’s perceived financial status is not a protected class under
the NYSHRL. See N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(2)(a) (listing classes protected against discrimination).
Therefore, Plaintiff’s NYSHRL claim premised on any discrimination by the hospital based on his
perception as a homeless man is dismissed with prejudice.
With respect to Plaintiff’s claim of discrimination based on his race, Plaintiff has not alleged
facts that suggest even an inference of discrimination. He states in conclusory fashion that
Defendant “refused to treat” him because of his race but does not allege his race or that other
patients of other races were treated any differently than he was. Without more, Plaintiff’s racial
discrimination claim under the NYSHRL cannot survive.
3. Other State Law Claims
To the extent that Plaintiff’s complaint may be construed to allege other claims under New
York state law, including a claim under the New York City Human Rights Law, Defendant has not
moved to dismiss those claims.8 Accordingly, Plaintiff will have the opportunity to further litigate
those claims.
C. Leave to Replead
The Second Circuit has advised that district courts “should not dismiss [a pro se complaint]
without granting leave to amend at least once when a liberal reading of the complaint gives any
indication that a valid claim might be stated.” Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000).
However, where a court does not find that the complaint, liberally construed, “suggests that the
plaintiff has a claim that she has inadequately or inartfully pleaded,” but instead that “[t]he problem
with [the plaintiff’s] causes of action is substantive [and] better pleading will not cure it,”

Defendant argues only that the Court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any state law claims in
the event Plaintiff’s federal claims survive dismissal. See Def.’s Reply at 14. As explained earlier, the Court exercises
supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims that form part of the same case or controversy as Plaintiff’s
EMTALA claim.

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“[r]epleading would [ ] be futile” and leave to replead “should be denied.” Id. (citing Hunt v. All. N.
Am. Gov’t Income Tr., 159 F.3d 723, 728 (2d Cir. 1998)).
Here, as explained, Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims are precluded by well-established law.
Therefore, repleading those claims would be futile, and Plaintiff is not granted leave to amend those
claims. Plaintiff’s Section 1981 and NYSHRL claims, on the other hand, do not suffer from the
same substantive deficiencies, and Plaintiff is granted leave to amend his complaint to address the
insufficiencies in connection with those claims.
IV.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART and

DENIED IN PART.
Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims are dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff’s Section 1981 claim is
dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff’s EMTALA claim survives.
Plaintiff’s NYSHRL claim is dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff’s other state law claims
survive.
Plaintiff is granted leave to replead his Section 1981 and NYSHRL claims no later than 30
days following the date of this order. Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint will replace, not
supplement, the original complaint.
The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not
be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal.
See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962).
The Court requests that counsel for Defendant provide Plaintiff with copies of unpublished
cases cited in this decision pursuant to Local Rule of the United States District Courts for the
Southern and Eastern Districts of New York 7.2.

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The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motion pending at Dkt. No. 18 and to mail a
copy of this opinion to Plaintiff by certified mail.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: April 11, 2018
New York, New York

_____________________________________
_____________________
_________________
___ ____
___
GREGORY H. WOODS
REGORY H.
OR
OR
United States District Judge
ited

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