Berry v. Village of Millbrook
Filing
164
OPINION & ORDER: Marchinkowski's and Locke's Motions for Summary Judgment are granted. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the pending Motions, enter judgment for Marchinkowski and Locke, and to close this case. (Dkt. Nos. 126, 135.) SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge Kenneth M. Karas on 9/30/2015) (lnl)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
ROBERT D. BERRY,
Plaintiff,
-v-
Case No. 09-CV-4234 (KMK)
OPINION & ORDER
INVESTIGATOR STANLEY MARCHINKOWSKI,
DETECTIVE CHARLES LOCKE, and JOHN and/or
JANE DOE,
Defendants.
Appearances:
Robert D. Berry
Salt Point, NY
Pro se Plaintiff
Eva Lenore Dietz, Esq.
Rebecca Durie Katherine Culley, Esq.
Office of the New York State Attorney General
New York, NY
Counsel for Defendant Investigator Stanley Marchinkowski
David Lewis Posner, Esq.
McCabe & Mack LLP
Poughkeepsie, NY
Counsel for Defendants Detective Charles Locke and John and/or Jane Doe
KENNETH M. KARAS, District Judge:
Pro se Plaintiff Robert D. Berry (“Plaintiff” or “Berry”) brings this Action against
Defendants Investigator Stanley Marchinkowski (“Marchinkowski”) and Detective Charles
Locke (“Locke”) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Defendants falsely arrested and
maliciously prosecuted him. Before the Court are Marchinkowski’s and Locke’s Motions for
Summary Judgment. (Dkt. Nos. 126, 135.) For the reasons explained herein, Defendants’
Motions for Summary Judgment are granted.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
1. Plaintiff’s Contracting Business
Plaintiff was the owner and president of Independent Construction Services (“ICS”), a
construction company. (Def. Locke’s Rule 56.1 Statement (“Locke’s 56.1”) ¶ 1 (Dkt. No. 127);
Aff. of David L. Posner (“Posner Aff.”) Ex. X (Robert Berry Deposition Transcript) (“Berry
Tr.”) 23–24, 40–41 (Dkt. No. 129).)1 ICS would occasionally hire contract workers, including
Plaintiff’s brother, Joseph Berry, and Gerrit Dodge. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 2; Berry Tr. 140–41.)
1
Local Civil Rule 56.1(a) requires the moving party to submit a “short and concise
statement, in numbered paragraphs, of the material facts as to which the moving party contends
there is no genuine issue to be tried.” The nonmoving party, in turn, must submit “a
correspondingly numbered paragraph responding to each numbered paragraph in the statement of
the moving party, and if necessary, additional paragraphs containing a separate, short[,] and
concise statement of additional material facts as to which it is contended that there exists a
genuine issue to be tried.” Local Civ. R. 56.1(b). “A pro se litigant is not excused from this
rule,” Brandever v. Port Imperial Ferry Corp., No. 13-CV-2813, 2014 WL 1053774, at *3
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 2014) (italics omitted), and “[a] nonmoving party’s failure to respond to a
Rule 56.1 statement permits the court to conclude that the facts asserted in the statement are
uncontested and admissible,” T.Y. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 584 F.3d 412, 418 (2d Cir. 2009);
see also Biberaj v. Pritchard Indus., Inc., 859 F. Supp. 2d 549, 553 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2012)
(same). Here, Defendants filed and served their statements pursuant to Rule 56.1, (Dkt. Nos.
127, 137), and filed and served statements notifying Plaintiff of the potential consequences of not
responding to the Motions, as required by Local Rule 56.2, (Dkt. Nos. 128, 136). Despite this
notice, Plaintiff failed to submit a response to Defendants’ 56.1 statements of facts.
Accordingly, the Court may conclude that the facts in Defendants’ 56.1 Statement are
uncontested and admissible. See Brandever, 2014 WL 1053774, at *3 (concluding that because
the pro se plaintiff did not submit a Rule 56.1 statement in response to the defendant’s statement
of facts, “there [were] no material issues of fact”); Anand v. N.Y. State Div. of Hous. & Cmty.
Renewal, No. 11-CV-9616, 2013 WL 4757837, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 29, 2013) (same).
Nevertheless, in his Memorandum of Law, Plaintiff makes several statements about the
facts of this case and appends several documents for the Court’s consideration. (Dkt. Nos. 143–
47.) Recognizing that pro se litigants are entitled to “special solicitude . . . when confronted with
2
Plaintiff obtained workers’ compensation insurance for ICS through the New York State
Insurance Fund (“NYSIF”). (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 3; Def. Stanley Marchinkowski’s Statement
Pursuant to Local Civ. R. 56.1(a) (“Marchinkowski’s 56.1”) ¶¶ 1–4 (Dkt. No. 137); Berry Tr.
63–68.) Plaintiff was unable to pay the premiums for the insurance, went into arrears, and
coverage was canceled on November 22, 2004. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 4; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 4;
Berry Tr. 63–69.) Approximately three weeks before coverage was canceled, Plaintiff was sent a
notice informing him that the insurance policy would be canceled as of November 22, 2004
unless he paid the amount in arrears, and that he would be ineligible to receive further policies
from NYSIF until he paid the amount in arrears. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 5; Posner Aff. Ex. B
(Notice of Cancellation) (informing Berry that “[t]o prevent [his] policy from being cancelled,
[he] must pay the amount due before 12:01 a.m. on the effective date of the cancellation” and
that “[a]n employer, whose policy of insurance has been cancelled by the State Insurance Fund
for non-payment of premium, is ineligible to contract a subsequent policy of insurance with the
State Insurance Fund while the billed premium on the cancelled policy remains uncollected.”
motions for summary judgment,” Graham v. Lewinski, 848 F.2d 342, 344 (2d Cir. 1988), the
Court considers the statements and documents in Plaintiff’s opposition papers to determine if
there are any material issues of fact based on the evidence in the record. See Cherry v. Byram
Hills Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 11-CV-3872, 2013 WL 2922483, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 14, 2013)
(italics omitted) (“[W]here a pro se plaintiff fails to submit a proper . . . Rule 56.1 statement in
opposition to a summary judgment motion, the [c]ourt retains some discretion to consider the
substance of the plaintiff’s arguments, where actually supported by evidentiary submissions.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)); Pagan v. Corr. Med. Servs., No. 11-CV-1357, 2013 WL
5425587, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013) (explaining that “[t]he [c]ourt ha[d] considered the
[motions for summary judgment] in light of the entirety of the record to afford [the pro se]
[p]laintiff the special solicitude to which he [was] entitled” where the plaintiff failed to submit a
Rule 56.1 response). However, many of the factual assertions in Plaintiff’s opposition papers
either do not contain citations to the record, or are not supported by the citations in the record.
The Court disregards all such assertions. Finally, for ease of reference, the Court cites to
Defendants’ 56.1 Statements when the facts are not in dispute.
3
(internal quotation marks omitted)); Berry Tr. 67–69 (confirming he received this notice).)
Plaintiff claims he did not pay any of the money he owed because he could not afford to do so.
(Berry Tr. 67–69.)2
In July 2005, Plaintiff “prepared an estimate for a large renovation project” at the home
of his friend Lisa Alexander (“Alexander”), which would cost $83,400. (See Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 5;
Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 6, 26; Berry Tr. 83–85; Posner Aff. Ex. C (July 5, 2005 Berry Estimate
for Alexander).) The estimate was on Plaintiff’s letterhead, and provided the following contact
information: “Washington Hollow Plaza Suite 11-126, Salt Point, New York 12578;”
“OFFICE/FAX (845) 677-8768;” “CELL (845) 527-6759.” (Posner Aff. Ex. C (July 5, 2005
Berry Estimate for Alexander).) At the time he prepared the estimate, Plaintiff did not have
workers’ compensation insurance, but he claims that he did not believe it would be necessary
since he thought that Alexander could get the insurance policy for the project. (Berry Tr. 84–
87.) However, Alexander’s home was in the City of Beacon, which required that “proof of
compensation insurance be submitted in order to obtain a building permit.” (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 6;
Berry Tr. 88.)
2. Transfer of ICS Ownership to Janet Berry
In August 2005, Plaintiff transferred his shares in ICS to his mother, Janet Berry.
(Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 7; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 7; Posner Aff. Ex. Y (Deposition of Janet Berry)
(“Janet Berry Tr.”) 5, 28–29.) Janet Berry worked primarily doing administrative office work at
2
The Notice states that Plaintiff owed $22,607.02, but Plaintiff disputes that amount,
stating that he owed $13,000 to $14,000. In any event, he admits that he did not pay the amount
he says that he owes, (see Berry Tr. 67–69), and the exact amount owed is not material. It is also
notable that in his bankruptcy proceeding, Plaintiff represented that he owed NYSIF $24,429.46.
(See Robert D. Berry’s Opp’n to Stanley Marchinkowski Mem. of Law in Supp. of Summ. J.
(“Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski”) Ex. D (Discharge of Debtor), at 15 (Dkt. No. 143).)
4
a retirement community, did not have prior business or construction experience, and did not give
any consideration for the transfer of stock. (See Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 8–9; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 8;
Janet Berry Tr. 20–22, 31–36, 77–79.) She accepted the transfer because she did not want her
“boys to be out of work and because Robert was not able to at that time get his own insurance.”
(Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks omitted); Janet Berry Tr. 36 (“Q: So why did Mr.
Berry transfer the[] [stock] to you? A: Because the business—I did not want to see either one of
my boys out of work and because he was not able to, at that point, get the insurance I asked him
if it would be possible for me to take over the company and pay the insurance.”).) Plaintiff
“acknowledges that the transfer of the stock to his mother was so that ICS could get workers’
compensation insurance for the Alexander renovation project.” (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 11; see also
Berry Tr. 89 (“Q: So that transfer happened so that ICS could get Worker’s Compensation
insurance for the Alexander Project, correct? A: Yes.”); Janet Berry Tr. 70–71 (“Q: . . . And,
you chose to do it because you needed proof of ownership? A: That’s correct. Q: And, you
needed proof of ownership to be able to submit the application to NYSIF in your name as the
owner; correct? A: That’s correct. Q: And the application had to be in your name because Mr.
Berry had an outstanding balance with NYSIF; right? A: He couldn’t get insurance obviously
because of the outstanding balance.”).)
Plaintiff “remained the President of ICS after the transfer of stock ownership to his
mother and his duties remained the same.” (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 12; see also Berry Tr. 94–95.)
Indeed, Plaintiff and his mother did not discuss Janet Berry’s responsibilities with the company,
and Janet’s responsibilities before and after the transfer were the same: writing contracts and
estimates based on information provided to her by Plaintiff. (Janet Berry Tr. 39, 85–86; see also
Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 13–14; Janet Berry Tr. 98 (“Q: You weren’t going to work at this company?
5
A: No. Q: You weren’t going to make any money at this company; correct? A: That’s correct.
Q: This was a vessel so your sons could work, it was their business, correct, or Robert’s
business and he employed your other son; correct? A: Yes.”).)
Approximately two weeks after being transferred ownership of ICS, on September 1,
2005, Janet Berry went with Plaintiff to the Whalen Insurance Agency to apply for workers’
compensation insurance for ICS. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 15; Berry Tr. 95–100.) They met with
insurance agent Leslie Brussel-Smith (“Brussel-Smith”), (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 17; Posner Aff. Ex. F
(Statement of Leslie Brussel-Smith); see also Berry Tr. 95–96), who advised them that there
might be problems with the application because of Plaintiff’s involvement in ICS and his
outstanding financial obligations to NYSIF, (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 19; Berry Tr. 101–02; Posner Aff.
Ex. F (Statement of Leslie Brussel-Smith)). There is some dispute about who said and did what.
In December 2006, Brussel-Smith provided a sworn statement to the Dutchess County Sheriff’s
Office, which stated:
I told them that there would be potential problems with the application due to
Robert’s financial obligation to the New York State Insurance Fund and the fact
that his mother is now applying for Insurance. I told him that due to these issues I
believed that the application would be declined, but he insisted that it be submitted.
(Posner Aff. Ex. F (Statement of Leslie Brussel-Smith).) Plaintiff, however, testified that he did
not ask Brussel-Smith to submit the application despite the potential problem, that he did not
insist that the application be submitted, that Brussel-Smith just submitted the application, and
that while Brussel-Smith stated that there might be a problem with it, she did not tell him that she
thought it would be denied. (Berry Tr. 102–04.) Similarly, Janet Berry testified that she recalled
Brussel-Smith saying “something like, ‘this might not go through,’” not that she believed it
would be denied, and that she “[did] not recall [Plaintiff] insisting on anything.” (Janet Berry Tr.
54–55.) More generally, Plaintiff testified that, while he was present during the meeting between
6
his mother and Brussel-Smith, he was not paying attention to what was said and the information
for the application was provided by his mother, not him. (Berry Tr. 107–11.)
The application ultimately submitted on behalf of Janet Berry (and Plaintiff) contained
several misstatements. First, the application listed the date of incorporation of ICS as August 8,
2005, and stated that ICS had been in existence for one month, (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 10;
Posner Aff. Ex. E (Janet Berry’s Application for New York Workers’ Compensation and
Employers’ Liability Insurance), at 4); however, ICS was incorporated in May 1997,
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 10; Berry Tr. 37, 108 (testifying that he incorporated ICS in May
1997)). Additionally, the application asked, “HAVE YOU EVER BEEN INSURED IN THE
NEW YORK STATE INSURANCE FUND?” and instructed that
You must answer “YES” if you or any person who directly or indirectly owns or
controls or is the president, vice president, secretary or treasurer of [ICS] either
directly or indirectly owns or controls or is president, vice president, secretary or
treasurer of an employer that has had a workers’ compensation policy with the State
Insurance Fund that was cancelled, or directly or indirectly owned or controlled or
was president, vice president, secretary or treasurer of an employer at the time that
employer’s workers’ compensation insurance policy with the State Insurance Fund
was cancelled. The Workers’ Compensation Law prohibits any person from
contracting for a subsequent policy with the State Insurance Fund while the billed
premium on such a cancelled policy remains uncollected.
(Posner Aff. Ex. E (Janet Berry’s Application for New York Workers’ Compensation and
Employers’ Liability Insurance), at 3.) In response to this question, the box for “no” was
checked. (Id.) In his deposition, Plaintiff admitted that the statement was incorrect. (Berry Tr.
109–10.)3
3
Remarkably, Plaintiff asserts that these misstatements were due to misunderstandings
by Janet Berry. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 6; Janet Berry Tr. 103–04.)
Additionally, because the page numbers listed at the bottom of Plaintiff’s Memorandum
start over after page 19, the Court will cite to this document using the ECF page numbers at the
top of each page. (See Dkt. No. 143.) The Court will use the same convention for Plaintiff’s
Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Locke. (See Dkt. No. 145.)
7
The application was rejected one week after its submission by letter received on
September 12, 2005, because of ICS’s indebtedness to NYSIF and Plaintiff’s involvement in
ICS. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 20, 22; see also Berry Tr. 95–104, 116; Janet Berry Tr. 49–57; Posner Aff.
Ex. F (Statement of Leslie Brussel-Smith); Posner Aff. Ex. H (Rejection Letter dated September
7, 2005) (stating “[w]e are unable to provide you with a quote or insurance at this time because
of the following reason(s): Pursuant to Section 93 of the Workers’ Compensation Law, our
records indicate that you owe premium on the . . . policy,” and indicating that Robert D. Berry
owed $25,332.75 on policy number 13526512).)
3. Desormier Contractors
Marcia Rose (“Rose”), whose maiden name is Desormier, was Plaintiff’s live-in
girlfriend at the time of the events in question. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 23; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 12;
Berry Tr. 7, 14 (stating that he lives with Rose and that they began dating in 2004 or 2005 and
that they began living together full-time in approximately 2006); Janet Berry Tr. 81 (stating that,
by the time of the deposition, Rose and Plaintiff had lived together for seven to eight years);
Dep. of Marcia Rose (“Rose Tr.”) 234 (testifying that, at the time Rose formed Desormier
Contractors, she was living with Plaintiff); see also Rose Tr. 9 (testifying that Desormier is
Rose’s maiden name, Rose is her married name, and that though she is no longer married she
never changed her name back).)4 After Janet Berry’s insurance application was denied, Plaintiff
4
The transcript of Rose’s deposition is excerpted in several locations. (See Decl. of Eva
Dietz Ex. 3 (Dkt. No. 139); Aff. of Robert Berry Ex. 5 (Dkt. No. 144); Aff. of Robert Berry Ex.
5 (Dkt. No. 146); Reply Decl. of Eva Dietz Ex. 1 (Dkt. No. 154).)
The Court notes that while Locke’s Rule 56.1 statement refers to the Rose deposition
transcript as Exhibit Z, it is not actually attached to Locke’s papers. Therefore, where Locke’s
Rule 56.1 statement refers to pages of the Rose transcript included in Marchinkowski’s or
Plaintiff’s papers, the Court relies on the transcripts attached by the other Parties. However,
where Locke’s Rule 56.1 statement cites to pages of the Rose transcript not in the record, the
Court disregards those assertions. See Local Civ. R. 56.1(d).
8
and Janet Berry, in the presence of Rose, discussed the fact that Plaintiff would have to cancel
the contract with Alexander because he did not have insurance coverage. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 24;
Berry Tr. 121–23; Janet Berry Tr. 106–07.) Plaintiff claims that Rose then asked if she could
open her own business. (Berry Tr. 123; Janet Berry Tr. 106–07.) Plaintiff contends that the idea
behind opening her own business was that Rose, who was also friends with Alexander, could
take over the Alexander contract, and then Berry could work for Rose. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1
¶ 14; Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 25–26; Berry Tr. 124, 249, 269; see also Rose Tr. 64, 72, 79, 122.)
Plaintiff emphasizes that Rose wanted to open the business as an opportunity for her to “make a
little extra money.” (Robert D. Berry’s Opp’n to Charles Locke’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of
Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke”) 6 (Dkt. No. 145) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Rose Tr. 62.)
On September 14, 2005, a day before Desormier filed a d/b/a certificate with the
Dutchess County Clerk, and two days after receiving the letter denying his mother’s insurance
application, Plaintiff and Rose went to the Whalen Agency and met with Brussel-Smith to apply
for workers’ compensation insurance. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 35, 41; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 16;
Berry Tr. 129–31; Rose Tr. 75–76; Posner Aff. Ex. J (Marcia Rose NYSIF Application); Decl. of
Stanley Marchinkowski (“Marchinkowski Decl.”) Ex. D (Application Cover Letter) (Dkt. No.
141); see also Posner Aff. Ex. O (Desormier Contractors Business Certificate dated September
15, 2005).) Rose’s application, like Janet Berry’s application, checked the box “no” to the
question, “HAVE YOU EVER BEEN INSURED IN THE NEW YORK STATE INSURANCE
9
FUND?” (Posner Aff. Ex. J (Marcia Rose NYSIF Application), at 3.)5 That application, like
Janet Berry’s, contained the instruction:
You must answer “YES” if you or any person who directly or indirectly owns or
controls or is the president, vice president, secretary or treasurer of [Desormier
Contracting] either directly or indirectly owns or controls or is president, vice
president, secretary or treasurer of an employer that has had a workers’
compensation policy with the State Insurance Fund that was cancelled, or directly
or indirectly owned or controlled or was president, vice president, secretary or
treasurer of an employer at the time that employer’s workers’ compensation
insurance policy with the State Insurance Fund was cancelled. The Workers’
Compensation Law prohibits any person from contracting for a subsequent policy
with the State Insurance Fund while the billed premium on such a cancelled policy
remains uncollected.
(Id. at 3.) Like Janet Berry, Rose answered “no” to that question. (Id.) Rose paid the $1,000
deposit with a check from her personal account, (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 19; Rose Tr. 84), but
Plaintiff reimbursed Rose for the $1,000. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 19; Rose Tr. 85.) NSYIF
granted Desormier’s application for insurance by letter dated September 23, 2005.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 20; Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 35; Rose Tr. 85–86; Posner Aff. Ex. K (Approval
Letter Addressed to Marcie Rose d/b/a Desormier Contracting).)
On September 26, 2005, Plaintiff filled out and submitted a building permit application to
the City of Beacon for the Alexander project, relying on the proof of insurance for Desormier
Contracting. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 21; Berry Tr. 134–35; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. F
(Building Permit Application).) In his permit application, Berry estimated the cost of the project
to be $83,000 plus fees of $460, which was almost identical to the estimate of $83,400 provided
to Alexander on July 5, 2005. (See Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. F (Building Permit Application), at
unnumbered 2; Posner Aff. Ex. C (July 5, 2005 Berry Estimate for Alexander).) Berry then
5
Locke’s Rule 56.1 statement asserts that Rose did not sign the application because the
signature states “Marcy Rose” and Rose always spells her name Marcie, not Marcy. (Locke’s
56.1 ¶¶ 37–39.)
10
drafted a scope of work for the Alexander project on Desormier’s letterhead, which provided for
the completion of the same work as did the July 5 estimate prepared by Berry.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 22; Rose Tr. 123–24.)
The Alexander project, which was managed by Plaintiff, was the only project undertaken
by Desormier Contracting. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 43; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 23; Berry Tr. 141; Rose
Tr. 120–22.) The project began in September 2005 and was completed roughly in March or
April of 2006. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 23; see also Berry Tr. 139, 144–45; Rose. Tr. 131.)
Desormier was in business for the same period, as it was formed in September 2005, and went
out of business in April 2006. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 24; Rose Tr. 41–42; 60–61.)
At the time of the formation of Desormier Contractors, Rose had no prior experience in
business or construction. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 28; Rose Tr. 59–60.) She made no investment in the
business, and the business did not purchase any equipment or supplies, but rather used those
belonging to Plaintiff, free of charge. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 30–31; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 31; Rose
Tr. 93–94, 236.) Desormier Contractors only used workers who had previously worked for
Plaintiff or ICS. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 33; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 31; Berry Tr. 140–41, 145; Rose
Tr. 112–14.) Desormier’s letterhead, designed by Plaintiff, contained Plaintiff’s name and his
cell phone number, but not the name or cell phone number of Rose; additionally, the office and
fax number listed were the same as those previously listed for Plaintiff’s business and
corresponded to an empty apartment in Plaintiff’s parents’ home. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 30;
Rose Tr. 95–97, 126–128; 136–37; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. F (Building Permit Application);
Posner Aff. Ex. P (Desormier’s Scope of Work for Alexander) (stating, as part of the letterhead,
Desormier Contractors, Robert D. Berry, Office/Fax: (845) 677-8768, Cell (845) 527-6759);
Posner Aff. Ex. C (July 5, 2005 Berry Estimate for Alexander) (stating, as part of the letterhead,
11
Robert D. Berry, Office/Fax (845) 677-8768, Cell (845) 527-6759).) Plaintiff’s name was on
Desormier Contractors’ checking account, and the bank statements were sent to Plaintiff’s
personal PO Box. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 34; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 29; Rose Tr. 99–100, 173–76.)
Plaintiff paid personal obligations from Desormier’s account, such as child support to his exwife, rent payments to his ex-wife’s landlord, and payments to his personal attorney. (Locke’s
56.1 ¶ 53; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 33; Berry Tr. 270–72; Rose Tr. 182–84, 187–88.)6
Furthermore, Plaintiff continued to use the account after the company went out of business.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 33; Berry Tr. 170–71.) Desormier’s records were kept by Berry in the
same ledger book he previously used for ICS. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 32; Berry Tr. 161–64,
Rose Tr. 169, 192–94.) Rose had no duties or responsibilities in connection with Desormier;
Plaintiff operated the business and his responsibilities with respect to Desormier were the same
as those when he operated his own company. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 28; Berry Tr. 142, 269;
Rose Tr. 81, 111–12, 175–176, 243–45.)
4. The Froman Project
On or around September 7, 2005, before Desormier was formed, Plaintiff was hired by
Ann Froman (“Froman”) and her husband Rodney P. Silvernail (“Silvernail”) to build an art
studio for Froman. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 27; Berry Tr. 145–46; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I
(Typed Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail).) When Plaintiff learned that he would need
workers’ compensation insurance, he suggested that Froman hire Desormier so that he could do
the work as its employee, although Plaintiff admits he did not work on the project as part of
6
At his deposition, Plaintiff insisted that Rose told Plaintiff to make these personal
payments from Desormier’s account, (Berry Tr. 271–72), though he offered no explanation as to
why she would make that suggestion. Interestingly, when Rose was asked why Plaintiff used the
Desormier account to make the payments to his ex-wife, she said that Defendants’ counsel would
“have to ask [Plaintiff].” (Rose Tr. 182–83.)
12
Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 27; Berry Tr. 145–49; see also Rose Tr. 136 (“Q: Did
Desormier Contractors ever work on any project for Ann Froman? A: No.”).) Froman agreed,
and Berry provided her with proof of insurance for the Froman project, listing Desormier as the
policyholder. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 27; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. G (Certificate of Workers’
Compensation Insurance).)
Froman and Silvernail both provided sworn handwritten statements to the police in 2006,
which were later typed, with some changes, and signed again. Silvernail’s typed statement,
which he signed on October 31, 2006, states the following:
I hired Robert Berry as an employee and he worked for me for about 4 months.
During the time Robert Berry worked for me I had a conversation with him about
another project, the construction of an art studio for my wife Ann Froman. Robert
Berry agreed to due [sic] the project but I told him he would need his own workers
comp insurance. Robert told me he now had insurance under I. C. S. and had me
make payment to him for the remainder of the spec house work to that name. The
insurance I was then told changed to Marcie Rose Deso[r]mier Contracting. Robert
Berry told me he could not get the insurance in his name due to the bad debit [sic].
I didn’t pay attention or question the fact that the certificate was in the name of
Desormier Contracting. The art studio was my wife’s project. I fired Robert Berry
about this same time due to the quality of work he had performed on my spec home.
No work was ever performed on my wife’s studio even though Robert Berry cashed
the checks totaling $15.000.00 (fifteen thousand dollars). My wife has contacted
the New York State Attorney General’s office and was sent a packet of forms to fill
out and return as of this time my wife has not returned the forms.
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I (Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail).) Silvernail’s handwritten
statement, which he signed on October 20, 2006, contained the same material facts as his typed
statement. The handwritten statement states:
I became acquainted with Robert Berry through his brother, Joe Berry. Joe stated
that his brother Robert Berry was out of work. I am a contractor in northern
Dutchess County and needed a worker to help me complete a house I was building.
I hired Robert Berry as an employee in August at 2005, at first I was looking for a
person with his own comp coverage. Mr. Berry stated that he was a contractor but
did not have insurance at that time due to cancellation due to bad debit [sic]. I hired
Robert Berry and he worked for about four months, firing him in October 2005. He
was fired for not completing work and doing work that was not up to code. During
13
the period of time Robert Berry worked for me I had a conversation with him
regarding another project, the construction of the Ann Froman Studios which
[unintelligible] my wife Ann Froman. Robert Berry agreed to do the project. I
advised him he needed to show me proof of insurance, he told me he had insurance
under I.C.S. which changed to Marcie Rose DBA Desormier Contracting. He told
me he could not get the insurance due to his bad debit [sic] in his own name and
would get it in his mothers [sic] name. I didn’t pay attention that the certificate of
Insurance was in the name of Desormier Contracting. The project Ann Froman
Studio’s [sic] was my wife’s project for which my wife wrote checks totaling
$15,000.00. No work was performed on the project but Robert Berry cashed the
checks. My wife has since contacted the New York State Attorney General Office
[sic] to assist with recovery of the funds. The New York State Attorney’s General’s
Office [sic] to this date has only sent my wife a packet of paperwork to be filled out
and returned. My wife has not done this as of this time.
(Robert D. Berry’s Opp’n to Stanley Marchinkowski’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Summ. J.
(“Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski”) Ex. L (Handwritten Sworn Statement of Rodney
Silvernail) (Dkt. No. 143).) Froman’s typed statement, signed on October 31, 2006, stated:
I became acquainted with Robert Berry through my husband Rodney Silvernail.
Robert Berry was working for my husband finishing work on a spec house. Robert
Berry was going to be hired to build my art studio when he was finished working
on the spec house. On September 7, 2005 I gave Mr. Berry a check for $10,000.00
(Ten Thousand Dollars) as a deposit for the project. I then gave Mr. Berry an
additional check for $5,000.00 (Five thousand Dollars) on September 27, 2005
toward the project. Robert Berry supplied an insurance certificate to show he had
the proper coverage to due [sic] the project this was needed because he would not
be an employee but would be the contractor on this job. Shortly after Robert Berry
received the money my husband became dissatisfied with his work on the spec
home and was fired. Robert Berry never returned the money I paid him for the art
studio. Robert Berry did however place a mechanics lien for $15,000.00 (Fifteen
Thousand Dollars) on the spec house that he had worked on for my husband.
(Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. O, at unnumbered 3.) Her handwritten statement,
signed on October 20, stated:
I got to know Robert Berry through my husband Rodney Silvernail. He was
working for my husband (Rodney Silvernail) building a ho[u]se. He was going to
be hired to build my art studio when he was finished building the house. As a
deposit to get Mr. Robert Berry to build my art studio I gave him a check on Sept.
7, 2005 for $10,000 and another check on September 27, 2005 for $5,000. Shortly
after I wrote the checks to Mr. Robert B[e]rry my husband became dissatisfied with
Mr. Robert B[e]rry’s work he was doing on his house project. My husband then
14
fired Mr. Robert B[e]rry. Mr. Robert B[e]rry never returned the money I paid him
for the art studio. Mr. B[e]rry then put a mechanics lien on the house he was
building for my husband. Mr. Robert B[e]rry did not actually build the house. It
was a modular home and he assisted i[n] finishing it.
(Id. at unnumbered 1.)
5. Marchinkowski’s Investigation
In February 2006, Russell DeForest (“DeForest”), a NYSIF auditor, conducted a routine
audit of Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 37; Berry Tr. 152–54; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 5.)
DeForest had previously conducted an audit of Berry in connection with his prior policy.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 38; Berry Tr. 154; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 6 & Exs. M, O.) Plaintiff
met with DeForest on behalf of Desormier in February and October 2006 in connection with the
audit of Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 34, 37; Berry Tr. 152–56; Marchinkowski Decl.
¶ 6.) Plaintiff supplied Desormier’s books and records to DeForest, even though the company
was supposed to be run by Rose. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 35; Berry Tr. 152–56.)
After his meetings with Plaintiff, DeForest made a fraud referral. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1
¶ 40; see also Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. B (Division of Confidential Investigations Investigation
Request).) That referral stated:
Robert Berry’s SIF policy was cancelled 11/22/04 and he ow[e]s SIF $24,000. It
now appears as if he is doing business under [Desormier’s policy]. Invoices are in
the nam[e] of Robert Berry. Payments are made to R. Berry Desormier
Contracting. Marcie Rose is Robert Berry’s girlfriend. They live together at 55
Front St. Robert Berry is paid as casual labor by Marcie Rose.”
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. B (Division of Confidential Investigations Investigation Request).)
This investigation was assigned to Marchinkowski in or around April 2006. (Marchinkowski’s
56.1 ¶ 41; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 3–4 (explaining that cases are randomly assigned between
the three investigators in Albany and that he was assigned to investigate the Berry fraud
referral).)
15
Marchinkowski looked up Plaintiff’s and Desormier’s policies in the NYSIF database,
and saw that there were outstanding balances on both policies. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 42;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 9; see also Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. C (Printouts from the NYSIF
System).) Marchinkowski also determined the following: that Desormier’s application listed the
company’s address as 55 Front Street, the same address that Plaintiff lived at, that Desormier’s
application denied having previous coverage, and that Desormier’s application was submitted by
the same agency that submitted Plaintiff’s application. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 43–45;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 10–12.)
Marchinkowski also reviewed documents provided to DeForest during the audit.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 46; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 13; Ex. F (attaching the documents
provided during the audit).) In particular, in reviewing the documents, Marchinkowski noted
that: (1) the July 5, 2005 Alexander estimate was on Plaintiff’s letterhead; (2) the building permit
application dated September 26, 2005 listed Desormier as the contractor and was submitted by
Plaintiff; and (3) that the scope of work for the Alexander project dated September 29, 2005 was
on letterhead of Desormier Contractors/Robert D. Berry. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 46;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 14.) Additionally, Marchinkowski noted the similarities between the
letterhead used for the July 5 estimate and the September 29 scope of work for the Alexander
project, noting that the office/fax and cell phone numbers were the same, that Berry had
previously identified the fax number as belonging to ICS, and that Berry was the only name
listed on Desormier’s letterhead, despite Rose stating that she was the sole proprietor of
Desormier. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 48–49; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.)
Marchinkowski also checked to see if NYSIF had issued other Certificates of Insurance for
Desormier, and learned that another certificate had been issued to Froman. (Marchinkowski’s
16
56.1 ¶ 50; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 18; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. G (Certificate of Workers’
Compensation Insurance).)
In October 2006, Marchinkowski interviewed Froman and Silvernail, who told
Marchinkowski that at first Plaintiff stated that he had insurance through his company, ICS, but
later informed Silvernail that the policy had been changed to Marcie Rose/Desormier
Contracting because he had been unable to obtain insurance coverage in his own name due to the
“bad debit”; Silvernail also signed statements to that effect, which statements are reproduced
above. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 51–52; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 19–22.) Additionally,
approximately ten days later, Froman and Silvernail called Marchinkowski because they wanted
to make minor changes to their prior statements, which resulted in the typed statements, also
reproduced above. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 52; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 22.)
Marchinkowski attempted to get a statement from Alexander, but she was uncooperative.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 23.) However, Alexander did tell
Marchinkowski that Berry had problems obtaining insurance coverage and that he ultimately
used someone else to get the necessary policy. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Marchinkowski
Decl. ¶ 23.) Marchinkowski then referred the case to the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 57; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 29.) Marchinkowski summarized his
findings up until that point, collected a list of potential witnesses, and prepared a binder
containing the evidence. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 57, 59; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 29, 31;
Marchinkowski Decl. Exs. M (summary), N (potential witness list), P (table of contents of binder
of evidence).)
17
6. Marchinkowski’s and Locke’s Investigation
Marchinkowski presented the information he collected to Locke, and they decided to
interview Rose. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 60; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 32.) On December 7,
2006, Locke and Marchinkowski went to Rose’s place of business. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 61;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 33.) After asking her some questions, they asked her to come to the
Sheriff’s Office for an interview; she agreed and followed in her own car. (Marchinkowski’s
56.1 ¶ 61; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 33.) Upon arrival, Locke informed Rose of her Miranda
rights, and she signed a Miranda waiver. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 62; Marchinkowski Decl.
¶ 34; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. R (Rose’s Miranda Waiver). Rose was interviewed with a
Dutchess County Sherriff’s Office (“DCSO”) secretary in the room, who provided a typed
statement based on the interview. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 66; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 38.)
Rose was shown the statement and asked to review it for accuracy; Rose signed both pages, and
did not indicate that any part of the statement was inaccurate or ask to make any changes.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 66; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 38.) Rose’s signed statement provided:
My boyfriend Robert Berry is a residential contractor. He previously had a
company named I.C.S. Independent Construction Services, Inc., which is no longer
in business. On 04/15/03 he then took out a Workers Compensation policy with
the NYS Insurance Fund, brokered through the George T. Whalen Insurance
Agency. There came a point in time when his insurance was cancelled for bad debt,
premium owed to the NYS Insurance Fund in the approximate amount of $24,000.
Robert Berry then attempted to have his mother, Janet Berry, take out a policy with
the NYS Insurance Fund for him because he was unable to due to premium owed
to the NYS Insurance Fund. He could not acquire insurance while there was a
balance due. The George. T. Whalen Insurance Company did not accept that policy
because the names were the same. Robert then discussed with me taking out the
policy in my name to avoid being turned down for the policy from the NYS
Insurance Fund. I agreed.
On September 14, 2005, my boyfriend Robert Berry and I went to the George T.
Whalen Insurance Agency on Franklin Avenue in Millbrook NY to file the
paperwork that was necessary to take out a Workers Compensation policy for the
company he decided to call “Desormier Contracting, Marcia Rose DBA”. He
18
decided to use the name “Desormier” because that was my maiden name. The
purpose of the insurance was for work to be covered while Robert engaged in
residential carpentry work. The policy was granted and Robert Berry used that
insurance coverage to obtain and continue to do work in residential carpentry.
I know for a fact that that insurance coverage was used by Robert Berry to file with
the City of Beacon for him to be able to conduct a restoration of the Alexander
residence at [redacted].
I never had any active participation in the company whatsoever such as estimates,
billing, actual physical labor, or scheduling appointments. I knew the only reason
my name was needed to take out the policy was that Robert Berry was unable to
use his name due to the previous monies owed.
The actual business address for the Desormier Contacting business was located on
1103 Chestnut Ridge Road, Dover, NY (Town of Washington).
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed Statement).) Much of Plaintiff’s Opposition to the
Motions focuses on the conduct that occurred during the interview of Rose. Plaintiff, pointing to
evidence in Rose’s deposition and in her affidavit, claims that the statement she made was
coerced and untrue. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke 8.)
On October 16, 2012, Rose swore an affidavit providing information regarding the
statement she gave the police in 2006. Rose averred, in relevant part:
On December 7, 2006, I signed a statement written by Detective Charles Locke,
who advised me of my rights, which contained information not true to the questions
asked of me. At the time of the questioning, I felt comfortable answering any and
all questions that might be presented to me, so I did not see the need for a lawyer.
After the initial general information was taken and basic questions of my name and
address, where I worked and who my boyfriend was, both Mr. Marchinkowski and
Mr. Locke began to ask questions regarding my business “Desormier Contractors”.
At this time a binder was laid before me and was opened to my Insurance
Application. When asked if the signature was mine, I told the[m] “yes”. I was then
asked other questions regarding the genuineness of my business. I tried to tell both
of them that the business was mine and that Robert Berry worked for me. [Ne]ither
of them just wouldn’t have it.
They told me that because I had a full time job at The Fountains at Millbrook, that
there was no way I could own a Construction Company or run one. I repeated I
only owned it and that Robert Berry managed it.
19
After many inquiries pertaining to the legitimacy of Desormier Contractors, which
I attested to all of, they just wouldn’t accept the truth. They also kept stating
throughout the questioning “Did you know he went bankrupt?” I told them yes, but
what does that have to do with me?
After about 45 minutes of questions, I noticed the time was about 2:00 PM and I
asked “what’s going to happen to me?” I was told I was going to be brought back
in and fingerprinted and booked. I told them my son was going to be home soon
and I needed to be there. It was at that point it was told to me that maybe I should
think about my son. Interpreting that as a threat, I signed what they wanted so I
could leave.
Despite my original statement, I tried to contact the Bar Association on retracting
my statement but had no luck. I then waited until Robert Berry’s trial to make my
statement, but he was denied a trial.7
(Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. S2 (Aff. of Marcia Rose (“Rose Aff.”).)
Rose provided a further description of the questioning during her deposition. In
particular, Rose stated the following in her deposition, regarding the signed statement reproduced
above:
Q. Did you in fact read every page of that statement?
A. No, I did not.
Q. You didn’t?
A. No.
Q. Why not?
A. Because this—I signed this paper, but I did not say these things.
Q. I’m simply asking if you read the statement before you signed it.
A. I didn’t.
***
Q. If you turn back to the first page, at the top of the statement it says Detective
Lock[e] advised you of your various rights, correct?
7
As discussed below, the undisputed evidence is not that Plaintiff was denied a trial on
the criminal charges brought against him.
20
A. Yes.
Q. Did he in fact advise you of your various rights?
A. Yes.
Q. Including your right to remain silent?
A. Yes.
Q. And your right to an attorney?
A. Yes.
Q. This statement was made in December 2006, right?
A. Yes.
Q. You now claim it was coerced, right?
A. Yes.
Q. . . . Can you explain why you thought you were being coerced?
A. Because when Detective Lock[e] and Marchinkowski came to my place of
employment, they had interviewed me and had a notebook with different things,
my application, and the Lisa Alexander job, and asked me if those were my
signatures, and I said, “Yes.” And he asked me, you know, other questions, what
did I—
Q. Who is “he”?
A. Both the detective and Marchinkowski, just different random questions.
***
A. The detective—Marchinkowski and Lock[e], they wanted me to go to the
Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office to give a statement, and I agreed.
***
Q. Did you read this statement before you signed it?
A. Out of nervousness, I did not.
Q. Okay. And why were you nervous?
A. Because the questions from when I was at my place of employment to the
Dutchess County Sheriff’s office, it changed.
21
Q. How did it change?
A. The detective and the investigator, you know, asked if I owned a business, and
I said yes. And they said, “How could you? You already have a full-time job.”
And he asked me the name of my business, and what I named it, and I said
“Desormier.” The questions were different from when I was at the Fountains.
Q. And because they were asking you about Desormier, you felt nervous?
A. Not in the beginning.
Q. So why did you become nervous?
A. Because he was—because Detective Lock[e] and Marchinkowski were saying,
“How could you own a business? You have a full-time job. Don’t you work
weekends?”
Q. And because they said, “Don’t you work weekends,” you were so nervous that
you signed a statement you hadn’t read?
A. I felt very intimidated, yes.
Q. What did they say that made you feel so intimidated?
A. They asked me questions, and I answered them. But it just seemed like the
answers I was giving them, they weren’t having it. They were just saying, “No,
no.”
Q. And you found “No, no” to be intimidating?
A. Yes.
Q. Did they say anything else that you found intimidating?
A. Yes. He was asking me things from here, and I said, “What is going to happen
to me?” Like I—I didn’t think that I did anything wrong, but they made me feel
like I did. I told them what I did to open a business.
Q. Okay.
A. And I said that I went and got insurance, I got a DBA, I opened a checking
account, and they—Marchinkowski and Lock[e], were like, “No.”
Q. “No” is why you felt threatened?
A. Yes.
22
Q. Anything else they said that made you feel intimidated and nervous?
A. Yes. I had said, you know, “What’s going to happen to me? And he said, “You
have a son to think about.” He said, “You’re going to be fingerprinted and booked.”
And I just wanted to get the heck out of there, and I signed the statement. I never
looked at it, never.
Q. Except for when you signed both pages?
A. I just signed, I just signed my name. I never read this over.
(Rose Tr. 197–202.)
Later, Rose stated that she did not know why she never asked for a lawyer, (id. at 205–
06), that she never called the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office to correct the statement, (id. at
204–05), but that she called the bar association in Poughkeepsie, (id. at 204). Additionally,
during the deposition, counsel for Marchinkowski went through the statement with Rose,
paragraph by paragraph. (Id. 206–11.) Rose stated that the sentence “I know for a fact that
insurance coverage was used by Robert Berry to file with the City of Beacon for him to be able
to conduct a restoration of the Alexander residence” was false because it was used by her, though
she acknowledged that Berry did work on the Alexander project, and that the statement that the
actual business address was 1103 Chestnut Ridge Road was false, as it was 55 Front Street, but
acknowledged that everything else in the statement was accurate. (Id.)
Prior to their interview with Rose, Marchinkowski and Locke were unaware that Janet
Berry had submitted an application to NYSIF in an attempt to get workers’ compensation
insurance. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 40.) Following the interview
with Rose, they confirmed this piece of information by calling the insurance agency that
submitted Janet Berry’s NYSIF application, at which point they learned that the same insurance
agent, Brussel-Smith, submitted the applications, supposedly on behalf of Janet Berry and
23
Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41.) At that point, Locke
called the District Attorney’s (“DA”) Office, and Locke stated that the DA’s office had
authorized the prosecution of Plaintiff. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 69; Marchinkowski Decl.
¶¶ 42–43.) On December 12, 2006, Brussel-Smith came to the DCSO for an interview, and
provided the statement discussed above. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 70; Marchinkowski Decl.
¶ 44.)
7. Plaintiff’s Arrest and Prosecution
Plaintiff was charged with (1) grand larceny in the third degree, in violation of N.Y.
Penal Law § 155.35, (2) offering a false instrument for filing, in violation of N.Y. Penal Law
§ 175.35, and (3) committing a fraudulent practice, in violation of N.Y. Workers Compensation
Law § 114(3). (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 72; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint).)
The felony complaint was signed by Locke on December 3, 2006, and stated:
The facts upon which this Felony Complaint is based are as follows:
The said defendant, Robert D. Berry, on September 14, 2005, at the aforesaid
location, with intent to defraud and benefit himself did wrongfully withhold twentyfour thousand four hundred twenty-nine dollars and forty-six cents ($24,429.46) as
insurance premiums from the New York State Insurance Fund. TO WIT: the said
defendant Robert D. Berry did knowingly cause a fraudulent application for
workers compensation insurance to be filed through the New York State Insurance
Fund by using the George T. Whalen Insurance Agency as a broker to obtain this
insurance. Deponent further states that the said defendant by means of concealing
information did obtain a benefit and by soliciting another to file the fraudulent
application to obtain insurance when in fact the defendant knew he was the true
owner of the business and was unable to obtain insurance through the New York
state Insurance Fund due to $24,429.46 in past unpaid premium.
The foregoing factual allegations are based upon personal knowledge of the
complainant and upon information and belief, the sources of complainant's
information and belief being, depositions of Richard Morrison, Ann Froman,
Rodney Silvernail, Russell DeForest, voluntary statement of Marcia Rose,
applications of insurance by Robert Berry and Marcia Rose, audits conducted by
the New York State Insurance Fund, written estimates of “Desormier Contracting”
written by Robert Berry, banking records of “Desormier Contracting,[”] and
24
investigation by Stan Marchinkowski of the New York State Insurance Fund and
the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office.
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint).)
On December 13, 2006, Berry turned himself in to Locke. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 72;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 45.) Marchinkowski had no involvement in the case after the arrest and
arraignment; he did not communicate with the District Attorney’s Office (“DA’s Office”), attend
or provide testimony at any criminal proceedings, or participate in the prosecution in any other
way. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 75; see also Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 45; Berry Tr. 260, 273–74.)
Similarly, Locke had no interaction with Plaintiff after the arrest, nor did he testify at grand jury
proceedings or any preliminary hearings or trial, or consult with the DA’s Office regarding
Plaintiff’s criminal case. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 66–68; Aff. of Charles Locke ¶ 15 (Dkt. No. 130);
Berry Tr. 273–74.) Neither Defendant played a role in plea negotiations. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 77;
Aff. of Edward Whitesell (“Whitesell Aff.”) ¶ 21 (Dkt. No. 131).)
Plaintiff was represented by four attorneys during his criminal case: Ronald Tomlins,
Brittany Kilpatrick, William Tendy, and Rudolph Russo, of the Public Defender’s Office. (See
Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 76; Berry Tr. 253–59; Whitesell Aff. ¶¶ 5–11.) In April 2007, a grand
jury waiver was filed by Mr. Russo, meaning that counsel for Plaintiff was insisting that Plaintiff
wanted to waive his right to a preliminary hearing and have his case referred to the grand jury
under N.Y. Criminal Procedure Law (“N.Y. C.P.L.”) § 180.30. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 77;
Whitesell Aff. ¶ 11; Whitesell Aff. Ex. E, at unnumbered 2 (Letter from Ronald R. Tomlins to
Judge Priscoe (Apr. 24, 2007)).) Normally, when a court receives a so-called § 180.30 waiver, it
is divested of jurisdiction and the DA’s Office must present to the Grand Jury within a year or
the case is subject to dismissal. See N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 180.30. (See also Whitesell Aff.
¶ 14.) The DA’s Office did not know about the waiver, and the DA’s Office engaged in plea
25
negotiations through the summer of 2008 with Plaintiff’s other lawyers. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1
¶¶ 76–77; Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 71; Berry Tr. 253–58 (stating that he had been presented with a plea
deal by his lawyer in the summer of 2008); Whitesell Aff. ¶¶ 6–13 (discussing the plea
negotiations).)8 Up until July 2008, the DA’s Office and defense attorneys Mr. Tendy and Ms.
Kilpatrick agreed to a series of adjournments in order to allow the parties to continue plea
negotiations. (Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 72–73; Whitesell Aff. ¶ 14.) However, in July 2008, Plaintiff’s
then-attorney, Mr. Russo, advised the state court and the DA’s Office that the waiver had been
filed in April 2007, and in January 2009, the criminal case was dismissed under to N.Y. C.P.L.
§ 180.85(3), as it was not presented to the Grand Jury within twelve months of arraignment.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 77–78; Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 72, 78; Posner Aff. Ex. W (Decision and
Order Terminating Prosecution).). See also N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 180.85(2)–(3).9
The DA’s Office did not make a conscious decision to decline to present in a timely
fashion, nor did the DA’s Office come to believe there was not probable cause to prosecute.
(Locke’s 56.1 ¶¶ 75–76; Whitesell Aff. ¶¶ 16, 19.)10
8
Plaintiff disputes this, asserting that the DA’s notes on this case indicate that Whitesell
knew about the waiver. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 2.) However, the
document cited by Plaintiff supports Whitesell’s version of events, not Plaintiff’s. The document
states that on June 24, 2008, Plaintiff’s then-lawyer Kilpatrick notified the DA’s Office that
Plaintiff intended to waiver to the grand jury, and that on July 22, 2008, Plaintiff’s new lawyer,
Russo, notified the DA’s Office that the waiver had indeed already been filed in April. (Pl.’s
Mem. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. A1, at unnumbered 2.)
9
Plaintiff asserts that the case was terminated due to the fact that there was no evidence
against him, as well as under § 180.85(3). (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 2.) In
support, Plaintiff cites the brief in support of the motion his attorney filed for the case to be
dismissed. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. B1 (Motion To Dismiss).) However, the
dismissal by the Court contains no indication that there was any basis for the dismissal other than
§ 180.85(3). (See Posner Aff. Ex. W (Decision and Order Terminating Prosecution).)
10
Plaintiff’s assertion to the contrary is unsupported, as he cites only a letter from his
attorney to him, indicating that his attorney was still investigating whether his conduct rose to a
26
8. Plaintiff’s Bankruptcy Proceeding
Plaintiff filed for bankruptcy in June 2006, and his debt was discharged in a Chapter 7
bankruptcy proceeding on September 12, 2006. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex.
D (Discharge of Debtor).) Included on the list of creditors were the Dutchess County SheriffCivil, 150 North Hamilton St. PO Box 389, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 and New York State Ins.
Fund, PO Box 4788, Syracuse, NY 13221-4788. (Id. at 34–35.) In his Opposition, Plaintiff
asserts that his prosecution was an “attempt to circumvent Bankruptcy proceedings.” (Pl.’s
Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 14.) He asserts that Defendants knew about the bankruptcy.
(Id.) As evidence of this, he points to the fact that Dutchess County Sheriff’s office and the
NYSIF were served in relation to his bankruptcy proceeding. (See id. (citations omitted).)
Additionally, Plaintiff submitted an Affidavit signed by Rose, dated October 16, 2012. That
Affidavit states: “[Marchinkowski and Locke] also kept stating throughout the questioning ‘Did
you know he went bankrupt?’” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. S2 (Rose Aff.).)
However, contrary to Plaintiff’s contention, (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 12–13),
this was undercut by Rose’s deposition testimony. That evidence indicates that Defendants were
not asking Rose about the bankruptcy proceeding, but rather were asking her about the $24,000
Plaintiff owed NYSIF.
Q. You say they kept throughout questioning asking, “Did you know he went
bankrupt?”, right?
A. Yes, they said that a lot too.
Q. Both of them?
A. Yes.
criminal level. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 2; Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. B
(Letter from William M. Tendy, Jr. to Robert Berry).)
27
Q. What did they say?
A. They said, “Do you know about the twenty-four thousand?” And I saw in a
notebook, and it was circled, and I said, “Yes, I did know about it, but it didn’t have
anything to do with me,” but I did know.
Q. So they asked you if you knew that he owed NYSIF twenty-four thousand
dollars?
A. Yes.
Q. What does that have to do with the bankruptcy?
A. It doesn’t have anything to do with the bankruptcy.
Q. So what did they ask you about a bankruptcy?
A. They just asked me if I knew about the twenty-four thousand.
(Rose Tr. 213–14.) Additionally, Plaintiff asserts in his Memorandum that “Detective Locke
was told personally by Robert Berry that he had filed bankruptcy, and his response was ‘I didn’t
care and just wanted to get this over and get on with his day.’” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke at
9–10; see also id. at 16 (“Robert Berry called immediately (being approximately 4:30 pm) and
spoke to the detective. Detective Lock[e] demanded that he come to the station and turn himself
in. Robert Berry asked him why and the detective stated for Grand Larceny of $24,000.00 to the
New York State Insurance Fund. Robert responded with ‘I went bankrupt.’ Detective Locke
was not interested in any explanations regarding Mr. Berry’s innocence.”).)
In reply, Marchinkowski disputes his knowledge of the bankruptcy at the time of the
investigation, noting that the investigation commenced in April 2006, before Plaintiff filed for
bankruptcy, that Marchinkowski testified that he did not know about the bankruptcy, and that the
notice of Bankruptcy was sent to Syracuse, but Marchinkowski’s office is in Albany. (Reply
Mem. of Law in Further Supp. of Def. Stanley Marchinkowski’s Mot. for Summ. J.
28
(“Marchinkowski’s Reply”) 18–19 (Dkt. No. 153); see also Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 2, 4; Aff. of
Robert Berry (“Berry Aff. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski”) Ex. 4 (Dep. Tr. of Stanley
Marchinkowski (“Marchinkowski Tr.”)), at 18, 71, 73–75 (Dkt. No. 144).) Similarly, Locke
responds that he did not have notice of the bankruptcy proceeding because the notification was
sent to the Civil Division of the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office, which has a different
computer system than the criminal division. (Charles Locke’s Reply Mem. of Law in Supp. of
Summ. J. (“Locke’s Reply”) 5 (Dkt. No. 151); Aff. of Robert Berry (“Berry Aff. in Opp’n to
Locke”) Ex. 3 (Dep. Tr. of Charles Locke (“Locke Tr.”)), at 40–41 (Dkt. No. 146).)
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed suit in New York Supreme Court, County of Dutchess in April 2009, and
Defendants removed to federal court on April 30, 2009. (Dkt. No. 1.) Plaintiff filed a Verified
Complaint on June 8, 2009, which Complaint asserted claims against the Village of Millbrook,
the Dutchess County District Attorney’s Office, the NYSIF, the Daily Freeman, and John and/or
Jane Doe. (Dkt. No. 4.) On November 7, 2009, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed NYSIF from the
case. (Dkt. No. 27.) On January 27, 2010, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to File an Amended
Complaint, which added Marchinkowski and Locke as Defendants. (Dkt. Nos. 30, 34.) By
Opinion dated September 29, 2010, the Court granted Plaintiff permission to file his Amended
Complaint with the proposed § 1983 claims against Locke and Marchinkowski, but without his
proposed defamation claims, (Dkt. No. 40), and Plaintiff filed his Amended Complaint, (Dkt.
No. 41). On December 14, 2010, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claims against the Daily
Freeman. (Dkt. No. 59.) On December 17, 2010, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Verified
Complaint, (Dkt. No. 57), and on September 26, 2011, the Court dismissed that Complaint on
Motions of the Village of Millbrook and the Dutchess County District Attorney’s Office, (Dkt.
29
No. 63). Finally, Plaintiff filed a Third Amended Complaint on November 4, 2011, (Dkt. No.
65), and the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against the Village of Millbrook with prejudice,
substituted Dutchess County for the Dutchess County District Attorney’s Office, and dismissed
the claims against Dutchess County without prejudice, (Dkt. No. 87), leaving only the claims
against Marchinkowski and Locke remaining.11
After the close of discovery and with the permission of the Court, on July 25, 2014,
Locke filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and accompanying papers, (Dkt. Nos. 126–34), as
did Marchinkowski, (Dkt. Nos. 135–42). Plaintiff filed his Opposition to both Motions on
August 27, 2014. (Dkt. Nos. 143–47, 150.) Locke filed his Reply on September 18, 2014, (Dkt.
No. 151), and Marchinkowski did the same on September 19, 2014, (Dkt. Nos. 153–54). On
July 13, 2015, the Court ordered the Parties to submit supplemental briefing on the issue of
whether Defendants had arguable probable cause for each of the three charges brought against
Plaintiff, (Dkt. No. 156), which the Parties submitted on July 20, 2015, (Dkt. Nos. 157, 159, 162,
163).
11
In his Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff identifies as defendants “JOHN AND/OR
JANE DOE,” (see Third Am. Verified Compl. at unnumbered 1), who, Plaintiff asserts, “are
fictitious individuals or corporate entities whose true identities may be revealed as the case
unfolds,” (id. ¶ 6). At no point in his Third Amended Complaint, however, does Plaintiff allege
what, if anything, John or Jane Doe did. Accordingly, any claims against John and/or Jane Doe
are dismissed. See Claude v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., No. 13-CV-535, 2014 WL 4073215, at
*1 n.1 (D. Conn. Aug. 14, 2014) (dismissing complaint against unnamed John Doe 1 and Jane
Doe 1 defendants for failure to plead a claim upon which relief may be granted where the
plaintiff “ma[d]e[] no allegations against [either] and [did] not attempt to explain the basis for
naming them as [d]efendants”); Almonte v. McGoldrick, No. 06-CV-15217, 2009 WL 528609, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2009) (noting that “[n]o allegations are made with respect to John Does #
9–# 11” and dismissing claims against them accordingly).
30
II. Discussion
A. Materials Considered in Deciding this Motion
When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a district court should only consider
evidence that would be admissible at trial. See Nora Beverages, Inc. v. Perrier Group of Am.,
Inc., 164 F.3d 736, 746 (2d Cir. 1998). “[W]here a party relies on affidavits . . . to establish
facts, the statements ‘must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be
admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant . . . is competent to testify on the matters
stated.’” DiStiso v. Cook, 691 F.3d 226, 230 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4))
(citing Fed. R. Evid. 602)); see also Sellers v. M.C. Floor Crafters, Inc., 842 F.2d 639, 643 (2d
Cir. 1988) (“Rule 56 requires a motion for summary judgment to be supported with affidavits
based on personal knowledge.”); Baity v. Kralik, 51 F.Supp.3d 414, 419–20, 421 (S.D.N.Y.
2014) (disregarding “statements not based on [the] [p]laintiff’s personal knowledge”); Flaherty
v. Filardi, No. 03-CV-2167, 2007 WL 163112, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2007) (“The test for
admissibility is whether a reasonable trier of fact could believe the witness had personal
knowledge.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Zigmund v. Foster, 106 F. Supp. 2d 353, 356
(D. Conn. 2000) (noting that “[a]n affidavit in which the plaintiff merely restates the conclusory
allegations of the complaint” is insufficient to support a motion for summary judgment).
Furthermore, “a pro se party’s bald assertion, completely unsupported by evidence, is not
sufficient to overcome a motion for summary judgment.” Perez v. de la Cruz, No. 09-CV-264,
2013 WL 2641432, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. June 12, 2013) (alteration, italics, and internal quotation
marks omitted); see also Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 1998) (“The non-moving
party may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.”); Alzawahra v.
Albany Med. Ctr., No. 11-CV-227, 2012 WL 5386565, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 1, 2012) (“In this
31
regard, a party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment may not rest upon
mere allegations or denials asserted in the pleadings, or on conclusory allegations or
unsubstantiated speculation.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)), aff’d, 546 F.
App’x 53 (2d Cir. 2013). Therefore, the Court disregards factual allegations asserted in
Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law that are not supported by admissible evidence. See Mitchell v.
Igoe, No. 06-CV-186, 2009 WL 3165659, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2009) (“Statements
contained within a memorandum . . . without proper evidentiary support, do not constitute
competent evidence upon which a court may base its ruling upon a motion for summary
judgment.” (citing Commerce & Indus. Ins. Co. v. Vulcraft, Inc., No. 97-CV-2578, 1998 WL
823055, *11 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 1998)), aff’d, 407 F. App’x 536 (2d Cir. 2011); Caracciola v.
City of New York, No. 95-CV-3896, 1999 WL 144481, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 17, 1999) (“In
opposition to this summary judgment motion, plaintiffs have proffered a three-page
memorandum of law and their attorney’s affirmation, neither of which constitutes admissible
evidence as contemplated by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).”). For example, Plaintiff asserts, without
citation:
As per defenses allegations that Ms. Rose never had any active participation in the
company whatsoever is an intentional misrepresentation of fact. All testimony has
depicted Ms. Rose as the legitimate owner of Desormier Contractors and in no way
was fraudulent or a scheme for Robert Berry to avoid his financial responsibilities
to the New York State Insurance Fund.
(Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Locke 9.) Additionally, Plaintiff asserts, also without citation:
Desormier Contracting was never a Front Company or was set up to defraud the
New York State Insurance Fund. Desormier Contractors was set up by Ms. Rose
on her own accord, followed the rules for registering it with the Count, properly
applied for insurance, filed her Income Tax for the year, and completed Ms.
Alexander’s project. No crimes were ever committed by Ms. Rose, Robert D. Berry
or Ms. Janet Berry.
32
(Id. at 13.)12
B. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate where the movant shows that “there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Psihoyos v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 748 F.3d 120, 123–24 (2d Cir.
2014) (same). “In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate,” a court must
“construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and . . . resolve all
ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant.” Brod v. Omya, Inc., 653
F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Borough of Upper
Saddle River v. Rockland Cty. Sewer Dist. No. 1, 16 F. Supp. 3d 294, 314 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(same). Additionally, “[i]t is the movant’s burden to show that no genuine factual dispute
exists.” Vt. Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir. 2004); see also
Aurora Commercial Corp. v. Approved Funding Corp., No. 13-CV-230, 2014 WL 1386633, at
*2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2014) (same). “However, when the burden of proof at trial would fall on
the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point to a lack of evidence to go
to the trier of fact on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim,” in which case “the
nonmoving party must come forward with admissible evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue
of fact for trial in order to avoid summary judgment.” CILP Assocs., L.P. v. PriceWaterhouse
Coopers LLP, 735 F.3d 114, 123 (2d Cir. 2013) (alterations and internal quotation marks
omitted). Further, “[t]o survive a [summary judgment] motion . . . , [a nonmovant] need[s] to
create more than a ‘metaphysical’ possibility that his allegations were correct; he need[s] to
‘come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,’” Wrobel v. Cty.
12
The Court will note other such unsupported factual assertions, as are relevant, below.
33
of Erie, 692 F.3d 22, 30 (2d Cir. 2012) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.
v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586–87 (1986)), and “cannot rely on the mere allegations or
denials contained in the pleadings,” Walker v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-2941, 2014 WL
1244778, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing, inter alia,
Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir. 2009) (“When a motion for summary judgment is
properly supported by documents or other evidentiary materials, the party opposing summary
judgment may not merely rest on the allegations or denials of his pleading . . . .”)).
“On a motion for summary judgment, a fact is material if it might affect the outcome of
the suit under the governing law.” Royal Crown Day Care LLC v. Dep’t of Health & Mental
Hygiene., 746 F.3d 538, 544 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). At summary
judgment, “[t]he role of the court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether
there are any factual issues to be tried.” Brod, 653 F.3d at 164 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (“MTBE”) Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No.
1358, No. M21-88, 2014 WL 840955, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2014) (same). Thus, a court’s
goal should be “to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims.” Geneva Pharm. Tech.
Corp. v. Barr Labs. Inc., 386 F.3d 485, 495 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks removed)
(quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986)). Finally, the Second Circuit has
instructed that when a court considers a motion for summary judgment, “special solicitude”
should be afforded a pro se litigant, see Graham v. Lewinski, 848 F.2d 342, 344 (2d Cir. 1988);
Mercado v. Div. of N.Y. State Police, No. 96-CV-235, 2001 WL 563741, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. May
24, 2001) (same), and a court should construe “the submissions of a pro se litigant . . . liberally”
and interpret them “to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest,” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau
of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (italics and internal quotation marks omitted).
34
C. Analysis
1. The Motion is Ripe for Review
First, in his Opposition, Plaintiff implies that there is evidence not yet before the Court
that should be considered before deciding the instant Motion. In particular, he states: “Three (3)
witnesses that gave statements were not deposed due to Mr. Berry’s indigent circumstances,
when multiple documents conflicted greatly with their statements showing that their conclusions
were influenced by the Defendants themselves.” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 21.)
Under Rule 56(d), “[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons,
it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the court may: (1) defer considering the
motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3)
issue any other appropriate order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). Any such affidavit or declaration
“must describe: (1) what facts are sought and how they are to be obtained, (2) how such facts are
reasonably expected to raise a genuine issue of material fact, (3) what efforts the affiant has
made to obtain them, and (4) why the affiant’s efforts were unsuccessful.” Walden v. Sanitation
Salvage Corp., No. 14-CV-112, 2015 WL 1433353, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2015); see also
Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 34 F.3d 1132, 1138 (2d Cir. 1994) (same). Here, Plaintiff did
not submit an affidavit or declaration, despite having been served with two Notices to Pro Se
Litigant Who Opposes a Motion For Summary Judgment, which attached Rule 56(d) and set
forth the requirement for an affidavit supporting a Rule 56(d) discovery request. (See Dkt. Nos.
128, 136.) Nor did Plaintiff provide the information necessary under Rule 56(d), even in a
conclusory fashion. Thus, to the extent Plaintiff seeks relief under Rule 56(d), it is denied. See
Gumbs v. Dynan, No. 11-CV-857, 2012 WL 3705009, at *17 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2012) (denying
pro se plaintiff’s request for relief under 56(d) because he failed to submit an affidavit, which
35
would be sufficient grounds for denial on its own, and he also did not provide information on the
“four categories of information requisite to [the] [c]ourt’s permission to conduct Rule 56(d)
discovery”); see also Lunts v. Rochester City Sch. Dist., 515 F. App’x 11, 13–14 (2d Cir. 2013)
(affirming grant of summary judgment against pro se plaintiffs because their sworn affidavit was
insufficient under 56(d) and they did not identify any “potentially discoverable evidence that
would have raised a genuine issue of material fact as to any of their claims”), cert. denied, 134 S.
Ct. 429 (2013); Roswell Capital Partners LLC v. Alternative Constr. Techs., 638 F. Supp. 2d
360, 371 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“The failure to file an affidavit under Rule 56(f) [now renumbered
56(d)] is itself sufficient grounds to reject a claim that the opportunity for discovery was
inadequate.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Di Benedetto v. Pan Am World Serv.,
Inc., 359 F.3d 627, 630 (2d Cir. 2004))).
2. False Arrest
a. Applicable Law
A Ҥ 1983 claim for false arrest derives from [the] Fourth Amendment right to remain
free from unreasonable seizures, which includes the right to remain free from arrest absent
probable cause.” Jaegly v. Couch, 439 F.3d 149, 151 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Widget v. Town of
Poughkeepsie, No. 12-CV-3459, 2013 WL 1104273, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2013) (same). “In
analyzing § 1983 claims for unconstitutional false arrest, [courts] have generally looked to the
law of the state in which the arrest occurred.” Jaegly, 439 F.3d at 151 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Ackerson v. City of White Plains, 702 F.3d 15, 19 (2d Cir. 2012) (“A § 1983
claim for false arrest . . . is substantially the same as a claim for false arrest under New York
law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Under New York Law, which is applicable here, “an
action for false arrest requires that the plaintiff show that ‘(1) the defendant intended to confine
36
him, (2) the plaintiff was conscious of the confinement, (3) the plaintiff did not consent to the
confinement[,] and (4) the confinement was not otherwise privileged.’” Ackerson, 702 F.3d at
19 (quoting Broughton v. State, 335 N.E.2d 310, 314 (N.Y. 1975)).
“Probable cause ‘is a complete defense to an action for false arrest’ brought under New
York law or § 1983.” Id. (quoting Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996)); see also
Conte v. Cty. of Nassau, No. 06-CV-4746, 2010 WL 3924677, at *12 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2010)
(same). “Probable cause to arrest exists when the officers have . . . reasonably trustworthy
information as to[] facts and circumstances that are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable
caution in the belief that an offense has been . . . committed by the person to be arrested.”
Zellner v. Summerlin, 494 F.3d 344, 368 (2d Cir. 2007). To determine whether probable cause
existed for an arrest, a court “assess[es] whether the facts known by the arresting officer at the
time of the arrest objectively provided probable cause to arrest.” Ackerson, 702 F.3d at 19
(internal quotation marks omitted). Where, as here, “there is more than one officer cooperating
in the investigation, the knowledge of each officer is presumed to be shared by all.” AbdulRahman v. City of New York, No. 10-CV-2778, 2012 WL 1077762, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30,
2012); see also Conte v. Cty. of Nassau, No. 06-CV-4746, 2008 WL 905879, at *9 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 31, 2008) (“Under the collective knowledge doctrine, if one law enforcement officer had
probable cause to arrest, cooperating law enforcement officers are deemed to have probable
cause as well.”). Moreover, “probable cause does not require an awareness of a particular crime,
but only that some crime may have been committed.” Ackerson, 702 F.3d at 20 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, “it is not relevant whether probable cause existed with
respect to each individual charge, or, indeed, any charge actually invoked by the arresting officer
at the time of arrest.” Jaegly, 439 F.3d at 154. “Stated differently, when faced with a claim for
37
false arrest, [the focus is] on the validity of the arrest, and not on the validity of each charge.”
Id. “The burden of establishing the absence of probable cause rests on the plaintiff,” and “[t]he
question of whether or not probable cause existed may be determinable as a matter of law if there
is no dispute as to the pertinent events and the knowledge of the officers.” Sethi v. Nassau Cty.,
No. 11-CV-6380, 2014 WL 2526620, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. June 3, 2014) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Nickey v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-3207, 2013 WL 5447510, at *5
(E.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013) (“[W]hen the facts material to a probable cause determination are
undisputed, the matter is a question of law properly decided by the [c]ourt.”).
Finally, “although a police officer is generally not required to investigate an arrestee’s
claim of innocence, ‘under some circumstances, a police officer’s awareness of the facts
supporting a defense can eliminate probable cause.’” Conte, 2010 WL 3924677, at *14 (quoting
Jocks v. Tavernier, 316 F.3d 128, 135 (2d Cir. 2003)). Nevertheless, “[o]nce a police officer has
a reasonable basis for believing there is probable cause, he is not required to . . . eliminate every
theoretically plausible claim of innocence before making an arrest.” Widget, 2013 WL 1104273,
at *6 (internal quotation marks omitted). “The crucial question then, is whether the arresting
officers deliberately disregarded facts known to them which established” a defense. Id.
b. Qualified Immunity
Plaintiff argues that Marchinkowski is not entitled to qualified immunity because NYSIF
is a private company. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski 27–28.) However, this argument
is factually and legally incorrect. NYSIF is a state agency. See Lipofsky v. Steingut, 86 F.3d 15,
16 (2d Cir. 1996) (“Although in certain respects SIF functions similarly to a private insurer, we
conclude that it is nonetheless a State agency entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.”); see
also Calvert Ins. Co. v. State Ins. Fund, No. 03-CV-4063, 2003 WL 21362718, at *1 (S.D.N.Y.
38
June 12, 2003) (same). Thus, Marchinkowski, as a state government employee, is entitled to
qualified immunity, as is Locke, a point Plaintiff does not dispute. See Seitz v. DeQuarto, 777 F.
Supp. 2d 492, 500 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Individual state employees may claim qualified immunity
‘insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of
which a reasonable person would have known.’” (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,
818 (1982))).
A police officer or other government official will be protected from liability for his
discretionary actions by the doctrine of qualified immunity “if either (1) his conduct does not
violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known, or (2) it was objectively reasonable for him to believe that his actions were lawful
at the time of the challenged act.” See Cerrone v. Brown, 246 F.3d 194, 199 (2d Cir. 2001)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Qualified immunity “gives government officials
breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments,” and it protects “all but the plainly
incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” City & Cty. of San Francisco v. Sheehan,
135 S. Ct. 1765, 1774 (2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,
563 U.S. 731, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2085 (2011)). “In the case of allegations to which probable cause
is a complete defense, such as false arrest or imprisonment, the Second Circuit has defined the
standard of qualified immunity as one of ‘arguable probable cause.’” Betts v. Shearman, No. 12CV-3195, 2013 WL 311124, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2013) (footnote omitted) (quoting Cerrone,
246 F.3d at 202), aff’d, 751 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2014). “Arguable probable cause exists when a
reasonable police officer [or government official] in the same circumstances and possessing the
same knowledge as the officer [or official] in question could have reasonably believed that
probable cause existed in the light of well established law.” Cerrone, 246 F.3d at 202–03
39
(internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, an officer is entitled to qualified immunity if
(1) “it was objectively reasonable for the officer to believe that probable cause existed,” or (2)
“officers of reasonable competence could disagree on whether the probable cause test was met.”
Golino v. City of New Haven, 950 F.2d 864, 870 (2d Cir. 1991); see also Betts, 2013 WL
311124, at *4 (same).
c. Analysis
In this case the undisputed evidence overwhelmingly shows that there was probable cause
to arrest Plaintiff based on the facts in the possession of Locke and Marchinkowski. When
Plaintiff was arrested on December 13, 2006, Locke and Marchinkowski had collected a great
deal of incriminating information. First, they had information that Plaintiff had previously taken
out a NYSIF workers’ compensation policy in his own name, and that the policy was canceled
due to nonpayment in the amount of $24,000. (See Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 42; Marchinkowski
Decl. ¶ 9; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. C (Print Outs from the NYSIF System); see also
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. B (Division of Confidential Investigations Investigation Request).)
Second, they had information that Plaintiff’s live-in girlfriend then took out a NYSIF policy for
Desormier. (See Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed Statement).) They knew that the
scope of work for Desormier’s performance of the Alexander contract was spelled out on
letterhead that contained only Plaintiff’s name, and did not include Rose’s name, and contained
the same office/fax and cell phone numbers as were previously on the letterhead of ICS,
Plaintiff’s former company. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 48–49; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.)
Third, Defendants had sworn statements from Froman and Silvernail prior to the arrest. (See
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I.) Silvernail provided information that Plaintiff was using
Desormier’s insurance policy to conduct his own personal work, as he could not get insurance in
40
his own name due to “bad [debt].” (See id. (Typed Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail).)
Silvernail stated that Plaintiff told him he could not get the policy in his own name, so he would
get it in his mother’s name, and then provided a policy in the name of Desormier Contracting.
(Pl.’s Mem. Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. L (Handwritten Sworn Statement of Rodney
Silvernail).)13 Moreover, Alexander had told Marchinkowski that Plaintiff had problems
obtaining insurance and ultimately used someone else to get the necessary policy.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 23.)
Finally, Locke and Marchinkowski learned from their interview with Rose that after
Plaintiff’s insurance policy was canceled, he first “attempted to have his mother, Janet Berry,
take out a policy with the NYS Insurance Fund for him,” that Rose agreed to take out a policy in
her name, that Rose “never had any active participation in the company whatsoever such as
estimates, billing, actual physical labor, or scheduling appointments,” and that she “knew the
only reason [her] name was needed to take out the policy was that Robert Berry was unable to
use his name due to the previous monies owed.” (Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed
Statement).) They then called the insurance agency that submitted Janet Berry’s applications,
and they learned that the same agent—Brussel-Smith—completed both Janet Berry’s and Rose’s
applications. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41.)
Based on the information possessed by Defendants at the time of the arrest, there was
probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for a violation of N.Y. Workers’ Compensation Law § 114(1),
which provides in relevant part:
Any person who, knowingly and with intent to defraud presents, causes to be
presented, or prepares with knowledge or belief that it will be presented to or by an
insurer or purported insurer, or any agent thereof, any written statement as part of,
13
Froman’s statement did not provide information pertaining to Plaintiff’s insurance
policy.
41
or in support of, an application for the issuance of or the rating of an insurance
policy for compensation insurance, or a claim for payment or other benefit pursuant
to a compensation policy which he or she knows to: (i) contain a false statement or
representation concerning any fact material thereto; or (ii) omits any fact material
thereto, shall be guilty of a class E felony.
N.Y. Workers’ Comp. Law § 114(1).
Plaintiff’s arguments that there was not probable cause (or arguable probable cause) to
arrest fall into two categories: (1) that Rose’s statement was coerced and Defendants knew the
information provided to be untrue, and (2) that Defendants knew about Plaintiff’s bankruptcy
proceeding and intentionally disregarded this evidence he asserts established his innocence.
Turning first to Plaintiff’s assertion that Rose’s statement was coerced, the following is
undisputed. Locke and Marchinkowski went to Rose’s work and began asking her questions.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 61; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 33.) They asked her to come to the
Sheriff’s Office, she agreed, and she followed in her own car. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 61;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 33.) Upon arrival, Locke informed her of her Miranda rights, and she
signed a Miranda waiver. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 62; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 34;
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. R (Rose’s Miranda Waiver).) Rose was interviewed, a secretary typed
a statement for her, she was told to review it for accuracy and she signed both pages without
indicating that anything was incorrect or that she wished to make any changes.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 66; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 38.) Rose has stated that she did not read
the statement before signing it because she felt intimated. (Rose Tr. 197–202). Rose also has
claimed that she felt intimidated because “it just seemed like the answers I was giving them, they
weren’t having it. They were just saying, ‘No, no.’” (Id. 197–202.) The only other thing Rose
points to for why she felt intimidated and nervous was the following:
I had said, you know, “What’s going to happen to me?” And he said, “You have a
son to think about.” He said, “You’re going to be fingerprinted and booked.” And
42
I just wanted to get the heck out of there, and I signed the statement. I never looked
at it, never.
(Id.) The evidence shows that about forty-five minutes into the interview, Rose began to feel
nervous, but still did not ask for a lawyer. (Rose Tr. 216.) Additionally, the evidence shows that
Rose was at the Sheriff’s Office for a total of an hour to an hour-and-a-half. (Rose Tr. 224–25.)
Even assuming the version of facts set forth by Plaintiff, that Rose felt coerced and gave
false information, this alone does not defeat probable cause to arrest. “[P]robable cause can exist
even where it is based on mistaken information, so long as the arresting officer acted reasonably
and in good faith in relying on that information.” Bernard v. United States, 25 F.3d 98, 102 (2d
Cir. 1994); see also Bouche v. City of Mount Vernon, No. 11-CV-5246, 2013 WL 322613, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2013) (same). However, “if a defendant knows that witness statements are
false or coerced, this will defeat probable cause.” Id. at *6.
Rose now claims that her statement to Defendants was false. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to
Marchinkowski Ex. S2 (Rose Aff.).) However, the probable cause, or arguable probable cause,
determination depends on the information Defendants knew at the time of the arrest. See Panetta
v. Crowley, 460 F.3d 388, 395 (2d Cir. 2006) (“When determining whether probable cause exists
courts must consider those facts available to the officer at the time of the arrest and immediately
before it, as probable cause does not require absolute certainty.” (emphasis, citations, alterations,
and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added)); Cooper v. City of New Rochelle, 925 F.
Supp. 2d 588, 610 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Whether or not an officer had probable cause to make an
arrest is a question of what the officer knew at the time of the arrest and whether she or he was
reasonable in relying on that knowledge.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Therefore, even if
Rose later claims, after the arrest, that her statement contained false information, this “does not
change the analysis unless [Defendants] knew that her statements were false.” Lederman v.
43
Benepe, No. 12-CV-6028, 2014 WL 1318356, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2014) (emphasis
added). There is no evidence that either Locke or Marchinkowski knew or had any reason to
suspect the information Rose provided was false. See id. (“When information is received from a
putative victim or an eyewitness, probable cause exists, unless the circumstances raise doubt as
to the person’s veracity.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Bouche, 2013 WL
322613, at *6 (“[I]f a defendant knows that witness statements are false or coerced, this will
defeat probable cause. However, a plaintiff cannot defeat a motion for summary judgment by
simply responding with affidavits recanting earlier testimony.”); Guthrie v. U.S. Gov’t, No. 11CV-211, 2011 WL 832251, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2011) (“[The] [p]laintiff makes no allegation
that the arresting officer knew, or had reason to know, that the accusations of the complaining
witness were false and therefore fails sufficiently to allege that the officer did not have probable
cause to arrest him.”). Rose did not recant her statement until 2012, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to
Marchinkowski Ex. S2 (Rose Aff.)), and, as explained above, the undisputed evidence shows
that the statement was not coerced. Furthermore, Rose provided Defendants with additional
information they did not previously possess, which they were able to independently verify.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41.) Notably, Rose informed
Defendants that Plaintiff previously unsuccessfully tried to have his mother take out insurance
for him in her name, which Defendants confirmed by interviewing the insurance agent who
submitted Janet Berry’s application, who stated that Plaintiff brought his mother in to the office
to try to obtain an insurance policy, and further corroborated by Silvernail’s statement that
Plaintiff told him that he could not get insurance in his name due to his debt, and would get it in
his mother’s name. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41; Pl.’s Mem. in
44
Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. L (Handwritten Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail), at 1–2;
Posner Aff. Ex. F (Statement of Leslie Brussel-Smith).)
Furthermore, the conduct by Locke and Marchinkowski in their interview of Rose did not
amount to coercion as a matter of law. “Whether a statement was voluntary depends not on a
single factor, but upon an ‘examin[ation of] all of the circumstances surrounding the
interrogation to see if police overreaching overcame a suspect’s will and led to an involuntary’
statement.” United States v. Abu Ghayth, 945 F. Supp. 2d 511, 515 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (quoting
Weaver v. Brenner, 40 F.3d 527, 536 (2d Cir. 1994)); see also United States v. Vado, — F. Supp.
3d —, 2015 WL 265432, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 20, 2015) (same). A number of circumstances
may support a finding of involuntariness, including the “youth of the accused, [her] lack of
education, or [her] low intelligence, the lack of any advice to the accused of his constitutional
rights, the length of detention, the repeated and prolonged nature of the questioning, and the use
of physical punishment such as deprivation of food or sleep.” United States v. Guarno, 819 F.2d
28, 30 (2d Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks removed) (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973) (citations omitted)); see also Vado, 2015 WL 265432, at *7 (same);
Abu Ghayth, 945 F. Supp. 2d at 515 (noting circumstances relevant to voluntariness inquiry
include the characteristics of the accused, the interrogation conditions, and police’s conduct).
Here, all factors point to the voluntariness of Rose’s statement. First and foremost, there
is no dispute that Rose was advised of her Miranda rights, signed a form waiving those rights,
and chose to continue with the interview. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 62; Marchinkowski Decl.
¶ 34; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. R (Rose’s Miranda Waiver).) This, in and of itself, is highly
probative of voluntariness, and Rose makes no assertion that she was coerced into signing the
waiver. See Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 608–09 (2004) (“[G]iving the warnings and
45
getting a waiver has generally produced a virtual ticket of admissibility; maintaining that a
statement is involuntary even though given after warnings and voluntary waiver of rights
requires unusual stamina, and litigation over voluntariness tends to end with the finding of a
valid waiver.”); Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 318 (1985) (“The fact that a suspect chooses to
speak after being informed of his rights is, of course, highly probative.”); Berkemer v. McCarty,
468 U.S. 420, 433 n.20 (1984) (“[C]ases in which a defendant can make a colorable argument
that a self-incriminating statement was ‘compelled’ despite the fact that the law enforcement
authorities adhered to the dictates of Miranda are rare.”). Second, Rose was at the station for a
total of one to one and one-half hours, (Rose Tr. 224–25), significantly less time than other
interrogations found to be non-coercive. See Saunders v. Lavalley, No. 10-CV-5896, 2014 WL
2624763, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2014) (collecting cases holding that interrogations lasting
from two to three hours were not coercive); Harris v. Woods, No. 05-CV-5582, 2006 WL
1140888, at *30 (S.D.N.Y. May 1, 2006) (collecting cases holding that interrogations in the two
to two and one-half hour range were not coercive), adopted by 2006 WL 1975990 (S.D.N.Y. July
10, 2006). Third, it was also not coercive as a matter of law to tell Rose that she “[has] a son to
think about” and that she was “going to be fingerprinted and booked,” (Rose Tr. 197–202
(internal quotation marks removed)), since there was also probable cause to arrest Rose. See
United States v. Barro, No. 12-CR-160, 2013 WL 3992405, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2013)
(“Informing a defendant of the penalties [she] faces is not coercive . . . . [The agent’s] statement
of the fact that he would have to call Child Protective Services for [the defendant’s] child if both
[the defendant] and his wife were arrested is also not coercive.” (citations omitted)); United
States v. Garcia, No. 09-CR-330, 2011 WL 6010296, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2011) (“The
mere fact that [an agent] told [the] [d]efendant, if both he and his wife were incarcerated, then
46
his children would have to be turned over to a responsible adult or Administration for Children’s
Services, does not constitute coercion.”). Nor was it coercive for Defendants to express disbelief
about Rose’s story by saying, “[n]o, no” to her answers. (Rose Tr. 197–202.) See Colon v.
Ercole, No. 09-CV-5168, 2010 WL 9401, at *34 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2010) (“Merely expressing
disbelief or even informing an individual that he or she is a suspect does not necessarily amount
to a custodial interrogation.”), adopted by 2010 WL 3767079 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2010); Vega v.
Artuz, No. 97-CV-3775, 2002 WL 252764, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 20, 2002) (holding that
expressing skepticism or telling someone not to lie does not amount to custodial interrogation).
Finally, even assuming that Rose’s statement was false and that Defendants should have
known as much, Defendants nonetheless would have had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff, even
setting aside Rose’s statement in its entirety. Disregarding Rose’s statement, Defendants still
had independent information that Plaintiff’s previous insurance policy was canceled due to
approximately $24,000 in debt. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 42; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 9; see also
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. C (Print Outs from the NYSIF System); see also Marchinkowski Decl.
Ex. B (Division of Confidential Investigations Investigation Request).) They knew that the
scope of work for Desormier’s performance of the Alexander contract was spelled out on
letterhead that contained only Plaintiff’s name, and did not include Rose’s name, and contained
the same office/fax and cell phone numbers as were previously on the letterhead of ICS,
Plaintiff’s former company. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 48–49; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.)
They further had sworn statements from Silvernail that Plaintiff was using Desormier’s insurance
policy to conduct his own personal work, as he could not get insurance in his own name due to
“bad [debt],” (Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I (Typed Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail)), and
that Plaintiff also told him he could not get the policy in his own name, so he would get it in his
47
mother’s name, and then provided a policy in the name of Desormier Contracting, (see Pl.’s
Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. L (Handwritten Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail),
at 1–2). Finally, Defendants had information from Brussel-Smith, whose agency did Plaintiff’s
initial application for insurance, that she also submitted both Janet Berry’s and Rose’s
application, and that Plaintiff went with his mother to apply for the insurance policy.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41; Posner Aff. Ex. F (Statement of
Leslie Brussel-Smith).) Thus, even without Rose’s statement, there was more than sufficient
information to establish probable cause to arrest Plaintiff.
Plaintiff also argues that Defendants knew that Plaintiff filed for bankruptcy in June 2006
and his debt was discharged in September 2006, before his arrest in December 2006. (See Pl.’s
Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. D (Discharge of Debtor), at 1.) With regard to Plaintiff’s
bankruptcy-related claims, as noted above, “[o]nce a police officer has a reasonable basis for
believing there is probable cause, he is not required to . . . eliminate every theoretically plausible
claim of innocence before making an arrest.” Widget, 2013 WL 1104273, at *6 (internal
quotation marks omitted). “The crucial question then, is whether the arresting officers
deliberately disregarded facts known to them which established” a defense. Id.
Here, Locke and Marchinkowski have put forth unrefuted evidence, namely their
deposition testimony, that they did not know about Plaintiff’s bankruptcy proceedings, as well as
evidence that the notice of the bankruptcy proceedings was not sent to the places where either
Locke or Marchinkowski worked and that they did not have access to this information.
(Marchinkowski’s Reply 18–19; see also Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 2–3; Berry Aff. in Opp’n to
Marchinkowski Ex. 4 (Marchinkowski Tr.), at 18, 71, 73–75; Berry Aff. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. 3
48
(Locke Tr.), at 40–41; Locke’s Reply 5.)14 Plaintiff argues that the NYSIF and the Dutchess
County Sheriff’s Office were properly served with reference to the bankruptcy, (see Pl.’s Mem.
in Opp’n to Locke 9), but he provides no citation to any evidence that would indicate that either
Locke or Marchinkowski knew about the bankruptcy, especially where the undisputed evidence
shows that the bankruptcy notice was not sent to Defendants or to the offices in which they
worked.
Additionally, Plaintiff asserts in his Memorandum, “Detective Locke was told personally
by Robert Berry that he had filed bankruptcy, and his response was ‘I didn’t care and just wanted
to get this over and get on with his day.’” (Id. at 9–10; see also id. at 16 (“Robert Berry called
immediately (being approximately 4:30 pm) and spoke to the detective. Detective Lock[e]
demanded that he come to the station and turn himself in. Robert Berry asked him why and the
detective stated for Grand Larceny of $24,000.00 to the New York State Insurance Fund. Robert
responded with ‘I went bankrupt.’ Detective Locke was not interested in any explanations
regarding Mr. Berry’s innocence.”).) Although this assertion is not supported by any citation to
the record, and Plaintiff’s unsworn Memorandum of Law is unsworn, the Court will nonetheless
consider it because it is based on Plaintiff’s personal knowledge, and in light of the special
solicitude due to pro se parties in opposing summary judgment. See, e.g., Shepherd v. Fischer,
No. 10-CV-1524, 2015 WL 1246049, at *8 n.22 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 23, 2015) (“Although the
14
Included on the list of creditors to be served were the Dutchess County Sheriff- Civil,
150 North Hamilton St., PO Box 389, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 and New York State Ins. Fund,
PO Box 4788, Syracuse, NY 13221-4788. (See Pl.’s Mem. Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. D
(Discharge of Debtor), at 34–35.) However, Marchinkowski works in a different office in
Albany, (see Marchinkowski’s Reply 18–19; see also Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 2–3; Berry Aff. in
Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. 4 (Marchinkowski Tr.), at 18, 71, 73–75), and Locke works in the
Criminal Division of the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office, which has a different computer
system than the Civil Division, (see Locke’s Reply 5; Berry Aff. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. 3 (Locke
Tr.), at 40–41).
49
allegations are contained in [the] plaintiff’s unsworn memorandum of law in support of his
opposition, courts in this circuit routinely consider such statements in connection with a motion
for summary judgment where the proponent of the statements is a pro se litigant, mindful of the
duty to extend special solicitude to those individuals.”), adopted by 2015 WL 1275298
(N.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2015); Hamm v. Hatcher, No. 05-CV-503, 2013 WL 71770, at *7 (S.D.N.Y.
Jan. 7, 2013) (considering unsworn statements in pro se plaintiff’s memorandum of law, but
“only to the extent that they are based on personal knowledge or supported by other admissible
evidence in the record”). Finally, as evidence of the fact that Locke and Marchinkowski knew of
the bankruptcy proceeding, Plaintiff points to Rose’s deposition. Here, Plaintiff does provide
some evidence that Locke and Marchinkowski asked Rose about Plaintiff’s bankruptcy, thus
implying that they knew he had filed for bankruptcy. First, Plaintiff submits an Affidavit signed
by Rose, dated October 16, 2012. That Affidavit states: “[Marchinkowski and Locke] also kept
stating throughout the questioning ‘Did you know he went bankrupt?’” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to
Marchinkowski Ex. S2 (Rose Aff.).) However, in the deposition, when Rose was pressed on this
issue, she said that Marchinkowski and Locke merely asked her about the $24,000.00, and that
that does not have anything to do with the bankruptcy. (Rose Tr. 213–14.) Therefore, there is a
factual question, albeit one with very weak evidence on Plaintiff’s side, about whether
Marchinkowski and Locke asked Rose about the bankruptcy, and thus whether they knew about
it prior to the arrest.
However, with respect to the false arrest claim, the question about whether Defendants
knew about Plaintiff’s bankruptcy is immaterial. As explained above, when considering whether
there is probable cause or arguable probable cause for arrest, there only must have been arguable
probable cause that a crime had been committed. Thus, even if the knowledge of the bankruptcy
50
proceeding undercut probable cause for the larceny charge, as Plaintiff argues, it still says
nothing about probable cause to arrest under § 114(1) of the Workers’ Compensation Law
discussed above. Therefore, both Locke and Marchinkowski’s Motions for Summary Judgment
are granted as to the false arrest claim.
3. Malicious Prosecution
Plaintiff separately brings a malicious prosecution claim. (Third Am. Verified Compl.
¶¶ 34–41 (Dkt. No. 65).) “While the tort of malicious prosecution protects against the
consequences of wrongful prosecution, public policy favors bringing criminals to justice, and
accusers must be allowed room for benign misjudgments.” Smith-Hunter v. Harvey, 734 N.E.2d
750, 752 (N.Y. 2000). “The law therefore places a heavy burden on malicious prosecution
plaintiffs . . . .” Id. Under New York law, “[t]he elements of a malicious prosecution
claim . . . are ‘(1) that the defendant initiated a prosecution against the plaintiff, (2) that the
defendant lacked probable cause to believe the proceeding could succeed, (3) that the defendant
acted with malice, and (4) that the prosecution was terminated in the plaintiff’s favor.’” Rohman
v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 215 F.3d 208, 215 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Posr v. Court Officer Shield #
207, 180 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 1999)). “In order to allege a cause of action for malicious
prosecution under § 1983, [Plaintiff] must assert, in addition to the elements of malicious
prosecution under state law, that there was (5) a sufficient post-arraignment liberty restraint to
implicate [] [P]laintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights.” Id. Defendants dispute that Plaintiff has
sufficient evidence to support the first four elements.
a. Initiation of the Prosecution
Marchinkowski and Locke both contend that they cannot be found to have initiated the
prosecution because of the intervening authorization of the DA’s Office. (Charles Locke’s Mem.
51
of Law in Supp. of Summ. J. 18–19 (Dkt. No. 132); Mem. of Law in Supp. of Def. Stanley
Marchinkowski’s Mot. for Summ. J. 20–21 (Dkt. No. 138).) Under New York law, criminal
actions can be commenced in several ways. “[I]f there has been no indictment, a criminal action
is commenced by the filing of an accusatory instrument, to wit, a ‘felony complaint’ for a felony
charge, or a ‘misdemeanor complaint’ or an ‘information’ for a misdemeanor charge.” Murphy
v. Lynn, 118 F.3d 938, 944 (2d Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). The action against Plaintiff
proceeded by felony complaint. (See Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint).)
Additionally, the evidence shows that, before commencing the arrest, Locke ran it by the District
Attorney “[i]n a very vague manner.” (Berry Aff. in Opp’n to Locke Ex. 3 (Locke Tr.), at 24.)
With respect to Locke, it is undisputed that he swore out the felony complaint, the
accusatory instrument brought against Plaintiff. (See Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony
Complaint).) Therefore, a jury could decide that Locke initiated the prosecution. See Cameron
v. City of New York, 598 F.3d 50, 63 (2d Cir. 2010) (“Under New York law, police officers can
‘initiate’ prosecution by filing charges or other accusatory instruments. . . . As a matter of law,
[the defendant police officers’] filing of the Criminal Court Complaint ‘initiated’ the prosecution
against [the plaintiff].”); Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 124 F.3d 123, 130 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[A]
jury could clearly find that [a police lieutenant] started the assault prosecution because no one
disputes that he started the prosecution by filing the charges of second-degree assault.”);
Rounseville v. Zahl, 13 F.3d 625, 628 (2d Cir. 1994) (“There is no dispute that the defendants
swore out an accusatory instrument, which would appear under New York law to satisfy the
requirement that the defendants’ initiated a criminal proceeding against the [plaintiffs].”); Bonds
v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-1772, 2014 WL 2440542, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. May 30, 2014)
(“When asserting a malicious prosecution claim against a law enforcement officer, a plaintiff
52
must overcome the presumption that a prosecutor exercises independent judgment in deciding
whether to initiate and continue a criminal proceeding. Courts have frequently found this
element of a malicious prosecution claim can be satisfied where, as here, the law enforcement
officer filed the criminal complaint.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Minott v.
Duffy, No. 11-CV-1217, 2014 WL 1386583, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2014) (“[I]t is wellestablished that a criminal complaint filed by a police officer can serve as the initiating act for
malicious prosecution purposes.”); Struthers v. City of New York, No. 12-CV-242, 2013 WL
2390721, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. May 31, 2013) (“With respect to [one defendant police officer], it is
undisputed that he swore out the criminal complaint charging [the plaintiff] with assault[] and
harass[ment] . . . . This action alone is sufficient to satisfying the first element [of initiation of the
prosecution].”). Therefore, summary judgment is inappropriate as to Locke on this ground.
Marchinkowski, however, did not bring formal charges, fill out a complaining or
corroborating affidavit, or swear to or sign a felony complaint. Nor is there any evidence that he
created false information and gave it to prosecuting authorities. Furthermore, there is no
evidence that he induced Locke to bring the criminal charges. Thus, there is no evidence that
can create a material issue of fact as to whether Marchinkowski initiated the prosecution, and he
is therefore entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See Bonds, 2014 WL 2440542, at *6
(denying summary judgment on malicious prosecution claim as to officer who signed the
criminal complaint, but granting it as to the other officer who investigated the crime because the
“record does not show that [he] had any role in [the] plaintiff’s prosecution or any of the events
following his arrest”); Hart v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-4678, 2013 WL 6139648, at *6 n.4
(S.D.N.Y. Nov. 18, 2013) (noting, in granting a motion for summary judgment that the plaintiff
“failed to submit any evidence” demonstrating that the defendant police officers took any actions
53
that have been found to create a “triable issue of fact,” and holding that speaking with the
prosecutor responsible for the case is insufficient (internal quotation marks omitted)); Struthers,
2013 WL 2390721, at *10, *18 (denying summary judgment for police officer who swore out the
criminal complaint, but granting it to the other police officers, including the one who provided
the information the complaint was based on because “[t]here [was] no record evidence that any
police officer other than [the one who swore out the complaint] was involved in the
prosecution”); Carter v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J, No. 03-CV-8751, 2004 WL 2978282, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2004) (holding that two officers “initiated and continued criminal process
against [the plaintiff] by swearing out the complaining and corroborating affidavits to initiate[]
the case and being available as witnesses to continue the case,” but granting summary judgment
as to a third officer who filled out a witness statement against the plaintiff because the statement
“was not one of the required documents to initiate criminal process,” and therefore a “jury could
not conclude that [he] was responsible for the initiation or continuation of criminal process
against the plaintiff”); cf. Chimurenga v. City of New York, 45 F. Supp. 2d 337, 343 (S.D.N.Y.
1999) (noting that providing truthful information and evidence to prosecuting authorities is not a
sufficiently active role in initiating or prosecuting the charges to be held liable).
b. Favorable Termination
Next, to bring a malicious prosecution charge, Plaintiff must establish that the
prosecution was terminated in his favor. Petitioner’s case was terminated on January 15, 2009
pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L. §§ 180.85(2)–(3). (See Posner Aff. Ex. W (Decision and Order
Terminating Prosecution).) N.Y. C.P.L. § 180.85 was put in place in 2004 to “partially close[] a
technical gap in criminal procedure.” People v. Hassim, No. 017841C–2010, 2011 WL
2536211, at *1 (Sup. Ct. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). As one court explained,
54
Essentially, the basic problem was that after a defendant’s arraignment on a felony
complaint in a local criminal court, the papers were transferred to the superior court,
divesting the local criminal court of jurisdictional authority. Consequently, the
matter would remain in limbo until the People presented the case to a grand jury,
often well beyond the six[-]month speedy trial requirement for the People’s
announcement of readiness. Because the superior court had no statutory or
supervisory authority to dismiss the felony complaint, the charge(s) remained in
suspension, burdening defendant with the impediment of a pending felony charge.
Id. (citations omitted). Section 180.85 provides that if a defendant is arraigned upon a felony
complaint, other than for certain offenses, and if the count or counts have not been presented to a
grand jury within twelve months of the date of the arraignment, a party can file a motion to
dismiss the indictment. See N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law §§ 180.85(1)–(3). On consent, the charges
will be dismissed. Id. § 180.85(3). However, “[w]here a prosecution is terminated pursuant to
this section, nothing . . . shall preclude the people from subsequently filing an indictment
charging the same count or counts provided such filing is in accordance with the provisions of
this section, article thirty and any other relevant provisions of this chapter.” Id. § 180.85(7).
Under New York law, a plaintiff need not “demonstrate innocence in order to satisfy the
favorable termination prong of the malicious prosecution action;” rather, the disposition must not
be “inconsistent with innocence.” Stampf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 761 F.3d 192, 200–01 (2d
Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Smith-Hunter, 734 N.E.2d at 755).
Generally, under New York law, for a termination to be favorable it must be final, such that “the
proceeding cannot be brought again.” Smith-Hunter, 734 N.E.2d at 753. That is, “a criminal
proceeding is terminated favorably to the accused when ‘there can be no further proceeding upon
the complaint or indictment, and no further prosecution of the alleged offense.’” Id. (quoting
Robbins v. Robbins, 30. N.E. 977, 978 (1892)). “Indeed, it is well settled that any disposition of
the criminal action which does not terminate it but permits it to be renewed cannot serve as a
foundation for the malicious prosecution action.” Id. at 754 (alterations, citation, and internal
55
quotation marks omitted). There are two reasons behind this policy. “First, it cannot be known
that the prosecution was unjust or unfounded until it is terminated. Second, if a malicious
prosecution action is allowed to proceed before the final termination of the underlying action,
there might be two conflicting determinations as to the same transaction.” Id. (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted). However, “[a] dismissal without prejudice qualifies as a final,
favorable termination if the dismissal represents the formal abandonment of the proceedings by
the public prosecutor, for instance, by the entry of a nolle prosequi.” Id. (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
The Parties have offered no case, state or federal, analyzing whether a dismissal pursuant
to § 180.85 can constitute or always constitutes a final favorable termination for malicious
prosecution purposes. Here, § 180.85 explicitly provides that a prosecution terminated pursuant
to that section may be reinstituted, subject to compliance with other New York rules of criminal
procedure. N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 180.85(7). The question is whether the decision not to
renew the charges or the fact that the DA’s Office would have been barred from renewing
charges can turn a § 180.85 dismissal into a final and favorable termination. Most instructive
here is Rogers v. City of Amsterdam, 303 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2002), which was decided before
§ 180.85 was enacted. In Rogers, the plaintiffs were subject to the legal limbo that § 180.85 was
designed to eliminate. Felony prosecutions were brought in local criminal court, which had no
jurisdiction to dispose of the felony complaint. Id. at 160 n.1. No indictments were brought, and
therefore the superior court did not have jurisdiction to dismiss the complaint. Id. However,
dismissal was warranted on speedy trial grounds, N.Y. C.P.L. § 30.30, because no action had
been taken in four years since the filing of the criminal complaint. Id. at 160. Therefore, the
“plaintiffs ha[d] no forum to obtain a formal dismissal of the underlying criminal action even
56
though such a dismissal [was] preordained.” Id. at 160 n.1. The Second Circuit held that
because “any attempt . . . by the [defendant] to proceed with criminal action against [the
plaintiff] [would] necessarily result in a dismissal pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure
Law § 30.30,” there was “no relevant distinction between this case and Smith-Hunter” and that
“due to the [defendant’s] abandonment of the criminal action, it [had] been constructively
dismissed.” Id. at 160–61. Although the posture of this case is different because here the
charges were dropped due under § 180.85, the Court finds the reasoning of Rogers instructive.
Section 180.85(7) provides that charges dismissed under that § 180.85(7) can only be
renewed if doing so would be permitted under Article 30 of the New York Criminal Procedure
Law. N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 180.85(7). Therefore, the Court must answer two questions in
applying these two provisions to this case. First, if the DA’s Office tried to bring the same
charges in the Complaint against Plaintiff, would they necessarily be dismissed under Article 30?
Second, if so, would such a dismissal constitute a favorable termination for malicious
prosecution grounds?
For the purposes of speedy trial calculations, a criminal action “commences with the
filing of an accusatory instrument against a defendant in a criminal court,” and “includes the
filing of all further accusatory instruments directly derived from the initial one,” and “terminates
with the imposition of sentence or some other final disposition in a criminal court of the last
accusatory instrument filed in the case.” N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 1.20(16). A later accusatory
instrument is “directly derived” when “the indictment can be traced to or originates from the
prior accusatory instrument.” People v. Farkas, 944 N.E.2d 1127, 1129 (N.Y. 2011) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Here, if the dismissed charges were renewed, they would be directly
derived from the previous complaint and the speedy trial clock from the first complaint would
57
begin to run again. See People v. Osgood, 417 N.E.2d 507, 509–10 (N.Y. 1980) (holding that
the speedy trial clock did not start anew with the filing of indictment of charges directly derived
from the previous complaint, which was dismissed on speedy trial grounds). Thus, the question
is whether the speedy trial clock already expired on the previous complaint. The Court has
insufficient evidence to determine whether the speedy trial clock expired in this case. Because
the movants have the burden of persuasion, and Defendants did not meet this burden here, the
Court assumes that the case would be barred under § 30.30 if the charges were renewed.
Under New York law, a dismissal under N.Y. C.P.L. § 30.30 generally constitutes a
favorable disposition for malicious prosecution purposes. See Smith-Hunter, 734 N.E.2d at 753
(reasoning that a § 30.30 dismissal is generally favorable because “there can be no further
prosecution of the offense”). However, the New York Court of Appeals also has recognized that
“there may be instances where a malicious prosecution defendant can show that the
circumstances surrounding a CPL 30.30 dismissal are inconsistent with a plaintiff’s innocence.”
Id. at 755–56. In particular, the Court of Appeals noted that dismissal may not form the basis of
a malicious prosecution claim if it is dismissed because of misconduct on the part of the accused
or if the charges were withdrawn as part of a compromise or out of mercy to the accused. Id. at
753–54; see also Rothstein v. Carriere, 373 F.3d 275, 286–87 (2d Cir. 2004); Cantalino v.
Danner, 754 N.E.2d 164, 167 (N.Y. 2001). This case does not fit into any one of these
exceptions, and Defendants do not identify any case in which an inadvertent error by the
prosecutors leading to a speedy trial dismissal can constitute an exception to New York’s general
rule that a speedy trial violation is a favorable termination, nor did the Court find any case so
holding. Therefore, summary judgment is not warranted as to the malicious prosecution claim
against Locke on this basis.
58
c. Probable Cause and Malice
Defendants spill much ink on the lack of evidence of malice on the part of Locke and
Marchinkowski. The Court agrees with Defendants that there is no direct evidence of malice by
Locke and Marchinkowski. However, it is clear that, in the Second Circuit, a jury may infer
malice from the absence of probable cause. See, e.g., Ricciuti, 124 F.3d at 131 (“[L]ack of
probable cause generally raises an inference of malice sufficient to withstand summary
judgment. In the present case . . . a jury could find that probable cause for the charges against
the plaintiffs was lacking, and that finding alone would support an inference of malice.” (citation
omitted)); Franks v. City of New York, No. 13-CV-5358, 2015 WL 3533721, at *8 (E.D.N.Y.
June 4, 2015) (“[T]he caselaw is clear that a jury can infer malice from the lack of probable
cause.”); Weiner v. McKeefery, — F. Supp. 3d —, 2015 WL 1055890, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 11,
2015) (“[B]ecause the existence of probable cause to prosecute remains in question, the existence
of actual malice does as well.”); Lovitch v. Lovitch, No. 11-CV-2536, 2015 WL 1047807, at *7
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2015) (“A jury may infer the existence of actual malice from the absence of
probable cause.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Abdell v. City of New York, No. 05-CV8453, 2014 WL 3858319, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2014) (emphasis omitted) (“[I]t is long-settled
that the lack of probable cause may give rise to an inference of malice.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Brink v. Muscente, No. 11-CV-4306, 2014 WL 4810329, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.
23, 2014). Thus, the question of whether there is an issue of material fact with respect to the
malice element is inherently tied up with the question of whether there was probable cause to
prosecute Plaintiff for the crimes with which he was charged.
“As with false arrest claims, ‘the existence of probable cause is a complete defense to a
claim of malicious prosecution in New York,’ but unlike false arrest claims, the defendant must
59
have possessed probable cause as to each offense charged.” Costello v. Milano, 20 F. Supp. 3d
406, 415 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citations omitted) (quoting Savino v. City of New York, 331 F.3d 63,
72 (2d Cir. 2003)); see also Jean-Laurent v. Hennessy, No. 05-CV-1155, 2008 WL 3049875, at
*8 n.14 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2008) (“The Court recognizes that a plaintiff’s conviction on one
offense does not automatically bar a malicious prosecution claim for other offenses that were
terminated in [the] plaintiff’s favor.”); cf. Manganiello v. City of New York, 612 F.3d 149, 161–
62 (2d Cir. 2010) (“The existence of probable cause is a complete defense to a claim of
malicious prosecution in New York.” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). In
particular, where an officer has probable cause or arguable probable cause for a lesser offense,
the existence of that probable cause does not bar a malicious prosecution claim on a greater
offense. See Posr v. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 100 (2d Cir. 1991) (“[W]e should not allow a finding
of probable cause on . . . [a disorderly conduct] charge to foreclose a malicious prosecution cause
of action on charges requiring different, and more culpable, behavior. . . . [Under the opposite
rule,] an officer with probable cause as to a lesser offense could tack on more serious, unfounded
charges which would support a high bail or a lengthy detention, knowing that the probable cause
on the lesser offense would insulate him from liability for malicious prosecution on the other
offenses.”); Johnson v. New York City, No. 12-CV-4379, 2013 WL 950870, at *1 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 7, 2013) (“[T]he Second Circuit requires the Court to separately analyze the charges
claimed to have been maliciously prosecuted.” (internal quotation marks omitted)), aff’d sub
nom. Johnson v. City of New York, 551 F. App’x 14 (2d Cir. 2014); Davis v. City of New York,
373 F. Supp. 2d 322, 334 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“Since there are two distinct charges underlying the
prosecution at issue here, the [c]ourt must separately analyze the charges claimed to have been
maliciously prosecuted.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
60
As with a false arrest claim, “[i]n the context of a malicious prosecution claim, probable
cause under New York law is the knowledge of facts, actual or apparent, strong enough to justify
a reasonable man in the belief that he has lawful grounds for prosecuting the defendant in the
manner complained of.” Rounseville, 13 F.3d at 629 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Additionally, probable cause is measured at the time of the judicial proceeding, not the time of
the arrest, though if it existed at the time of the arrest “it continues to exist at the time of
prosecution unless undermined by the discovery of some intervening fact.” Costello, 20 F. Supp.
3d at 415.
Plaintiff was charged with three crimes: grand larceny in the third degree in violation of
§ 155.35 of the New York Penal Code, offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree, in
violation of § 175.35 of the New York Penal Code, and committing a fraudulent practice in
violation of § 114(3) of the New York Workers’ Compensation Law.15 (Marchinkowski Decl.
Ex. V (Felony Complaint).) N.Y. Penal Law § 175.35(1) provides:
15
The Court notes that Plaintiff raises a general argument that there could not have been
probable cause for any of the charges because Locke lied about having personal knowledge when
he swore out the felony complaint and therefore there was no probable cause to charge him.
(See, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Opp’n to Defs.’ Summ. J. Mot. to Dismiss 3 (Dkt. No.
162).) However, it is clear from the complaint that Locke stated that there were several sources
for his knowledge. In particular, the complaint stated:
The foregoing factual allegations are based upon personal knowledge of the
complainant and upon information and belief, the sources of complainant’s
information and belief being, depositions of Richard Morrison, Ann Froman,
Rodney Silvernail, Russell DeForest, voluntary statement of Marcia Rose,
applications of insurance by Robert Berry and Marcia Rose, audits conducted by
the New York State Insurance Fund, written estimates of ‘Desormier Contracting’
written by Robert Berry, banking records of []Desormier Contracting, and
investigation by Stan Marchinkowski of the New York State Insurance Fund and
the Dutchess County Sheriff’s Office.
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint).) Thus, it is simply not the case that Locke lied
that he had personal knowledge of the facts creating probable cause, and Locke was allowed to
61
A person is guilty of offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree when[,]
knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information,
and with intent to defraud the state or any political subdivision, public authority or
public benefit corporation of the state, he or she offers or presents it to a public
office, public servant, public authority or public benefit corporation with the
knowledge or belief that it will be filed with, registered or recorded in or otherwise
become a part of the records of such public office, public servant, public authority
or public benefit corporation.
Moreover, New York Penal Law § 20.20 states: “When one person engages in conduct which
constitutes an offense, another person is criminally liable for such conduct when, acting with the
mental culpability required for the commission thereof, he solicits, requests, commands,
importunes, or intentionally aids such person to engage in such conduct.” N.Y. Penal Law
§ 20.20.
Here, Defendants had probable cause, and certainly arguable probable cause, to believe
that Rose violated § 175.35(1), and that Plaintiff could be held liable under § 20.20 for soliciting
her commission of the crime. The evidence in Defendants’ possession at the time charges were
brought showed that Rose violated that provision by creating Desormier Contracting and
submitting an insurance application representing that Rose had never been insured in the New
York State Insurance Fund where the application clearly stated:
You must answer “YES” if you or any person who directly or indirectly owns or
controls or is the president, vice president, secretary or treasurer of [ICS] either
rely on the other sources referred to in order to make a probable cause determination. See, e.g.,
Loria v. Gorman, 306 F.3d 1271, 1289–90 (2d Cir. 2002) (holding that, even if the officer who
wrote a warrant application “falsely stated that the allegations in the warrant application were
based on his personal knowledge,” the malicious prosecution claim would still fail because the
corrected affidavit, which would say that the officer “had been informed by . . . an identified
citizen witness” of the events in question, “would be sufficient as a matter of law to support
probable cause”); Thornton v. City of Albany, 831 F. Supp. 970, 987 (N.D.N.Y. 1993) (holding
that an officer need not “rely solely upon his own personal observations,” but rather, “‘may rely
upon information received through [a third party], rather than upon his direct observations, so
long as the [third party’s] statement is reasonably corroborated by other matters within the
officer’s knowledge’” (alterations in original) (some internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 242 (1983))).
62
directly or indirectly owns or controls or is president, vice president, secretary or
treasurer of an employer that has had a workers’ compensation policy with the State
Insurance Fund that was cancelled, or directly or indirectly owned or controlled or
was president, vice president, secretary or treasurer of an employer at the time that
employer’s workers’ compensation insurance policy with the State Insurance Fund
was cancelled. The Workers’ Compensation Law prohibits any person from
contracting for a subsequent policy with the State Insurance Fund while the billed
premium on such a cancelled policy remains uncollected.
(Posner Aff. Ex. J (Marcia Rose NYSIF Application), at 3.) In particular, at the time that
charges were brought, Defendants had Rose’s statement that Plaintiff discussed with her that he
could not take out a policy in his name because of the $24,000 in NYSIF debt, and that she
therefore agreed to take out a policy in her name to allow Plaintiff to perform work on the
Alexander project. (See Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed Statement), at 1.) Indeed,
Defendants had information that the Rose application was Plaintiff’s second attempt to
circumvent the application process to acquire insurance without paying his delinquent debt. (See
id.) In the statement, Rose also said that she “never had any active participation in the company
whatsoever such as estimates, billing, actual physical labor, or scheduling appointments,” and
that she “knew the only reason [her] name was needed to take out the policy was that Robert
Berry was unable to use his name due to the previous monies owed.” (Id. at 2) This statement
was corroborated by other evidence in Defendants’ possession at the time the charges were
brought, for example, that: (1) the July 5, 2005 Alexander estimate was on Plaintiff’s letterhead,
(2) Plaintiff submitted the building permit application dated September 26, 2005, which listed
Desormier as the contractor, (3) the scope of work for the Alexander project dated September 29,
2005 was on letterhead of Desormier Contractors/Robert D. Berry. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 46;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 14.) Additionally, Marchinkowski noted the similarities between the
letterhead used for the July 5 estimate and the September 29 scope of work for the Alexander
project, noting that the office/fax and cell phone numbers were the same, that Berry had
63
previously identified the fax number used as belonging to ICS, and that Berry was the only name
listed on Desormier’s letterhead, despite Rose stating that she was the sole proprietor of
Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 48–49; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.) This evidence
plainly established probable cause to warrant Defendants thinking that Plaintiff violated N.Y.
Penal Law § 175.35. See People v. Thompson, 823 N.Y.S.2d 112, 113 (App. Div. 2006)
(upholding conviction under § 175.35 because “[t]he defendant’s intent to defraud the New York
State Insurance Fund (hereinafter SIF) could be inferred from his failure to disclose his work for
his own business on questionnaire forms which he was periodically required to fill out and file
with SIF as a condition for receiving continued benefits from SIF”); cf. People v. Scutt, 796
N.Y.S.2d 816, 817 (App. Div. 2005) (“The requisite intent to defraud may be inferred from the
fact that defendant indicated on the recertification form that his daughter resided with him when
he knew that she did not.”). Thus, the Court grants both Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment as to the malicious prosecution claim based on Plaintiff being charged with N.Y. Penal
Law § 175.35(1).
With regard to the second charge, N.Y. Workers’ Compensation law § 114(3) provides:
A person who knowingly makes a false statement or representation as to a material
fact for the purpose of obtaining, maintaining or renewing insurance under this
chapter, whether for himself or herself or for any other person or entity or for the
purpose of evading the requirements of section fifty of this chapter shall be guilty
of a class E felony.
There is essentially no law—state or federal—that interprets what is required for a conviction
under this provision, for example, interpreting to whom the false statement must be made, nor is
64
there any indication that vicarious liability, for example, accomplice liability, applies to this
section.16
However, after reviewing the evidence, the Court concludes that Defendants had arguable
probable cause to prosecute Plaintiff for violating this provision. Before bringing the
prosecution, Defendants had the following information. First, they had a sworn statement from
Richard Morrison, Manager of Policyholder Services at NYSIF, in which he stated that DeForest
conducted several audits of Desormier Contracting that Plaintiff attended and that Plaintiff
indicated that he was a friend of the owner. (See Posner Aff. Ex. U (Decl. of Richard Morrison),
at 1.) At the same time, Defendants had substantial evidence that Plaintiff was the actual owner
of Desormier Contracting and that Plaintiff was using Desormier Contracting as a way to
fraudulently get insurance coverage despite the fact that he was ineligible because of his debt.
This evidence included Silvernail’s sworn statement that Plaintiff told him that he could not get
insurance in his name due to bad debt and that Plaintiff provided Silvernail an insurance
certificate in the name of Desormier Contracting. (Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I (Sworn Statement
of Rodney Silvernail); see also Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Marchinkowski Ex. L (Handwritten
Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail).) Additionally, as discussed in detail above, Rose
provided information to Defendants that Plaintiff was unable to obtain insurance coverage in his
own name, so she agreed to take the policy out in her name even though she “never had any
active participation in the company whatsoever,” and she “knew the only reason [her] name was
needed to take out the policy was that [Plaintiff] was unable to use his name due to the previous
16
The Court notes that Locke’s discussion of the arguable probable cause for this cause
really relies on § 114(1), which refers to “causing” a written statement to be filed. (Charles
Locke’s Mem. of Law in Resp. to Order of the Honorable Kenneth M. Karas Dated July 10,
2015 4–5 (Dkt. No. 157).) However, Plaintiff was not charged with this provision. (See
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint) (invoking only § 114(3)).)
65
monies owed.” (Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed Statement), at 2.) Other evidence
Defendants had indicating that Plaintiff was in fact the owner of Desormier was that Desormier’s
application listed the company’s address as 55 Front Street, the same address that Plaintiff lived
at, that Desormier’s application denied having previous coverage, and that Desormier’s
application was submitted by the same agency as was Plaintiff’s original application, as was
Plaintiff’s earlier application through his mother. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 9, 43–45;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 10–12, 40.)
As discussed above, Marchinkowski also reviewed documents provided to DeForest
during the audit. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 46; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 13; Ex. F (attaching the
documents provided during the audit).) In particular, in reviewing the documents,
Marchinkowski noted that: (1) the July 5, 2005 Alexander estimate was on Plaintiff’s letterhead,
(2) the building permit application dated September 26, 2005 listed Desormier as the contractor
and was submitted by Plaintiff, (3) that the scope of work for the Alexander project dated
September 29, 2005 was on letterhead stating Desormier Contractors/Robert D. Berry.
(Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 46; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 14.) Additionally, Marchinkowski noted
the similarities between the letterhead used for the July 5 estimate and the September 29 scope of
work for the Alexander project, that Berry had previously identified the fax number used as
belonging to ICS Inc., and that Berry was the only name listed on Desormier’s letterhead, despite
Rose stating that she was the sole proprietor of Desormier. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 48–49;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 15–17.) Furthermore, before the prosecution was brought, Defendants
learned that Plaintiff had previously transferred ownership of his company to his mother and had
her try to take out insurance coverage but was denied because of the previous policy based on the
information provided by Rose in the interview, (see Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed
66
Statement) (“Robert Berry then attempted to have his mother, Janet Berry, take out a policy with
the NYS Insurance Fund for him because he was unable to due to premium owed to the NYS
Insurance Fund. He could not acquire insurance while there was a balance due. The George. T.
Whalen Insurance Company did not accept that policy because the names were the same.”)),
which they confirmed following the interview with Rose, (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 67;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶¶ 40–41). Furthermore, Alexander told Marchinkowski that Berry had
problems obtaining insurance coverage and that he ultimately used someone else to get the
necessary policy. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 23.) Based on all of this
evidence in Defendants’ possession at the time the prosecution was brought, there was certainly
arguable probable cause to prosecute Plaintiff for knowingly making a false statement or
representation as to a material fact for the purpose maintaining insurance for Desormier
Contracting, based on the statement he made to DeForest that he was not the owner of
Desormier. Thus, the Court grants summary judgment as to the malicious prosecution claim
based on Plaintiff being charged with N.Y. Workers’ Compensation law § 114(3).
Finally, the Court will address whether Defendants had arguable probable cause to
prosecute Plaintiff for grand larceny in the third degree under N.Y. Penal Law § 155.35. That
provision provides that a “person is guilty of grand larceny in the third degree when he or she
steals property and[] when the value of the property exceeds three thousand dollars.” Under
New York law, “[a] person steals property and commits larceny when, with intent to deprive
another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or to a third person, he wrongfully
takes, obtains or withholds such property from an owner thereof.” N.Y. Penal Law § 155.05(1).
There are numerous ways to commit larceny under New York law, including by trespassory
taking, common law larceny by trick, embezzlement, obtaining property by false pretenses, and
67
by false promise. Id. § 155.05(2). According to the felony complaint, the property involved was
the $24,429.46 in premiums that Plaintiff allegedly wrongfully withheld from NYSIF.
(Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. V (Felony Complaint).)
Both Defendants argue that there was arguable probable cause to charge Plaintiff with
grand larceny based on the evidence that he received $15,000 from Silvernail and Froman to
build the art studio, that he never built it, and that he never returned the money. (See Charles
Locke’s Mem. of Law in Resp. to Order of the Honorable Kenneth M. Karas Dated July 10,
2015 1–2 (Dkt. No. 157); Supp. Mem. of Law in Further Supp. of Def. Stanley Marchinkowski’s
Mot. for Summ. J. 4 (Dkt. No. 159).) However, this was not the basis for the felony complaint
and neither Defendant provides any case law suggesting that merely because, assuming
arguendo, Plaintiff could have been charged with grand larceny based on the $15,000 he did not
return to Silvernail and Froman, there was probable cause to charge him with grand larceny
based on his withholding of the $24,000 from NYSIF, a totally unrelated crime.
Nonetheless, Defendants did have arguable probable cause to charge Plaintiff with
larceny based on a theory of false promise or wrongful withholding. As the New York Court of
Appeals has explained:
A person obtains property by false promise when, pursuant to a scheme to defraud,
he obtains property of another by means of a representation, express or implied,
that he or a third person will in the future engage in particular conduct, and when
he does not intend to engage in such conduct, or as the case may be, does not believe
that the third person intends to engage in such conduct.
People v. Churchill, 390 N.E.2d 1146, 1150 (N.Y. 1979) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“[T]he mere failure to pay one’s debts does not constitute larceny.” People v. Kozlowski, 846
N.Y.S.2d 44, 47 (App. Div. 2007), aff’d, 898 N.E.2d 891 (N.Y. 2008). However, “there is rarely
direct proof of intent,” and therefore intent “must be inferred from the facts and circumstance.”
68
People v. Carey, 479 N.Y.S.2d 789, 790 (App. Div. 1984). In similar situations, courts have
allowed juries to infer that defendants incurred debt with the intention of not repaying it from
conduct that exclusively occurred after the debt was incurred, and to convict such defendants
beyond a reasonable doubt based on that evidence. Indeed, “evidence of subsequent or
additional fraudulent activity can prove larcenous intent.” Besser v. Walsh, No. 02-CV-6775,
2003 WL 22093477, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2003), adopted by 2003 WL 22846044
(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2003). For example, in Ponnapula v. Spitzer, 297 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2002), the
Second Circuit held that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to reasonably infer that the
habeas petitioner had no intent to repay a loan he took out because he knew his resources would
be inadequate, he ignored the default notices, and “instead of securing funds to repay the [b]ank,
[he] sought loans with other banks for different projects.” Id. at 180. Additionally, in Besser v.
Walsh, 2003 WL 22093477, the court held that the jury could infer larcenous intent with respect
to cashing bad checks at a store when he apologized afterward, but did not repay the money, and
extorted money repeatedly from the store thereafter. See id. at *19.
Here, Defendants had evidence that between taking out the ICS policy in April 2003 and
its cancellation less than eight months later in November 2004, Plaintiff had run up more than
$24,000 in debt to NYSIF. (Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. S (Rose Signed Statement); Locke’s 56.1
¶ 4; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 4; Berry Tr. 63–69.) Defendants further had substantial evidence,
as discussed above, that after his policy was cancelled, Plaintiff had his mother and then his
girlfriend attempt to take out policies on his behalf. Moreover, they had evidence that Desormier
Contracting owed approximately $5,000 on its policy. (Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶ 42;
Marchinkowski Decl. ¶ 9; Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. C (Print Outs from the NYSIF System), at
unnumbered 2.) Finally, they had evidence that Plaintiff had been hired to do a project worth
69
approximately $80,000 and had obtained $15,000 from Froman and Silvernail, but that Plaintiff
failed to make any payments on the debt. (See Locke’s 56.1 ¶ 5; Marchinkowski’s 56.1 ¶¶ 6, 26;
Berry Tr. 67, 83–85; Posner Aff. Ex. C (July 5, 2005 Berry Estimate for Alexander);
Marchinkowski Decl. Ex. I (Sworn Statement of Rodney Silvernail); (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to
Marchinkowski Ex. O, at unnumbered 3.)
The Court holds that a reasonable officer in Defendants’ position had sufficient
information to conclude that Plaintiff did not intend to repay the policy at the time he took it out
in April 2003 based on his subsequent conduct, and therefore there was arguable probable cause
to charge him with larceny by false promise. The same evidence also provided arguable
probable cause to charge Plaintiff with larceny based on a theory of wrongful withholding.
Plaintiff’s subsequent fraudulent conduct and the fact that Plaintiff had substantial income would
allow a reasonable officer to infer Plaintiff’s intent to withhold money from NYSIF. See People
v. Crean, 454 N.Y.S.2d 943, 946 (Sup. Ct. 1982) (“[L]arceny essentially consists of an intent to
steal combined with the actual wrongful taking, obtaining, or withholding of one’s property.”).
Finally, to the extent that there is evidence Defendants knew Plaintiff had filed for bankruptcy,
this is not material, as bankruptcy does not discharge fraudulently incurred debt. See In re
Bogdanovich, 292 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir. 2002) (“Congress made it a central purpose of the
bankruptcy code to give debtors a fresh start in life and a clear field for future effort unburdened
by the existence of old debts. This policy is limited to the so-called ‘honest debtor,’ such that
certain debts incurred, for example, by fraud are not dischargeable in bankruptcy.”).
Accordingly, it is not the case that Defendants only had evidence of Plaintiff failing to repay a
debt; rather, Defendants had sufficient evidence of post-conduct actions by Plaintiff that
reasonable officers in their position could reasonably believe there was sufficient evidence from
70
which to infer intent to steal. Therefore, Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment are
granted as to this charge.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Marchinkowski's and Locke's Motions for Summary
Judgment are granted. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the pending
Motions, enter judgment for Marchinkowski and Locke, and to close this case. (Dkt. Nos. 126,
135 .)
SO ORDERED.
Dated :
3D
September , 2015
White Plains, New York
71
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?