Finders et al v. BK 19 Inc. et al

Filing 150

OPINION & ORDER re: 139 FIRST MOTION for Settlement Enforcement of Settlement. filed by Claire Villard-Finders. For the reasons set forth by the Court, Plaintiffs' motion to enforce the settlement agreement, ECF No. 139, and a ssociated request for a hearing are hereby DENIED as to Khorrami and the Corporate Defendants. The Parties are hereby ORDERED to file a joint status report informing the Court of the pendency of this action by April 9, 2024. (Signed by Judge Andrew L. Carter, Jr on 3/26/2024) (rro)

USDCSDNY
DOCUME
ELECTRO I CALLY FILED
DOC#: _ _ _ _ _ _DATE FILED: _
_ _ __
3/26/2024

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
FINDERS, et al.,

19-cv-11802 (ALC)

Plaintiff,
-againstBK 19 INC., et al.,

OPINION & ORDER

Defendants.
Andrew L. Carter, Jr., United States District Judge:

Plaintiffs Gavin and Clair Villard-Finders (“Plaintiffs”), initiated the present breach of
contract action against Defendants Babak Khorrami (“Khorrami”), Peter Rabasco (“Rabasco”),
BK 19 Inc., BK 17 Inc., BMS 1989 Inc., Green Devil 22 Inc., and BK 18 Inc. (“Corporate
Defendants”) (collectively “Defendants”), alleging that Khorrami breached their shareholder
agreement and funneled shareholder funds through the Corporate Defendants. On January 24,
2023, Plaintiffs informed the Court that the Parties had reached a “global settlement” with all
Defendants. ECF No. 132. Plaintiffs now seek to enforce a purported settlement agreement that
they allege is binding pursuant to Defendant Khorrami’s counsel’s text message and email
correspondences. ECF No. 139-2. Defendant Khorrami has not filed an opposition to Plaintiff’s
motion.
After careful consideration, Plaintiffs’ request for hearing on the motion is DENIED and
the motion to enforce the settlement agreement is hereby DENIED.
BACKGROUND
The Court assumes the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts of this case and
recounts here only those facts relevant to the present motion. On January 24, 2023, Plaintiffs’

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and Khorrami/Corporate Defendants’ counsel engaged in a text message exchange which read, in
relevant part:
Plaintiffs’ Counsel: “20k settlement 3k upon execution 833.33 for
20 months I believe With the guarantee . We can close”
Khorrami/Corporate Defendants’ Counsel: “Per our subsequent
discussion, the balance of $17,000.00 shall be paid over 24 months@
$708.33 per month for the first 23 months with the final month’s payment
in the amount of $708.41, for a total of $17,000.00. Lastly as per our last
conversation and all prior offers, this settlement is contingent on your
settling with Peter Rabasco. Failure to settle with Rabasco shall mean a
failure of all potential settlements.”
Plaintiffs’ Counsel: “We are resolved and in agreement”
Khorrami/Corporate Defendants’ Counsel: Chris: “Assuming you
intend to reduce the Agreement(s) to writing, I would request a NonDisclosure provision in the Agreement. . . .”
Plaintiffs’ Counsel: “I am sure we can find that [sic] indicates the
settlement agreement will not be discussed to others above and beyond the
necessary people. We will also need to add language to address our
previous agreement on the 1500 legal fee. We agreed to have it paid over
time but we did not confirm dates of the payments. I suggest it be paid
over 24 months with $62.50 per month.”
Khorrami/Corporate Defendants’ Counsel: “I will discuss with my
client, but I don’t think that will be a problem.”
ECF No. 139-2 at 4-6. Plaintiffs’ counsel then emailed to defense counsel a draft
settlement agreement for defense counsel’s review. Id. at 3-15. Defense counsel returned their
print revisions to the agreement to Plaintiffs’ counsel on January 30, 2023. Id. In the body of
the email, defense counsel stated of the edits that “[a]ssuming all are fine, please have your
office make the changes and return to me.” Id. at 8. Defense counsel did not sign the agreement.
Plaintiffs’ counsel sent an updated agreement with defense counsels’ edits incorporated on
January 31, 2023 via email, but defense counsel did not reply. On February 7, 2023, defense
counsel informed plaintiffs’ counsel that his client did not wish to be bound by the settlement
agreement, citing financial difficulties as a precipitating concern. Id. at 28. Defense counsel

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then made a settlement offer with lesser financial terms via text which plaintiffs’ counsel
declined. Id. at 28-30.
In their motion for enforcement of settlement, Plaintiffs advance several arguments for
their position that a binding settlement agreement existed between the Parties. First, they claim
that counsel’s January 24, 2023 text message conversation created a binding settlement
agreement. ECF No. 139-1 at 2. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs argue that “[a]ll of the
essential material terms were reached between the Plaintiffs and the BK 19 Defendants, occurred
[sic] on January 24, 2023.” Id. Second, they also argue that the Parties validly entered into the
written settlement agreement edited and sent between counsel. Id. at 7.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“A district court has the power to enforce summarily, on motion, a settlement agreement
reached in a case that was pending before it.” Meetings & Expositions, Inc. v. Tandy Corp., 490
F.2d 714, 717 (2d Cir. 1974) (internal citations omitted). A settlement agreement is a “contract
that is interpreted according to general principles of contract law.” Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Omega,
S.A., 432 F.3d 437, 443 (2d Cir. 2005). A “motion to enforce a settlement agreement is
fundamentally a claim for breach of contract.” United States v. Prevezon Holdings, Ltd., 289 F.
Supp. 3d 446, 450 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Hendrickson v.
United States, 791 F.3d 354, 358 (2d Cir. 2015)). When a court determines that a settlement
agreement was in fact reached, that agreement must be binding, and “it is an elementary
principle of contract law that a party’s subsequent change of heart will not unmake a bargain
already made.” Omega, 432 F.3d at 445.
Under New York law, an enforceable settlement agreement requires “an offer,
acceptance, consideration, mutual assent and intent to be bound.” Register.com, Inc. v. Verio,

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Inc., 356 F.3d 393, 427 (2d Cir. 2004). The parties must be in agreement “on all essential
terms,” Opals on Ice Lingerie v. Bodylines Inc., 320 F.3d 362, 372 (2d Cir. 2003) (citation
omitted), which consists of “all the issues perceived to require negotiation.” Brown v. Cara, 420
F.3d 148, 153 (2d Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). “When a preliminary agreement is reduced to a
writing signed by the parties or their representatives, the plain language of the agreement is the
best evidence of the parties’ intent.” Wang v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., No. 11-cv-02992 (VB),
2014 WL 6645251, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2014) (citation omitted); see also Ciaramella v.
Reader’s Digest Ass’n, Inc., 131 F.3d 320, 322 (2d Cir. 1997). This includes agreements written
in an email. Green v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., No. 15-CV-08204 (ALC) (SN), 2022 WL 2819738,
at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2022), report & recommendation adopted, No. 15-CV-08204 (ALC)
(SN), 2022 WL 2819578 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2022) (quoting Hostcentric Techs., Inc. v. Republic
Thunderbolt, LLC, No. 04-CV-1621 (KMW) (AJP), 2005 WL 1377853, *5-10 (S.D.N.Y. June 9,
2005)); see also Elliot v. City of N.Y., No. 11-CV-7291 (RWS), 2012 WL 3854892, at *2
(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2012) (finding an executed term sheet and email from defense counsel
confirming agreement was sufficient to create a binding agreement). “The intention of the
parties on this issue is a question of fact, to be determined by examination of the totality of the
circumstances.” Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 322. A plaintiff bringing a breach of contract claim
bears the burden of proving the existence of a contract by a preponderance of the evidence.
Pisani v. Westchester Cty. Health Care Corp., 424 F.Supp.2d 710, 719 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
“‘[O]nce reached, a settlement agreement constitutes a contract that is binding and
conclusive and the parties are bound to the terms of the contract even if a party has a change of
heart between the time of the agreement to the terms of the settlement and the time it is reduced
to writing.’” Murphy v. Inst. of Int’l Educ., No. 19-CIV-1528 (ALC) (RWL), 2020 WL

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6561603, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2020), report & recommendation adopted, No. 19-CV-1528
(ALC), 2020 WL 5658628 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 23, 2020), aff’d, 32 F.4th 146 (2d Cir. 2022) (quoting
Elliot, 2012 WL 3854892, at *2 (citation omitted).
“Whether a district court should apply federal or state law in order to decide a motion to
enforce a settlement has not yet been resolved by . . . the Second Circuit.” Green, 2022 WL
2819738, at *2 (quoting Powell v. Omnicom, 497 F.3d 124, 129 n.1 (2d Cir. 2007)) (quotation
marks omitted). The Second Circuit has noted that “there is ‘no material difference’ between
New York law and federal common law on this issue” Id. (quoting Ciaramella, 131 at 322); see
also Figueroa v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Sanitation, 475 F. App’x 365, 366 (2d Cir. 2012) (same).
The Second Circuit has “articulated several factors that help determine whether the
parties intended to be bound in the absence of a document executed by both sides.” Winston,
777 F.2d at 80. The court considers:
(1) whether there has been an express reservation of the right not to
be bound in the absence of a writing; (2) whether there has been
partial performance of the contract; (3) whether all of the terms of
the alleged contract have been agreed upon; and (4) whether the
agreement at issue is the type of contract that is usually committed
to writing.
Id. These factors “may be shown by ‘oral testimony or by correspondence or other preliminary
or partially complete writings.’” Id. at 81 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 27
comment c (1981)). No factor is decisive. Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 323. “[T]he analysis
ultimately hinges on the parties’ intent demonstrated through their objective communications and
conduct.” In re Motors Liquidation Co., 580 B.R. 319, 344 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2018).
DISCUSSION
I.

Enforceability of the Settlement Agreement
a. Express Reservation of the Right Not to Be Bound
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“The first factor, the language of the agreement, is ‘the most important’” in considering
whether the parties intended to be bound. Adjustrite Sys., Inc. v. GAB Bus. Servs., Inc., 145 F.3d
543, 549 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Arcadian Phosphates, Inc. v. Arcadian Corp., 884 F.2d 69, 72
(2d Cir. 1989); see also Hernandez v. Fresh Diet Inc., No. 12-CV-4339 (ALC), 2017 WL
4838328, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2017). If there is a writing between the parties “show[ing]
that [defendants] did not intend to be bound,” a court may “look no further than this factor.”
Kaczmarcysk v. Dutton, 414 Fed.App’x. 354, 355 (2d Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).
The first factor heavily favors Khorrami/Corporate Defendants. Although there is no
express reservation of rights, the Agreement itself does contain an implied reservation of
rights. First, the agreement contains a provision which specifically references written execution:
“This Agreement is the entire Agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter
hereof and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous oral and written agreements and
discussions. This Agreement may be amended only by an agreement in writing and signed by all
parties.” ECF No. 139-2 at 23. Such language is “persuasive evidence that the parties did not
intend to be bound prior to the execution of a written agreement.” Kaczmarcysk, 414 Fed.App’x.
at 355 (quoting Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 324). Courts have routinely found that this language
demonstrates the parties’ intentions not to be bound until written execution. Nieves v. Cmty.
Choice Health Plan of Westchester, Inc., No. 08 Civ. 0321, 2011 WL 5533328, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 31, 2011). Second, the agreement also refers to execution: “This Agreement may be
executed in separate counterparts[.]” ECF No. 139-2 at 23. Such references to execution also
demonstrate an intent not to be bound until then. See Hernandez, 2017 WL 4838328, at *3
(finding an “Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts” to indicate an intent by
the parties to not be bound until execution); Nieves, 2011 WL 5533328, at *5 (same). Third, the

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agreement contains blank signature lines for each party. Nieves, 2011 WL 5533328, at *5
(finding that blank signature lines “indicate that the parties contemplated the moment of signing
as the point when the settlement would become binding”) (citing Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 324).
The language in the agreement strongly demonstrates that the agreement would not be
binding barring execution by all parties. Although finding that this factor favors invalidity is
enough to deny the Plaintiffs’ motion to enforce settlement, the balance of the other factors also
bolsters this conclusion.
b. Partial Performance
This factor considers “whether one party has partially performed, and that performance
has been accepted by the party disclaiming the existence of an agreement.” R.G. Grp., Inc. v.
Horn & Hardart Co., 751 F.2d 69, 75-76 (2d Cir. 1984). “Partial performance requires some
actual performance of the contract” and a party “must have conferred something of value upon
[the other] which [was] accepted.” P.A. Bergner & Co. v. Martinez, 823 F.Supp. 151, 157
(S.D.N.Y. 1993). “Courts have considered various factors that indicate partial performance,
including payment of at least some part of the settlement amount and mutual cessation of
litigation activities.” Xie v. Caruso, Spillane, Leighton, Contrastano, Savino & Mollar, P.C., 632
F. Supp. 3d 262, 268 (S.D.N.Y. 2022). This “factor has ‘the least sway with the court.’” Id.
(quoting Walker v. City of N.Y., No. 05 Civ. 0004, 2006 WL 1662702, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. June 15,
2006)).
Here, Plaintiffs argue that they partially performed the agreement “by reaching a
settlement with Rabasco which was a condition of settlement and executed the settlement with
Rabasco on February 1, 2023.” ECF No. 139-2 at 5. Interestingly, Plaintiffs also argue later in
their motion that the Rabasco settlement was in fact a “condition precedent of the BK 19

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Defendants settlement.” ECF No 139-1 at 8. As Plaintiffs themselves rightfully point out, a
condition precedent is “an event not certain to occur, which must occur, unless its nonoccurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due.” Merritt Hill
Vineyards v. Windy Heights Vineyard, 460 N.E2d 1077 (1984); Id. It is not clear to this Court
how it can be that the Rabasco Settlement was both a condition precedent to performance of the
Khorrami/Corporate Defendants settlement and also itself partial performance of the
Khorrami/Corporate Defendants settlement. Nevertheless, we assume arguendo here that the
Rabasco Settlement constituted some partial performance of the agreement.
Moving on, “[t]he fact that the parties abandoned litigation activities because they
believed a settlement was imminent” does more clearly support Plaintiffs’ contention that partial
performance had occurred in this case. P.A. Bergner & Co., 823 F.Supp. at 157. The Parties’
January 24, 2023 status reports to the Court represented that a settlement had been reached, and
as such, that they would stay the proceedings. ECF No. 132.
Finally, we consider whether Defendants accepted Plaintiffs partial performance. The
record unambiguously displays that Defendants did not accept Plaintiffs’ partial performance.
Defendants did not sign or return the written agreement or initiate any payment as required. See
Hernandez, 2017 WL 4838328, at *4.
Upon consideration, the partial performance factor is at best neutral as to whether an
enforceable agreement existed between the Parties.
c. No Open Material Terms
Preliminary agreements can create binding obligations “when the parties agree on all the
points that require negotiation (including whether to be bound) but agree to memorialize their
agreement in a more formal document.” Adjustrite, 145 F.3d at 548. “A settlement in principle

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is not final where material terms that form part of the plaintiff’s consideration for dropping her
legal claims are not agreed upon.” Xie, 632 F.Supp. 3d at 269. Minor or technical changes are
relevant against finding a contract binding “only if they show there were points remaining to be
negotiated such that the parties would not wish to be bound until they synthesized a writing
‘satisfactory to both sides in every respect.’” Powell, 497 F.3d at 130 (quoting Winston, 777
F.2d at 82–83). In Alvarez v. City of N.Y., the court found the “written settlement agreement []
was substantially complete” where “the parties had extensively negotiated the language of the
agreement, and only a couple of items remained.” 146 F. Supp. 2d 327, 337 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)
(“While the written agreement was not signed, the terms of the agreement had been largely
reduced to writing. Hence, this factor weighs in favor of enforcing the agreement.”)
First, we consider Plaintiffs’ contention that counsels’ January 24, 2023 text message
exchange contained all relevant terms and created a valid and enforceable agreement. The text
messages themselves disprove Plaintiffs’ contention. While counsel came to an agreement on
some of the relevant terms of the settlement, namely the amount to be paid to Plaintiffs and the
fact that settlement would be “contingent” upon settlement with Defendant Rabasco, the Parties
did not agree to all relevant material terms. ECF No. 139-2 at 5. Counsel for both sides failed to
manifest objective assent to the imposition of two material terms—the nondisclosure provision
and the legal fees. Id. at 5-6. Plaintiffs’ counsel’s response to the request for a nondisclosure
provision did not objectively establish assent to that term, but rather an indication that counsel
believed his clients would be amenable to such a term when presented to them. Additionally,
Defense counsel’s statement that he would “discuss” Plaintiffs’ request for legal fees “with [his]
client” also clearly establishes that the material financial term had not yet been resolved as
between the Parties.

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Second, as there was a subsequent written agreement drafted and negotiated by the
Parties, we also consider whether this agreement contained any outstanding material terms. With
regard to the final written agreement sent between the Parties on January 31, 2023, Defendants
have not pointed to and there does not exist any substantive points of disagreement that remained
over the draft settlement agreement. ECF No. 139-2 at 17. Thus, “[t]he evidence provided to the
Court indicates that the parties had agreed to all material . . . terms of the Settlement
Agreement.” In re Motors, 580 B.R. at 360. Because the Parties agreed to all provisions of the
written settlement award despite their failure to do so in their text message correspondences, the
third Winston factor weighs in favor of finding the Agreement enforceable and binding.
d. Type of Contract
“Settlements of any claim are generally required to be in writing or, at a minimum, made
on the record in open court.” Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 326. Under N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 2104, an outof-court settlement agreement must be in writing and signed. Id. However, it is an open
question of whether C.P.L.R. § 2104 applies in federal court. Hernandez, 2017 WL 4838328, at
*2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2017) (citing Figueroa, 475 Fed.App’x. at 366). Because “there is no
material difference between the applicable [New York] state law or federal common law
standard” Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 322, and the written agreement states it is governed by New
York law, ECF No. 139-2 at 22, and C.P.L.R. § 2104 suggests a strong preference in New York
law for committing settlement agreements to writing, Hernandez, 2017 WL 4838328, at *4
(citations omitted), this agreement appears to be of the kind made in writing.
Because the agreement was reduced to writing, this factor favors enforcement of the
agreement because the agreement was reduced to writing

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In considering the totality of circumstances, Plaintiffs have failed to establish that the
unsigned settlement agreement is enforceable. The Winston factors disfavor enforcement of the
agreement, as the parties did not intend to be bound prior to its execution.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth by the Court, Plaintiffs’ motion to enforce the settlement
agreement, ECF No. 139, and associated request for a hearing are hereby DENIED as to
Khorrami and the Corporate Defendants. The Parties are hereby ORDERED to file a joint status
report informing the Court of the pendency of this action by April 9, 2024.

SO ORDERED.
Dated:

March 26, 2024
New York, New York

__________________________________
ANDREW L. CARTER, JR.
United States District Judge

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