In re Waste Management Securities Litigation
Filing
58
OPINION AND ORDER re: 48 MOTION to Dismiss DEFENDANTS NOTICE OF MOTION TO DISMISS THE FIRST AMENDED CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT filed by John J. Morris, Devina A. Rankin, James C. Fish, Jr., Waste Management, Inc., Leslie K. Nagy. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion to dismiss is DENIED in part and GRANTED in part. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close the motion at Dkt. 48 and to terminate Leslie K. Nagy as Defendant. Leslie K. Nagy terminated. (Signed by Judge Lorna G. Schofield on 3/27/2024) (mml)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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:
UNITED INDUSTRIAL WORKERS PENSION :
PLAN,
:
Plaintiff,
:
:
-against:
:
WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC., et al.,
:
Defendants. :
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22 Civ. 4838 (LGS)
OPINION AND ORDER
LORNA G. SCHOFIELD, District Judge:
Lead Plaintiff Seafarers Officers & Employees Pension Plan, Seafarers Money Purchase
Pension Plan and United Industrial Workers Pension Plan (together, “Lead Plaintiff”) brings this
putative class action against Defendants Waste Management, Inc. (“WM”), James C. Fish, Jr.,
John J. Morris, Devina A. Rankin and Leslie K. Nagy. Lead Plaintiff alleges securities fraud in
violation of § 10(b) and § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”),
codified at 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78t(a), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, 17 C.F.R.
§ 240.10b-5 (“Rule 10b-5”). Defendants move to dismiss the Amended Complaint (the
“Complaint”) pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the following reasons,
the motion is denied, except as to Defendant Nagy, who is dismissed.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the Complaint and documents referenced in the
Complaint. See Dixon v. von Blanckensee, 994 F.3d 95, 101-02 (2d Cir. 2021).
A.
The Parties
Defendant Waste Management, Inc. is a waste management and environmental services
company. WM is the largest solid waste hauling and disposal company in the United States and
provides waste collection, recycling and disposal services.
Lead Plaintiff purchased certain WM redeemable senior notes (the “Notes”) during the
proposed class period beginning February 13, 2020, and ending June 23, 2020 (the “Class
Period”).
Defendants James C. Fish, Jr., John J. Morris, Devina A. Rankin and Leslie K. Nagy
(together, “Individual Defendants”) were officers of WM in executive positions during the Class
Period. Defendant Fish was the President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of WM and a
member of WM’s Board of Directors. Defendants Morris, Rankin and Nagy were WM’s Chief
Operating Officer (“COO”), Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Chief Accounting Officer
(“CAO”), respectively.
B.
The Alleged Fraud and Ultimate Disclosure
The Complaint alleges that Defendants made false and misleading statements concerning
the completion time of WM’s acquisition of its competitor, Advanced Disposal Services, Inc.
(“ADS”), that inflated the price of the Notes. The Complaint alleges material omissions and
misstatements made during the Class Period in WM’s forms filed with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in conferences with investors and analysts.
In April 2019, WM entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger
Agreement”) to acquire ADS. As ADS was the fourth-largest waste management company in
the United States, the acquisition was conditioned upon obtaining antitrust clearance from
regulators, including the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”). The Merger Agreement required
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WM to agree to divest assets contributing up to $200 million in annual revenues (the “Antitrust
Revenue Threshold”) if needed to obtain antitrust approval. If the DOJ required divestment of
assets in excess of the Antitrust Revenue Threshold, WM had the right to terminate the
transaction and pay a termination fee.
In May 2019, WM issued the Notes to finance its acquisition of ADS. The Notes
included a “special mandatory redemption” feature that required WM to redeem the Notes at
101% of par if WM did not complete the acquisition by July 14, 2020 (the “End Date”).
The Complaint alleges that Defendants made false and misleading statements beginning
on February 13, 2020, the first day of the Class Period. That day, WM filed its 2019 Form 10-K
with the SEC, which was signed by Defendants Fish, Rankin and Nagy. The Form 10-K states,
“We anticipate that we will obtain antitrust regulatory approval by the end of March 2020 and
close the Advanced Disposal transaction soon thereafter.” During a conference call with
investors and analysts that day, WM’s CEO Defendant Fish stated, “We are excited as we near
the close of this transaction” and “[w]e anticipate that we will obtain antitrust regulatory
approval by the end of March and close soon thereafter.” “Our integration team has been
working hard preparing for this close,” Defendant Fish continued, “and the team is positioned to
move quickly to integrate ADS operations and to achieve our targeted synergies.” On the same
call, Defendant Morris stated, “[W]e are approaching the close of the transaction and the start of
the integration” and “we’re on a trajectory, we think, to get clearance from DOJ right towards the
end of the quarter. And obviously, we’re going to move to close quickly after that.”
On March 18, 2020, WM filed a Form 8-K to “update [its] prior timing expectations.”
The Form 8-K states, “As a result of, and subject to any further effects from, the COVID-19
(coronavirus) outbreak, and subject to obtaining final regulatory approval from the DOJ (which
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the Company currently anticipates receiving in the second quarter of 2020), the Company now
anticipates closing the Merger mid to late second quarter 2020.”
On May 6, 2020, WM filed its Form 10-Q for the first quarter of 2020, which was signed
by Defendants Rankin and Nagy. The Form 10-Q states, “[W]e continue to make progress and
currently anticipate being in a position to receive final antitrust regulatory approval and proceed
toward closing by the end of the second quarter of 2020.” During a conference call that day,
when asked by an analyst whether Defendant Fish expected closing to occur “by the end of the
second quarter or subsequent to that,” Defendant Fish stated, “Well, no, I just said we anticipate
being in a position to close by the end of the second quarter. . . . [W]hen we first announced this
deal . . . we said that it would take, we thought, between 12 and 15 months to close. We’re at
13.5 or we will be, next week, so -- or 12.5. So we’re within that window in terms of this being
in anticipation or anticipating being in a position to close, so we’re not worried about that.”
On May 13, 2020, Defendant Fish called ADS’s CEO to propose a reduction in the
merger price in light of “the fact the DOJ indicated it was not likely to approve the merger prior
to the July 13 end date without divestitures in excess of the Antitrust Revenue Threshold.” On
May 19, 2020, Defendants Fish and Morris jointly called ADS’s CEO to “reiterate[] Waste
Management’s desire to reduce the original merger consideration” because of “the fact that the
DOJ staff was requiring assets to be divested in order to grant approval of the merger that would
result in a reduction of revenue in excess of the Antitrust Revenue Threshold, such that Waste
Management would not be obligated to close the merger.”
At a June 10, 2020, presentation on behalf of WM at the Stifel 2020 Cross Sector Insight
Conference, WM’s CFO, Defendant Rankin, stated, “[W]hat I would say is reminding everyone
that what we’ve mentioned before is the Waste Management team works closely with the DOJ to
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continue to move the transaction forward, and the statement that we made about expected timing
[i.e., end of Q2 2020] is the best that I have at this time.”
On June 24, 2020, one day after the end of the Class Period, WM announced a revised
merger agreement with ADS that it expected to trigger the special mandatory redemption feature
of the Notes that required WM to redeem the Notes at 101% of par. At the same time, WM and
ADS announced the sale to a Canadian waste company of $835 million in assets, representing
$345 million in combined annual revenues, to address divestures expected to be required by the
DOJ. In response, the price of the Notes dropped from approximately 111 cents on the dollar to
103 cents on the dollar in anticipation that the Notes would likely be redeemed.
On July 20, 2020, WM redeemed the Notes at 101% of par pursuant to the special
mandatory redemption feature. On July 24, 2020, ADS filed a proxy statement (“ADS Proxy”)
that described previously undisclosed conduct by Defendants during the Class Period, including
the calls between WM and ADS.
STANDARD
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007)); accord Kaplan v. Lebanese Canadian Bank, SAL, 999 F.3d 842, 854 (2d Cir. 2021). It
is not enough for a plaintiff to allege facts that are consistent with liability; the complaint must
“nudge[]” claims “across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570;
accord Bensch v. Est. of Umar, 2 F.4th 70, 80 (2d Cir. 2021). To survive dismissal, a
complaint’s “factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
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level.” Melendez v. Sirius XM Radio, Inc., 50 F.4th 294, 306 (2d Cir. 2022). 1 On a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, “all factual allegations in the complaint are accepted as true and all inferences
are drawn in the plaintiff’s favor.” Apotex Inc. v. Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., 823 F.3d 51, 59 (2d
Cir. 2016); accord Francis v. Kings Park Manor, Inc., 992 F.3d 67, 72 (2d Cir. 2021). However,
a court does not consider “conclusory allegations or legal conclusions couched as factual
allegations.” Dixon, 994 F.3d at 101.
“A complaint alleging securities fraud must also satisfy heightened pleading requirements
set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act
of 1995 (PSLRA).” Set Cap. LLC v. Credit Suisse Grp. AG, 996 F.3d 64, 75 (2d Cir. 2021).
“Rule 9(b) requires litigants to state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” Id.
“To do so, a plaintiff must (1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent,
(2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why
the statements were fraudulent.” Id. “The PSLRA, in turn, requires a plaintiff alleging securities
fraud to (1) specify each misleading statement, (2) set forth the facts on which a belief that a
statement is misleading was formed, and (3) state with particularity facts giving rise to a ‘strong
inference’ that the defendant acted with scienter -- the required state of mind.” Id. (citing 15
U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A)).
DISCUSSION
The Complaint asserts a claim of securities fraud under § 10(b) of the Exchange Act and
its implementing rule, Rule 10b-5. That rule makes it unlawful “[t]o make any untrue statement
of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements
1
Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, footnotes and
citations are omitted, and all alterations are adopted.
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made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.” 17 C.F.R.
§ 240.10b-5(b). The Complaint also asserts a claim of control person liability under § 20(a) of
the Exchange Act.
A.
Section 10(b) Violation
To support a claim for securities fraud, “a plaintiff must plead: (1) a material
misrepresentation or omission, (2) scienter, (3) a connection between the misrepresentation or
omission and the purchase or sale of a security, (4) reliance on the misrepresentation or
omission, (5) economic loss, and (6) loss causation.” Noto v. 22nd Century Grp., Inc., 35 F.4th
95, 102 (2d Cir. 2022). “The first two elements must be pled with heightened specificity
pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 9(b).” Id. at 102-03. Principally at issue on this motion is whether the Complaint
sufficiently pleads the first two elements of securities fraud -- a material misrepresentation or
omission and scienter.
1. Material Misrepresentations or Omissions
The Complaint adequately alleges that, under the circumstances, Defendants made
material misrepresentations and omissions about the merger completion time in SEC filings and
during investor calls during the Class Period. “[Section] 10(b) and Rule 10b-5(b) do not create
an affirmative duty to disclose any and all material information. Disclosure is required under
these provisions only when necessary ‘to make . . . statements made, in the light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.’” Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v.
Siracusano, 563 U.S. 27, 44 (2011) (quoting Rule 10b-5); accord Ark. Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys. v.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 28 F.4th 343, 354 (2d Cir. 2022). “Even when there is no existing
independent duty to disclose information, once a company speaks on an issue or topic, there is a
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duty to tell the whole truth.” Noto, 35 F.4th at 105. A statement or omission is material when
“there is a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed
by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information made
available” to the market. Altimeo Asset Mgmt. v. Qihoo 360 Tech. Co., 19 F.4th 145, 151 (2d
Cir. 2021).
The Complaint sufficiently pleads that Defendants made material omissions when they
made certain statements about the acquisition completion time but failed to disclose that the $200
million Antitrust Revenue Threshold likely would not, and eventually did not, satisfy the DOJ’s
antitrust concerns, thereby necessitating the renegotiation of the merger. These statements were
misleading because they created an impression that the acquisition would be approved before the
End Date when Defendants knew the acquisition was likely to be delayed due to the DOJ’s
objections. These statements were material to Notes investors because a merger delay would
trigger the special mandatory redemption feature of the Notes that required WM to redeem the
Notes at 101% of par, thus affecting the trading price of the Notes.
For example, WM’s 2019 Form 10-K, which was published on February 13, 2020, states,
“We anticipate that we will obtain antitrust regulatory approval by the end of March 2020 and
close the Advanced Disposal transaction soon thereafter.” However, the Complaint plausibly
alleges that Defendants knew about the DOJ’s objections when the statement was made. As
recounted in the later ADS Proxy, starting in February 2020, “[o]ver the course of the next
several months, Advanced Disposal, Waste Management and their respective antitrust counsel
continued to respond to the DOJ staff, and Waste Management worked to establish a divestiture
framework that it believed would potentially satisfy the DOJ staff’s questions about the
transaction.” In April 2020, ADS provided updated financial forecasts to WM “to facilitate
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Waste Management’s continued consideration of agreeing to divestitures in excess of the
Antitrust Revenue Threshold at the request of the DOJ.” (Emphasis added.) In May 2020, “after
a series of general discussions with the board of directors of Waste Management,” Defendants
Fish and Morris made calls to ADS’s CEO to propose a reduction in the original merger
consideration given that the DOJ was requiring a divestiture of assets in excess of the Antitrust
Revenue Threshold. In June 2020, WM and ADS announced the sale to a Canadian waste
company, GFL Environmental Inc. (“GFL”), of assets representing $345 million in combined
annual revenues, a divestment well above the Antitrust Revenue Threshold and one that
plausibly would take months to plan. The assets included “36 transfer stations, 18 landfills, 380
collection vehicles, and approximately 900 employees, all spread through 10 states in the U.S.”
As alleged in the Complaint, “[a] transaction involving the sale of $835 million in physical assets
across multiple jurisdictions necessitates months of negotiation, due diligence, and
comprehensive planning, strongly supporting that Defendants knew the DOJ required
divestitures exceeding the Antitrust Revenue Threshold months before the June 24, 2020
announcement.” Indeed, during a June 25, 2020, conference call about the transaction, GFL’s
CEO stated that the integration planning and pre-planning “has been sort of done over the
previous sort of three months,” i.e., since at least March 2020, meaning that WM had likely been
planning that asset sale beforehand. Further, the ADS Proxy states that “Waste Management and
Advanced Disposal executed the GFL divestiture agreement in order to address substantially all
of the divestitures anticipated to be required by the DOJ to obtain antitrust approval in
connection with the transactions.” (Emphasis added.) Taken together, these allegations support
the inference that WM knew since as early as February 2020 that asset sales up to the Antitrust
Revenue Threshold would not be sufficient to obtain DOJ approval. For similar reasons, the
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February 13, 2020, oral statements by Defendants Fish and Morris, the March 18, 2020,
statement on WM’s Form 8-K and the May 6, 2020, statement on the Form 10-Q concerning the
anticipated merger closing date, as described above, are actionable as misleading.
Contrary to Defendants’ arguments, the challenged statements are not protected by the
PSLRA’s safe harbor for forward-looking statements under 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c). “Under that
provision a defendant is not liable if (1) the forward-looking statement is identified and
accompanied by meaningful cautionary language, (2) the forward-looking statement is
immaterial, or (3) the plaintiff fails to prove that the forward-looking statement was made with
actual knowledge that it was false or misleading. Because the safe harbor is written in the
disjunctive, a forward-looking statement is protected under the safe harbor if any of the three
prongs applies.” In re Vivendi, S.A. Secs. Litig., 838 F.3d 223, 245-46 (2d Cir. 2016).
Conversely, the safe harbor does not apply when, as here, a misleading and material forwardlooking statement is unaccompanied by meaningful cautionary language, and is made with actual
knowledge that it is misleading.
First, even if the challenged statements qualify as forward-looking statements,
Defendants point to cautionary language that is merely “boilerplate,” such as the language in the
2019 Form 10-K that states, “Our planned acquisition of Advanced Disposal Services, Inc.
(‘Advanced Disposal’) may not occur at all, may not occur in the expected time frame or may
involve the divestiture of certain businesses and assets, which may negatively affect the trading
price of our common stock and our future business and financial results.” See Vivendi, 838 F.3d
at 247 (“To avail themselves of safe harbor protection under the meaningful cautionary language
prong, defendants must demonstrate that their cautionary language was not boilerplate and
conveyed substantive information.”); accord Gluck v. Hecla Mining Co., No. 19. Civ. 4883,
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2023 WL 2161958, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2023). The warning in the 2019 Form 10-K lists
only vague and generic risks when the Complaint plausibly alleges that, by then, a reasonable
investor with the same information Defendants had at the time would have concluded that the
risks had already materialized. See, e.g., In re Facebook, Inc., IPO Sec. & Derivative Litig., 986
F. Supp. 2d 487, 516 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“[A] company’s purported risk disclosures are misleading
where the company warns only that a risk may impact its business when that risk has already
materialized.”).
Similarly, the statements are not protected by the judicially created bespeaks caution
doctrine. Under this doctrine, a “forward-looking statement accompanied by sufficient
cautionary language is not actionable because no reasonable investor could have found the
statement materially misleading.” Iowa Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. MF Glob., Ltd., 620 F.3d
137, 141 (2d Cir. 2010). For the same reasons discussed above, this doctrine does not apply.
See Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 173 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Cautionary words about future risk
cannot insulate from liability the failure to disclose that the risk has transpired.”); In re Veeco
Instruments, Inc. Sec. Litig., 235 F.R.D. 220, 235 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (the bespeaks caution doctrine
“applies only where the cautionary language is reasonably specific as opposed to generic or
boilerplate so as to constitute a real warning to investors”).
Second, Defendants do not dispute the materiality of the challenged statements. Third, as
discussed below regarding scienter, the Complaint also sufficiently alleges the “actual
knowledge” prong. The Complaint raises a strong inference that Defendants knew about
undisclosed objections from the DOJ that would seriously undermine WM’s ability to close the
merger on the original timeline, given the timing of the merger renegotiations recounted in the
ADS Proxy. See Slayton v. Am. Exp. Co., 604 F.3d 758, 775 (2d Cir. 2010) (actual knowledge
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precludes the safe harbor if “a reasonable person would . . . deem an inference that the
defendants . . . were aware of undisclosed facts tending to seriously undermine the accuracy of
the statement, cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference”).
Defendants also argue that the challenged statements are unactionable opinions. Rule
10b-5 prohibits statements of opinion when such statements, without the contextualization of
material facts, would be misleading. The Supreme Court has “established two principal ways of
challenging statements of opinion that do not require plaintiffs to show that the speaker
subjectively disbelieved the statement.” Abramson v. Newlink Genetics Corp., 965 F.3d 165,
175 (2d Cir. 2020). Under one method, “when a statement of opinion implies facts or the
absence of contrary facts, and the speaker knows or reasonably should know of different material
facts that were omitted, liability under Rule 10b-5 may follow.” Id. Here, even if the challenged
statements were opinions, they would be actionable under this method for the reasons discussed
above.
Finally, the analyst reports submitted by Defendants do not require a different result.
This case is distinguishable from Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System. There, the
Second Circuit stated that the “fact that [some analyst] reports, relying on the same public
information, correctly predicted [the undisclosed fact] is relevant” to whether the defendant’s
public statements were misleading. 28 F.4th at 352. But the Second Circuit affirmed dismissal
of the complaint because of the nature of the alleged misstatement. The court found it was not
misleading for the defendant to state that its clinical trial would target patients “strongly
expressing” a certain protein, which affected the new drug’s likelihood of success. Id. at 347,
352-55. The plaintiffs alleged that the characterization of “strong” was false, or at least required
disclosure of the percentage. Id. at 350-51. The court held that the defendant’s statement was
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not misleading because there was no consensus about the meaning of “strong” in this context, the
complaint alleged no facts that would give rise to an obligation to disclose the percentage, and
the defendant cautioned the public that it would not do so. Id. at 348. In contrast, Defendants
here repeatedly and specifically stated the expected merger timetable, such as the statement in
the May 6, 2020, Form 10-Q that WM anticipated being in a position to “proceed toward closing
by the end of the second quarter of 2020.” This statement was misleading if, behind the scenes,
Defendants knew otherwise.
2. Scienter
The Complaint sufficiently pleads scienter as to Defendants Fish, Rankin and Morris but
not as to Defendant Nagy. Consequently, the § 10(b) claim against Defendant Nagy is
dismissed.
The PSLRA requires a plaintiff to “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong
inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A).
“This standard requires courts to take into account plausible opposing inferences.” Matrixx
Initiatives, Inc., 563 U.S. at 48. “For an inference of scienter to be strong, a reasonable person
must deem it cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one could draw from
the facts alleged.” ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 99 (2d Cir. 2007)
(emphasis omitted). “In making this determination, the court must review all the allegations
holistically.” Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., 563 U.S. at 48.
A plaintiff may satisfy the scienter requirement by “alleging facts (1) showing that the
defendants had both motive and opportunity to commit the fraud or (2) constituting strong
circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness.” Setzer v. Omega Healthcare
Invs., Inc., 968 F.3d 204, 212 (2d Cir. 2020). “Circumstantial evidence can support an inference
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of scienter in a variety of ways, including where defendants . . . knew facts or had access to
information contradicting its public statements” or “failed to review or check information that it
had a duty to monitor.” Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of Gov’t of the V.I. v. Blanford, 794 F.3d 297, 306 (2d
Cir. 2015); accord Denny v. Canaan Inc., No. 21 Civ. 3299, 2023 WL 2647855, at *12
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2023).
a. Defendant Fish
The Complaint sufficiently pleads Defendant Fish’s scienter. At all relevant times, Fish
was WM’s President and CEO and a member of its Board of Directors. Fish signed the February
13, 2020, Form 10-K, signed a certification attesting to the accuracy and completeness of the
May 6, 2020, Form 10-Q and spoke publicly to investors. Fish took an active role in the merger
negotiations and knew about the DOJ’s concerns, as evidenced by his May 13, 2020, and May
19, 2020, calls to ADS’s CEO proposing a reduction in the original merger consideration
because of the DOJ’s objections. On May 6, 2020, only a week before his first call to ADS’s
CEO, Fish continued to state that he “anticipate[d] being in a position to close by the end of the
second quarter” and was “not worried” about closing by the End Date. The Complaint
sufficiently pleads that Fish “had access to information contradicting [his] public statements.”
See Blanford, 794 F.3d at 306.
Contrary to Defendants’ argument, this case is distinguishable from Tongue v. Sanofi,
816 F.3d 199 (2d Cir. 2016). The court in Sanofi found that statements from a pharmaceutical
company projecting Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval by a certain date were not
materially misleading because the plaintiff investors “would fully expect that Defendants and the
FDA were engaged in a dialogue.” Id. at 211. In this case, while investors would have expected
that WM and the DOJ were engaged in a dialogue about the sufficiency of the divestures
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required for antitrust approval, investors could not have known that WM already knew the
outcome of that dialogue. Similarly, Defendants’ argument that they did not have a duty to
disclose the renegotiation discussions with ADS is unavailing. While the court in In re AgnicoEagle Mines Ltd. Sec. Litig. found the defendants there were “not obliged to provide continuous
disclosure” regarding problems at a gold mine because they were “entitled to devote a reasonable
amount of time to investigation and remediation before disclosing an assessment,” according to
the Complaint, Defendants here faced significantly less uncertainty regarding their negotiations
with the DOJ and the likelihood of completing a merger before the End Date. See No. 11 Civ.
7968, 2013 WL 144041, at *21 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 14, 2013), aff’d sub nom. Forsta AP-Fonden v.
Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., 533 F. App’x 38 (2d Cir. 2013). The Complaint adequately alleges
facts constituting strong circumstantial evidence of Defendant Fish’s actual knowledge that his
statements were misleading.
b. Defendant Morris
The Complaint also sufficiently pleads Defendant Morris acted with scienter. Morris was
WM’s COO throughout the Class Period. During a February 13, 2020, conference call with
investors and analysts, Defendant Morris stated, “[W]e are approaching the close of the
transaction and the start of the integration” and “we’re on a trajectory, we think, to get clearance
from DOJ right towards the end of the quarter. And obviously, we’re going to move to close
quickly after that.” On May 19, 2020, Defendants Morris and Fish together called ADS’s CEO
about WM’s desire to reduce the original merger consideration because of the DOJ’s concerns.
This call indicates Morris played a key role in the merger negotiations and, taking the
Complaint’s allegations as a whole, likely knew of the DOJ’s concerns as they were expressed,
for the reasons discussed previously involving the timing of WM’s work to obtain DOJ approval
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for a new divestiture framework. Therefore, the Complaint adequately alleges Defendant
Morris’s scienter through actual knowledge.
c. Defendant Rankin
The Complaint sufficiently pleads Defendant Rankin’s scienter. The Complaint alleges
that Rankin was WM’s CFO throughout the Class Period, signed the February 13, 2020, Form
10-K and May 6, 2020, Form 10-Q and spoke at a June 10, 2020, investor conference on behalf
of WM, in which she stated that the expected closing date by the end of the second quarter of
2020 was “the best that [she had] at this time.” Rankin’s appearance as WM’s representative and
detailed answers to questions regarding the merger at the June 2020 conference point at least to
her knowledge of -- if not outright involvement in -- the merger negotiations. Taken together
with the allegations that she held the CFO role at WM, co-signed the SEC filings with Defendant
Fish and spoke at both of the earnings calls described in the Complaint with Defendants Fish and
Morris, the Complaint supports a cogent inference of scienter that is “at least as compelling as
any opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged.” See ATSI Commc’ns, Inc., 493
F.3d at 99 (emphasis omitted).
d. Defendant Nagy
The Complaint does not sufficiently plead that Defendant Nagy acted with scienter. The
only allegations concerning Nagy are that she was WM’s CAO at the relevant times, signed the
February 13, 2020, Form 10-K and May 6, 2020, Form 10-Q and sold WM common stock on
February 21, 2020, and February 25, 2020, shortly after the beginning of the Class Period.
Nothing in the Complaint suggests that, when Nagy signed these SEC filings, she knew or
should have known that the completion time for the ADS merger would extend beyond the End
Date. The allegations taken as a whole do not imply that Nagy knew about the fraud, had access
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to information about it, or failed to check information she had a duty to monitor. See Blanford,
794 F.3d at 306. It is unclear from the Complaint whether Nagy was involved in the merger
negotiations. The more compelling inference from the limited allegations in the Complaint is
that Nagy did not know about the DOJ’s antitrust concerns.
The Complaint fails to allege that Nagy made “unusual stock trades as necessary to raise
an inference of bad faith or scienter.” See Ark. Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys., 28 F.4th at 355. “Factors
considered in determining whether insider trading activity is unusual include the amount of profit
from the sales, the portion of stockholdings sold, the change in volume of insider sales, and the
number of insiders selling.” Id. That the Complaint alleges stock sales by all four Individual
Defendants shortly after the start of the Class Period is outweighed by the Complaint’s failure to
allege any information regarding the profits (rather than proceeds), percentage change in Nagy’s
holdings, change in volume of insider sales or whether the sales were made pursuant to a trading
plan such as a Rule 10b5-1 plan. See, e.g., id. at 355-56 (finding insufficient motive based on
stock sales); Kasilingam v. Tilray, Inc., No. 20 Civ. 3459, 2023 WL 5352294, at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 21, 2023) (same); In re EHang Holdings Ltd. Sec. Litig., 646 F. Supp. 3d 443, 463
(S.D.N.Y. 2022) (same); In re Plug Power, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 21 Civ. 2004, 2022 WL
4631892, at *13-14 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2022) (same). Taken together, the Complaint’s
allegations do not support a cogent inference of scienter that is “at least as compelling as any
opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged.” See ATSI Commc’ns, Inc., 493 F.3d
at 99 (emphasis omitted). The securities fraud claim against Nagy is therefore dismissed.
e. Corporate Scienter
A complaint may satisfy the scienter requirement as to a corporation “by pleading facts
sufficient to create a strong inference either (1) that someone whose intent could be imputed to
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the corporation acted with the requisite scienter or (2) that the statements would have been
approved by corporate officials sufficiently knowledgeable about the company to know that
those statements were misleading.” Loreley Fin. (Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Sec., LLC,
797 F.3d 160, 177 (2d Cir. 2015); accord UA Loc. 13 Pension Fund v. Sealed Air Corp., No. 19
Civ. 10161, 2021 WL 2209921, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. June 1, 2021). Courts will then “look to the
discrete roles played by the corporate actors who are connected to the alleged misrepresentation
to determine which (if any) fall within the locus of a company’s scienter.” Jackson v. Abernathy,
960 F.3d 94, 98 (2d Cir. 2020). “Under this approach, the most straightforward way to raise a
strong inference of corporate scienter is to impute it from an individual defendant who made the
challenged misstatement.” Id. “The scienter of the other officers or directors who were involved
in the dissemination of the fraud may also be imputed to the corporation, even if they themselves
were not the actual speaker.” Id. Because the Complaint adequately alleges scienter as to WM’s
CEO (Fish), COO (Morris) and CFO (Rankin), WM’s scienter is inferred. See id.
B.
Section 20(a) Violation
Section 20(a) imposes joint and several liability on control persons for underlying
violations of the Exchange Act. See 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). “To state a claim of control person
liability under § 20(a), “a plaintiff must show (1) a primary violation by the controlled person,
(2) control of the primary violator by the defendant, and (3) that the defendant was, in some
meaningful sense, a culpable participant in the controlled person’s fraud.” Carpenters Pension
Tr. Fund of St. Louis v. Barclays PLC, 750 F.3d 227, 236 (2d Cir. 2014). Because the Complaint
pleads a primary violation under § 10(b) and the Complaint otherwise adequately alleges a
control person violation, Defendants’ motion to dismiss the § 20(a) claim is denied.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is DENIED in part and
GRANTED in part.
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close the motion at Dkt. 48 and to terminate
Leslie K. Nagy as Defendant.
Dated: March 27, 2024
New York, New York
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