Collinsville Police Pension Board on behalf of the Collinsville Police Pension Fund v. Discovery, Inc. et al

Filing 99

OPINION AND ORDER re: 89 MOTION to Dismiss the Amended Class Action Complaint. filed by Steven O. Newhouse, Steven A. Miron, Advance/Newhouse Partnership, Advance/Newhouse Programming Partnership, Robert J. Miron, 86 MOTION t o Dismiss Amended Class Action Complaint (Dkt. 70). filed by Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc., Gunnar Wiedenfels, Discovery, Inc., David Zaslav. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motions to dismiss are GRANTED and the case is DISMISSED with prejudice. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close any open motions and to close the case. SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge Valerie E. Caproni on 2/5/2024) (tg) Transmission to Orders and Judgments Clerk for processing.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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OHIO PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT
:
:
SYSTEM and THE STATE TEACHERS
RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF OHIO, Individually :
:
and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,
:
:
Plaintiffs,
:
-against:
:
DISCOVERY, INC., WARNER BROS.
:
:
DISCOVERY, INC., DAVID ZASLAV,
GUNNAR WIEDENFELS,
:
ADVANCE/NEWHOUSE PARTNERSHIP,
:
:
ADVANCE/NEWHOUSE PROGRAMMING
PARTNERSHIP, STEVEN A. MIRON, ROBERT :
J. MIRON, and STEVEN O. NEWHOUSE,
:
:
Defendants. :
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USDC SDNY
DOCUMENT
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
DOC #:
DATE FILED: 02/05/2024

22-CV-8171 (VEC)
OPINION & ORDER

VALERIE CAPRONI, United States District Judge:
Plaintiffs in this putative securities class action allege that there were false and
misleading statements in the offering materials that preceded the merger transaction (the
“Merger” or the “Transaction”) from which Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. (“WBD” or the
“Merged Company”) emerged. Plaintiffs brought claims under Sections 11, 12(a)(2), and 15 of
the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”). See generally Am. Compl., Dkt. 70. 1 On April
7, 2023, Defendants moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of

1
On November 4, 2022, the Court consolidated this action with Todorovski v. Discovery Inc., 22-CV-9125
(VEC) (S.D.N.Y.). See Order, Dkt. 19. On December 12, 2022, the Court appointed the Ohio Public Employees
Retirement System and the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio as lead Plaintiffs for the putative class. See
Order, Dkt. 65. On February 15, 2023, Plaintiffs filed an amended, consolidated complaint. See Am. Compl., Dkt.
70.

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 2 See WBD Defs. Not. of Mot., Dkt. 86; Advance Defs. Not. of Mot.,
Dkt. 89. For the following reasons, Defendants’ motions are GRANTED, and the case is
DISMISSED with prejudice.
BACKGROUND 3
In 2022, Discovery, Inc. (“Discovery”) merged with WarnerMedia (“WarnerMedia”), the
media business of AT&T Inc. (“AT&T’”), to form Defendant WBD, a publicly traded media and
entertainment company that owns and operates brands including HBO, HBO Max, and CNN.
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18–19.
The Ohio Public Employees Retirement System and the State Teachers Retirement
System of Ohio (“Plaintiffs”) are public pension funds that acquired WBD common stock as a
result of the Merger and subsequently in open market purchases between April 11, 2022, and
August 4, 2022 (the “Class Period”). Id. ¶¶ 15–17, 220, 237. According to Plaintiffs,
Defendants’ misrepresentations about the Merged Company artificially inflated WBD’s share
price, causing Plaintiffs’ damages. Id. ¶ 220.
I.

Pre-Merger Business Strategy and Due Diligence

Before the Merger, WarnerMedia owned significant media assets, including the MetroGoldwyn-Mayer film library, Warner Bros. Pictures, HBO, and CNN. Id. ¶ 31. Historically, a

2

Defendants also moved to dismiss claims against Discovery, Inc. for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2). See WBD Defs. Not. of Mot., Dkt. 86. Plaintiffs concede that
Discovery, Inc. is not a proper Defendant in this case. See Pls. Mem., Dkt. 91, at 1 n.1.

Although Defendants filed separate motions to dismiss, Defendants Advance/Newhouse Partnership,
Advance/Newhouse Programming Partnership, Steven A. Miron, Robert J. Miron, and Steven O. Newhouse (the
“Advance Defendants”) incorporated the memorandum filed by Discovery, Inc., WBD, David Zaslav, and Gunnar
Wiedenfels (the “WBD Defendants”) by reference. See Advance Defs. Mem., Dkt. 90, at 1.
3

For the purposes of this Opinion, the Court assumes the truth of the facts alleged in the Amended
Complaint. The Court also considers materials incorporated into the Amended Complaint by reference, documents
that are integral to the Amended Complaint, and materials subject to judicial notice. See Colbert v. Rio Tinto PLC,
824 F. App’x 5, 10 n.5 (2d Cir. 2020); Cohen v. Rosicki, Rosicki & Assocs., P.C., 897 F.3d 75, 80 (2d Cir. 2018).

2

significant portion of WarnerMedia’s revenues came from licensing its content to third parties.
Id. ¶ 132. WarnerMedia launched HBO Max, its own streaming service, in 2020. Id. ¶¶ 40–41.
In an effort to change the trajectory of HBO Max, which initially struggled to attract viewers,
WarnerMedia spent billions of dollars on new content development and, in 2021, released its
new films simultaneously on HBO Max and in theaters — a controversial move. Id. ¶¶ 42–43,
161, 163. Also in 2021, WarnerMedia announced that it would launch CNN+, a news streaming
service. 4 Id. ¶¶ 175–77. Around the same time, Discovery launched its own streaming platform,
Discovery+. Id. ¶ 48. Competition for users of streaming platforms was fierce. Id. ¶¶ 38, 110.
In February 2021, Discovery and AT&T began to discuss the possible merger of
Discovery and WarnerMedia. Id. ¶¶ 53–54. The companies entered a non-disclosure agreement
and gave each other access to virtual data rooms to facilitate due diligence. Id. ¶¶ 56–57. The
Merger ultimately closed on April 8, 2022, and WBD shares began trading on April 11, 2022.
Id. ¶ 62.
II.

Defendants’ Alleged Misstatements or Actionable Omissions

In connection with the Merger, Defendants filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (the “SEC”): a registration statement (the “Registration Statement”); an amendment
to the Registration Statement; a prospectus (the “Prospectus”); a preliminary information
statement (the “Information Statement”); and a form 424(b) (the “Form 424(b)”) (together, the
“Offering Documents”). Id. ¶¶ 69–77, 84. All of the Offering Documents were filed between
February 4, 2022, and April 8, 2022. Id. ¶¶ 69–77.
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents misrepresented: (1) the number of
streaming subscribers the Merged Company would have based on the number of subscribers of

4

CNN+ was actually launched in March 2022. Am. Compl. ¶ 181.

3

the merging companies; (2) WarnerMedia’s content licensing strategy; (3) the extent to which
the likely profitability of WarnerMedia’s investment in the development of content had been
analyzed; (4) the extent to which WarnerMedia had shifted to streaming films directly instead of
releasing them in theaters first; (5) the future of CNN+; and (6) Discovery’s due diligence in
connection with the Merger. Id. ¶¶ 5–10.
A. Streaming Subscriber Numbers
The Registration Statement and Prospectus stated that the total number of subscribers for
HBO, HBO Max, and Discovery as of September 30, 2021, was 89.4 million. Id. ¶ 120a. The
Form 424(b) reported that, as of December 31, 2021, those services had 95.8 million subscribers.
Id. ¶ 120b.
Although the Offering Documents stated that subscriber numbers for HBO Max included
“wholesale subscribers and subscribers receiving access through bundled services that may not
have signed in,” and that Discovery “may refer to the aggregate number of subscriptions across
its [direct-to-consumer] services as subscribers,” they did not specify the number of
“unactivated” subscribers of HBO and HBO Max or the number of “non-core” subscribers of
Discovery. Id. ¶¶ 122–23; see also Registration Statement, Dkt. 88-1, at 108, 114; Prospectus,
Dkt. 88-2, at 108, 114; Form 424(b), Dkt. 88-3, at 85, 91.
According to Plaintiffs, subscriber numbers reported in the Offering Documents were
misleading because they included non-paying HBO and HBO Max subscribers who had not
activated their accounts, as well as “non-core” 5 Discovery subscribers, and did not specify how
many such “unactivated” and “non-core” subscribers existed. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 121, 126.

5

Discovery’s non-core programming included Eurosports Player, Motortrend, and Discovery Kids. Id. ¶¶
124, 131.

4

B. Content Licensing Strategy
The Registration Statement, Prospectus, and Form 424(b) stated that WarnerMedia’s
content “is also licensed to third parties for use as part of their various video services and
platforms.” Id. ¶ 135. The Offering Documents listed as a risk factor that “[f]ailure to renew,
renewal with less favorable terms, or termination” of WarnerMedia’s “content licenses and
similar distribution agreements may cause a decline in WBD’s revenue.” Id. ¶ 139. The
Offering Documents further noted that “[c]hanges in distribution strategy” may also “drive
changes in the licensee fees” which “may in turn negatively affect WBD’s content revenue.” Id.
Discovery stated during a February 24, 2022 earnings call 6 that WarnerMedia was selling
its content, comprised of more than “100 active series . . . to over 20 platforms and outlets” and
is “a content maker and content owner generating significant revenue, free cash flow and most
importantly, optionality.” Id. ¶ 142.
According to Plaintiffs, those statements were misleading because they failed to disclose
that WarnerMedia had changed its business strategy of licensing content to third parties in favor
of delivering its content exclusively to its HBO Max streaming service. Id. ¶¶ 136, 140, 143.
C. The Likely Profitability of Investments in Content Development
The Offering Documents disclosed that WarnerMedia had invested substantial sums to
develop new content. Id. ¶¶ 156, 158. According to Plaintiffs, those statements were misleading
because they failed to disclose that WarnerMedia had not analyzed whether its investment in
content development would likely be profitable. Id. ¶¶ 157, 159.

6

Plaintiffs assert that the earnings call statement constitutes a prospectus under the Securities Act because it
was transcribed and filed with the SEC as a written communication made in connection with the Merger. Id. ¶ 144
(citing 17 C.F.R. § 230.425). Defendants do not dispute that assertion.

5

D. Direct-to-Streaming Strategy
The Registration Statement and the Form 424(b) stated that WarnerMedia’s content
revenues “consist[ed] primarily” of licensing feature films for initial theatrical exhibition and
licensing television programs for initial television broadcast. Id. ¶ 171. According to Plaintiffs,
those statements were misleading because they failed to disclose that WarnerMedia had “shifted
away” from licensing feature films for theatrical distribution to a direct-to-streaming model, a
strategy that purportedly lacked economic value. Id. ¶ 172.
The Registration Statement and the Prospectus stated that WarnerMedia produces and
releases feature films “for initial exhibition in theaters, on HBO Max and, in 2021,
simultaneously in theaters and HBO Max domestically.” Id. ¶ 173. According to Plaintiffs,
those statements were misleading because they failed to disclose that WarnerMedia had extended
into 2022 its strategy of releasing films simultaneously to theaters and to HBO Max. 7 Id. ¶ 174.
E. The Future of CNN+
The Registration Statement, Prospectus, and Form 424(b) stated that the combination of
Discovery’s and WarnerMedia’s “robust portfolios of entertainment, kids, news and sports
content” was “expected to position WBD as a stronger global competitor in streaming and digital
entertainment . . . .” Id. ¶ 193. According to Plaintiffs, those statements were misleading
because, at some unspecified point prior to April 8, 2022, executives of Discovery had decided

7

Plaintiffs do not allege any facts in support of the assertion that WarnerMedia had extended into 2022 its
strategy of simultaneous releases of movies to theaters and to HBOMax. Id. ¶ 166. Plaintiffs cite WBD’s
statements during its second quarter earnings call, see id. ¶¶ 166–68, but the transcript of the call does not reflect a
representation from anyone that WBD was continuing to release films simultaneously on HBO Max and in theaters,
see Aug. 2022 Earnings Call Tr., Dkt. 88-8. Plaintiffs also cite a 2021 media report in which WarnerMedia
announced that it would cease releasing films simultaneously on HBO Max and in theaters as of January 1, 2022.
Am. Compl. ¶ 166.

6

that WBD would cancel CNN+ after the Merger, 8 and CNN+ was to be the Merged Company’s
only news streaming platform. Id. ¶¶ 190–91, 194.
The Registration Statement, Prospectus, and Form 424(b) also stated that WBD “[would]
need to invest substantial amounts in the production or acquisition and marketing of its
entertainment, sports and news before it [could] learn[] whether such content [would] reach
anticipated levels of popularity with consumers.” Id. ¶ 195. According to Plaintiffs, those
statements were misleading because they failed to disclose that: WarnerMedia had already
invested over $300 million in CNN+; WarnerMedia had “not performed an investment case” for
that investment; and executives of Discovery had determined before the Merger closed that, if
the deal closed, CNN+ would be canceled. Id. ¶ 196.
F. Discovery’s Due Diligence
During a November 3, 2021 earnings call, 9 Discovery stated that Discovery and
WarnerMedia were “scrutiniz[ing] . . . each other’s investment plans” as part of the Merger
discussions. Id. ¶ 208. The Registration Statement, Prospectus, and Form 424(b) stated that, in
connection with its due diligence review of WarnerMedia, Discovery had access to certain nonpublic financial information, including WarnerMedia’s internal financial forecasts, estimates,
and other financial operating data. Id. ¶¶ 211, 216. These same filings also stated that, as part of

8
In support of this assertion, Plaintiffs cite an April 14, 2022 CNBC article. See id. ¶ 187; Apr. 2022 CNBC
Article, Dkt. 88-18. The CNBC article, however, states that staffers were “frustrat[ed]” that Discovery did not
“backchannel information to delay the CNN+ launch if they were that unhappy with the [platform’s] strategy” —
not that Discovery knew before the Merger that it would cancel CNN+. Apr. 2022 CNBC Article at 7.

Plaintiffs concede that the statements contained in paragraph 197 of the Amended Complaint were not
misleading. See Pls. Mem. at 25 n.12.
9

Plaintiffs assert that statements made during the call — which occurred before the Class Period began —
constitute a prospectus under the Securities Act because the call was transcribed and filed with the SEC as a written
communication made in connection with the Merger. Id. ¶ 210 (citing 17 C.F.R. § 230.425). Plaintiffs do not allege
when the transcript was filed with the SEC. Because Defendants do not contest the viability of this allegation based
on timing, the Court need not address the issue.

7

the due diligence process, Discovery and WarnerMedia had given each other access to virtual
data rooms, which included business forecasts. Id. ¶ 213.
According to Plaintiffs, those statements were misleading because they failed to disclose
that: Discovery had not scrutinized WarnerMedia’s spending on content; Discovery had not been
given comprehensive access to WarnerMedia’s financial and streaming data; WarnerMedia had
refused to disclose certain data because it was supposedly competitive information; and
Discovery’s due diligence process suffered from other defects including limited access to
WarnerMedia’s distribution and licensing agreements and to its employees. 10 Id. ¶¶ 209, 212,
214–15, 217–18.
III.

Post-Merger Disclosures and WBD’s Revised Earnings

A few days after the Merger closed, WBD began shuttering CNN+; the platform was
officially canceled by April 21, 2022. Id. ¶¶ 185, 221. Allegedly in response to this news,
WBD’s share price declined by 6.8%. Id. ¶ 222.
WBD disclosed during its first quarter earnings call, which occurred shortly after the
Merger closed, that WarnerMedia had invested in content, including CNN+, without — by
WBD’s standards — a “solid analytical, financial foundation” for those investments, and that
WBD was closely examining the Merged Company’s spending on content. Id. ¶ 151, 209, 225.
WBD also stated that WarnerMedia’s first quarter operating profit and cash flow numbers were

10

In support of this assertion, Plaintiffs cite materials from Discovery’s May 16, 2021 board meeting, which
reflect that Discovery’s management had identified due diligence limitations, including limited access to
WarnerMedia’s distribution and licensing agreements due to “[c]ompetitive issues.” Id. ¶ 206; see also 2021 Board
Materials, Dkt. 88-22, at 5. The board meeting materials reflect that Discovery imposed the same limitations on its
due diligence disclosures to WarnerMedia “for the same reasons.” 2021 Board Materials at 5.

8

“clearly below [its] expectations.” 11 Id. ¶¶ 223, 226. Allegedly in response to these statements,
WBD’s share price declined by 7.8%. Id. ¶ 227.
By its second quarter earnings call in 2022, WBD had determined that it should reduce its
projected 2022 earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) by
roughly $2 billion. Id. ¶¶ 137, 152–53. WBD attributed that decline to several things, including
that: prior to the Merger, WarnerMedia had “largely halted” new content licensing deals to third
parties, id. ¶¶ 137, 232; there were projects in development that lacked “a solid analytical
financial foundation,” id. ¶¶ 152–54, 209, 232; and a judgment had been made that certain of the
budget projections made by legacy WarnerMedia prior to closing “varied from what [WBD
management] now view as legacy WarnerMedia’s budget baseline post-closing,” id. ¶¶ 199–200,
229–30, 232. Also on that earnings call, WBD announced that it would exclude 10 million
subscribers comprised of non-core subscribers of legacy Discovery and “unactivated
subscribers” of HBO and HBO Max from its subscriber tally going forward 12 and that it would
revise its subscriber growth projections downward. Id. ¶¶ 124, 233–34. In addition, after
gaining access to “all the data,” WBD stated that it could not find “an economic case for” or
“economic value [in]” simultaneously releasing films on streaming platforms and in theaters. Id.
¶¶ 168–69, 202. According to Plaintiffs, these statements caused a 16.5% decline in WBD’s
share price. Id. ¶ 235.

11

According to the Amended Complaint, AT&T had reported disappointing results for WarnerMedia for the
first quarter of 2022, particularly with respect to operating profit and free cash flow. Am. Compl. ¶ 223. Based on
those results, as reported by AT&T, WBD estimated that “the WarnerMedia part of [WBD’s] profit baseline for
2022” would be “around $500 million lower than . . . anticipated.” Id. ¶¶ 223–24.
12

WBD said that it made this adjustment to give investors “a clear and transparent number of true paying
subscribers” to its “core service.” Id. ¶ 125.

9

DISCUSSION
To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In general, “a complaint does not need to
contain detailed or elaborate factual allegations, but only allegations sufficient to raise an
entitlement to relief above the speculative level.” Keiler v. Harlequin Enters. Ltd., 751 F.3d 64,
70 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the
Court draws all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Gibbons v.
Malone, 703 F.3d 595, 599 (2d Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). The Court is not required,
however, to “accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
I.

Plaintiffs Have Not Adequately Stated Claims Under Sections 11 or 12(a)(2)
of the Securities Act

Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any actionable statements or omissions 13 under
Sections 11 or 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act because (1) the Offering Documents accurately
explained the methodology WarnerMedia and Discovery used for calculating the number of
subscribers to their streaming platforms; (2) Defendants were not required to disclose that
WarnerMedia had allegedly changed its business strategy with respect to third-party licensing
deals because it did not hype a contrary strategy; (3) Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that

13

The parties do not appear to dispute that Plaintiffs primarily allege purported omissions, not misstatements.
See WBD Defs. Mem., Dkt. 87, at 7; Pls. Mem. at 14, 17, 21, 24–25, 27–28 (faulting Defendants for “not
disclosing” the number of inactive subscribers, “not disclos[ing]” that WarnerMedia had largely halted content
licensing agreements, “failing to disclose” that WarnerMedia had not performed adequate return-on-investment
analyses for its content development, the “omission” that WarnerMedia was pursuing direct-to-streaming despite its
lack of profitability, “failure to disclose” that Discovery had decided to cancel CNN+, and failure to disclose that
Discovery had not conducted robust due diligence before the Merger, and not contesting Defendants’ assertion that
the Amended Complaint only alleges omissions under the Securities Act).

10

WarnerMedia failed to analyze whether its investment in content likely would be profitable; (4)
Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that WarnerMedia had shifted away from licensing feature
films for theatrical distribution in favor of a direct-to-streaming model; (5) Defendants were not
obligated to disclose information about CNN+ merely because the Offering Documents
discussed the broader content strategies of the parties to the Merger; and (6) Defendants were not
obligated to disclose limitations to the Merger’s due diligence process because the Offering
Documents did not represent that Discovery was given comprehensive access to WarnerMedia’s
non-public information.
A. Legal Standard
Section 11 of the Securities Act (“Section 11”) prohibits “materially misleading
statements or omissions in registration statements filed with the SEC.” In re Morgan Stanley
Info. Fund Secs. Litig., 592 F.3d 347, 358 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a)). A plaintiff
“need not allege scienter, reliance, or loss causation” to establish a prima facie Section 11 claim.
Id. at 359. A Section 11 claim need only satisfy the basic notice pleading requirements of
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2). Id. at 358. 14 The standard for claims under Section
12(a)(2) of the Exchange Action (“Section 12(a)(2)”) is identical to the standard for a Section 11
claim, except that it applies to prospectuses and oral communications. Hutchison v. Deutsche
Bank Secs. Inc., 647 F.3d 479, 484 (2d Cir. 2011); see also Steamfitters Local 449 Pension Plan
v. AT&T Inc., No. 21-2698, 2022 WL 17587853, at *3 (2d Cir. Dec. 13, 2022) (summary order).

14

Although claims under Sections 11 and 12(a) of the Securities Act ordinarily need only to satisfy the basic
notice pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), “allegations that sound in fraud are subject to
the heightened pleading standard of [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 9(b) even though scienter is not an element of
the Securities Act claims.” IAM Nat’l Pension Fund v. Farfetch Ltd., No. 21-2752, 2023 WL 2879304, at *1 (2d
Cir. Apr. 11, 2023) (citing Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 171–72 (2d Cir. 2004) (summary order)). The Court
need not decide whether, as Defendants contend, a heightened pleading standard applies because, for the reasons
discussed infra, Plaintiffs’ claims do not meet the more lenient standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a).

11

Two types of omissions can give rise to liability under the Securities Act. First, a
defendant can be found liable for omitting information that is required to be disclosed under the
securities laws. See In re Morgan Stanley Inf. Fund Secs. Litig., 592 F.3d at 360–61. Second —
as Plaintiffs primarily argue in this case — a defendant can be found liable for failing to disclose
information that is necessary to keep the representations that it does make from being
misleading. Id. at 360–61, 365. When a defendant makes a disclosure about a particular topic,
“the representation must be ‘complete and accurate,’” id. at 366 (quoting Glazer v. Formica
Corp., 964 F.2d 149, 157 (2d Cir. 1992)), based on the information available to it at the time, see
In re JP Morgan Chase Secs. Litig., 363 F. Supp. 2d 595, 635 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (collecting
cases). A corporation is not required to disclose a fact, however, “merely because a reasonable
investor would very much like to know that fact.” In re Time Warner Inc. Secs. Litig., 9 F.3d
259, 267 (2d Cir. 1993).
To determine whether a misstatement or omission is material, the Court must consider
whether “defendants’ representations, taken together and in context, would have misled a
reasonable investor.” Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 172 n.7 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). In other words, an omission is considered material if, “in
light of the information already disclosed to investors . . . there is a substantial likelihood that
the disclosure of the [omitted material] would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as
having significantly altered the total mix of information [already] made available.” In re
ProShares Trust Secs. Litig., 728 F.3d 96, 102 (2d Cir. 2013) (citations omitted).
A plaintiff may not plead a Securities Act claim “with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight” or
base the claim on a “backward-looking assessment” of the statement. Charter Twp. of Clinton

12

Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. KKR Fin. Holdings LLC, No. 08-CV-7062 (PAC), 2010 WL 4642554,
at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 17, 2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
B. Application
1. Number of Streaming Subscribers
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because they
provided the total number of subscribers for HBO, HBO Max, and Discovery without specifying
how many of those subscribers were “unactivated” or subscribed to non-core services. See Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 120–26. 15
Failure to include in the Offering Documents the number of unactivated and non-core
accounts is not an actionable omission because the Offering Documents were not misleading.
Plaintiffs do not argue that the numbers reported were inaccurate and concede that the Offering
Documents disclosed that the numbers reported included unactivated subscriptions. See id. ¶
122; Pls. Mem., Dkt. 91, at 14. 16 Plaintiffs maintain instead that the Offering Documents
presented actionable “half-truths” because Defendants should have separately reported the

15

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged a materially misleading omission
because: (1) the Offering Documents disclosed that the reported subscriber numbers included unactivated and noncore subscriptions; (2) WBD disclosed on its first post-Merger earnings call that it was in the process of preparing “a
more refined and detailed update” regarding subscriber numbers; and (3) Plaintiffs failed to allege how any omission
was material, especially because the market anticipated that subscriber metrics would be adjusted after the Merger
closed. See WBD Defs. Mem. at 9–12.

In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) Defendants’ disclosure of their methodologies for
computing subscriber figures does not rehabilitate the “half-truths” in the Offering Documents; (2) WBD’s decision
to exclude unactivated and non-core subscribers from its disclosures post-Merger shows that the Offering
Documents were misleading; (3) the Offering Documents said nothing about non-core Discovery+ subscribers; (4)
Defendants’ attempts to justify their omissions are inappropriate at the pleading stage; and (5) Plaintiffs adequately
alleged materiality because WBD overstated the number of subscribers by 11% and investors were allegedly highly
attuned to subscriber numbers. See Pls. Mem. at 13–17.
16

Plaintiffs argue that the Offering Documents did not disclose that the number of Discovery subscribers
included subscribers to its non-core services. See Pls. Mem. at 15. The Offering Documents, incorporated into the
Amended Complaint by reference, reflect the contrary. See Registration Statement, Dkt. 88-1, at 108 (explaining
that Discovery “may refer to the aggregate number of subscriptions across its [direct-to-consumer] services as
subscribers”); Prospectus, Dkt. 88-2, at 108 (same); Form 424(b), Dkt. 88-3, at 85 (same).

13

number of unactivated subscribers and subscribers to non-core legacy Discovery services to
provide a complete picture of their subscription data. See Pls. Mem. at 14–15.
It is well settled, however, that a violation of federal securities law cannot generally “be
premised upon a company’s disclosure of accurate historical data.” Boca Raton Firefighters &
Police Pension Fund v. Bahash, 506 F. App’x 32, 38–39 (2d Cir. 2012) (concluding that a
company’s “literally true” statements about its earnings were not actionable under Section 10(b)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Section 10(b)”) even though the defendant “did not
acknowledge the long-term unsustainability of its business model” (citing In re Int’l Bus. Machs.
Corp. Secs. Litig., 163 F.3d 102, 108 (2d Cir. 1998)) (summary order). 17 Nor is a defendant
required to disclose a fact “simply because it may be relevant or of interest to a reasonable
investor.” Kleinman v. Elan Corp., plc, 706 F.3d 145, 152–53 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). The Offering Documents reported subscriber numbers of the to-bemerged companies that were accurate and were accompanied by the companies’ methodologies;
the methodologies clearly disclosed that WarnerMedia included unactivated accounts and that
Discovery included subscribers to all of its direct-to-consumer services. Plaintiffs have,
therefore, failed adequately to allege an actionable omission. See In re Eros Int’l Secs. Litig.,
No. 15-CV-8956 (AJN), 2017 WL 6405846, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2017) (concluding that

17

Plaintiffs repeatedly characterize caselaw involving claims under Section 10(b) as inapplicable. See Pls.
Mem. at 11, 15, 16 n.6. Although claims under Section 10(b) are indeed subject to a heightened pleading standard
with respect to fraud allegations and require allegations of scienter, Section 10(b) claims — just like Section 11 and
Section 12(a)(2) claims — require plaintiffs to “plausibly allege a material misrepresentation or omission by the
defendant[s].” Haw. Structural Ironworkers Pension Tr. Fund v. AMC Ent. Holdings, Inc., 422 F. Supp. 3d 821,
836 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Police & Fire Ret. Sys. of the City of
Detroit v. La Quinta Holdings Inc., No. 16-CV-3068 (AJN), 2017 WL 4082482, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2017)
(“The standard for determining whether a defendant made a material misstatement or omission is essentially the
same under Section 10(b), Section 11, and Section 12.” (citing Rombach, 355 F.3d at 172 n.7)), aff’d, 735 F. App’x
11 (2d Cir. 2018). Caselaw regarding claims under Section 10(b) is, therefore, instructive on whether the
complained-of statements constitute material misstatements or omissions.

14

plaintiffs failed adequately to allege an actionable omission under Section 10(b) even though
defendants chose to report their user numbers without breaking out the number of users who
could watch full-length films; the figures were “not plainly inaccurate” and the mere fact that
defendants “could have defined and reported ‘users’ in an alternate way that took into account
the specifics of their use” did not amount to misrepresentation), aff’d, 735 F. App’x 15 (2d Cir.
2018); Altayyar v. Etsy, Inc., 242 F. Supp. 3d 161, 165, 179–80, 185 (E.D.N.Y. 2017)
(concluding that plaintiffs failed adequately to allege an actionable omission under Section
12(a)(2) even though defendants reported performance metrics based on platform members and
active sellers without accounting for counterfeiters; defendants “explained their methodology
and supplied the plaintiffs with all the information they needed to assess the reported financial
results”), aff’d, 731 F. App’x 35 (2d Cir. 2018). 18
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents relating to the number of subscribers to the companies’ subscription
services.

18

Plaintiffs insist that the Offering Documents were misleading because, after the Merger closed, WBD
changed its reporting methodology to exclude unactivated subscribers and subscribers to non-core legacy Discovery
services. See Pls. Mem. at 13–14; Am. Compl. ¶ 125; Aug. 2022 Earnings Call Tr. at 9. The mere fact that, after
the Merger, WBD chose to report subscription figures using a different methodology does not render the Offering
Documents misleading. Cf. Wandel v. Gao, 590 F. Supp. 3d 630, 645 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (concluding that plaintiffs
failed to allege actionable omission claims under Section 11 because “the mere fact that [the defendant] eventually
revised” its financial reports “[did] not connote that that the [c]ompany’s earlier statement about its earnings
expectations was false or misleading when made” (quoting Lopez v. Ctpartners Exec. Search Inc., 173 F. Supp. 3d
12, 40–41 (S.D.N.Y. 2016)). WBD’s statement that it would provide “a clear and transparent number of true paying
subscribers” going forward is not an admission that the Offering Documents were misleading.
Plaintiffs also contend that the market’s reaction to WBD’s newly reported subscriber numbers postMerger shows that the Offering Documents were misleading. See Pls. Mem. at 14 (citing Am. Compl. ¶ 128).
Analysts’ disappointment that WBD did not have more active and core subscribers, however, does not tend to show
that analysts were misled into believing that WBD’s previously-reported figures included only active and core
subscribers.

15

2. Content Licensing Strategy
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because they
disclosed that WarnerMedia licensed content to third parties and that changes in WarnerMedia’s
licensing agreements with third parties could cause a decline in WBD’s revenue without
disclosing that, prior to the Merger, WarnerMedia had “largely halted” new content licensing
deals with third parties in favor of providing content directly to HBO Max. See Am. Compl. ¶¶
135–41. For the same reason, Plaintiffs take issue with Discovery’s February 24, 2022 statement
that WarnerMedia was selling its television series to “over 20 platforms and outlets” and was “a
content maker and content owner generating significant revenue, free cash flow and most
importantly, optionality.”19 Id. ¶¶ 142–43.
Failure to disclose in the Offering Documents that, prior to the Merger, WarnerMedia had
begun de-prioritizing third-party licensing deals does not constitute an actionable omission
because the statements that were made were not misleading. Plaintiffs again do not dispute that
the Offering Documents contained accurate information about WarnerMedia’s then-existing
strategy to license content to third parties. See Pls. Mem. at 17–18. Plaintiffs argue that, to
avoid misleading investors, Defendants were, nevertheless, obligated to disclose that
WarnerMedia was winding down the number of third-party licensing deals it was doing. See id.

19

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any materially misleading omissions
because: (1) WarnerMedia’s decision to de-prioritize third-party licensing deals was public knowledge long before
the Merger; (2) the Offering Documents accurately disclosed the existence of licensing arrangements; (3)
Defendants were not obligated to disclose their business strategy with respect to third-party licensing deals; (4) the
Offering Documents warned investors that licensing deals may not be renewed in the future; (5) Plaintiffs failed to
allege that Defendants knew about WarnerMedia’s de-prioritization of third-party licensing deals; and (6) Plaintiffs
did not adequately allege materiality. See WBD Defs. Mem. at 12–16.
In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) Defendants cannot raise a “truth-on-the market defense”
using materials beyond the Amended Complaint at the motion-to-dismiss stage; (2) Defendants’ assertion that they
did not know about changes to WarnerMedia’s licensing strategy is inconsistent with their argument that the market
knew about it and, in any event, Defendants had an obligation to know available information; (3) half-truths are
actionable even if they do not contain misstatements; and (4) WarnerMedia’s reduction in licensing deals was
material given its alleged effect on WBD’s revenue and EBITDA. See Pls. Mem. at 17–21.

16

A company is not, however, required to “disclose changes to its business plans” unless it
has previously “stated its intention to adhere exclusively to a particular strategy and then
changed its strategy without informing investors.” Friedman v. Endo Int’l PLC, No. 16-CV3912 (JMF), 2018 WL 446189, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2018) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). Statements “reflect[ing] company policy at the time” are “not promises to
maintain that policy in the future, and thus [are] not rendered misleading by the company’s
subsequent consideration of an alternative plan.” San Leandro Emergency Med. Grp. Profit
Sharing Plan v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 75 F.3d 801, 811 (2d Cir. 1996) (concluding that
plaintiffs failed to allege actionable omissions under Section 10(b)); In re Meta Materials Inc.
Secs. Litig., No. 21-CV-7203 (CBA) (JRC), 2023 WL 6385563, at *21 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 29,
2023) (concluding that plaintiffs failed to allege actionable omissions under Section 11 even
though the defendant “did not explicitly disclose its pivot [applying technology to a different
product]” because “companies are generally not required to disclose shifts in business strategy”
(collecting cases)).
Plaintiffs do not allege that Defendants signaled that WarnerMedia would license content
exclusively to third parties. To the contrary, the Amended Complaint discusses WarnerMedia’s
public efforts to attract HBO Max subscribers by releasing some content exclusively to it in lieu
of third-party licensing deals. See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 40, 43–44. Defendants were, therefore,
not obligated to disclose that WarnerMedia had “largely” abandoned new content licensing deals
and was instead focusing on its streaming platform. 20
20

During its second quarter earnings call, WBD explained disappointing revenue numbers by pointing to preMerger conduct by WarnerMedia that “significant[ly] reduc[ed] external content sales.” Am. Compl. ¶ 137.
Plaintiffs do not allege the extent to which new content licensing deals had actually been “halted” before the Merger.
Nor do Plaintiffs specify whether WBD’s statement meant that WarnerMedia had quit renewing existing deals or
whether WarnerMedia had merely stopped initiating new deals. The Amended Complaint, therefore, does not allege
sufficient facts from which the Court can infer that Defendants had a duty to disclose a change in WarnerMedia’s
business strategy.

17

This conclusion is buttressed by publicly available reports before the Merger that
WarnerMedia investors would see “many of [WarnerMedia’s] signature titles exclusively on [its]
platform” going forward. 2019 Investor Call Tr., Dkt. 88-11, at 12; see also CNBC Article, Dkt.
88-15; Hollywood Reporter Article, Dkt. 88-16. 21 Similarly, the Registration Statement
cautioned investors that distribution agreements “generally have a limited term which may vary
by territory and distributor, and there can be no assurance that these distribution agreements will
be renewed in the future or that they will be renewed on terms that are favorable to WBD.”
Registration Statement at 78. See Dingee v. Wayfair Inc., No. 15-CV-6941 (DLC), 2016 WL
3017401, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 24, 2016) (concluding that plaintiffs failed to state actionable
omissions under Section 10(b) in part because “‘there is no duty to disclose information to one
who reasonably should already be aware of it’” (quoting Sibert v. Sperry Rand Corp., 586 F.2d
949, 952 (2d Cir. 1978)); N.J. Carpenters Health Fund v. Residential Cap., LLC, No. 08-CV8781 (HB), 2010 WL 1257528, at *6–7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2010) (concluding that plaintiffs
failed to state actionable omissions under Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) because the defendant’s
disclosures “warned of the risks related to the[] alleged misstatements and omissions” and the

21

Plaintiffs take issue with Defendants’ reference to materials outside the Amended Complaint. See Pls.
Mem. at 18. It is well established, however, that “it is proper to take judicial notice of the fact that press coverage,
prior lawsuits, or regulatory filings contained certain information, without regard to the truth of their contents.”
Staehr v. Hartford Fin. Servs. Grp., Inc., 547 F.3d 406, 425 (2d Cir. 2008).
Plaintiffs also argue that the Court should ignore what amounts to a “truth-on-the-market” defense —
which affects materiality — at the motion-to-dismiss stage. See Pls. Mem. at 18. As a preliminary matter, the
Court’s conclusion primarily rests on the grounds discussed supra. In any event, the Court only considers the fact of
publicly disclosed information in support of its conclusion that Defendants did not have a duty to disclose further
information, not to support any finding that the information was not material. See Dingee v. Wayfair Inc., No. 15CV-6941 (DLC), 2016 WL 3017401, at *4–5 (S.D.N.Y. May 24, 2016) (distinguishing materiality from the duty to
disclose in connection with Section 10(b) claims and discussing publicly available information when analyzing both
at the motion-to-dismiss stage); N.J. Carpenters Health Fund v. Residential Cap., LLC, No. 08-CV-8781 (HB),
2010 WL 1257528, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2010) (same in connection with Section 11 and 12(a)(2) claims).

18

defendant did not have a duty under Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) to disclose information that was
“publicly known”).
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents arising from the disclosures that were made regarding WarnerMedia’s
content licensing strategy.
3. Profitability of Investment in the Development of Content
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because they
disclosed that WarnerMedia had invested substantial sums in content development without
disclosing that WarnerMedia had done so without analyzing whether that investment likely
would be profitable. 22 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 146–59.
Failure to disclose in the Offering Documents that WarnerMedia had not analyzed
whether its investment in content likely would be profitable does not constitute an actionable
omission because Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that WarnerMedia had not, in fact,
analyzed whether its investment in content development likely would be profitable. Although
WBD asserted, post-Merger, that certain investments of legacy WarnerMedia did not meet “the
[return-on-investment] hurdles that [WBD] would like to see for major investments,” and that
WBD deemed the investment case for certain projects “[in]adequate,” id. ¶¶ 151–52, that is a far

22

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any materially misleading omissions
because: (1) Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged that WarnerMedia failed to analyze whether its investment in
content development would likely be profitable; (2) the Offering Documents accurately disclosed WarnerMedia’s
historical investments and made no promises about their quality or future performance; (3) Plaintiffs have not
adequately alleged that Defendants possessed the allegedly omitted information at the time the Offering Documents
were issued; and (4) Plaintiffs failed to allege that the omissions were material. See WBD Defs. Mem. at 16–18.

In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) they are relying on WBD’s statement about WarnerMedia’s
analysis of the profitability of its investment in content development, the meaning of those statements is a factual
dispute not suitable for resolution at the motion-to-dismiss stage, and Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the statement is
reasonable; (2) the Offering Documents were misleading even though they were literally true; (3) Plaintiffs
adequately alleged that the omitted information was accessible to Defendants pre-Merger; and (4) Plaintiffs alleged
that the omission had an impact on a quantitatively material share of WBD’s revenues. See Pls. Mem. at 21–23.

19

cry from evidence that WarnerMedia had failed entirely to analyze the likely profitability of its
multi-billion-dollar investments in content — a generally dubious proposition. The Amended
Complaint, therefore, does not adequately allege the existence of the fact that Defendants
supposedly failed to disclose. See In re China Mobile Games & Ent. Grp., Ltd. Secs. Litig., No.
14-CV-4471 (KMW), 2016 WL 922711, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2016) (concluding that
plaintiffs failed to state claims under Sections 10(b) and 11 based on the defendant’s omission of
related-party transactions because they “fail[ed] to specifically plead facts showing that there
were related-party transactions to disclose”); City of Westland Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. MetLife,
Inc., 129 F. Supp. 3d 48, 76, 88–89 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (concluding that plaintiffs failed to state
actionable omissions under Sections 10(b) and 11 because plaintiffs did not allege “facts the
omission of which rendered [the defendant’s] representations misleading to reasonable
investors”); In re Wachovia Equity Secs. Litig., 753 F. Supp. 2d 326, 377 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)
(concluding that plaintiffs failed to state actionable omissions under Section 11 because the
complaint contained “no facts supporting” their conclusory assertions).
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents regarding whether WarnerMedia had analyzed the likelihood that its
investment in content development likely would be profitable.
4. Direct-to-Streaming Strategy
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because they
disclosed that WarnerMedia’s revenues from content “consist[ed] primarily” of licensing feature
films for initial theatrical exhibition and licensing television programs for initial television
broadcast without disclosing that WarnerMedia had “shifted away” from licensing feature films
for theatrical distribution and shifted toward a direct-to-streaming model, a strategy that

20

purportedly lacked economic value. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 171–72. Plaintiffs also allege that the
Offering Documents were misleading because they stated that WarnerMedia produced and
released feature films “for initial exhibition in theaters, on HBO Max and, in 2021,
simultaneously [to] theaters and [to] HBO Max domestically,” even though WarnerMedia had
extended into 2022its strategy of releasing films simultaneously in theaters and to HBO Max. 23
See id. ¶¶ 173–74.
These complained-of omissions are not actionable. As a threshold matter, Plaintiffs have
not adequately alleged that the information they complain was wrongfully omitted from the
Offering Documents is factual. The premise for Plaintiffs’ allegation that WarnerMedia had
“shifted away” from licensing feature films for theatrical distribution in favor of a direct-tostreaming model, see Am. Compl. ¶ 172, is their contention that WarnerMedia continued, in
2022, to release feature films simultaneously on HBO Max and to theaters, see id. ¶ 166.
Plaintiffs do not allege any facts to support that premise. They cite to WBD’s second quarter
earnings call, but the transcript of that call does not support Plaintiffs’ assertion. See Aug. 2022
Earnings Call Tr., Dkt. 88-8. During the earnings call, WBD stated that it “[could not] find an
economic case” or “economic value” for “this idea of expensive films going direct-to-

23

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any materially misleading omissions
because: (1) the Offering Documents did not represent that WarnerMedia would receive no revenue from direct-tostreaming movies, was shifting away from its primary revenue stream for feature films, or would continue to release
films simultaneously to theaters and to HBO Max into 2022; (2) WarnerMedia had no duty to disclose its business
plans; (3) Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that Discovery possessed the requisite information about
WarnerMedia’s business plan; and (4) Plaintiffs did not adequately allege materiality. See WBD Defs. Mem. at 18–
21.
In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) Defendants’ characterization of their allegations is incorrect;
and (2) Discovery had access to relevant information about WarnerMedia, which was material to investors. See Pls.
Mem. at 23–24.

21

streaming” 24 and that WBD was “making a strategic shift,” including a “commitment to the
theatrical exhibition and the theatrical window.” Id. at 15. Far from representing that
WarnerMedia had released films simultaneously to theaters and to HBO Max into 2022, WBD
indicated only that it was prioritizing theatrical releases, a position entirely consistent with
WarnerMedia’s previous statement that it would not continue to release films simultaneously to
HBO Max and to theaters in 2022. See Am. Compl. ¶ 166. The Amended Complaint does not
allege any facts suggesting otherwise and, therefore, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged the
fact that Defendants supposedly withheld. See In re China Mobile Games & Ent. Corp., Ltd.
Secs. Litig., 2016 WL 922711, at *5; City of Westland Police & Fire Ret. Sys., 129 F. Supp. 3d at
76, 88–89; In re Wachovia Equity Secs. Litig., 753 F. Supp. 2d at 377.
Plaintiffs also fail adequately to allege that, at the time the Offering Documents were
issued, any Defendant knew or had access to information indicating that a direct-to-streaming
strategy was not economically viable. WBD stated in August 2022 — months after the Merger
and issuance of the Offering Documents — that, because it had “access now to all the data,” it
could not find an “economic case” for direct-to-streaming films. See Aug. 2022 Earnings Call
Tr. at 15. Plaintiffs make no effort to explain (in the Amended Complaint or in their briefing) 25
how Discovery or any of its officers or directors would have had access to comprehensive data

24
While the Court is not an expert in media-speak, its understanding of the term “direct-to-streaming” is the
same as Defendants’: “direct-to-streaming” refers to the practice of skipping theatrical release in favor of a release
solely to streaming platforms. See Defs. Mem. at 19. Nevertheless, at the motion-to-dismiss stage, the Court
assumes that, as Plaintiffs assert, “direct-to-streaming” refers to the release of feature films simultaneously in
theaters and on streaming services, as WarnerMedia did in 2021.
25

The Amended Complaint alleges that the parties engaged in standard due diligence, including by providing
mutual access to a virtual data room, but it does not allege that the data room contained sufficient data for Discovery
to conclude that WarnerMedia’s direct-to-streaming strategy was not economically viable. See Am. Compl. ¶ 57.
To the contrary, Plaintiffs allege that the information AT&T “made available to Discovery [before the Merger] was
lacking significant data necessary for Discovery to be able to conduct a comprehensive and adequate review of
WarnerMedia.” Id. ¶¶ 212, 214. Plaintiffs’ memorandum merely cites to the standards governing actionable
omissions without explaining how those standards apply to their allegations. See Pls. Mem. at 24.

22

regarding the success vel non of WarnerMedia’s direct-to-streaming strategy before the Merger
closed and only four months after WarnerMedia had purportedly launched the 2022 strategy.
See City of Westland Police & Fire Ret. Sys., 129 F. Supp. 3d at 76–77 (dismissing Section 10(b)
and 11 claims in part because the complaint “alleg[ed] no facts tending to show that [the
defendant’s representations] did not fairly align with information it possessed at the time”); In re
Flag Telecom Holdings, Ltd. Secs. Litig., 308 F. Supp. 2d 249, 255–56 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
(concluding that a plaintiff failed to plead an actionable omission under Section 11 because the
plaintiff failed to allege that the defendant “possessed information” that would lead it to conclude
that its representations were misleading when made).
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents arising from the disclosures that were made regarding WarnerMedia’s
direct-to-streaming strategy.
5. The Future of CNN+
Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because they
disclosed that the combination of Discovery’s and WarnerMedia’s “robust portfolios of
entertainment, kids, news and sports content” was “expected to position WBD as a stronger
global competitor in streaming and digital entertainment,” and that WBD “[would] need to invest
substantial amounts in the production or acquisition and marketing of its entertainment, sports
and news before it [could] learn[] whether such content [would] reach anticipated levels of
popularity with consumers,” without disclosing that: WarnerMedia had already invested over
$300 million in CNN+; WarnerMedia had “not performed an investment case” for that

23

expenditure; and Discovery had determined before the Merger closed that CNN+ would be
canceled. 26 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 190–96.
There was no duty to disclose information about CNN+ in the Offering Documents.
Plaintiffs do not dispute that the disclosures in the Offering Documents were accurate. They
argue instead that Defendants were obligated to provide details about CNN+ because it was the
only news streaming platform of either of the merging companies. See Pls. Mem. at 25.
Plaintiffs do not explain, however, how Defendants’ alleged pre-Merger plan to cancel CNN+
made statements about the broader content strategy of the planned Merged Company (including
streaming and digital entertainment, such as CNN) misleading. The Amended Complaint does
not, therefore, adequately allege a duty to disclose additional information about CNN+. See
Holbrook v. Trivago N.V., No. 17-CV-8348 (NRB), 2019 WL 948809, at *15–16 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.
26, 2019) (concluding that plaintiffs failed to state actionable omissions under Section 11
because failing to disclose “detail[s]” about a particular topic does not render a defendant’s
“broad, non-specific description of [the topic]” misleading; “a duty to disclose does not spring
solely from plaintiffs’ interest in that omitted fact” (citations omitted)); Pehlivanian v. China
Gerui Advanced Materials Grp., Ltd., No. 14-CV-9443 (ER), 2016 WL 2859622, at *9–10
(S.D.N.Y. May 16, 2016) (concluding that the plaintiff failed to state an actionable omission
under Section 10(b) because the complaint “nowhere explain[ed] . . . how these alleged

26

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any materially misleading omissions
because: (1) the Offering Documents did not discuss CNN+ let alone state or imply that CNN+ would survive postMerger; (2) there was no duty to disclose Discovery’s business plan for CNN+; (3) Plaintiffs did not adequately
allege that the decision had been made to cancel CNN+ prior to the Merger; and (4) Plaintiffs did not adequately
allege materiality. See WBD Defs. Mem. at 21–23.

In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) reports from CNN insiders and the timing of WBD’s
cancellation of CNN+ indicate that the decision had been made pre-Merger; (2) the Offering Documents referred to
CNN+ because it was the only news streaming platform of either company; (3) WarnerMedia hyped CNN+ and was
therefore required to disclose a change in its business plan; and (4) Plaintiffs adequately alleged materiality given
WBD’s investment of time, money, personnel, and goodwill into CNN+. See Pls. Mem. at 24–26.

24

omissions rendered any of [the defendants’] prior statements false or misleading” even though
the defendants’ disclosures were generally “opa[que]”); In re Agria Corp. Secs. Litig., 672 F.
Supp. 2d 520, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (concluding that the plaintiff failed to state an actionable
omission under Sections 11 and 12(a) because, read “in context,” the defendant’s representations
were not misleading).
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents regarding putative pre-Merger decisions regarding CNN+.
6. Discovery’s Due Diligence
Finally, Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Documents were materially misleading because
they disclosed that Discovery and WarnerMedia had scrutinized each other’s investment plans
and given each other access to virtual data rooms (including non-public financial information) as
part of the due diligence process but failed to disclose that: Discovery had not scrutinized
WarnerMedia’s spending on content; Discovery had not been given comprehensive access to
WarnerMedia’s financial and streaming data; WarnerMedia had refused to disclose certain data;
and the due diligence process had suffered from other defects. 27 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 199–218.
Plaintiffs have not alleged actionable omissions because the Offering Documents did not
represent that Discovery was given comprehensive access to WarnerMedia’s non-public

27

Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any materially misleading omissions
because: (1) the Offering Statements did not purport to describe the due diligence process in exhaustive detail or to
comment on its sufficiency; (2) Defendants were not required to characterize their diligence negatively; (3)
reasonable investors would have understood that Discovery did not have unfettered access to information about
WarnerMedia; and (4) Plaintiffs did not adequately allege that Discovery’s diligence was deficient. See WBD Defs.
Mem. at 23–26.

In response, Plaintiffs primarily argue that: (1) Defendants conceded that they only conducted due diligence
after the Merger closed, which led to a significant reduction in WBD’s EBITDA and free cash flow estimates; (2)
investors were misled into believing that Defendants’ due diligence had been adequate; and (3) Plaintiffs adequately
alleged that Discovery’s due diligence fell short of industry norms. See Pls. Mem. at 26–28.

25

information. The Offering Documents stated only that, as is typical leading up to a merger, the
parties had engaged in due diligence. Plaintiffs suggest in their briefing that Discovery did not
engage in any due diligence, see Pls. Mem. at 27, but that assertion is belied by the Amended
Complaint, which discusses a “year-long due diligence process,” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 103, 206; see
also 2021 Discovery Board Materials, Dkt. 88-22. Neither the fact that the Offering Documents
did not disclose the details of the diligence process, nor the fact that WBD eventually revised its
projected EBITDA, 28 renders Defendants’ representations that due diligence was conducted false
or misleading. See NECA-IBEW Pension Trust Fund v. Bank of Am. Corp., No. 10-CV-440
(LAK) (HBP), 2012 WL 3191860, at *18–19 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2012) (concluding that a
defendant’s representations that it conducted “extensive due diligence” with respect to an
acquisition did not give rise to actionable omission claims under Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) even
though the defendant reported write-downs and deteriorated asset values following the
transaction because plaintiffs did not “identify any representations made by [the defendant] about
the adequacy of its due diligence efforts” or allege that the company “did not actually perform
due diligence”; they merely alleged that the due diligence “turned out to be inadequate”), report
& recommendation adopted, Order, No. 10-CV-440 (LAK) (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2012), Dkt. 65;
In re Flag Telecom Holdings, Ltd. Secs. Litig., 308 F. Supp. 2d at 256 (concluding that a
defendant’s failure to disclose that it performed “no due diligence” on its customers did not give

28

Plaintiffs cite to media and analyst reports asking whether the Merger was the “Worst $100 billion Merger
Ever,” stating that AT&T had not disclosed certain “highly competitive information” to Discovery during due
diligence, and stating that Discovery “appear[ed] to have misjudged the base earnings of [WarnerMedia]
significantly (which is pretty surprising for a deal of this scale to say the least).” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 205, 219. Public
speculation that Discovery misjudged WarnerMedia’s profitability does not tend to show, however, that Discovery
failed to conduct due diligence.

26

rise to an actionable omission claim under Section 11 because the plaintiff’s “vague” allegation
“[did] not indicate that [the defendant] failed to conduct due diligence”). 29
Plaintiffs’ allegations are also inadequate because “the federal securities laws do not
require a company to accuse itself of wrongdoing,” In re Citigroup, Inc. Secs. Litig., 330 F.
Supp. 2d 367, 377 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (collecting cases), “let alone” — as in this case — to disclose
“conduct not pled as unlawful,” In re DraftKings Inc. Secs. Litig., 650 F. Supp. 3d 120, 170 n.22
(S.D.N.Y. 2023). Because Defendants did not have a duty to disclose that their due diligence
was, in Plaintiffs’ view, inadequate, 30 Plaintiffs’ claim fails.
As a general matter, the Amended Complaint attempts to engineer Securities Act claims
based on WBD’s downward adjustment of its projected EBITDA following the Merger. This
type of “hindsight” pleading, however, falls short. See Chen v. Missfresh Ltd., No. 22-CV-9836
(JSR), 2023 WL 7289750, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 6, 2023) (concluding that plaintiffs’ Section 11
claim failed because allegations that the defendant should have warned investors that its online
sales platforms would need to be shut down were “[a]t bottom . . . nothing more than a claim of

29
The cases Plaintiffs cite to the contrary, see Pls. Mem. at 27–28, are readily distinguishable, see Meyer v.
Jinkosolar Holdings Co., Ltd., 761 F.3d 245, 251 (2d Cir. 2014) (concluding that plaintiffs alleged actionable
omissions under the Securities Act in part because the defendant discussed its “pollution abatement equipment and
its provision of monitoring environmental teams on duty 24 hours a day” yet failed to disclose that those measures
were “failing to prevent substantial [regulatory] violations”); In re Am. Intern. Grp., Inc. 2008 Secs. Litig., 741 F.
Supp. 2d 511, 527, 530 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (concluding that plaintiffs alleged actionable omissions under Section 10(b)
where the defendant represented that it engaged in “extensive due diligence” before entering swap contracts but an
executive allegedly revealed that the company in fact “did not request access to the counterparties’ own valuation or
analytical materials relating to the investment”).
30

Plaintiffs cite Discovery’s May 2021 board meeting materials in support of their assertion that Discovery
knew that its diligence was inadequate before the Merger. See Am Compl. ¶ 206. The board materials reflect,
however, that both WarnerMedia and Discovery had refused certain diligence requests due to, among other reasons,
“[c]ompetitive issues” — not that Discovery knew that its diligence was inadequate. See 2021 Board Materials at 5.
The parties do not dispute that the securities laws assume that investors “take[] into account the customs
and practices of the relevant industry.” WBD Defs. Mem. at 24 (quoting Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers Dist. Council
Constr. Indus. Pension Fund, 575 U.S. 175, 190 (2015)); see also Pls. Mem. at 28. A reasonable investor would
have understood that the due diligence process, as is the case leading up to any merger, had been limited in some
respects.

27

fraud-by-hindsight”); Lin v. Interactive Brokers Grp., Inc., 574 F. Supp. 2d 408, 421 (S.D.N.Y.
2008) (concluding that the plaintiff’s Section 11 and 12(a)(2) claims failed because allegations
that the defendant should have disclosed that it was going to report a loss presented a “classic
example of pleading with 20/20 hindsight”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
For all of those reasons, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged actionable omissions in the
Offering Documents regarding the thoroughness of Discovery’s due diligence.
II.

Plaintiffs Have Not Adequately Stated Claims Under Section 15 of the
Securities Act

To state a claim under Section 15 of the Securities Act (“Section 15”), a plaintiff must
allege “a primary violation by a controlled person, and [ ] control by the defendant of the primary
violator.” In re Global Crossing, Ltd. Secs. Litig., 322 F. Supp. 2d 319, 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
(citations omitted). Because Plaintiffs failed adequately to allege any primary violation under
Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act, Plaintiffs’ claims under Section 15 fail as well. 31
See Rombach, 355 F.3d at 177–78 (concluding that because the district court properly dismissed
the primary securities claims against individual defendants under Sections 11 and 12(a)(2),
“secondary claims” under Section 15 were also properly dismissed).

31

The Court need not, therefore, address the merits arguments raised by the Advance Defendants. See
Advance Defs. Mem. at 1–4.

28

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motions to dismiss are GRANTED and the case is
DISMISSED with prejudice. 32
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close any open motions and to close the
case.
SO ORDERED.
________________________
___________________
____
_______
VALERIE CAPRONI
CAPRON
O I
United States District Judge

Date: February 5, 2024
New York, New York

32

Plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend, see Pls. Mem. at 30, is denied because they have given no indication
how amendment would cure the deficiencies in the Amended Complaint, see Attestor Value Master Fund v.
Republic of Arg., 940 F.3d 825, 833 (2d Cir. 2019).

29