Gonzalez v. New York City Health And Hospital Corporation et al
Filing
37
OPINION AND ORDER: re: 28 MOTION to Dismiss the Amended Complaint. filed by Robert Ratkewitch, New York City Health And Hospital Corporation, City of New York. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants motion to dismiss is GRANTED i n part and DENIED in part. Gonzalez may file a second amended complaint in this case on or before July 1, 2019. If she elects not to file a second amended complaint, she shall so indicate in a letter, and Defendants shall answer the remaining clai ms within 14 days of the filing of such letter. The Clerk of Court is directed to close the motion at Docket Number 28 and to terminate the City of New York as a party to this case. SO ORDERED. *** Party City of New York terminated. (Signed by Judge J. Paul Oetken on 6/11/2019) (js) Modified on 6/11/2019 (js).
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
JACQUELINE GONZALEZ,
Plaintiff,
18-CV-2645 (JPO)
-vOPINION AND ORDER
NEW YORK CITY HEALTH &
HOSPITAL CORPORATION, CITY OF
NEW YORK, and ROBERT
RATKEWITCH,
Defendants.
J. PAUL OETKEN, District Judge:
Plaintiff Jacqueline Gonzalez brings this action against Defendants the City of New York
(the “City”), New York City Health and Hospital Corporation (“H&H”), and Dr. Robert
Ratkewitch, alleging claims of employment discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”); Section 1981 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code,
42 U.S.C. § 1981 (“Section 1981”); the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law
§§ 290 et seq. (the “NYSHRL”); and the New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y.C. Admin.
Code §§ 8-101 et seq. (the “NYCHRL”). (Dkt. No. 27 (“Compl.”) ¶ 1.)
Defendants now move to dismiss the operative Amended Complaint under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Dkt.
No. 28.) For the reasons that follow, Defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I.
Background
The Court draws the following facts from the Amended Complaint, which are taken as
true for the purpose of resolving this motion to dismiss. The Court also relies on several
1
documents submitted by Defendants, which were referenced in and integral to the Amended
Complaint. 1
Plaintiff Jacqueline Gonzalez is a Hispanic woman with “over twenty-five years of
management experience in the field of Dentistry.” (Compl. ¶¶ 16–17.) On July 21, 2014,
Gonzalez was hired by Defendant H&H to serve as an Assistant Director. (Compl. ¶ 19.)
Gonzalez alleges that, during her employment with H&H, she was “harassed, verbally assaulted,
and demeaned by Defendant Robert Ratkewit[c]h because of her sex” on a weekly basis.
(Compl. ¶ 25.) Among other things, Gonzalez alleges that Ratkewitch “told staff not to listen to”
her, “berated” Gonzalez and “said terrible things about her” in front of patients, called and
referred to Gonzalez as “that woman,” and “interfered with schedules generated by” Gonzalez.
(Compl. ¶¶ 27–31; see also Compl. ¶¶ 32–33, 41 (describing other alleged mistreatment).)
1
Ordinarily, courts cannot “consider matters outside the pleadings in deciding a
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Nakahata v. N.Y.-Presbyterian Healthcare Sys.,
Inc., 723 F.3d 192, 202 (2d Cir. 2013). However, a “complaint is deemed to include any written
instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by
reference.” Mandavia v. Columbia Univ., 912 F. Supp. 2d 119, 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting
Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995) (per curiam)).
“A document is incorporated by reference when it is ‘integral’ to the complaint,” and can be
considered if it is “clear on the record that no dispute exists regarding the authenticity or
accuracy of the document.” Fox v. Citizens Bank N.A., No. 17 Civ. 656, 2018 WL 1478046, at
*3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2018) (second quoting DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104,
111 (2d Cir. 2010)).
Defendants have submitted three documents for the Court’s consideration: Gonzalez’s
workplace violence incident reporting form (Dkt. No. 29-2), the resolution of that complaint
(Dkt. No. 29-3), and Gonzalez’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission charge form (Dkt.
No. 29-4). Because these documents are referenced in the Amended Complaint (Compl. ¶¶ 9,
11, 34–35, 45–46) and are integral to Gonzalez’s retaliation claims and her ability to bring the
Title VII claims asserted in the Amended Complaint, and because their authenticity is not
disputed by either party (see Dkt. No. 30 at 5; Dkt. No. 34 at 3, 7, 10), the Court will consider the
documents here.
2
Gonzalez further alleges that Ratkewitch’s treatment of her was caused by her sex and is part of
a pattern of Ratkewitch treating women employees worse than men. (Compl. ¶¶ 26–27, 40–42.)
Gonzalez complained to supervisors about Ratkewitch’s behavior on “numerous
occasions,” but it never improved. (Compl. ¶¶ 34–38, 43.) Instead, Gonzalez alleges that
sometime after she filed a workplace violence complaint against Ratkewitch on July 20, 2017,
“the doctors at the facility alienated” her. (Compl. ¶¶ 45–47; Dkt. No. 29-2.) Additionally, in
the wake of the workplace violence investigation and other complaints that Gonzalez lodged
against Ratkewitch, the facility’s new Associate Executive Director “avoided contact with”
Gonzalez and “treated her disrespectfully.” (Compl. ¶¶ 52–54.) And despite requesting a
transfer multiple times, Gonzalez was kept at the same work facility. (Compl. ¶ 55.) Ultimately,
on April 30, 2018, Gonzalez resigned her position at H&H. (Compl. ¶¶ 20, 56.)
Gonzalez filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”) in September 2017. (Compl. ¶ 9.) On December 21, 2017, the U.S.
Department of Justice issued Gonzalez a right to sue letter (Compl. ¶ 12), and Gonzalez filed this
action on March 26, 2018 (Dkt. No. 1). Defendants moved to dismiss the initial complaint (Dkt.
No. 19), and Gonzalez subsequently filed the operative Amended Complaint on October 12,
2018 (Dkt. No. 27). The Amended Complaint asserts eight claims for relief: (1) discrimination
and harassment under Title VII; (2) retaliation under Title VII; (3) discrimination and harassment
under Section 1981; (4) retaliation under Section 1981; (5) discrimination and harassment under
the NYSHRL; (6) retaliation under the NYSHRL; (7) discrimination and harassment under the
NYCHRL; and (8) retaliation under the NYCHRL. (Compl. ¶¶ 57–97.)
Now before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint for
failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Dkt. No. 28.)
3
II.
Legal Standard
To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a plaintiff
must plead factual allegations sufficient “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible “when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
The Court must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint and “draw[]
all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Allaire Corp. v. Okumus, 433 F.3d 248, 249–50 (2d Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all
of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare
recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “[T]he duty of a court” in ruling on a motion under Rule
12(b)(6) “is merely to assess the legal feasibility of the complaint, not to assay the weight of the
evidence which might be offered in support thereof.” Hogan v. Fischer, 738 F.3d 509, 514 (2d
Cir. 2013) (quoting DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C, 622 F.3d 104, 113 (2d Cir. 2010)).
III.
Discussion
Defendants seek dismissal of Gonzalez’s Amended Complaint in its entirety. There are
three main points in dispute between the parties: (1) whether Gonzalez’s claims are timely;
(2) whether the Title VII retaliation claim was properly exhausted; and (3) whether Gonzalez has
adequately pleaded her claims under Rule 12(b)(6). 2 The Court addresses each point in turn.
2
In addition, there are two important points raised by Defendants that are not in
dispute. First, Defendants argue that, to the extent that Gonzalez intends in the Amended
Complaint to assert any claims against the City, all such claims must be dismissed, because the
City is a separate legal entity from H&H and is not a proper defendant in this case. (Dkt. No. 30
4
A.
Timeliness
Defendants first argue that Gonzalez’s claims are barred in part by the applicable statutes
of limitations. (Dkt. No. 30 at 3–5.)
“In New York, claims under Title VII . . . are subject to a 300-day statute of limitations—
claims that accrued more than 300 days before the filing of a charge with the EEOC are timebarred.” Almontaser v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., No. 13 Civ. 5621, 2014 WL 3110019, at *5
(E.D.N.Y. July 8, 2014); see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Defendants contend that, to the extent
Gonzalez seeks to rely on any events occurring more than 300 days before the filing of her
EEOC complaint in September of 2017 to support her Title VII claims, those claims are timebarred. (Dkt. No. 30 at 4.)
The NYSHRL and NYCHRL each impose a three-year statute of limitations for
employment discrimination claims, calculated from the date the action is commenced. N.Y.
C.P.L.R. § 214(2); N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-502(d). With respect to Gonzalez’s claims under
state and municipal law, Defendants contend that they are time-barred to the extent they rely on
events occurring before March 26, 2015. (Dkt. No. 30 at 4.)
Gonzalez responds that her claims are timely under the continuing violation doctrine, and
that the Court may consider all instances outside the limitations periods because she asserts
hostile work environment claims and has alleged sufficient acts occurring within the limitations
periods. (Dkt. No. 34 at 5–7.)
at 3.) Gonzalez concedes this argument. (Dkt. No. 34 at 4.) Accordingly, all claims against the
City are dismissed.
Second, Defendants contend that Gonzalez’s claims under Section 1981 must be
dismissed, because that provision “does not provide a separate private right of action against
state actors.” (Dkt. No. 30 at 6.) Gonzalez does not contest the dismissal of the Section 1981
claims. (Dkt. No. 34 at 7.) Counts III and IV of the Amended Complaint are therefore dismissed
in their entirety.
5
“[I]n the case of a [Title VII] hostile work environment claim, the statute of limitations
requires that only one sexually harassing act demonstrating the challenged work environment
occur within [the limitations period]; once that is shown, a court and jury may consider ‘the
entire time period of the hostile environment’ in determining liability.” Petrosino v. Bell Atl.,
385 F.3d 210, 220 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101,
117 (2002)); see also Taylor v. City of New York, 207 F. Supp. 3d 293, 302 nn. 5–6 (S.D.N.Y.
2016) (noting that the same continuing violations standard applies to the NYSHRL, though a
more lenient standard may apply to the NYCHRL).
Gonzalez does not provide specific dates for discrete instances of alleged harassment, but
she does allege that the various acts occurred “[o]n a weekly basis from the time she was hired to
the time she was constructively discharged (July 2014 through April 2018).” (Compl. ¶¶ 25–32.)
And Gonzalez alleges that she met with Ratkewitch and two supervisors in July 2017 to discuss
the harassment. (Compl. ¶ 38.) From this, the Court concludes that Gonzalez has sufficiently
alleged that at least one harassing act occurred within the limitations period, such that the Court
can consider the entire period of alleged harassment for purposes of Gonzalez’s hostile work
environment claims.
In reply, Defendants contend that, nonetheless, any acts occurring outside the limitations
periods cannot serve as the basis for liability for any sex-based disparate treatment claims. (Dkt.
No. 36 at 2.) 3 The Court need not consider this argument, however, because it concludes that to
3
The parties do not dispute the timeliness of the retaliation and constructive
discharge claims. Indeed, the relevant acts underlying these claims took place from July 2017 to
April 2018 (Compl. ¶¶ 45–49, 56; Dkt. Nos. 29-2 through 29-4), well within the limitations
periods.
6
the extent the Amended Complaint asserts any disparate treatment claims, those claims have
been abandoned. (See infra Section III.C.1.)
B.
Exhaustion
Defendants next argue that Gonzalez’s Title VII retaliation claim was not properly
exhausted. (Dkt. No. 30 at 5–6.) “As a precondition to filing a Title VII claim in federal court, a
plaintiff must first pursue available administrative remedies and file a timely complaint with the
EEOC.” Hardaway v. Hartford Pub. Works Dep’t, 879 F.3d 486, 489 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting
Deravin v. Kerik, 335 F.3d 195, 200 (2d Cir. 2003)). Here, Gonzalez alleges that she filed a
charge with the EEOC in September 2017. (Compl. ¶ 9.) That charge form alleges
discrimination based on sex, but it makes no mention of retaliation. (Dkt. No. 29-4.) From this,
Defendants contend that any retaliation claim under Title VII was not properly exhausted and
thus must be dismissed. (Dkt. No. 30 at 5.)
Gonzalez responds that the retaliation claim is nonetheless exhausted because it is
“reasonably related” to the EEOC charge. (Dkt. No. 34 at 7.) Courts have recognized an
equitable defense to the exhaustion requirement where “more recent allegations of discrimination
[are] ‘reasonably related’ to the discrimination about which [the plaintiff] ha[s] filed an earlier
charge with the EEOC.” Fowlkes v. Ironworkers Local 40, 790 F.3d 378, 386 (2d Cir. 2015).
This defense applies in three situations:
1) where the conduct complained of would fall within the scope of the EEOC
investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of
discrimination; 2) where the complaint is one alleging retaliation by an employer
against an employee for filing an EEOC charge; and 3) where the complaint alleges
further incidents of discrimination carried out in precisely the same manner alleged
in the EEOC charge.
Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 151 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
7
Gonzalez contends that the “reasonably related” doctrine applies to her retaliation claim,
because “the allegations of retaliation . . . were carried out within weeks of her filing a workplace
violence complaint and her filing of an EEOC Charge.” (Dkt. No. 34 at 7.) Defendants respond
that retaliation could have been raised to the EEOC because the EEOC charge was filed a month
after the workplace violence complaint, and that the Amended Complaint does not allege that the
retaliation was in response to the EEOC charge. (Dkt. No. 36 at 3.) The Court disagrees with
Defendants.
The Amended Complaint alleges that, “subsequent to Ms. Gonzalez’s workplace violence
complaint against Dr. Ratkewitch, the doctors at the facility alienated Ms. Gonzalez.” (Compl.
¶ 46.) The workplace violence complaint was filed on July 20, 2017, and the investigation was
closed on August 1, 2017. (Dkt. No. 29-3.) Gonzalez signed her EEOC charge form on
August 14, 2017 and submitted the charge in September 2017. (Dkt. No. 29-4; Compl. ¶ 9.)
Subsequently, in January 2018, Gonzalez was told by one coworker that “the doctors were afraid
because she complained about Ratkewitch and they feared based on what they heard that she
might complain about them as well.” (Compl. ¶¶ 48–49.) Gonzalez alleges, upon information
and belief, that “Dr. Ratkewitch spoke to doctors at the facility about Ms. Gonzalez’s
complaints.” (Comp. ¶ 50.) Gonzalez later asserts that H&H “has retaliated against [her] in
violation of Title VII for complaining about Defendants’ discriminatory practices.” (Compl.
¶ 64.)
The Court reads the Amended Complaint to allege that Gonzalez was retaliated against as
a result of complaining about Ratkewitch’s conduct. And these complaints took the form of an
official workplace violence complaint, internal complaints to supervisors, and her EEOC charge.
(Compl. ¶¶ 9–10, 34–36, 53.) As such, the Court understands Gonzalez to allege that the
8
retaliation against her began sometime after July 20, 2017, and was in response to the
combination of internal complaints and her EEOC complaint.
The Court concludes that these allegations are sufficient to satisfy the second type of
“reasonably related” claim, encompassing situations “where the complaint is one alleging
retaliation by an employer against an employee for filing an EEOC charge.” Terry, 336 F.3d at
151 (internal quotation marks omitted). Admittedly, this case involves a slight variation on this
second “reasonably related” circumstance because Gonzalez alleges retaliation based on both the
filing of an EEOC charge and the pursuit of essentially contemporaneous internal complaints.
But this is a distinction without a difference, as the purposes of applying this “reasonably
related” defense to exhaustion apply equally here. See Duplan v. City of New York, 888 F.3d
612, 622–23 (2d Cir. 2018) (discussing the considerations underlying this defense). The Title
VII retaliation claim was thus properly exhausted as reasonably related to Gonzalez’s EEOC
charge, and Defendants’ request to dismiss the claim on the basis of exhaustion is denied.
C.
Merits
The Amended Complaint can be read to raise four categories of claims: (1) sex-based
disparate treatment claims; (2) hostile work environment claims; (3) constructive discharge
claims; and (4) retaliation claims. The Court addresses the merits of each category in turn.
1.
Disparate Treatment Claims
In their opening brief, Defendants argue that Gonzalez has failed to adequately allege the
elements of a sex discrimination disparate treatment claim under Title VII, the NYSHRL, and the
NYCHRL. (Dkt. No. 30 at 9–14.) In her response brief, however, Gonzalez does not
specifically counter the arguments for dismissing any disparate treatment claims raised in the
Amended Complaint. (See Dkt. No. 34 at 8–11.) As a result, Defendants contend that Gonzalez
has abandoned these claims and that they should be dismissed. (Dkt. No. 36 at 4–5.)
9
“Where abandonment by a counseled party is not explicit but such an inference may be
fairly drawn from the papers and circumstances viewed as a whole, district courts may conclude
that abandonment was intended.” Jackson v. Fed. Express, 766 F.3d 189, 196 (2d Cir. 2014).
“At the motion to dismiss stage . . . a plaintiff abandons a claim by failing to address the
defendant’s arguments in support of dismissing that claim.” Romeo & Juliette Laser Hair
Removal, Inc. v. Assara I LLC, No. 08 Civ. 442, 2014 WL 4723299, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 23,
2014); see also Sullivan v. City of New York, No. 14 Civ. 1334, 2015 WL 5025296, at *4–5
(S.D.N.Y. Aug. 25, 2015) (collecting cases).
Here, Gonzalez does not oppose Defendants’ arguments for dismissing her disparate
treatment claims. Nor does Gonzalez specifically refer to any disparate treatment claims in her
brief, whether in defending the timeliness of her claims (Dkt. No. 34 at 5–7) or in her discussion
of the merits (Dkt. No. 34 at 8–11). Accordingly, to the extent the Amended Complaint could be
read to assert any sex-based disparate treatment claims, the Court deems those claims to have
been abandoned. Therefore, any disparate treatment claims are dismissed as a matter of law.
2.
Hostile Work Environment
Defendants next seek dismissal of Gonzalez’s hostile work environment claims under
Title VII, the NYSHRL, and the NYCHRL. (Dkt. No. 30 at 14–20.) The Court first assesses
whether Gonzalez has adequately pleaded this claim under Title VII and the NYSHRL, which
are governed by the same standard. See Summa v. Hofstra Univ., 708 F.3d 115, 123–24 (2d Cir.
2013).
To establish a hostile work environment claim under Title VII or the NYSHRL, a
plaintiff must adequately plead three elements. First, “a plaintiff must show that ‘the workplace
is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or
pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working
10
environment.’” Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 320–21 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting
Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993)). Second, a plaintiff must show “that a
specific basis exists for imputing the objectionable conduct to the employer.” Tolbert v. Smith,
790 F.3d 427, 439 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Third, a
plaintiff “must show that the hostile conduct occurred because of a protected characteristic.” Id.
Defendants contend that Gonzalez has failed to plausibly allege each of these
requirements. (Dkt. No. 30 at 14–18.)
a.
Severe or Pervasive Harassment
First, Defendants argue that Gonzalez has failed to allege harassing conduct that is
sufficiently severe or pervasive to give rise to a hostile work environment claim. (Dkt. No. 30 at
16–18.) This first element “has both objective and subjective components: the conduct
complained of must be severe or pervasive enough that a reasonable person would find it hostile
or abusive, and the victim must subjectively perceive the work environment to be abusive.”
Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 321 (quoting Raspardo v. Carlone, 770 F.3d 97, 114 (2d Cir. 2014)). In
determining whether the conduct complained of has created a hostile work environment, courts
“must consider the totality of the circumstances, including ‘the frequency of the discriminatory
conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive
utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.’” Id.
(quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23).
Here, Defendants do not dispute that Gonzalez has adequately alleged that she
subjectively perceived her work environment to be abusive. But Defendants contest the
objective component of the severe or pervasive standard, characterizing the allegations of
11
harassment as “[t]rivial complaints about an unpleasant working environment” involving
“uncomfortable and unpleasant interactions” with Ratkewitch. (Dkt. No. 30 at 16.)
“[T]he Court is mindful,” however, “that there is no precise test for determining whether
conduct is severe or pervasive enough to constitute a hostile work environment, and as such, this
is a fact-bound area of law that is particularly ill-suited to dismissal at the pleading stage.”
Torres v. N.Y. Methodist Hosp., No. 15 Civ. 1264, 2016 WL 3561705, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 7,
2016) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). And “[w]hile the standard for establishing
a hostile work environment is high,” the Second Circuit has “repeatedly cautioned against setting
the bar too high.” Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 150 (2d Cir. 2004). Assessing the
totality of the circumstances in light of these considerations, the Court concludes that dismissal is
inappropriate at this time.
The Amended Complaint alleges that Ratkewitch engaged in various forms of harassing
conduct, including instructing staff not to listen to Gonzalez and berating any female staff who
disobeyed, berating Gonzalez in front of patients and disparaging her to patients in her absence,
refusing to address or refer to Gonzalez by name, and proclaiming that Gonzalez “did not know
what she was talking about.” (Compl. ¶¶ 27–30, 32.) Although not physically threatening, these
actions were allegedly taken around coworkers and patients in a manner intended to humiliate
Gonzalez. See Kho v. N.Y. & Presbyterian Hosp., 344 F. Supp. 3d 705, 723 (S.D.N.Y. 2018)
(noting significance of humiliating conduct to hostile work environment claim). And allegations
that Ratkewitch went into the computer system to interfere with schedules that Gonzalez had
created, and that he directed staff to disregard Gonzalez’s instructions (Compl. ¶¶ 27, 31), in
particular amount to the kind of harassing conduct that could easily interfere with an individual’s
work performance.
12
Furthermore, Gonzalez alleges that each category of harassing conduct occurred “[o]n a
weekly basis” from July 2014 to April 2018 (Compl. ¶¶ 25–32), and the alleged frequency of
such acts clearly qualifies as pervasive. Cf. Desardouin v. City of Rochester, 708 F.3d 102, 106
(2d Cir. 2013) (noting that humiliating comments that “persisted on a weekly basis over an
interval that lasted at least two and perhaps three months” were sufficient for a hostile work
environment claim to survive a motion for summary judgment).
Overall, although the conduct at issue was not as severe as courts have seen in other
cases, the alleged harassment is nonetheless “of such quality or quantity that a reasonable
employee would find the conditions of her employment altered for the worse.” Feingold, 366
F.3d at 150 (emphasis omitted) (citation omitted).
b.
Imputing Conduct to the Employer
Next, Defendants contend that there is no basis for imputing liability to H&H. (Dkt. No.
30 at 15–16.) In order to impute liability to an employer when “the alleged harasser [whose
conduct created the hostile environment] is a coworker, the plaintiff must show that the employer
‘either provided no reasonable avenue for complaint or knew of the harassment but did nothing
about it.’” Willis v. Cty. of Onondaga, 710 F. App’x 47, 48 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Whidbee v.
Garzarelli Food Specialties, Inc., 223 F.3d 62, 72 (2d Cir. 2000)). 4 According to Defendants,
neither of these conditions obtains, because H&H provided a reasonable avenue for complaint
via the workplace violence complaint process, and H&H adequately investigated the conduct
4
As Defendants correctly note (Dkt. No. 30 at 10), the Amended Complaint
identifies Ratkewitch as a “doctor[] at the facility” (Compl. ¶ 45), and contains no allegations
that Ratkewitch was a supervisor. The Court therefore considers Ratkewitch to have been one of
Gonzalez’s coworkers.
13
alleged in Gonzalez’s complaint and “concluded that it did not constitute workplace violence.”
(Dkt. No. 30 at 16.) 5
Based on the Amended Complaint and Gonzalez’s workplace violence resolution form,
however, the Court takes a different view of the allegations against H&H. In resolving
Gonzalez’s workplace violence complaint, the H&H investigators determined that the “types of
behaviors” alleged were “not covered under the Workplace Violence Prevention Program
policy.” (Dkt. No. 29-3 at 1.) But the conduct was “covered under the Employee Code of
Conduct in addition to [the] Disruptive Behavior Policy.” (Id.) The investigators thus “strongly
recommended that leadership along with Labor Relations and Human Resources take appropriate
actions to address these type[s] of unacceptable behavior.” (Dkt. No. 29-3 at 2.)
According to the Amended Complaint, however, despite this recommendation and the
additional complaints made to supervisors, Ratkewitch’s harassing conduct “continued
unabated.” (Compl. ¶¶ 34–38, 43.) Indeed, the harassing conduct is alleged to have occurred
“from the time [Gonzalez] was hired to the time she was constructively discharged (July 2014
through April 2018).” (Compl. ¶¶ 25–32.) Taken as true, these allegations are sufficient to
establish at the motion to dismiss stage that H&H “knew of the harassment but did nothing about
it.” Willis, 710 F. App’x at 48 (quoting Whidbee, 223 F.3d at 72).
c.
On the Basis of a Protected Characteristic
Finally, Defendants contend that Gonzalez has not adequately alleged that any hostile
work environment was “based upon her sex.” (Dkt. No. 30 at 17.) Conduct underlying a hostile
5
In their briefs, Defendants also allude to the fact that H&H brought about a
“cessation of contact between Ratkewitch and [Gonzalez]” in the wake of the complaints. (Dkt.
No. 30 at 16; Dkt. No. 36 at 6.) Because the Amended Complaint does not allege any cessation
of contact, however, the Court does not consider it here.
14
work environment claim “can be proven to be based on sex either because the terms are facially
sex-related, or because there is some circumstantial or other basis for inferring that incidents sexneutral on their face were in fact discriminatory.” Adams v. Festival Fun Parks, LLC, 560 F.
App’x 47, 52 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
The Amended Complaint contains several allegations supporting the assertion that
Gonzalez was harassed because of her sex. First, Gonzalez alleges that Ratkewitch refused to
use Gonzalez’s proper name, instead calling or referring to her as “that woman.” (Compl. ¶ 30.)
Defendants argue that this appellation “may evince personal animosity” rather than sex
discrimination. (Dkt. No. 30 at 17.) But at the motion to dismiss stage, the Court must draw all
inferences in the non-movant’s favor. See Allaire Corp., 433 F.3d at 249–50. Therefore, the
Court draws the reasonable inference that addressing and referring to a female coworker
exclusively as “that woman” is potentially indicative of sex discrimination.
The Amended Complaint also alleges that Ratkewitch “only treat[ed] women with
hostility and not men,” “berated any female staff member[s] who followed [Gonzalez’s]
directions,” “consistently berate[d] wom[e]n . . . and lashe[d] out at them,” and “would dismiss
analysis presented by Ms. Gonzalez but not her male colleagues.” (Compl. ¶¶ 26–27, 39–41.) 6
These allegations sufficiently provide the kind of “circumstantial . . . basis for inferring that
incidents sex-neutral on their face were in fact discriminatory.” Adams, 560 F. App’x at 52
(internal quotation mark and citation omitted).
6
Defendants also argue that the Amended Complaint’s comparison of Gonzalez’s
treatment to that of male employees “fails to display discriminatory intent because [it] does not
plausibly allege that these males are similarly situated to her.” (Dkt. No. 30 at 17.) But
Defendants cite no authority for importing a requirement from the disparate treatment context
into this element of a hostile work environment claim. Regardless, even without this allegation,
the Court can reasonably infer from the rest of the Amended Complaint that the harassment
allegedly suffered by Gonzalez was because of her sex.
15
***
The Court thus denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss Gonzalez’s hostile work
environment claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL. And because Gonzalez has adequately
pleaded claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL, she has also done so under the “more
protective” standard of the NYCHRL. Pryor v. Jaffe & Asher, LLP, 992 F. Supp. 2d 252, 259
(S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citation omitted).
3.
Constructive Discharge
Defendants also seek dismissal of Gonzalez’s constructive discharge claims under
Title VII, the NYSHRL, and the NYCHRL. (Dkt. No. 30 at 18–20.)
“An employee is constructively discharged when his employer, rather than discharging
him directly, intentionally creates a work atmosphere so intolerable that he is forced to quit
involuntarily.” Terry, 336 F.3d at 151–52. The standard for constructive discharge “is higher
than the standard for establishing a hostile work environment.” Fincher v. Depository Tr. &
Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 725 (2d Cir. 2010). A constructive discharge claim under
Title VII and the NYSHRL “requires the employee to show both (1) that there is evidence of the
employer’s intent to create an intolerable environment that forces the employee to resign, and (2)
that the evidence shows that a reasonable person would have found the work conditions so
intolerable that he would have felt compelled to resign.” Shultz v. Congregation Shearith Isr. of
the City of N.Y., 867 F.3d 298, 308 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted); see Mascola v. City Univ. of
N.Y., 787 N.Y.S.2d 655, 655 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 2005) (noting that “gender-based employment
violations under the [NYSHRL]”—including constructive discharge—“are keyed to federal
standards”).
Defendants contend that Gonzalez has not adequately pleaded either requirement of a
constructive discharge claim under Title VII and the NYSHRL. (Dkt. No. 30 at 19–20.) The
16
Court need only consider the first: whether the Amended Complaint adequately alleges that
H&H intended to create an “intolerable” environment that forced Gonzalez to resign.
“‘[S]omething beyond mere negligence or ineffectiveness is required’ to constitute ‘deliberate
action on the part of the employer’ sufficient to support a claim of constructive discharge.”
Adams, 560 F. App’x at 50 (quoting Whidbee, 223 F.3d at 74). “[I]neffective or even
incompetent . . . handling” of alleged harassment by an employer “does not rise to the level of
deliberate action required by our precedent.” Whidbee, 223 F.3d at 74.
Here, the Amended Complaint alleges that Gonzalez “resigned from her position as a
result of the hostile work environment created by Dr. Ratkewitch and fostered by his and her
supervisors.” (Compl. ¶ 56.) But as the Court reads the Amended Complaint, it contains no
specific allegation that H&H or its supervisors acted deliberately in a way that would enable the
Court to infer the intent to create an intolerable work environment for Gonzalez. Moreover,
certain allegations would seem to undermine any inference of intent. (See Compl. ¶ 54 (noting
that the Associate Executive Director “did not believe that Ms. Gonzalez experienced a hostile
workplace”); id. ¶ 38 (describing a meeting with supervisors to address Gonzalez’s allegations);
Dkt. No. 29-3 at 2 (recognizing the “unacceptable behavior” occurring and recommending that it
be addressed).) And although Defendants argued in their opening brief that the intent prong of
the constructive discharge standard was not satisfied here (Dkt. No. 30 at 19–20), Gonzalez does
not address the point in her response (see Dkt. No. 34 at 8–9).
Construing the Amended Complaint in the light most favorable to Gonzalez, the Court
concludes that it fails to allege anything beyond “mere negligence or ineffectiveness,” Adams,
560 F. App’x at 50 (quoting Whidbee, 223 F.3d at 74), on the part of H&H in addressing her
17
complaints of harassment. Accordingly, the constructive discharge claims under Title VII and
the NYSHRL are dismissed.
The standard for a constructive discharge claim under the NYCHRL is similar to the
federal and NYSHRL standard. See E.E.O.C. v. Bloomberg L.P., 29 F. Supp. 3d 334, 338–39
(S.D.N.Y. 2014). “To prevail on a claim of constructive discharge” under the NYCHRL, “the
plaintiff must prove that the employer ‘deliberately created working conditions so intolerable,
difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign.’” Tulino v.
Ali, No. 15 Civ. 7106, 2019 WL 1447134, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2019) (quoting Short v.
Deutsche Bank Sec., Inc., 913 N.Y.S.2d 64, 66 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 2010)). For the reasons
discussed above, the Amended Complaint does not adequately plead that H&H deliberately
created intolerable working conditions for Gonzalez. Accordingly, the NYCHRL constructive
discharge claim is also dismissed.
4.
Retaliation
In her Amended Complaint, Gonzalez asserts that she was retaliated against as a result of
complaining about Ratkewitch’s conduct, in violation of Title VII, the NYSHRL, and the
NYCHRL. (Compl. ¶¶ 64, 83, 93.) Specifically, Gonzalez alleges that the other doctors with
whom she worked began to alienate her and stopped communicating with her in the wake of her
complaints, which detrimentally affected her ability to perform her work. (Compl. ¶¶ 45–49,
51.) And Gonzalez further alleges that the Associate Executive Director “avoided contact” with
Gonzalez due to the complaints, and treated Gonzalez disrespectfully. (Compl. ¶¶ 52–54.)
Defendants seek to dismiss the retaliation claims on the basis that Gonzalez has not plausibly
alleged several required elements. (Dkt. No. 30 at 20–23.)
“A prima facie claim for retaliation under Title VII [or the NYSHRL] . . . requires a
showing (1) that the plaintiff was engaged in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of
18
that protected activity; (3) that the defendant took adverse employment action against the
plaintiff; and (4) that there is a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse
action.” Gordon v. City of New York, No. 14 Civ. 6115, 2015 WL 3473500, at *11 (S.D.N.Y.
June 2, 2015). 7 In other words, for a retaliation claim to survive a motion to dismiss, “the
plaintiff must plausibly allege that: (1) defendants discriminated—or took an adverse
employment action—against him, (2) ‘because’ he has opposed any unlawful employment
practice.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 90 (2d Cir. 2015). “[T]he
burden for establishing a prima facie case of retaliation is ‘de minimis.’” Duplan, 888 F.3d at
626 (quoting Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir. 2010)).
Defendants argue that Gonzalez has failed to adequately allege three elements of the
prima facie case for her Title VII and NYSHRL retaliation claims: the engagement in protected
activity, the subjection to an adverse employment action, and the existence of a causal
connection between them. (Dkt. No. 30 at 20–23.)
a.
Protected Activity
First, Defendants dispute whether Gonzalez has adequately alleged that her complaints
against Ratkewitch constitute protected activity. (Dkt. No. 30 at 20–21.) An employee engages
in protected activity under Title VII and the NYSHRL by either “opposing discrimination
proscribed by the statute” or “participating in Title VII [or NYSHRL] proceedings.” Jute v.
Hamilton Sundstrand Corp., 420 F.3d 166, 173 (2d Cir. 2005). Opposing discrimination can
take the form of making informal complaints to management. See Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc.,
202 F.3d 560, 566 (2d Cir. 2000). “However, while such complaints may be informal, they
7
Retaliation claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL are analyzed under the same
framework. See Augustine v. Cornell Univ., No. 14 Civ. 7807, 2015 WL 3740077, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. June 15, 2015).
19
cannot be so vague or ‘generalized’ that the employer could not ‘reasonably have understood[]
that the plaintiff’s complaint was directed at conduct prohibited by Title VII [or the NYSHRL].’”
Bowen-Hooks v. City of New York, 13 F. Supp. 3d 179, 222 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (first alteration in
original) (quoting Rojas v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, 660 F.3d 98, 108 (2d Cir.
2011) (per curiam)).
Here, Defendants argue that Gonzalez has not engaged in protected activity because her
complaints to supervisors did not specify that she was suffering discrimination on the basis of
sex. (Dkt. No. 30 at 20.) Indeed, Gonzalez’s workplace violence complaint indicates that she
was suffering “harassment” from Ratkewitch, but it says nothing about the harassment being
based on a protected characteristic. (Dkt. No. 29-2; see also Dkt. No. 29-3.) And in discussing
her other internal complaints in the Amended Complaint, Gonzalez never specifically alleges
that she complained about being harassed on the basis of her sex. (See Compl. ¶¶ 34–36, 38.)
Based on the limited description of Gonzalez’s complaints in her Amended Complaint, the Court
concludes that they were too “generalized,” such that H&H could not be expected to reasonably
understand that the complaints were “directed at conduct prohibited by Title VII,” rather than
non-discriminatory harassment. Bowen-Hooks, 13 F. Supp. 3d at 222 (citation omitted).
However, Gonzalez’s filing of an EEOC charge clearly constitutes protected activity. See
Jute, 420 F.3d at 173. And the Court reads the Amended Complaint to allege that Gonzalez
suffered retaliation due to her collective complaints about Ratkewitch’s conduct, including the
EEOC charge. (See supra Section III.B.) Therefore, the protected activity element of the prima
facie case has been satisfied to the extent the retaliation claims allege retaliation in response to
Gonzalez’s participation in EEOC proceedings.
20
b.
Adverse Employment Action
Second, Defendants argue that Gonzalez has not adequately pleaded that she suffered an
adverse employment action. (Dkt. No. 30 at 21.) An “adverse employment action” for the sake
of a Title VII retaliation claim “is any action that ‘could well dissuade a reasonable worker from
making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’” Vega, 801 F.3d at 90 (quoting Burlington N.
& Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57 (2006)). “Actions that are ‘trivial harms’—i.e.,
‘those petty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees
experience’—are not materially adverse” and thus do not constitute actionable conduct.
Tepperwien v. Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc., 663 F.3d 556, 568 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting
Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68). As such, “Title VII does not protect an employee from ‘all
retaliation,’ but only ‘retaliation that produces an injury or harm.’” Id. at 569 (quoting
Burlington, 548 U.S. at 67).
Defendants contend that the adverse actions of which Gonzalez complains are merely the
sort of “minor annoyances that employees may encounter at work.” (Dkt. No. 30 at 21.) As to
the treatment Gonzalez allegedly received from the new Associate Executive Director, the Court
agrees. Gonzalez does not allege that she was harmed in any specific way by the Director’s
behavior. (See Compl. ¶ 54.) And being avoided at work or treated disrespectfully constitutes
the sort of “petty slights” that do not rise to the level of adverse employment action.
With respect to Gonzalez’s treatment by doctors at the facility, however, the Court
reaches a different result. Defendants are correct that, in some circumstances, courts have
concluded that being excluded from meetings or alienated is not sufficient to demonstrate
adverse action for a retaliation claim. See Dillon v. Morano, 497 F.3d 247, 255 (2d Cir. 2007);
McWhite v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., No. 05 Civ. 0991, 2008 WL 1699446, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 10,
21
2008). But in determining whether an adverse action has occurred in a particular case, “[c]ontext
matters.” Vega, 801 F.3d at 90 (quoting Burlington, 548 U.S. at 69).
Here, Gonzalez alleges that her job as an Assistant Director for H&H involved
“work[ing] closely with doctors at the facility,” as well as training employees and generating
schedules for them. (Compl. ¶¶ 23–24, 31, 44.) In the wake of her complaints about
Ratkewitch, Gonzalez alleges that the other doctors alienated her, did not trust her, and would
not communicate with her. (Compl. ¶¶ 46–48.) As a result, “Gonzalez’s job performance was
detrimentally affected because she needed to coordinate with doctors to maintain a successful
dental department.” (Compl. ¶ 51.) In the context of Gonzalez’s particular position and
workplace, construing the allegations in the light most favorable to her, the alleged alienation by
the other doctors and harm suffered “could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Vega, 801 F.3d at 90 (citation omitted). The Court thus
concludes that the third element of the prima facie case has been adequately pleaded. 8
8
The Court notes that adverse employment actions are normally taken by the
employer. See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68 (“The antiretaliation provision . . . prohibit[s]
employer actions that are likely ‘to deter victims of discrimination from complaining to the
EEOC,’ the courts, and their employers.” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)). But the conduct
of a plaintiff’s coworkers can constitute an adverse employment action for purposes of a
retaliation claim where the employer knows about the conduct but fails to stop it. See
Richardson v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Corr. Serv., 180 F.3d 426, 446 (2d Cir. 1999) (“An employee
could suffer a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of her employment if her
employer knew about but failed to take action to abate retaliatory harassment inflicted by coworkers.”), abrogated on other grounds by Burlington, 548 U.S. 53.
As the Court reads the Amended Complaint, it contains no allegations that Gonzalez
complained about alienation by doctors at the facility to her supervisors, or that the supervisors
allowed the treatment to continue unchecked. But Defendants do not argue for dismissal of the
retaliation claims on this basis, and the Court will not dismiss these claims without hearing from
the parties on the application of Richardson to this case. However, the parties should be
prepared to address at the next stage of this case whether the alleged alienation by Gonzalez’s
coworkers can be attributed to H&H for the purpose of constituting an adverse action.
22
c.
Causation
Finally, Defendants argue that Gonzalez has failed to adequately plead the causation
element of the prima facie case. (Dkt. No. 30 at 21–23.) To sufficiently allege causation for a
Title VII or NYSHRL retaliation claim at the motion to dismiss stage, “a plaintiff must plausibly
plead a connection between the act and his engagement in protected activity.” Vega, 801 F.3d at
90. This causal connection “can be shown either: (1) indirectly, by showing that the protected
activity was followed closely by discriminatory treatment, or through other circumstantial
evidence such as disparate treatment of fellow employees who engaged in similar conduct; or (2)
directly, through evidence of retaliatory animus directed against the plaintiff.” Thomson v.
Odyssey House, 652 F. App’x 44, 46 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Gordon v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ., 232
F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir. 2000)).
Defendants contend that Gonzalez has failed to allege any facts “suggesting retaliatory
animus” or establishing when the alleged alienation began. (Dkt. No. 30 at 22.) 9 For her part,
Gonzalez attempts to establish causation indirectly through temporal proximity, contending that
the “isolation occurred within weeks of her complaining to supervisors, making a workplace
violence report, and the filing of an EEOC Charge.” (Dkt. No. 34 at 11.)
Defendants are correct that the Amended Complaint is not specific about the timing of
the retaliatory treatment suffered by Gonzalez. The Amended Complaint alleges that the
alienation occurred “subsequent to Ms. Gonzalez’s workplace violence complaint” (Compl.
9
Defendants also briefly argue that Gonzalez cannot establish causation because
the alleged harassment began in 2014, before Gonzalez had engaged in any protected activity.
(Dkt. No. 30 at 22–23; Dkt. No. 36 at 10.) But this argument confuses the sex-based harassment
that serves as the basis for Gonzalez’s hostile work environment claim—allegedly perpetrated by
Ratkewitch from 2014 to 2018 (Compl. ¶¶ 25–32)—with the alienation that serves as the adverse
employment action underlying her retaliation claim—allegedly perpetrated by other doctors at
the facility, beginning in late 2017 (Compl. ¶¶ 45–49).
23
¶ 46)—which was filed on July 20, 2017 and resolved on August 1, 2017. (Dkt. Nos. 29-2,
29-3.) Furthermore, because the only protected activity adequately alleged by the Amended
Complaint is the filing of the EEOC charge (see supra Section III.C.4.a), the relevant starting
point is the time the charge was filed in September 2017 (Compl. ¶ 9). The Amended Complaint
also alleges that Gonzalez asked another doctor about the way she was being treated in January
2018. (Compl. ¶ 48.) At most, this establishes roughly a five-month period during which the
alienation resulting from the filing of the EEOC charge is alleged to have begun.
The Second Circuit “has not drawn a bright line defining, for the purposes of a prima
facie case, the outer limits beyond which a temporal relationship is too attenuated to establish
causation.” Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 110 (2d Cir. 2010). And it has
previously held at the summary judgment stage that “five months is not too long to find the
causal relationship.” Id. In the context of this case, the Court concludes that the gap of five
months at the outmost between Gonzalez’s protected activity and the onset of the retaliatory
conduct is not too long to establish indirect causation for the purposes of the prima facie case of
retaliation at the pleading stage.
***
The Court concludes that Gonzalez has adequately pleaded the elements of a prima facie
case of retaliation under Title VII and the NYSHRL. And therefore, Gonzalez has also
adequately pleaded the elements of retaliation “under the more expansive standard of the
NYCHRL.” Kwan v. Andalex Grp. LLC, 737 F.3d 834, 843 n.3 (2d Cir. 2013); see Gonzalez v.
City of New York, No. 15 Civ. 3158, 2015 WL 9450599, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2015) (“The
NYCHRL standard is ‘more liberal’ and ‘more expansive’ than the Title VII standard, and any
24
claim that states a cause of action under Title VII will state one under NYCHRL.”). 10
Gonzalez’s retaliation claims thus survive Defendants’ motion to dismiss.
IV.
Leave to Amend
Gonzalez requests permission to file an amended complaint in the event any of her claims
are dismissed. (Dkt. No. 34 at 11.) Defendants contend that “all claims against the City of New
York and Plaintiff’s § 1981 claims must be dismissed with prejudice” because Gonzalez
conceded their impropriety, but otherwise Defendants do not respond to the request for leave to
amend in their reply brief. (Dkt. No. 36 at 1.) The Court agrees that the claims against the City
and the Section 1981 claims must be dismissed with prejudice.
In addition to these claims, the Court has dismissed Gonzalez’s disparate treatment
claims on the ground of abandonment (see supra Section III.A) and her constructive discharge
claims for failure to state a claim (see supra Section III.C.3). Additionally, although the Court
has not dismissed the retaliation claims, it has narrowed their scope in certain ways. (See supra
Section III.C.4.a–b.)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that leave to amend a pleading should
be given “freely . . . when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Under this standard,
10
However, the Court limits the scope of the NYCHRL retaliation claims to the
same extent as the Title VII and NYSHRL claims. “[T]o prevail on a retaliation claim under the
NYCHRL, the plaintiff must show that she took an action opposing her employer’s
discrimination, and that, as a result, the employer engaged in conduct that was reasonably likely
to deter a person from engaging in such action.” Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am.,
Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 112 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal citation omitted). Other than Gonzalez’s
Title VII charge, the Amended Complaint does not adequately allege that the other complaints
Gonzalez lodged against Ratkewitch were acts of opposing discrimination on the basis of sex, as
opposed to complaints about non-discriminatory harassment. (See supra Section III.C.4.a.) And
the allegations about mistreatment from the new Associate Executive Director fail to rise above
the level of “petty slights or trivial inconveniences,” Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 113 (citation omitted),
which also are not actionable under the NYCHRL. (See supra Section III.C.4.b.)
25
courts grant leave to amend unless the proposed amendment is futile, the amendment would
unduly prejudice the opposing party, or the movant has unduly delayed, acted in bad faith, or
repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies in previous pleadings. See In re Alcon S’holder Litig., 719
F. Supp. 2d 280, 281–82 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
The Court determines that granting leave to amend is appropriate here. Gonzalez may
file a second amended complaint in this action, provided that she abandons her claims against the
City and the Section 1981 claims.
V.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part. Gonzalez may file a second amended complaint in this case on or before July
1, 2019. If she elects not to file a second amended complaint, she shall so indicate in a letter, and
Defendants shall answer the remaining claims within 14 days of the filing of such letter.
The Clerk of Court is directed to close the motion at Docket Number 28 and to terminate
the City of New York as a party to this case.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: June 11, 2019
New York, New York
____________________________________
J. PAUL OETKEN
United States District Judge
26
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