Ritchie v. Northern Leasing Systems, Inc. et al
Filing
22
OPINION AND ORDER: the Court grants Defendants' Motion To Dismiss in part, without prejudice, with respect to Counts II and IV, alleging negligent violations of the FCRA, and with respect to all Counts against John Doe Defendants, and denies it in part, with respect to Counts I and III (alleging willful FCRA violations) and Counts V- VIII (alleging NYFCRA violations), as alleged against Defendants Brown, Taylor, NLS, and LFG. The Clerk of Court is respectfully requested to terminate the pending Motion. (Dkt. No. 13.) SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge Kenneth M. Karas on 3/31/2014) (lnl)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
PATRICIA J. RITCHIE,
Plaintiff,
v.
No. 12-CV-4992 (KMK)
NORTHERN LEASING SYSTEMS,
INC., LEASE FINANCE GROUP, LLC,
RICARDO BROWN, ROBERT
TAYLOR, and JOHN DOES 1–50,
OPINION AND ORDER
Defendants.
Appearances:
Audrey Strutinskiy, Esq.
Krishnan Shanker Chittur, Esq.
Chittur & Associates, P.C.
New York, NY
Counsel for Plaintiff
Robert D. Lillienstein, Esq.
Scott Evan Silberfein, Esq.
Moses & Singer LLP
New York, NY
Counsel for Defendants
KENNETH M. KARAS, District Judge:
Patricia J. Ritchie (“Plaintiff”) filed the instant Complaint against Ricardo Brown
(“Brown”); Robert Taylor (“Taylor”); John Does 1–50 (“John Doe Defendants”)
(collectively, “Individual Defendants”); Lease Finance Group, LLC (“LFG”); and
Northern Leasing Systems, Inc. (“NLS”) (collectively, “Corporate Defendants”)
(collectively, “Defendants”), alleging four counts of violations of the Fair Credit
Reporting Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681 et seq., and four counts of violations of a
related New York state law, the New York Fair Credit Reporting Act (“NYFCRA”), N.Y.
Gen. Bus. Law §§ 380 et seq. (See Am. Compl. (“Compl.”) (Dkt. No. 8).) Before the
Court is Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure 8(a), 9(b), and 12(b)(6). (See Notice of Mot. To Dismiss the First Am.
Compl. (“Mot.”) (Dkt. No. 13).) For the following reasons, Defendants’ Motion is
granted in part.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
The following facts are drawn from Plaintiffs’ Complaint and are taken as true for
the purposes of resolving the instant Motion. Defendant NLS is a New York corporation
“ostensibly in the business of originating and servicing micro-ticket leases through itself
and through over 100 shell entities.” (Compl. ¶¶ 4–5.) Defendant LFG is a Delaware
limited liability company and “is one of the shell entities managed and operated by
[NLS].” (Id. ¶ 5.) NLS “has managed and operated, and continues to manage and
operate, itself and [LFG] from the same offices in the same business using the same
personnel with the same forms working with the same systems and employing the same
modus operandi.” (Id. ¶ 4; see also id. ¶ 5 (alleging that LFG “is a ‘pass through’ entity
with no assets or employees of its own, and is managed, operated, serviced, controlled
and dominated by [NLS]”).) Defendants Brown and Taylor are, respectively, the Legal
Recovery Director and Legal Collections Manager for NLS “and/or its principals and
affiliates.” (Id. ¶¶ 6–8.) John Doe Defendants “are either individuals or corporate
entities affiliated with the other Defendants” that “have willfully or negligently engaged
in the same wrongful conduct as alleged against Defendants.” (Id. ¶ 9.)
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Beginning in 2007, Plaintiff operated a “legal document preparation service.” (Id.
¶ 12.) In October 2008, Plaintiff’s business “leased a point-of-sale machine from a
company called ‘Merchant Made Easy.’” (Id. ¶ 13.) In doing so, she “submitted a
voided check[] and a signed Merchant Processing Application” to that company. (Id.)
She “did not sign any other agreements, contracts, guarantees or other commitments in
connection with that transaction.” (Id.)
In 2009, Plaintiff “closed the business and returned the machine to Merchant
Made Easy.” (Id. ¶ 14.) Then, in April 2010, Defendants—none of whom is “Merchant
Made Easy”—“commenced harassing [Plaintiff]” by “call[ing] her repeatedly” and
“rudely demanding payments under an alleged lease.” (Id. ¶ 15.) In response to these
phone calls, Plaintiff “categorically informed Defendants that she had never signed any
lease with them, and demanded that they stop the harassment.” (Id.) But Defendants
“mercilessly” continued making these “abusive calls.” (Id.)
Defendants then took a number of actions relating to Plaintiff’s consumer credit
report, all “under the name of Defendant [LFG].” (Id. ¶¶ 16–17.) First, Defendants
“accessed” Plaintiff’s consumer credit report “on or about August 20, 2010.” (Id. ¶ 17.)
Second, Defendants “made an adverse entry on [Plaintiff’s] consumer credit report with
the credit reporting agency Experian,” which entry reflected that Defendants “had
‘charged off’ $1,836” in money that Plaintiff allegedly owed. (Id. ¶ 16.) Third,
Defendants again “accessed” Plaintiff’s consumer credit report “on or about . . .
December 8, 2010.” (Id. ¶ 17.) With regard to the August 20 and December 8 incidents,
Defendants “never provide[d] any advance or written notice to [Plaintiff] that they
intended to pull her consumer credit report, or that such pulling was even a possibility.”
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(Id.) Fourth, Defendants “commenced a lawsuit against [Plaintiff] in the New York City
Civil Court” on February 16, 2011, which lawsuit is “pending.” (Id. ¶¶ 18, 19 n.2.)
Fifth, after Plaintiff “disputed th[e] adverse entry with the credit reporting agency
Experian[] and demanded that Defendants investigate and rectify the inaccurate entry,”
“Defendants willfully failed and refused to conduct any investigation.” (Id. ¶ 20–21.)
Instead of “communicating with [Plaintiff]” about the dispute, “they summarily—and
falsely—reported back to Experian that they had ‘verified’ the alleged loan to [Plaintiff],”
allowing the adverse entry “to continue on [Plaintiff’s] consumer credit report for at least
seven years.” (Id. ¶ 21.)
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed the initial Complaint in June 2012. (See Dkt. No. 1.) The Court
held a premotion conference in October 2012, at which it granted Plaintiff leave to amend
the Complaint. (See Dkt. (minute entry for Oct. 17, 2012).) Plaintiff thereafter filed an
Amended Complaint in November 2012, alleging the same eight counts she had alleged
in the original Complaint against the same Defendants. (See Dkt. No. 8.) The Court then
held another premotion conference in March 2013 to discuss Defendants’ renewed
request to file a motion to dismiss. (See Dkt. (minute entry for Mar. 19, 2013).) Pursuant
to the scheduling order entered after that conference, (see Dkt. No. 12), Defendants filed
their Motion To Dismiss on May 17, 2013, (see Dkt. No. 13), Plaintiff filed a response on
June 24, 2013, (see Dkt. No. 18), and Defendants filed a reply on July 15, 2013, (see Dkt.
No. 21).
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II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
The Supreme Court has held that although a complaint “does not need detailed
factual allegations” to survive a motion to dismiss, “a plaintiff's obligation to provide the
‘grounds’ of his [or her] ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (second alteration in original)
(citations omitted). Instead, the Court has emphasized that “[f]actual allegations must be
enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level,” id., and that “once a claim
has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent
with the allegations in the complaint,” id. at 563. A plaintiff must allege “only enough
facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. But if a plaintiff
has “not nudged [his or her] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, the[ ]
complaint must be dismissed.” Id.; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009)
(“Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a
context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience
and common sense. But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer
more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not
‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” (alteration in original) (citation
omitted) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2))).
In considering Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss, the Court is required to accept as
true all factual allegations contained in the Complaint. See Ruotolo v. City of New York,
514 F.3d 184, 188 (2d Cir. 2008) (“We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a
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complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations in the complaint
and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)); Gonzalez v. Caballero, 572 F. Supp. 2d 463, 466 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (same).
Moreover, “[i]n adjudicating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a district court must confine its
consideration to facts stated on the face of the complaint, in documents appended to the
complaint or incorporated in the complaint by reference, and to matters of which judicial
notice may be taken.” Leonard F. v. Isr. Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir.
1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Analysis
In general, the FCRA provides a cause of action against “[a]ny person who
willfully fails to comply” or who “is negligent in failing to comply” with an FCRA
requirement. 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681n(a), 1681o(a). These requirements include a
requirement “not [to] use or obtain a consumer report” for an impermissible purpose, id.
§ 1681b(f), and a requirement to “conduct an investigation,” “review all relevant
information,” and “report the results of the investigation to [relevant] consumer reporting
agenc[ies]” upon “receiving notice . . . of a dispute with regard to the completeness or
accuracy of any information provided by a person to a consumer reporting agency,” id.
§ 1681s-2(b)(1). See LaCourte v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., No. 12-CV-9453, 2013 WL
4830935, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2013) (“[S]ection[] 1681s-2(b) . . . provide[s] for a
private right of action against entities that furnish information to credit reporting agencies
. . . .”); Perl v. Am. Express, No. 11-CV-7374, 2012 WL 178333, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19,
2012) (“To state a claim for civil liability based on [§ 1681b(f)], a plaintiff must allege
both that the defendant used or obtained the plaintiff’s credit report for an impermissible
6
purpose, and that the violation was willful or negligent.” (citations omitted)). A plaintiff
may recover actual, punitive, or statutory damages for willful violations, but may recover
only actual damages for negligent violations. See Willey v. J.P. Morgan Chase, N.A., No.
09-CV-1397, 2009 WL 1938987, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2009) (“Successful plaintiffs
may recover actual damages . . . for negligent violations and may recover actual damages,
statutory damages, and punitive damages . . . for willful violations.”).
Plaintiff brings multiple FCRA causes of action based on these two requirements
and these two categories of violations, alleging that Defendants willfully (Count I) and, in
the alternative, negligently (Count II) accessed her credit report without a permissible
purpose, and that Defendants willfully (Count III) and, in the alternative, negligently
(Count IV) failed to resolve a dispute over the adverse entry Defendants added to her
consumer credit report pursuant to statutory requirements. (See Compl. ¶¶ 28–52.)
Plaintiff also brings essentially the same four claims under analogous state-law
provisions in the NYFCRA. (See id. ¶¶ 53–74 (citing N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 380-b,
380-l, 380-m, 380-o).)1
Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint for multiple reasons. First, they argue
that the Complaint generally fails to meet the notice-pleading requirements of Rule 8(a)
because it “lump[s] defendants together,” and thereby fails “to distinguish between the
conduct of each of the defendants.” (Defs.’ Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. To Dismiss
1
In their Motion and accompanying Memoranda of Law, Defendants request
dismissal of all eight claims, but they cite only to cases addressing the FCRA, and do not
otherwise identify any distinctions between the FCRA and NYFCRA claims. Keeping in
mind the Second Circuit’s recognition that “the[se] two statutes must be construed in the
same way” in light of the similarities between many of their provisions, Scott v. Real
Estate Fin. Grp., 183 F.3d 97, 100 (2d Cir. 1999), the Court does not find it necessary to
discuss separately the provisions of the NYFCRA referenced in the Complaint.
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the First Am. Compl. (“Mem.”) (Dkt. No. 16) 4–7 (some alterations omitted).) Second,
they argue that the Complaint fails to state a claim under the FCRA because “all of the
transactions at issue were business transactions, and not consumer transactions,” and
therefore “the FCRA does not apply.” (Id. at 8.) Third, they argue that the Complaint
“does not adequately allege that Plaintiff has sustained damages cognizable under the
FCRA.” (Id. at 11.) Fourth, they argue that the Complaint fails to state any “plausible
allegations from which the Court could conclude that [NLS] violated the FCRA.” (Id. at
13.) Fifth, they argue that the Complaint fails to state a claim against Individual
Defendants Brown and Taylor because it does not allege that those Defendants acted “for
personal purposes” or “outside the ordinary course of their employment.” (Id. at 15.)
Finally, they argue that the Complaint fails to state a claim for “impermissible access” of
a credit report under either the FCRA or the NYFCRA because Defendants accessed
Plaintiff’s report pursuant to a “permissible purpose.” (Id. at 16.) The Court will address
each argument in turn.
1. Rule 8(a)
Defendants first argue that the Complaint fails to meet Rule 8(a)’s notice-pleading
standard, which requires, inter alia, that a complaint “must contain . . . a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
8(a)(2). Defendants cite a number of cases standing for the proposition that, “[w]here a
complaint names multiple defendants, that complaint must provide a plausible factual
basis to distinguish between the conduct of each of the defendants.” (Mem. 5–6 (citing
Marcilis v. Twp. of Redford, 693 F.3d 589 (6th Cir. 2012); Atuahene v. City of Hartford,
10 F. App’x 33, 34 (2d Cir. 2001); Ochre LLC v. Rockwell Architecture Planning &
8
Design, P.C., No. 12-CV-2837, 2012 WL 6082387 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2012); Elias v. City
of New York, No. 10-CV-5495, 2010 WL 5475809 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 2010);
Southerland v. N.Y.C. Housing Auth., No. 10-CV-5243, 2010 WL 4916935 (E.D.N.Y.
Nov. 23, 2010); Medina v. Bauer, No. 02-CV-8837, 2004 WL 136636 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27,
2004)).)2 In most of the cases that Defendants cite, the courts dismissed the complaints
because the complaints failed to distinguish at all between any of the Defendants in
claims alleging discrimination or constitutional-rights violations. See Marcilis, 693 F.3d
at 596 (dismissing a complaint raising a Bivens claim where the complaint “ma[de] only
categorical references to ‘Defendants’” (emphasis added)); Atuahene, 10 F. App’x at 34
(noting that the complaint “alleging a host of constitutional and state common law
claims” initially “failed to differentiate among the defendants, alleging instead violations
by ‘the defendants,’” and then later “still fail[ed] to identify which defendants were
alleged to be responsible for which alleged violations” when the plaintiff “replaced the
allegations against ‘the defendants’ with the names of all of the defendants”); Elias, 2010
WL 5475809, at *3 (dismissing complaint that “attribute[d] discrimination, retaliation,
and disparate treatment generally to ‘Defendants,’ without distinguishing their
individualized conduct” (internal citation omitted)); Southerland, 2010 WL 4916935, at
*3 (dismissing complaint alleging constitutional-rights violations where the complaint
failed “[to] allege facts against any individual defendant” (emphasis added)). In one
2
Defendants cite Atuahene v. City of Harford, a Second Circuit summary order
from 2001. The Court notes that, under the Local Rules for the Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit, summary orders do not have precedential effect, and parties may not cite
a summary order issued prior to January 1, 2007, except in two circumstances, neither of
which is present here. See 2d Cir. R. 32.1.1(a), (b)(2).
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case, the court dismissed a copyright-infringement claim where the plaintiff sued four
entirely separate entities—a design firm, an architect, a hotel, and a procurement agent—
and the complaint “fail[ed] to isolate the key allegations against each defendant.” See
Ochre, 2012 WL 6082387, at *6. And in another case, the court dismissed a civil RICO
claim against three defendants because the complaint contained only one allegation
specific to each defendant, and each allegation “fail[ed] to give adequate notice to th[o]se
defendants as to what they did wrong.” See Medina, 2004 WL 136636, at *6.3
Defendants argue that, like the courts in those cases, this Court should dismiss the
Complaint because it fails to “provide a plausible factual basis to distinguish between the
conduct of each of the defendants.” (Mem. 5–6.) But Defendants, for the most part,
mischaracterize the Complaint. Unlike the complaints in each of the cases Defendants
cite, this Complaint contains numerous allegations specific to each of Defendants LFG,
Brown, Taylor, and NLS. For example, it specifically alleges that Defendant LFG made
the adverse entry in Plaintiff’s credit report and accessed that credit report twice without
a permissible purpose. (See Compl. ¶¶ 16–17.) The Complaint further alleges that
Defendant Taylor served as a “Legal Collections Manager” for Defendants, and that he
was “actually or constructively responsible for the impermissible access” of Plaintiff’s
consumer credit report. (Id. ¶ 24.) The Complaint also alleges that Taylor had
knowledge of Plaintiff’s adverse-entry dispute from his involvement in the lawsuit
3
Defendants also cite Lippe v. Bairnco Corp., 225 B.R. 846 (S.D.N.Y. 1998),
where the court dismissed a civil RICO claim against certain defendants because the
complaint “‘lump[ed]’ all the defendants together and allege[d] that the purported acts of
every defendant [could] be imputed to every other defendant.” Id. at 860. However, the
court dismissed the claim not under Rule 8(a) for failing to provide fair notice, but under
Rule 12(b)(6) for failing to allege a civil RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). See id.
at 860–61.
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against Plaintiff and that he was responsible for the “wrongful refusal to remove [that]
entry from [Plaintiff’s] credit report.” (Id.) Furthermore, the Complaint alleges that
Defendant Brown served as a “Legal Recovery Manager” for Defendants, that he was
“responsible for Defendant’s impermissible access as well as wilful failure/refusal to
investigate [Plaintiff’s] dispute raised with Experian,” and that he “confirmed the false
information that Defendants had provided to the credit reporting agency about
[Plaintiff].” (Id. ¶ 25.) Finally, the Complaint alleges that Defendant NLS “exercised
complete domination of [LFG], and used such domination to commit the fraud and/or
wrongs against [Plaintiff] which resulted in [her] injuries at issue.” (Id. ¶ 4; see also id.
¶ 5 (“[LFG] is one of the shell entities managed and operated by [NLS] and/or [its]
principals . . . . It is a ‘pass through’ entity with no assets or employees of its own, and is
managed, operated, serviced, controlled and dominated by [NLS].”).)
Plaintiff’s Complaint therefore does not simply “lump” these Defendants together,
as Defendants argue. Instead, it “satisfies the requirements of Rule 8(a) because it gives
[these Defendants] fair notice of the basis for [Plaintiff’s] claims.” Swierkiewicz v.
Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002); see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93
(2007) (“[Rule 8(a)(2)] requires only a short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief. Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need
only give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it
rests.” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)); Wynder v. McMahon, 360 F.3d
73, 79 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting that “[t]he key to Rule 8(a)’s requirements is whether
adequate notice is given,” and that “fair notice” is “that which will enable the adverse
party to answer and prepare for trial, allow the application of res judicata, and identify the
11
nature of the case so that it may be assigned the proper form of trial” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). And it does so even though it includes certain allegations against
“Defendants” collectively. See Hudak v. Berkley Grp., Inc., No. 13-CV-89, 2014 WL
354676, at *4 (D. Conn. Jan. 23, 2014) (“Nothing in Rule 8 prohibits collectively
referring to multiple defendants where the complaint alerts defendants that identical
claims are asserted against each defendant.”); Harris v. NYU Langone Med. Ctr., No. 12CV-454, 2013 WL 3487032, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2013) (“In order to comply with
Rule 8, [a] complaint should offer specification as to the particular activities by any
particular defendant . . . . Rule 8(a) . . . requires that a complaint against multiple
defendants indicate clearly the defendants against whom relief is sought and the basis
upon which the relief is sought against the particular defendants.” (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted) (first and second alterations in original)), adopted as
modified by 2013 WL 5425336 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013); Howard v. Mun. Credit
Union, No. 05-CV-7488, 2008 WL 782760, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2008) (“While
Rule 8 does not prohibit ‘collective allegations’ against multiple defendants, it does
require that the allegations be sufficient to put each [d]efendant on notice of what they
allegedly did or did not do.” (citations and some internal quotation marks omitted)
(alteration in original)). The Court therefore denies Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss
under Rule 8(a) with respect to Defendants NLS, LFG, Brown, and Taylor.
But Defendants are correct that the Complaint fails to give fair notice to John Doe
Defendants. With respect to those defendants, the Complaint vaguely alleges that they
are “either individuals or corporate entities”; that they are “affiliated with the other
Defendants”; that they are “joint tortfeasors, conspirators, general or specific agents
12
and/or ‘alter egos’ of Defendants”; that they “have wilfully or negligently engaged in the
same wrongful conduct as alleged against Defendants”; and that they “were familiar with
and authorized the unlawful policies and practices complained of” in the Complaint.
(Compl. ¶ 9.) Although courts sometimes allow plaintiffs to plead causes of action
against a “John Doe” defendant where a plaintiff does not know the defendant’s identity,
they ultimately require plaintiffs, under Rule 8(a), to allege specific facts that would aid
in identifying the defendant and thereby allow defendants to prepare a defense. See, e.g.,
Regeda v. City of New York, No. 09-CV-5427, 2012 WL 7157703, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.
7, 2012) (noting that a plaintiff, in an amended complaint, must either “identify each
[defendant] by name, or else identify them as the ‘John Doe defendants’ and provide
sufficient factual basis to allow the defendants to successfully identify the John Doe
defendants and prepare for a defense”), adopted by 2013 WL 619567 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 19,
2013); Barreto v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 762 F. Supp. 2d 482, 487–88 (E.D.N.Y. 2010)
(holding that a complaint against John Doe defendants satisfied Rule 8(a), as liberally
applied to pro se complaints, where the plaintiff “identified the specific [jobs] that the
John Doe defendants were assigned to, as well as their presence (or lack thereof) at a
specified time and place” related to the cause of action, and “provided the grounds for
liability with regards to each of the [d]efendants,” such that those defendants had “ample
notice as to the nature of the claims brought against them [and] also the opportunity to
prepare an intelligent defense”); Gabriel Capital, L.P. v. Natwest Fin., Inc., 137 F. Supp.
2d 251, 269 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (holding that a complaint “fail[ed] to plead a claim against
[John Doe] defendants” under Rule 8(a) where it contained no information specific to the
identities or actions of those defendants). The Court thus grants Defendants’ Motion To
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Dismiss all claims against John Doe Defendants, but it also grants Plaintiff leave to
amend the Complaint and either name specific Defendants or allege facts that satisfy
Rule 8(a)’s pleading standard as applied to John Doe defendants.
2. Business Transactions
Defendants next argue that the Complaint fails to state an FCRA or NYFCRA
claim because “the reports at issue were obtained in connection with a business
transaction,” (Mem. 7), but the FCRA and NYFCRA “do[] not apply to credit reports
used in connection with a loan for a consumer’s business,” (id. at 10). The Court need
not address the substance of this argument, however, because it is based on a factual
dispute that the Court, at this stage in the proceedings, is required to resolve in Plaintiff’s
favor. See Ruotolo, 514 F.3d at 188 (noting that a court reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion must “accept[] all factual allegations in the complaint and draw[] all reasonable
inferences in the plaintiff’s favor” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Defendants contend that “it is apparent [from the Complaint] that any credit
reports Defendants obtained relating to Plaintiff were obtained in connection with a
business transaction involving the lease of a credit card swiping machine which was to be
used in connection with Plaintiff’s business.” (Mem. 7.) They read the Complaint to
allege, first, that Plaintiff leased a machine in October 2008 from “Merchant Made Easy,”
(id.); and, second, that Defendants undertook the alleged actions giving rise to Plaintiff’s
claims as part of their effort “to collect payments due under that lease,” (id. at 7–8).
Defendants also ask the Court to consider the complaint and associated exhibits filed in
the New York City Civil Action referenced in the Complaint, (id. at 7 & n.4), which
exhibits include a copy of the alleged lease, indicating that Plaintiff entered into a lease
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with LFG, not Merchant Made Easy, (see Decl. of Robert D. Lillienstein in Supp. of Mot.
To Dismiss the First Am. Compl. (“Decl.”) (Dkt. No. 15), Ex. A (“NYC Compl.”) at
unnumbered 5–7 (“Lease”)).
If the Complaint alleged that Plaintiff entered into a lease with LFG, the Court
might be able to evaluate Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff has not stated a claim under
the FCRA or NYFCRA. However, the Complaint explicitly disputes the premise
underlying Defendants’ argument. First, the Complaint alleges that Plaintiff signed a
“Merchant Processing Application” with “Merchant Made Easy” and “did not sign any
other agreements, contracts, guarantees or other commitments in connection with that
transaction.” (Compl. ¶ 13.) Second, it alleges that Plaintiff “had no account with
[Defendants], and did not owe [them] anything.” (Id. ¶ 23.) Third, it alleges that
Plaintiff has stated, “under penalties of perjury, that she never had any business or any
dealings with [LFG].” (Id. ¶ 19.) Finally, the Complaint alleges that, to the extent
Defendants claim Plaintiff signed a lease, her signature was forged. (Id. ¶¶ 19, 21, 24–
25.) In other words, the Complaint alleges that Plaintiff never completed any kind of
transaction with Defendants, and that Defendants violated her rights under the FCRA and
NYFCRA when they “made an adverse entry on [her] consumer credit report” without a
permissible purpose. (Id. ¶ 16.) See 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(f) (prohibiting the “use” of a
“consumer report” unless, inter alia, “the consumer report is obtained for a purpose for
which the consumer report is authorized to be furnished”); see also Farkash v. RJM
Acquisitions Funding, Inc., Nos. 12-CV-735 et al., 2012 WL 1948643, at *2 (S.D.N.Y.
May 29, 2012) (holding that the plaintiff “adequately allege[d] that his report was
obtained for an impermissible purpose by alleging that he never had any business
15
dealings or any accounts with, made application for credit from, made application for
employment with, applied for insurance from, or received a bona fide offer of credit
from, Defendants” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Stonehart v. Rosenthal, No. 01CV-651, 2001 WL 910771, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2001) (“If a user requests
information from a consumer reporting agency for a purpose not permitted by [§] 1681b,
while representing to the agency that the report will be used for a permissible purpose,
the user may be subject to civil liability for obtaining information under false
pretenses.”). Taking these allegations as true, the Court finds that it need not address
Defendants’ argument that the FCRA and NYFCRA do not apply to these claims.4
3. FCRA Damages
Defendants next argue that the Complaint “does not adequately allege that
Plaintiff has sustained damages cognizable under the FCRA.” (Mem. 11.) As discussed,
a plaintiff may recover actual, statutory, and punitive damages for a willful violation of
the FCRA, but may recover only actual damages for a negligent violation. See 15 U.S.C.
§ 1681n(a)(1) (allowing the victim of a willful FCRA violation to recover “any actual
Although courts, in deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, may consider “documents
. . . incorporated in the complaint by reference, and . . . matters of which judicial notice
may be taken,” Leonard F., 199 F.3d at 107, the Court would still refuse to consider
Defendants’ argument at this stage in the litigation even if it did consider the New York
City Civil Court complaint and the copy of the lease attached thereto. Those documents
prove only that Defendants have alleged, in a different court, that Plaintiff signed a lease
with LFG. But Plaintiff disputes that allegation in the Complaint, creating the type of
factual dispute that this Court may not resolve in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, which tests only
whether the Complaint has stated a valid claim, not a true one. See Trs. of Empire State
Carpenters Annuity, Apprenticeship, Labor-Mgmt., Cooperation, Pension & Welfare
Funds v. Dykeman Carpentry, Inc., No. 13-CV-1508, 2014 WL 976822, at *5 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 12, 2014) (“[T]he resolution of a factual dispute, in the absence of any discovery or
evidentiary hearing, is not appropriate on a motion to dismiss.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
4
16
damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure [to comply with the FCRA]
or damages of not less than $100 and not more than $1,000,” or, specifically for a claim
alleging access of a credit report “without a permissible purpose, actual damages
sustained by the consumer . . . or $1,000, whichever is greater”); id. § 1681n(a)(2)
(allowing the victim of a willful FCRA violation to recover “such amount of punitive
damages as the court may allow”); id. § 1681o(a)(1) (allowing the victim of a negligent
FCRA violation to recover “any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of
the failure [to comply with the FCRA]”); see also Long v. Tommy Hilfiger U.S.A., Inc.,
671 F.3d 371, 374 (3d Cir. 2012) (“[The FCRA] imposes civil liability for violations of
[FCRA provisions], with the available remedies dependent upon whether the violation
was negligent or willful. If a [defendant’s] violation was merely negligent, a plaintiff
may recover only actual damages, and statutory damages are not available. If the
violation was willful, however, [the FCRA] allows a plaintiff to elect to recover either
actual damages or statutory damages between $100 and $1,000. A court may also award
punitive damages in cases involving willful violations.” (citations omitted)).
The Complaint generally seeks “compensatory, statutory, punitive and/or
exemplary damages together with equitable and injunctive relief as well as attorneys’ fees
and expenses.” (Compl. ¶ 1; see also id. ¶ 75(a) (seeking an “[a]ward[] [of]
compensatory, punitive, statutory and/or treble damages . . . in such amount as may be
determined after discovery and trial”).) Therefore, the Court will not dismiss Plaintiff’s
willful-violation claims (Counts I and III) for failure to allege actual damages, because
even if Plaintiff failed to do so, the Complaint would still state a claim based on
entitlement to statutory damages. See Martin v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, No. 11-CV-
17
6256, 2012 WL 3042524, at *4 (N.D. Ill. July 25, 2012) (“Unlike § 1681o, § 1681n does
not require proof of actual damages, as the plaintiff may also recover statutory damages.
Plaintiff’s failure to allege facts giving rise to a facially plausible inference of actual
damages therefore does not defeat his claims for willful noncompliance.” (citations
omitted)); cf. Clark Consulting, Inc. v. Fin. Solutions Partners, LLC, No. 05-CV-6296,
2005 WL 3097892, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 17, 2005) (denying motion to dismiss for
failure to allege special damages where complaint sufficiently pled actual damages); EzTixz, Inc. v. Hit-Tix, Inc., 919 F. Supp. 728, 735 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (noting that a plaintiff
“does not have to make an election between statutory damages and actual damages until
the Court renders final judgment,” and that “what is at issue [at the motion-to-dismiss
stage] is solely whether plaintiff will be entitled to elect statutory damages . . . if it is
successful in th[e] action”).
But a complaint alleging a claim for negligent violations of the FCRA under
§ 1681o must allege actual damages. See Morse v. USAA Fed. Sav. Bank, No. 12-CV381, 2012 WL 6020090, at *3 (D. Nev. Dec. 3, 2012) (“[A]ctual damages . . . are a
required element” of a claim for negligent violation of § 1681s-2(b)); Buechler v. Keyco,
Inc., No. 09-CV-2948, 2010 WL 1664226, at *2 (D. Md. Apr. 22, 2010) (“[Plaintiff]
[did] not allege actual damages; to recover, he must prove that [defendant’s] violation of
[the FCRA] was willful.”); cf. Zaun v. Al Vento Inc., No. 11-CV-2024, 2013 WL 268930,
at *1 (D. Minn. Jan. 24, 2013) (noting that a complaint “was required” to allege that “[an
FCRA] violation was willful . . . in light of the fact that there were no actual damages
suffered”). To do so, the Complaint need allege only enough facts demonstrating that
Plaintiff suffered an injury entitling her to actual damages. See Nowlin v. Avis Budget
18
Grp., No. 11-CV-511, 2011 WL 7087108, at *2 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 22, 2011) (“[A]
[p]laintiff [alleging an FCRA claim] bears the burden of establishing that he is entitled to
damages. To satisfy the Iqbal pleading standard, [a] [p]laintiff must allege facts that
plausibly suggest that he is entitled to damages.” (citation omitted)), adopted by 2012
WL 204162 (M.D.N.C. Jan. 24, 2012); Johnson v. CGR Servs., Inc., No. 04-CV-2587,
2005 WL 991770, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 7, 2005) (“The FCRA does not explicitly limit the
‘actual damages’ recoverable under the statute and [a] [p]laintiff does not need to plead
her damages with heightened particularity. However, the Complaint needs at least to
give the other party some notice as to what her actual damages could possibly be.”).
Here, the Complaint contains nothing more than conclusory allegations that
Plaintiff is entitled to actual damages from Defendants’ alleged negligent FCRA
violations. (See Compl. ¶ 27 (“[Plaintiff] suffered, and continues to suffer, actual and
real monetary injury as a direct result of Defendants’ aforesaid misconduct.”), ¶ 39 (“As a
result of Defendants’ aforesaid misconduct, [Plaintiff] has sustained damages for which
Defendants are liable . . . .”), ¶ 52 (“Defendants are liable to [Plaintiff] for the actual
damages sustained by reason of the aforesaid misconduct . . . .”).) Plaintiff argues that
the Complaint alleges actual damages in the form of “monetary damages [from] retaining
an attorney” in the New York City Civil Court lawsuit and “severe emotional distress
damages.” (See Opp’n 17.) Although the Complaint does allege that Plaintiff “had to
retain attorneys in New York to defend herself,” and it does reference “harassment,”
“rude[] demand[s] [for] payments under [the] alleged lease,” and “abusive calls [that]
continued mercilessly,” (Compl. ¶¶ 15, 19), these injuries arose, if at all, from conduct
entirely separate from the alleged FCRA violations, all of which directly relate to
19
Plaintiff’s consumer credit report. Moreover, Plaintiff’s attempt in her Memorandum of
Law to characterize these allegations as claims for actual damages cannot rectify her
failure to allege actual damages in the Complaint itself. See Goldberg v. Danaher, 599
F.3d 181, 183 (2d Cir. 2010) (“[A] motion under Rule 12(b)(6) presents a pure legal
question[] based on allegations contained within the four corners of the complaint . . . .”);
Fadem v. Ford Motor Co., 352 F. Supp. 2d 501, 516 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“It is longstanding precedent in this circuit that parties cannot amend their pleadings through issues
raised solely in their briefs.”). The Court therefore dismisses, without prejudice, both
counts alleging negligent FCRA violations for failure to allege actual damages. See
Engel v. Scully & Scully, Inc., 279 F.R.D. 117, 126 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (dismissing
negligence-based causes of action under § 1681o because the plaintiff did “not allege[]
that he . . . sustained actual damages”); cf. In re UBS Auction Rate Secs. Litig., No. 08CV-2967, 2009 WL 860812, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2009) (dismissing complaint for
“fail[ing] to allege any theory of damages cognizable under [a statute]”); Turk v. Chase
Manhattan Bank, USA, N.A., No. 00-CV-1573, 2001 WL 34644307, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.
20, 2001) (dismissing a claim where statutory damages were not available and the
plaintiffs “d[id] not allege that they suffered any actual damages” other than a “cryptic
reference [in the complaint] to ‘any actual damages which may be shown,’” which the
court held was “speculative pleading [that] [would] not save [plaintiffs] from dismissal”).
4. Claims Against Defendant NLS
Defendants next argue that the Complaint “lacks any plausible allegations to
buttress the conclusion that [NLS] was responsible for either investigating or responding
to the dispute,” and therefore that the Complaint “should be dismissed in its entirety as
20
against [NLS].” (Mem. 14.) The Complaint specifically alleges that NLS “has managed
and operated, and continues to manage and operate, itself and [LFG] from the same
offices in the same business using the same personnel with the same forms working with
the same systems and employing the same modus operandi,” such that NLS “exercised
complete domination of [LFG], and used such domination to commit the fraud and/or
wrongs against [Plaintiff].” (Compl. ¶ 4; see also id. ¶ 5 (“[LFG] is one of the shell
entities managed and operated by [NLS] and/or [NLS’s] principals . . . . It is a ‘pass
through’ entity with no assets or employees of its own, and is managed, operated,
serviced, controlled and dominated by [NLS].”).) Defendants nevertheless contend that
these allegations are “purely conclusory” and that they are insufficient to make NLS
liable under a corporate-veil-piercing theory. (Mem. 13–14.)
The Court need not address Defendants’ latter argument—i.e., whether NLS
could be vicariously liable for LFG’s actions—because the Complaint alleges that NLS
itself, in addition to the other Defendants, unlawfully accessed Plaintiff’s credit report
and failed to correct the adverse entry. (See Compl. ¶¶ 16, 21.) Plaintiff’s allegation that
Defendants undertook the alleged actions “under the name of Defendant [LFG]” does not
suggest a different result, but rather confirms that the Complaint specifically alleges that
NLS violated the FCRA. (See id. ¶¶ 16–17.) Moreover, the Complaint alleges facts
sufficient to support a plausible inference that NLS violated the FCRA, as it specifically
alleges that Defendants Brown and Taylor were employees of NLS, not LFG, and that
they personally accessed Plaintiff’s credit report and “confirmed” the adverse entry to the
credit-reporting agency and “verified” the New York City Civil Court complaint after
21
Plaintiff notified Defendants of her dispute. (See id. ¶¶ 8, 24–25.)5 The Court therefore
denies Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss the claims against NLS based on this argument
because it finds that the Complaint plausibly alleges that NLS itself committed FCRA
and NYFCRA violations.
5. Claims Against Individual Defendants
Defendants next argue that the Complaint fails to allege claims against
Defendants Brown and Taylor because it does not allege that these Defendants “did
anything for personal purposes, or for any purpose outside the ordinary course of their
employment.” (Mem. 15.) They base their argument on two cases, one from the Second
Circuit and one from this district. In Northrop v. Hoffman of Simsbury, Inc., 134 F.3d 41
(2d Cir. 1997), abrogated on other grounds by Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S.
506 (2002), as recognized in Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. v. Cnty. of Oneida, 617 F.3d
114 (2d Cir. 2010), the Second Circuit held that “[w]hether an employee may be held
liable as a ‘user of information’ under § 1681n for violating [an FCRA provision]
depends on whether the employee impermissibly obtained credit information for personal
purposes, or merely in the ordinary course of employment.” Id. at 49. Similarly, in
Woodell v. United Way of Dutchess County, 357 F. Supp. 2d 761 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), the
district court relied on Northrop in granting summary judgment against a plaintiff
alleging an FCRA claim against an individual employee where the plaintiff “[did] not
It bears noting that Defendants conceded that NLS “services the leases
originated by [LFG]” in a Declaration that they submitted along with their Reply
Memorandum. (See Decl. of Lina Kravic (Dkt. No. 20) ¶ 1 (declaration of Lina Kravic,
stating that she is “the director of operations of [NLS],” that NLS “services the leases
originated by [LFG],” and that she has “personal knowledge of [certain] facts [related to
this case] based on a review of the business records maintained by [NLS] and [LFG] in
the ordinary course of their business”).)
5
22
allege[] any facts that could support a finding that [the individual defendant] requested or
used [the plaintiff’s] credit report for anything other than the performance of his duties as
an employee.” Id. at 774. Defendants argue that this Court should dismiss the claims
against Individual Defendants pursuant to these cases, because the Complaint does not
allege that either defendant acted for personal purposes. (See Mem. 15–16.)
In Northrop, the Second Circuit analyzed claims arising under the FCRA as it
existed in 1995. See 134 F.3d at 43–44 (analyzing claims arising out of events that
occurred in 1995). In that version, § 1681n made liable “[a]ny consumer reporting
agency or user of information which willfully fails to comply with any requirement
imposed under [the FCRA] with respect to any consumer,” 15 U.S.C. § 1681n (1994)
(emphasis added), and the Second Circuit based its conclusion on its interpretation of the
term “user of information,” Northrop, 134 F.3d at 49 (analyzing “[w]hether an employee
may be held liable as a ‘user of information’ under § 1681n”). However, in 1996,
Congress amended the FCRA and thereby replaced the phrase “[a]ny consumer reporting
agency or user of information” in § 1681n with the much broader “[a]ny person.” See
Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997, Pub. L. No. 104-208, § 2412(a), 110
Stat. 3009, 3009–446 (1996) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a)) (“Section
616 of the [FCRA] (15 U.S.C. 1681n) is amended by striking ‘Any consumer reporting
agency or user of information which’ and inserting ‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Any person
who’.”). Defendants’ argument therefore does not apply to this claim, which Plaintiff
alleges under the currently enacted version of the FCRA, making liable “[a]ny person
who willfully fails to comply with any requirement imposed under [the FCRA] with
respect to any consumer.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a) (emphasis added); see also Scott v. Real
23
Estate Fin. Grp., 183 F.3d 97, 99 & n.1 (2d Cir. 1999) (applying Northrop to claims
“addressed . . . under the [FCRA] as it existed prior to various 1996 amendments”); cf.
Treadway v. Gateway Chevrolet Oldsmobile Inc., 362 F.3d 971, 982 (7th Cir. 2004)
(holding that district court erred in dismissing an FCRA claim based on a finding that
defendant “was not a ‘user’ of credit reports under [§ 1681(m)]” because that court failed
to apply the correct version of § 1681m, which made liable “any person,” not just “[a]
user of [a] consumer report”). The scope of liability under the currently enacted version
of the FCRA is thus broader than the scope that existed before the 1996 amendment. See
Nelson v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp., 282 F.3d 1057, 1060 (9th Cir. 2002)
(recognizing that the 1996 amendments broadened the scope of liability under § 1681n to
include liability for furnishers of information to credit-reporting agencies); Ayers v.
Equifax Info. Servs., No. 03-CV-551, 2003 WL 23142201, at *5 (E.D. Va. Dec. 16, 2003)
(“Before the [1996] amendment, [§ 1681n] limited consumer remedies to suits against
‘any consumer reporting agency or user of information.’ The amendment eliminated this
limitation by broadly changing the language to ‘any person,’ which should be read to
include furnishers of information.” (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1681n (1994))); Hawthorne v.
Citicorp Data Sys., Inc., 216 F. Supp. 2d 45, 48 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (“By changing the
language in both sections to impose liability on ‘any person’, [sic] the 1996 amendment
appears to have clearly expanded the scope of liability under the [FCRA].”), withdrawn
and superseded on other grounds by 219 F.R.D. 47 (E.D.N.Y. 2003); DiMezza v. First
USA Bank, Inc., 103 F. Supp. 2d 1296, 1300 (D.N.M. 2000) (“The changes to [§ 1681n]
reflected the new broader category of those [who] may be liable for [FCRA]
violations.”). And although the court in Woodell applied Northrop’s holding to grant
24
summary judgment against a plaintiff asserting an FCRA claim under the currently
enacted version of § 1681n, see 357 F. Supp. 2d at 763–66, 773 (analyzing claims arising
out of events that occurred in 2003), this Court respectfully disagrees with that court’s
holding that § 1681n does not extend liability to employees acting “in the ordinary course
of [their] employment” in light of the statutory language broadly making “[a]ny person”
liable for FCRA violations, 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a), not just those acting for “personal
purposes” and “outside the ordinary course of . . . employment,” (Mem. 15). The Court
therefore denies Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss the FCRA claims on this ground.
6. Permissible Purpose
Defendants finally argue that Count I of the Complaint fails to state a claim for
impermissible access under both the FCRA and the NYCRA because, if Defendants did
access Plaintiff’s credit report, they did so for a “permissible purpose.” (See Mem. 16–
20.) To state her claim under Count I, Plaintiff “must show that [her] credit information
was obtained for an impermissible purpose, and, thus, a showing of a permissible purpose
is a complete defense.” Thomas v. RJM Acquisition LLC, No. 12-CV-5294, 2014 WL
723676, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Stonehart, 2001 WL 910771, at *5 (“[W]here a permissible purpose for obtaining a credit
report is demonstrated, then, as a matter of law, the information cannot have been
obtained under false pretenses.”). “‘Permissible purposes’ for obtaining credit
information are set forth in 15 U.S.C. § 1681b.” Caldwell v. Gutman, Mintz, Baker &
Sonnenfeldt, P.C., No. 08-CV-4207, 2012 WL 1038804, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2012).
As relevant here, that section includes a provision that allows
any consumer reporting agency [to] furnish a consumer report . . . [t]o a
person which it has reason to believe . . . intends to use the information in
25
connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the
information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit to, or
review or collection of an account of, the consumer.
15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(3)(A). Defendants contend that, under this provision, they had a
permissible purpose for accessing Plaintiff’s credit report because “the pertinent credit
transaction involve[d] an equipment finance lease,” and they intended to access
Plaintiff’s credit report “for the purpose of reviewing or collecting an account.” (Mem.
17, 19 (emphasis removed).) They further contend that whether Plaintiff “actually had an
account with LFG and whether . . . she disputed her account . . . have no bearing on the
issue of whether LFG had a permissible purpose,” (id. at 20), because “[t]he critical issue
. . . is whether the person obtaining the credit report intends to use the report for one of
the specified purposes,” (id. at 18).
Defendants cite a number of cases in support of their position. In Stonehart v.
Rosenthal, No. 01-CV-651, 2001 WL 910771 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2001), the court
granted summary judgment against a plaintiff after holding that the owner of a debt and a
third-party agency he “enlist[ed] . . . [to] aid in his collection effort” had a permissible
purpose under § 1681b(a)(3)(A) in obtaining a credit report for debt-collection purposes
where the plaintiff disputed the amount, but not the existence, of the debt. Id. at *4; see
also Anderson v. Frederick Ford Mercury, Inc., 694 F. Supp. 2d 324, 332 (D. Del. 2010)
(granting summary judgment to defendant where “it [was] clear from the record that [the]
plaintiff initiated the transaction and authorized credit inquiries,” and therefore there were
“no genuine issues of material fact as to whether the credit inquiries were made in
connection with [the plaintiff’s] credit application”); Alexander v. Textron Fin. Corp.,
No. 08-CV-553, 2009 WL 169076, at *3 (S.D. Miss. Jan. 26, 2009) (granting summary
26
judgment and dismissing FCRA claim where the plaintiff “d[id] not contest the validity
of [an agreement] authorizing [the defendant] to continually review his account” and
“there [was] no dispute that [the plaintiff’s company] sought a line of credit from [the
d]efendant”); Breese v. TRIADvantage Credit Servs., Inc., 393 F. Supp. 2d 819, 821 (D.
Minn. 2005) (granting summary judgment and dismissing an FCRA claim based on a
finding that the parties had “engaged in a business transaction involving credit” and that
“[t]he parties d[id] not dispute [the existence of] th[e] agreement”); Kennedy v. Victoria’s
Secret Stores, Inc., No. 03-CV-2691, 2004 WL 2186613, at *3 (E.D. La. Sept. 29, 2004)
(granting defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissing an FCRA
claim where “the facts of th[e] case indicate[d] that the consumer report . . . was obtained
for the purposes of using the information to extend credit or to review or collect on an
account”); Edge v. Prof’l Claims Bureau, Inc., 64 F. Supp. 2d 115, 118 (E.D.N.Y. 1999)
(granting summary judgment and dismissing FCRA claim based on finding that
defendant “had been referred a debt for collection[ that was] guaranteed by [the
p]laintiff”). Similarly, in Perretta v. Capital Acquisitions & Management Co., No. 02CV-5561, 2003 WL 21383757 (N.D. Cal. May 5, 2003), the court dismissed an FCRA
claim under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to demonstrate an impermissible purpose where the
complaint alleged that the defendant was a debt-collection agency and that it accessed his
credit report “in connection with an effort to collect a debt.” Id. at *5; see also Baker v.
Am. Express Travel Related Servs. Co., No. 02-CV-26, 2002 WL 1205065, at *2 (W.D.
Ky. May 28, 2002) (granting a motion to dismiss an FCRA claim based on a finding that
the defendant accessed the plaintiff’s credit report in connection with “extending credit to
the plaintiff”). Finally, in Trikas v. Universal Card Services Corp., 351 F. Supp. 2d 37
27
(E.D.N.Y. 2005), the court granted summary judgment and dismissed an FCRA claim
against a defendant bank that erroneously obtained the credit report of an individual who
was not one of its customers after finding that the defendant “did not plot or plan to
obtain [the p]laintiff’s credit report for any ostensibly impermissible purpose,” but
instead obtained the report with an “intent to review an existing customer’s account.” Id.
at 42–43; see also Beckstrom v. Direct Merchant’s Credit Card Bank, No. 04-CV-1351,
2005 WL 1869107, at *3 (D. Minn. Aug. 5, 2005) (granting summary judgment where
the defendant “had reason to believe that [the p]laintiff had defaulted on [an] account,”
even though “it was later discovered that [the p]laintiff did not own the . . . account,”
because “the FCRA is not violated if the entity seeking the credit report made a good
faith error in pulling the report”).
Defendants’ argument is unavailing, as it depends on the resolution of a disputed
factual issue in their favor at the motion-to-dismiss stage. The Complaint specifically
alleges that Plaintiff did not complete a credit transaction with Defendants, (see Compl.
¶¶ 1, 13, 15), and it also alleges that Defendants knowingly did not intend to collect on a
valid debt, (see id. ¶¶ 1, 8, 11, 21, 23–25 (alleging that Defendants knowingly acted
pursuant to a fraudulent scheme involving “wilful attempts to intimidate . . . [and] bully
[Plaintiff] into paying Defendants monies to which [they] were never entitled”)). And
although Defendants dispute both of these allegations, the Court must accept the
Complaint’s allegations as true in resolving this Motion. See Iowa Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys.,
620 F.3d at 139 n.1. The cases Defendants cite, therefore, are inapposite. In most of the
cases, the courts granted summary judgment or a motion for a judgment on the pleadings
after finding no dispute over the existence of a debt or credit transaction, which finding
28
allowed the courts to conclude that the defendants had a permissible purpose to access a
credit report in connection with attempts to collect on the debt. See Anderson, 694 F.
Supp. 2d at 332; Alexander, 2009 WL 169076, at *3; Breese, 393 F. Supp. 2d at 821;
Kennedy, 2004 WL 2186613, at *3; Stonehart, 2001 WL 910771, at *4; Edge, 64 F.
Supp. 2d at 118. And although Defendants cite two cases where courts granted motions
to dismiss FCRA claims for failure to allege an impermissible purpose, the courts in
those cases did so based on allegations in the complaint that the courts construed to
concede the existence of at least a genuinely disputed credit transaction involving the
parties. See Perretta, 2003 WL 21383757, at *5; Baker, 2002 WL 1205065, at *2.
Finally, Defendants argue that even if Plaintiff did not, in fact, owe a debt to them, “[t]he
critical issue” in analyzing a permissible-purpose argument “is whether the person
obtaining the credit report intends to use the report for [a permissible] purpose,” and that
“[i]f the person obtaining the report did so with the proper intent . . . it is permissible.”
(Mem. 18.) However, in the two cases that Defendants cite for this proposition, the
courts found—at the summary judgment stage—that the defendants intended to collect a
debt based on a good-faith belief that a debt existed, even though the belief turned out to
be incorrect. See Beckstrom, 2005 WL 1869107, at *3; Trikas, 351 F. Supp. 2d at 42–43.
Here, the Complaint alleges that Defendants had no such good faith belief. The Court
therefore rejects Defendants’ argument because it cannot hold, based on the allegations in
the Complaint, that Defendants had a permissible purpose in accessing Plaintiff’s credit
report. See Martin, 2012 WL 3042524, at *1 (“Whether [the defendant] had a
permissible purpose for retrieving [the plaintiff’s] credit information and whether [the
defendant’s] purpose was certified pursuant to the FCRA are factual disputes that cannot
29
be decided at the motion to dismiss stage."); Norman v. RJM Acquisitions, LLC, No. 11CV-1330, 2011 WL 4376551 , at *1 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 20, 2011) ("The complaint does not
effectively concede that [the defendant] had a permissible purpose for accessing [the
plaintiffs] credit report. Accordingly, without suggesting a view regarding whether [the
defendant] would or would not be entitled to summary judgment, the court denies the
motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)."); Aramjoo v. Sallie Mae Inc., No. 11-CV-77,
2011 WL 3568903 , at *3 (W.D. Mo. Aug. 12, 2011) (" [The d]efendant claims that its
access to [the p]laintiffs credit file was for the permissible purpose of collecting a debt
.. .. [The p]laintiffhas stated in her [c]omplaint that [the d]efendant knew she did not
owe the outstanding debt and thus access to her credit file was impermissible. Because
the [c ]ourt construes the [c ]omplaint as true for a [m ]otion to [d] ismiss, the [c ]ourt cannot
decide the factual question of the [d]efendant' s purpose for accessing the credit file .").
III. Conclusion
In light ofthe foregoing analysis, the Court grants Defendants ' Motion To
Dismiss in part, without prejudice, with respect to Counts II and IV, alleging negligent
violations of the FCRA, and with respect to all Counts against John Doe Defendants, and
denies it in part, with respect to Counts I and III (alleging willful FCRA violations) and
Counts V- VIII (alleging NYFCRA violations), as alleged against Defendants Brown,
Taylor, NLS , and LFG. The Clerk of Court is respectfully requested to terminate the
pending Motion. (Dkt. No. 13.)
SO ORDERED.
DATED:
March ~, 2014
White Plains, New York
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