Shamrock Power Sales, LLC v. Scherer et al
Filing
97
OPINION & ORDER: Plaintiff's Motion to Strike the Rones Declaration, Paragraph 14 of the Scherer Declaration, and Exhibits D, E, F, G, L, M, N, P, R, T, U, X, DD, II, JJ, KK, NN, OO, and TT to Scherer's Declaration is granted. Furthermore , Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is granted. Finally, Plaintiff's Motion for a Permanent Injunction is denied without prejudice. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully requested to terminate the pending Motions. (Okt. Nos. 69, 82.) (Signed by Judge Kenneth M. Karas on 9/30/2015) (lnl)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
SHAMROCK POWER SALES, LLC,
Plaintiff/Counterclaim
Defendant,
No. 12-CV-8959 (KMK)
v.
OPINION & ORDER
JOHN SCHERER, PATRICE TILEARCIO,
SCHERER UTILITY SALES, LLC, and
STORM KING POWER SALES, LLC,
Defendants.
JOHN SCHERER,
Counterclaim
Plaintiff,
v.
SHAMROCK POWER SALES, LLC,
Counterclaim
Defendant.
Appearances:
Kelly Burns Gallagher, Esq.
Pamela Jane Moore, Esq.
McCarter & English, LLP
Hartford, CT
Counsel for Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant Shamrock
Power Sales, LLC
Kenneth S. Rones, Esq.
The Law Firm of William G. Sayegh, P.C.
Carmel, NY
Counsel for Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff John
Scherer and Defendants Patrice Tilearcio, Scherer
Utility Sales, LLC, and Storm King Power Sales, LLC
KENNETH M. KARAS, District Judge:
Shamrock Power Sales, LLC (“Plaintiff” or “Shamrock”) brings this Action against
Defendants John Scherer (“Scherer”), Patrice Tilearcio (“Tilearcio”), Scherer Utility Sales, LLC,
(“Scherer Utility”) and Storm King Power Sales, LLC (“Storm King”) (collectively
“Defendants”), alleging fourteen causes of action arising out of Scherer’s employment with
Shamrock and Scherer’s founding of his own companies, Scherer Utility Sales and Storm King
Power Sales, for which he and his wife, Tilearcio, have worked. Before the Court is Plaintiff’s
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. (Dkt. No. 69.) Specifically, Plaintiff moves for
summary judgment on five of its claims: Count III (breach of fiduciary duty), Count V
(misappropriation of trade secrets), Count X (fraud in the inducement), Count XI (faithless
servant), and Count XIV (unjust enrichment). Related to its Summary Judgment Motion,
Plaintiff also moves to strike many documents submitted by Defendants in opposition to the
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. (Dkt. No. 82.) For the following reasons, Plaintiff’s
Motion to Strike is granted in part, and Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is
granted.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
This case arises out of the breakdown in the employment relationship between Scherer
and Shamrock, Scherer’s formation of his own companies that competed with Shamrock,
Scherer’s receipt of an advance of a bonus, which he deposited the day before quitting, and
Scherer’s use of certain information in connection with his new companies. The key issues in
contention are whether Scherer began competing against Shamrock while still employed by the
latter, whether Shamrock’s policy requires the return of the advance of the bonus, and whether
2
the information Scherer is using in his new companies is proprietary information belonging to
Shamrock.
1. Parties
Shamrock is a company “that sells high voltage power equipment and serves as the
exclusive representative for manufacturers of high voltage products.” (Decl. of Elizabeth Mott
Smith in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Smith Decl.”) App. (Statement of Undisputed
Material Facts in Supp. of Pl. Shamrock Power Sales, LLC’s Partial Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s
56.1”)) ¶ 1 (Dkt. No. 71); Statement of Disputed Material Facts in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial
Summ. J. (“Defs.’ 56.1”) ¶ 1 (Dkt. No. 78); see also Tr. of Prelim. Injun. Hr’g (“PI Tr.”) 36.)
Andrew McMahon (“McMahon”) is Shamrock’s president. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 19; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 19.)
Shamrock has approximately nine employees, including three full-time and one part-time outside
sales representatives. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 2; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 2; PI Tr. 110–11.)
Scherer and Tilearcio are both residents of Cold Spring, New York, and are married to
each other. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 3–4; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 3–4.) Scherer Utility is a New York Limited
Liability Company with a principal place of business in Cold Spring, New York. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 5;
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 5.) Both Scherer and Tilearcio are “member[s] and employee[s] of Scherer
Utility.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 6–7; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 6–7.) On or about January 3, 2013, with the
knowledge and consent of Tilearcio, Scherer created a new entity, Storm King, and transferred
assets from Scherer Utility to Storm King. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 8; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 8.) Scherer is a member
and employee of Storm King, and Tilearcio is an employee of Storm King. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 9–10;
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 9–10.)
3
2. Shamrock’s Business
Shamrock is the exclusive sale representative for certain manufacturers of high voltage
power equipment; these manufacturers are Shamrock’s clients. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 11; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 11.) Shamrock sells its clients’ products to end users such as utility companies; these end users
are Shamrock’s customers. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 12; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 12.) Shamrock’s customers include
Con Edison, Long Island Power Authority, Orange and Rockland Utilities, Central Hudson Gas
and Electric, National Grid, Public Service Gas and Electric, New York Power Authority, Long
Island Railroad, New Jersey Transit, Metro North Railroad, Wesco, and Graybar. (Pl.’s 56.1
¶ 12; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 12.) Many of Shamrock’s relationships with its clients, the manufacturers,
are governed by contracts with confidentiality provisions that permit Shamrock to serve as the
clients’ exclusive sales representative in certain geographic areas. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 13; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 13.) Shamrock has developed long-term relationships with most of its clients and has served as
their exclusive representative in New England and along the east coast for a number of years.
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 14; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 14.)
3. Scherer’s Employment with Shamrock
In 2004, Shamrock hired Scherer as an outside sales representative, which meant that his
responsibilities would be to sell Shamrock’s clients’ products to Shamrock’s customers and
potential customers. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 21; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 21.) Furthermore, Shamrock paid Scherer to
meet with its customers, and the hundreds of meetings he had with Shamrock’s customers were
“in his capacity as a Shamrock Power sales representative;” indeed, part of Scherer’s job was to
establish relationships with customers and clients on Shamrock’s behalf, and Scherer was
compensated for doing so. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 28; PI Tr. 120–21 (Scherer Testimony) (“Q: And all
of your hundreds of meetings with utility companies, these were all in your capacity as a
4
Shamrock Power Sales representative, correct? A: Yes. Q: So in fact, Shamrock paid you to
meet with utilities, this was your job, correct? A: Correct. . . . Q: Would you agree with the fact
that Shamrock Power over the past eight years paid you to establish relationships with customers
and clients of Shamrock Power? A: I would, yes.”).)1 Scherer was assigned to the sales
territory of the metropolitan New York City and New Jersey region. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 22; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 22.) Shamrock’s customers in that region include Con Edison, Central Hudson Gas and
Electric, National Grid, Long Island Power Authority, Orange and Rockland Utilities, Public
Service Electric & Gas, New York Power Authority, Long Island Railroad, New Jersey Transit,
and Metro North Railroad. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 23; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 23.) Scherer had no customer contacts
in his assigned sales territory when he started with Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 24; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 24.)
Because Scherer had no prior sales experience in the industry or the region, Shamrock devoted
approximately six months to one year to having Scherer travel with Andrew McMahon, Sr.
(“McMahon Sr.”) to introduce him to customer and client contacts. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 25; Am.
Answer to Pl.’s Second Am. Compl. and Countercl. (“Answer”) ¶ 9 (Dkt. No. 48); PI Tr. 58–59,
126–27.)2 McMahon Sr. “essentially showed Scherer the ropes and taught him the territory at
1
The Court disregards Defendants’ objection to this fact, which contains no citations to
the record and is contradicted by Scherer’s above-cited admission. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 28.)
2
Defendants dispute this assertion in their Rule 56.1 statement. Specifically, Defendants
assert that
Scherer was hired by McMahon based on the experience noted in Scherer’s résumé,
which reflects that Scherer had cold called and met with over 50 managers and
engineers at various utilities throughout the Northeast, had been an exhibitor at
several utility tradeshows in the Northeast and Florida where he met engineers,
operations personnel and managers from various utility companies and Scherer had
developed and presented a paper for one of the tradeshows in Florida.
(Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 25 (citations omitted).) However, Defendants cite only Exhibit G to Scherer’s
Declaration, which is Scherer’s resume. (See id.; Decl. of John K. Scherer in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot.
5
Shamrock Power.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 26; PI Tr. 126–27.)3 In his role as a sales representative,
“Scherer held a position of trust and confidence at Shamrock Power.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 29; Defs.’
56.1 ¶ 29.)
4. Confidential Information
In order for Scherer to complete his duties, Shamrock provided him information
regarding Shamrock’s industry contacts, its client contacts, pricing lists, commission schedules,
actual and potential customer contacts, contracts, and order history. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 27; Answer ¶ 9
(admitting that McMahon Sr. introduced Scherer to some customers and shared with him some
product information for some manufacturers and the pricing of those products); PI Tr. 60–62,
90–91.)4 Plaintiff contends that in Shamrock’s industry, for security purposes, the identities,
for Partial Summ. J. (“Scherer Decl.”) Ex. G (Résumé) (Dkt. No. 76).) Putting aside any hearsay
issues with this résumé, this evidence does not and cannot be used to dispute Plaintiff’s claims
about McMahon’s belief that he needed to spend the time he did to train Scherer and introduce
him to Shamrock’s clients and customers.
3
Defendants dispute this, relying on evidence that, as explained below, is inadmissible.
(Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 26.) Moreover, the evidence does not support their contentions, and Scherer
himself testified to the veracity of the statement in Plaintiff’s 56.1 statement. (See PI Tr. 126–27
(Testimony of Scherer) (“Q: And Andy McMahon Sr. essentially showed you the ropes and
taught you your territory, is that correct? A: Yes.”).)
4
Defendants’ opposition to this paragraph contains no citations whatsoever, and as such
is disregarded. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 27.) Moreover, Defendants only assert that there was not a
“confidential customer contact list,” which assertion is nonresponsive to paragraph 27 of
Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 statement.
Additionally, as discussed below, Defendants requested permission to file opposition to
Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike months after the deadline, which was granted. (Dkt. No. 92.)
Subsequently, Scherer and Tilearcio submitted declarations containing material opposing
Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, which they were not permitted to do. The
Court will nonetheless consider the additional evidence submitted by Defendants. As is relevant
here, Scherer, in his supplemental declaration, claims, “Mr. McMahon[] also testified at the
Preliminary Injunction Hearing that Plaintiff had educated me, provided me with special and
otherwise unavailable private and proprietary information which I would be unable to utilize
elsewhere or on my own, [which] is also untrue.” (See Decl. of John K. Scherer in Opp’n to Pl.’s
Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Scherer Supp. Decl.”) ¶ 10 (Dkt. No. 93).) There is no dispute about
6
location, and contact information for the purchasing engineers at its customers’ and potential
customers’ sites are not widely known and, therefore, an individual seeking to sell high voltage
power equipment cannot simply make a cold call. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 15; PI Tr. 54–56.) In particular,
Plaintiff notes that the identities and locations of Shamrock’s engineering contacts at customers
such as Con Edison, Central Hudson Gas & Electric, Orange and Rockland, and others were
confidential trade secrets and not publicly disseminated. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 67; see also PI Tr. 69–70
(noting employees were prohibited from giving out account and customer information).)
Plaintiff also proffers that it has “devoted significant time, effort, and money to establishing
relationships with its Customer Contacts over a number of years, and to maintaining the
confidentiality of the contact information for its Customer Contacts and the purchasing needs
and preferences of its Customers.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 16; see also PI Tr. 40, 48–49, 53–54, 55, 58, 61–
63, 85.) Shamrock takes “reasonable measures to protect that information from dissemination,”
including keeping the information in a locked building and on a password-protected computer
system, and sharing it with sales representatives only on a need-to-know basis. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 17;
PI Tr. 109–10.) Shamrock also has an employee handbook emphasizing the need to keep this
information confidential. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 18; PI Tr. 67–70; Smith Decl. Ex. J (Handbook), at 1, 4,
what information Scherer received, merely whether it was readily available or rather private and
proprietary, and this conclusory assertion cannot create an issue of fact in that respect. See, e.g.,
Nadel v. Shinseki, 57 F. Supp. 3d 288, 293 n.6 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (not crediting “legal conclusions
or conclusory allegations” in Rule 56.1 statements or declarations); Lachira v. Sutton, No. 05CV-1585, 2007 WL 1346913, at *1 (D. Conn. May 7, 2007) (“[C]onclusory allegations,
examination of thoughts, opinions, argument and legal conclusions are all prohibited from
affidavits submitted in support of, or opposition to, a summary judgment . . . .”); Larouche v.
Webster, 175 F.R.D. 452, 455 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (“When ultimate facts and legal conclusions
appear in an affidavit, such extraneous material should also be disregarded by the court.”).
7
10, 13, 20.)5 Moreover, McMahon frequently reminded Shamrock employees of the need to
maintain the confidentiality of client and customer information. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 19; PI Tr. 61.)6
Plaintiff claims that the information retained by Scherer had independent economic value for
Shamrock because it was not publicly available, and without maintaining control of its customer
information, manufacturers could contact the customers directly and cut out the need for
Plaintiff’s business. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 68; PI Tr. 69–70.) For that reason, Shamrock employees were
told not to give their contacts’ information out to anyone, including manufacturers. (Pl.’s 56.1
¶ 69; PI Tr. 61.) Shamrock also does not share its line card information publicly so as not to give
competitors information on what business Shamrock has and what to target. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 70; PI
Tr. 43.)7 Finally, Plaintiff asserts that Shamrock has a policy, of which Scherer was aware, that
required employees to return confidential and proprietary information upon the termination of
their employment. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 20; PI Tr. 73.)8
5
Defendants dispute this, stating that no one gave or showed Scherer an employee
handbook during his time working at Shamrock. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 18 (citing Scherer Decl.); see
also Scherer Decl. ¶ 32 (“[D]uring my employment with Plaintiff I was never provided with or
ever saw an employee handbook.”).) However, this statement does not refute the existence of
the handbook, which is attached as an exhibit to Plaintiff’s counsel’s declaration. (See Smith
Decl. Ex. J (Handbook).)
Additionally, the Court notes that no citation in Defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement to
Scherer’s Declaration contains a pin cite—that is, Defendants merely generally cite Scherer’s
Declaration without identifying which paragraph purportedly supports their assertion, leaving
Plaintiff and the Court to attempt to discern what paragraph they are referring to.
6
Defendants dispute this, stating that McMahon did not remind Scherer of the need to
maintain confidentiality of client and customer information and that the identity of Shamrock
customers is readily ascertainable. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 19.) In support of these assertions, Defendants
cite to Scherer’s Declaration and to Exhibit KK to that Declaration. However, nothing in
Scherer’s Declaration supports Defendants’ assertion, and Exhibit KK is irrelevant.
7
A line card is a list of companies represented. (PI Tr. 46.)
8
Defendants dispute this but do not provide any supporting citations to the record. (See
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 20.)
8
Defendants forcefully dispute that the contacts are confidential, and also dispute that the
line card is confidential, but do not appear to dispute that the other information listed above is
confidential. (See, e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 27 (responding to an assertion that Shamrock provided
Scherer with access to “confidential, proprietary and trade secret information regarding
Shamrock Power’s industry contacts; its Client contacts, pricing lists, and commission schedules;
and its actual and potential Customer Contacts, contracts and order histories” by stating that
there did not exist a “confidential customer contact list”); id. ¶ 68 (responding to an assertion that
the information that had been deleted and retained by Defendants—including client contact
information, price lists, account information, and customer communications—was not publicly
available by stating that “Scherer disputes that the contacts, whether at a utility[] or at a
manufacturer[,] are not publicly available,” and that McMahon did not tell him not to give out
customer contact information).)
First, Defendants dispute that contacts at Shamrock’s customers and clients were
confidential and instead argue that they are readily available online and at trade shows. (See,
e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 15–17, 43, 67–71.) In support of these contentions, Defendants cite the
following documents: a page from the Preliminary Injunction transcript, Scherer’s Declaration,
Exhibits D, E, F, OO, G, and KK, to Scherer’s Declaration, and Exhibits C and H to Defendants’
Rule 56.1 statement.9 The Court will address each piece of evidence in turn. First, Defendants
cite to McMahon’s testimony at the Preliminary Injunction hearing, stating that McMahon
9
Scherer cites to Exhibits C and H to his own Declaration, (see, e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 68,
73, 84), but no such exhibits exist. Indeed, the labeling of exhibits to both the Scherer
Declaration and the Rule 56.1 statement is somewhat of a mystery to the Court. However, there
are Exhibits C and H to Defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement and it appears that it is to those
documents that Scherer is referring.
9
testified at the hearing that he had made a cold call the day before his testimony. (Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 15 (citing PI Tr. 103).) The testimony given was as follows:
[The Court:] If you want to ask questions dealing with how many cold calls he’s
done in the past five years, go ahead. Q: I guess that would be my question. When
is the last time you made a phone call to a utility to ask to speak to a standards
engineer? A: Yesterday.
(PI Tr. 103.) Although the context might indicate that McMahon cold called a utility, Scherer
did not actually ask him when the last time was that he cold called a utility. Furthermore, there
is no evidence as to whether that call was successful. Next, Exhibit C to the Defendants’ Rule
56.1 statement contains emails between Scherer and various contacts. One email string suggests
that Scherer successfully cold called a contact at a manufacturer called Electroline Corp. (Defs.’
56.1 Ex. C, at unnumbered 11–12.) However, the rest of the emails in that Exhibit contain no
indication whatsoever as to how Scherer got into contact with the people he was emailing.
Exhibit D to the Scherer Declaration is also a collection of emails that appear to show Scherer
emailing various contacts. Only some emails in that Exhibit contain any indication of where he
got the contact information. For example, the emails with Northeast Utility suggest that Scherer
met the contact “a few months ago” and that he “worked at NU for many years prior.” (Decl. of
John K. Scherer in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Scherer Decl.”) Ex. D, at
unnumbered 8 (Dkt. No. 76).) As another example, the emails with a person at National Grid in
fact support a finding that contact information is not widely available, as Scherer emailed an
apparently already known contact to ask for another contact at National Grid. (Id. at
unnumbered 16.) Similarly, Scherer also emailed an apparently known contact at Northern
Utilities to ask for another contact there. (Id. at unnumbered 23.)
No other email correspondence is relevant to the question of how public the contact
information is. Exhibit E to the Scherer Declaration is a collection of business cards. Exhibit F
10
is an unidentified document or series of documents that contain contact information for some
employees of some manufacturers. Exhibit H to the Defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement is a
collection of several unrelated documents.10 These documents contain contact information for
various contacts at various utilities. Setting aside the evidentiary issues Plaintiff raises with
respect to the documents introduced by Defendants, (see Notice of Pl. Shamrock Power Sales,
LLC’s Mot. To Strike Portions of Defs.’ Submissions in Opp’n to Mot. for Partial Summ. J.
(Dkt. No. 82); Shamrock Power Sales, LLC’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. To Strike Portions
of Defs.’ Submissions in Opp’n to Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. To
Strike”) (Dkt. No. 83)), there is a fundamental relevance issue with these exhibits. There is no
evidence as to where Defendants got most of this information, including the business cards and
various other documents that do not appear to be website printouts. Moreover, there is no
indication that the contact information provides either accurate contact information or contact
information for the relevant people.11
Next, Scherer’s Declaration states that while he was employed at a consulting firm in
Vermont, Dusfresne Henry, from 2001 to 2004, he “made many cold calls at utilities in order to
solicit [the company’s] consulting services,” and that he “was easily able to find the utility
contact person and telephone number either through the internet, tradeshow, or an organization
and [he] would call, introduce [himself] and ask if [he] could either send them some information
on [the company’s] services offered or ask to visit them in person.” (Scherer Decl. ¶¶ 6, 11.)
10
The Court cannot even say for sure how many documents there are because the exhibit
is so unclear.
11
In his supplemental declaration, Scherer also asserts that it is common knowledge
which utilities operate in different areas and that the location of the utilities are common
knowledge. (See Scherer Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 12–13.) However, this is simply not material to the
issue of whether the customer contacts’ information is readily available.
11
Scherer also declared that “[t]he identities of engineers and/or managers at electric utility
companies are readily ascertainable at Tradeshows, Linked In, Data.com, Western Publishing
website, utility websites, the internet, and networking,” as are the identities of manufacturers’
contact persons. (Scherer Decl. ¶¶ 26, 30.) However, this evidence is not convincing because it
does not address whether Shamrock’s customers’ and clients’ contact information is readily
available and whether Defendants could readily ascertain the contact information of the
appropriate person to call. Moreover, the Court notes that the only fact Defendants even attempt
to dispute is the availability of the contact information; however, Plaintiff asserts that its
confidential client information also included information such as its clients’ order histories and
correspondence between the parties.
Scherer also declared that since leaving Shamrock he has met with and emailed many
engineers or engineering managers at many major electric utility companies in upstate New
York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine as well as other states outside of
Plaintiff’s territories, and that he has sold his manufacturers’ products to utility companies
outside of the New York City and New Jersey area. (Id. ¶¶ 27–28.) This assertion does not
address the question of whether Plaintiff’s contact information of customers and clients was
confidential. Finally, Scherer declares that he was never given a confidential customer list. (Id.
¶ 29.) Scherer’s fixation on the idea that there did not exist a “confidential customer list” is
irrelevant because nowhere does Plaintiff state that such a list existed. Rather, Plaintiff asserts,
and sets forth evidence in support of the finding that, it kept client information confidential.
Additionally, Defendants contest whether Shamrock’s line card was confidential, (see
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 70), citing to Exhibit KK to the Scherer Declaration as well as to the Declaration
itself. Exhibit KK is apparently a collection of line cards from other companies that do publicize
12
this information. (See Scherer Decl. Ex. KK.) However, Defendants provide no evidence that
contradicts Plaintiff’s evidence that it keeps its own line card confidential. Moreover, nothing in
Scherer’s Declaration addresses the confidentiality of line cards. Thus, the undisputed evidence
shows that Shamrock kept its line card confidential.12
5. Company-Provided Equipment and Related Policies
Shamrock provided Scherer with a company-owned laptop that contained operating
systems and software licensed to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 33; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 33.) Shamrock also
provided Scherer with a company-owned cellular smart phone, a company-owned vehicle, a
company-issued credit card to use for business-related expenses, and other equipment and
supplies related to Scherer’s duties. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 34; Answer ¶ 10 (admitting that Shamrock
provided Scherer with a laptop containing an operating system and some software, as well as a
smart phone, a company-owned vehicle, a company-issued credit card, and some other
equipment and supplies); PI Tr. 119.)13 Scherer was advised by Shamrock that these items were
12
Indeed, as Plaintiff points out in reply, Defendants’ own documents indicate that they
keep their line card confidential. (See Second Decl. of Elizabeth Mott Smith in Supp. of Mot. for
Partial Summ. J. Ex. BB (Email from John Scherer to James C. Bach (Oct. 18, 2012)) (Dkt. No.
81) (providing a list of Scherer Utility’s manufacturers and requesting the recipient of the email
to keep the list “[c]onfidential”).)
13
Defendants’ opposition to this is not supported by any citations to the record and is
therefore disregarded. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 34.) However, Plaintiff does not cite anything in the
record to support a finding that, as Plaintiff asserts, Shamrock paid for Scherer’s internet access.
Indeed, the citations provided by Shamrock support a finding that there is a question of fact
about whether Shamrock paid for Scherer’s internet access. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 34 (citing PI Tr.
119–20 (Scherer Testimony) (“Q: And Shamrock Power provided you with a cell phone, laptop,
they paid for all your Internet and telephone expenses related to those, correct? A: That would
be incorrect with respect to the Internet access.”)).) The dispute over this issue, however, is
immaterial.
13
to be used for company business only, and were not to be used for personal reasons. (Pl.’s 56.1
¶ 35; PI Tr. 65–66, 73–76.)14
With regard to use of email, it was company policy that all communications with current
or potential clients or customers were to be copied to Shamrock’s email account,
shamrockpwr@msn.com. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 36–37; PI Tr. 121–22 (Scherer Testimony) (“Q: Now,
company policy and company practice was that you would copy the ShamrockPWR account, the
main e-mail account, on all your business e-mails, correct? A: Correct. . . . Q: And despite
company policy, which you agreed was company policy, you didn’t always copy the Shamrock
Power e-mail account on e-mails you were sending to customers and clients, correct?
A: Correct.”); see also id. at 124 (indicating that Scherer did not always CC the Shamrock email
account in connection with certain transactions); Answer ¶ 23 (admitting that Scherer withheld
several emails from Shamrock).)15
6. The Start of Scherer Utility
On September 28, 2011, unbeknownst to Shamrock and while Plaintiff was still
employed by Shamrock, Scherer and Tilearcio formed Scherer Utility. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 41; PI Tr.
115–17; Smith Decl. Ex. D (Articles of Organization).)16 Thereafter, Scherer and Tilearcio
14
Defendants’ opposition is not supported by any citation and is therefore disregarded.
(See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 35.)
15
Defendants’ objections to paragraphs 36 and 37 in Plaintiff’s 56.1 are non-responsive.
(See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 37–37.) Moreover, the citation in Defendants’ paragraph 36 does not support
its assertion, and paragraph 37 does not contain any citations. (See id.)
16
Defendants’ opposition to this paragraph is not helpful, as it addresses when Scherer
Utility began competing with Shamrock’s business. Defendants assert that Scherer Utility began
business on October 8, 2012, citing Scherer’s Declaration. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 41.) On this point,
Defendants state that “Scherer disputes that he or any defendant competed with Plaintiff[’]s
business but admits that Scherer Utility Sales began business on October 8, 2012.” (Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 41.) This assertion must be read to refer to when Scherer Utility began competing with
14
opened a business checking account for Scherer Utility, with both Scherer and Tilearcio as
account holders. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 42; Smith Decl. Ex. F (Dep. Tr. of John Scherer (“Scherer Dep.”)),
at 127–28; Smith Decl. Ex. M (Defs.’ Apr. 2013 Discovery Responses) ¶ 33.)17
Scherer purports to dispute that he sought business on his own behalf or on Scherer
Utility’s behalf while still employed at Shamrock, instead arguing that he did not start working
on behalf of himself and Scherer Utility until October 8, 2012, the day he resigned from
Shamrock. (See, e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 41, 43.) However, after reviewing the record, the Court
finds that the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer worked on his own behalf in at least two
ways that he did not disclose to Shamrock before resigning; indeed, Scherer has admitted as such
several times.
First, Scherer represented manufacturer Partner Technologies, Inc. (“PTI”) in a
transaction that ultimately resulted in $271,806 in sales to Shamrock’s customer, Con Edison, on
behalf of PTI. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 44.) Scherer “disputes that he and/or Scherer Utility Sales formally
represented [PTI] before he resigned from Shamrock,” pointing to the fact that the contract with
PTI is dated October 10, 2012. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 44 (citing Scherer Decl.; Defs.’ 56.1 Ex. FF (Sales
Representative Agreement)).)18 However, the listing of accounts receivable for Scherer, Scherer
Shamrock’s business, rather than when the Scherer Utility was formed, as such a reading of this
statement would render it inconsistent with other admissions Scherer made both in his
Declaration and in his prior testimony at the Preliminary Injunction Hearing, wherein he
admitted he formed Scherer Utility in September 2011. (See PI Tr. 115–17 (admitting he
incorporated Scherer Utility in September 2011); Scherer Decl. ¶ 20 (“Knowing that I would be
leaving Shamrock, I formed my own corporation, Scherer Utility Sales on September 28,
2011.”).)
17
Defendants’ opposition contains no citations to the record. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 42.)
18
Defendants incorrectly cite this as Exhibit FF to the Scherer Declaration, an exhibit
that does not exist.
15
Utility, or Storm King, (see Smith Decl. Ex. N (Accounts Receivable)), lists three purchase
orders on October 14, 2011 between manufacturer PTI and customer Con Edison, with $271,806
paid to Scherer Utility, (see id. at unnumbered 1). Moreover, Scherer gave the following
deposition testimony on this topic:
Q: So I guess to back up, you have orders for Partner Technologies on October
14th of 2011.
A: Yes.
Q: So you were still employed by Shamrock at that time?
A: I was.
***
Q: So were you representing Partner Technologies in October of 2011?
A: No.
Q: So how do you – how did it come about that you have purchase orders that are
dated October 14th, 2011?
A: I had told Andy about them, that we’d want to probably sign them on, so I
could sell some of their products to Con Edison, but I’m not sure if Andy signed
the agreements. I don’t think he did, but I know he was interested, and but I was
just sort of working for them without a contract.
Q: Were you working for them as a sales representative?
A: As a sales agent and stuff, but I wasn’t working for them.
Q: What do you mean, sales agent and stuff?
A: It’s my—that’s my title, sales agent, but I wasn’t working for them. I didn’t
have a contract for them.
Q: So you were working as a sales agent on behalf of yourself, John Scherer,
with them?
A: Yes.
(Scherer Dep. 91–92.)
16
Finally, in Scherer’s Declaration he stated that, knowing he would be leaving Shamrock,
he “formed [his] own corporation, Scherer Utility Sales[,] on September 28, 2011 and did in fact
thereafter[] contact PTI in an attempt to establish an independent relationship with them.”
(Scherer Decl. ¶ 20.) He further declared that “[w]hile [he] was employed with Plaintiff, the
foregoing relationship with PTI was the only time [he] ever attempted to do any business on [his]
own behalf.” (Id. ¶ 21.) Thus, whether or not there was a signed contract between any
Defendant and PTI before Scherer resigned from Shamrock, there is simply no dispute about
whether Scherer worked with PTI on behalf of himself while still employed at Shamrock.
Further, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer did not disclose the October 2011
transactions with PTI to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 45; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 45.) Instead, Scherer
“specifically instructed both PTI and Con Edison to delete Shamrock Power’s name from the
purchase orders, and in several follow up emails reiterated that request and cautioned Con
Edison . . . ‘please do not send [purchase orders] to Shamrock.’” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 45 (second
alteration in original); see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 45; Smith Decl. Ex. O (PTI Transaction Emails).)
Second, Scherer solicited business for himself/his own company while at an event in the
capacity of a Shamrock representative. In particular, “[i]n January 2012, Shamrock Power paid
for Scherer to attend an industry trade show called Distributech in Texas,” and although “at that
time he was still an employee of Shamrock Power, at the conference Scherer approached
manufacturers regarding having Scherer Utility Sales, not Shamrock Power, serving as their
representative, and provided his contact information to those manufacturers.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 47;
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 47.) “At least one manufacturer followed up on Scherer’s proposal via email on
February 17, 2012,” noting that Scherer had expressed interest in representing Custom Utility
and telling Scherer to contact him if he was still interested. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 48; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 48.)
17
Scherer responded on February 21, 2012, “with an email bearing the signature block for ‘Scherer
Utility Sales’ and [which email] indicated that he was ‘still interested in representing [Custom
Utility] in the New York and New Jersey area.’” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 49; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 49.)
7. October 2012 Advance
Scherer was guaranteed a minimum annual salary of $65,000, which was credited against
commissions he earned, as well as a bonus based on commissions. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 30; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 30; see also Scherer Decl. ¶ 15 (indicating bonus was based on earned sales commissions).)
On March 2, 2012, Andrew McMahon sent Scherer an email stating that
The bonus will be paid at the end of the year as with all Shamrock Power Sales
LLC[] employees. All bonuses will be paid to employees who are currently
employed as [of] December 31 of the payroll year. The bonus going forward will
be paid on sales at the discretion of the company.
(Smith Decl. Ex. K (Salary Email); see also Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 53.)
In late September 2012, Scherer requested a $20,000 advance from Shamrock Power.
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 54; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54.)19 Shamrock gave Scherer a check for $19,528.42, which was
deposited into Scherer’s account at First Niagara Bank and cleared Shamrock’s bank account on
October 7, 2012. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 56; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 56; Scherer Dep. 69–70.)20 “On October 8,
2012, the day after he received the advance, Scherer abruptly resigned from Shamrock Power by
19
In his Declaration, Scherer seems to assert that this money was not an advance, but
rather was the payment of back-owed commission payments. (Scherer Decl. ¶ 17 (declaring that
“Plaintiff’s contention that the $19,528.43 paid to me was a ‘salary advance’ is false” and that it
was instead commission payments from previous years).) However, Defendants do not dispute
that this was a salary advance in their Rule 56.1 statement. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54 (stating that
Scherer asked for a salary advance).) Furthermore, at his deposition, Scherer testified to the fact
that it was an advance, and therefore he cannot create a material issue of fact by asserting
something to the contrary in a declaration. (See Scherer Dep. 69 (“Q: So was this the advance
that Shamrock Power gave you? A: Yes.”).)
20
It is not clear why the check was for $19,528.42, rather than for $20,000.
18
calling and leaving a voice mail message for the company’s President, Andrew McMahon.”
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 57; see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 57.) There are two points of contention between the
Parties regarding this payment: whether Scherer falsely represented that he needed the advance
to buy his wife a car as an anniversary gift, and whether there was a Shamrock policy requiring
advances on bonuses to be repaid if the person receiving the advance quits before the end of the
year. The Court will address the evidence on each of these issues in turn.
First, Plaintiff cites evidence that, with respect to the request for funds in September
2012, “Scherer informed Shamrock Power that he needed the advance so that he could buy his
wife a car as [a] 25th wedding anniversary gift.” (Verified Compl. ¶ 19 (Dkt. No. 1).)21
Defendants purport to dispute this, (see Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54), but cite no evidence to the contrary.
Rather, Defendants assert that Scherer was owed back commission payments, and that
“McMahon said he would look into [it] and never got back to Scherer,” and therefore “Scherer
chose to ask for the advance.” (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54.) This statement does not directly refute
Plaintiff’s contention that Scherer stated he needed an advance to buy the car, and Defendants’
response that “Scherer disputes the allegation that he told McMahon that [he] was going to buy
his wife a car with an advance,” is not supported by any of the sources cited. (Id.)22 Thus, the
undisputed evidence shows that Scherer told Shamrock he needed the advance to buy his wife a
car. As noted above, the check cleared Shamrock’s account on October 7, 2012, and Scherer
21
This Complaint was verified under penalty of perjury by Andrew McMahon, who
certified, based on personal knowledge, “that the factual allegations of the foregoing Verified
Complaint are true except for those allegations based upon information and belief.” (Verified
Compl., at unnumbered 27.) See Bennett v. Goord, 343 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 2003) (treating
verified complaint like affidavit for summary judgment purposes).
22
Plaintiff does not offer any direct evidence showing that Plaintiff relied on Scherer’s
representation regarding the purchase of the car in deciding to give him the advance.
19
resigned on October 8, 2012. Since resigning, Scherer has not used the $19,582.42 to buy a car,
but rather the funds were disseminated into his bank accounts and used to support himself and
his new business, Scherer Utility. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 59; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 59.)
The second point in contention is whether there was a Shamrock policy that an employee
who received an advance of a year-end bonus, but left before the end of the year, was required to
repay the bonus, as Plaintiff urges. Defendants argue that no such policy existed, but their
assertions are not supported by any relevant citations to the record. (See, e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 39,
40, 55.) Plaintiff, on the other hand, cites the Salary Email, where Andrew McMahon informed
Scherer that bonuses “will be paid to employees who are currently employed as [of] December
31 of the payroll year.” (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 53; Smith Decl. Ex. K (Salary Email).) Additionally,
Scherer’s salary history reflects the fact that bonuses were paid in December, except for
occasional advances and except for the 2009 commission check which was initially paid on
December 31, 2009 but was later supplemented on March 8, 2010 and again on August 27, 2010,
and the 2007 commission check which was initially paid on December 31, 2007 and then
supplemented on May 19, 2008. (See Second Decl. of Elizabeth Mott Smith in Supp. of Mot. for
Partial Summ. J. (“Smith Reply Decl.”) Ex. CC (“Scherer Salary History”) (Dkt. No. 81); Defs.’
56.1 ¶ 31 (citing Scherer Decl. Ex. N (pay stubs from May 19, 2008 and March 8, 2010).)23
Additionally, Scherer admitted that the bonuses were paid around December, as he stated in his
Declaration that “he originally planned to leave Shamrock Power ‘in January 2012 after [he]
received [his] end of the year commission.’” (Shamrock Power Sales, LLC’s Consolidated Rule
56 Statement and Obj. to Defs.’ Statement of Disputed Material Facts in Opp’n to Partial Mot.
23
The Scherer Salary History document was initially attached to Smith’s Declaration as
Exhibit L, but was missing a page.
20
for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply 56.1”) ¶ 31 (Dkt. No. 80) (quoting Scherer Decl. ¶ 19).) Indeed, even
in opposing Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 statement, Defendants state that the bonuses were due on
December 31. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 31 (stating that bonuses due on December 31, 2007 and December
31, 2009 were not paid in full on those dates).)
Finally, the Court also notes that there is some evidence that this advance was a payroll
advance rather than an advance against commissions. Shamrock’s records of Scherer’s salary
history state that this paycheck was a “2012 Payroll Advance,” while some other advances have
the notation “Advance on Commission 2011” or “Advance of Commission for 2008.” (See
Smith Reply Decl. Ex. CC at 2–3.)
8. Scherer’s Resignation from Shamrock
In March 2012, following a dispute between Scherer and Shamrock regarding pay,
Scherer stopped responding to correspondence from Shamrock. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 50; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 50.) After not hearing from Scherer for a week, Andrew McMahon “traveled to Scherer’s
home to determine why Scherer was not responding to communications or otherwise performing
work for Shamrock Power.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 51; see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 51.) Although Andrew
McMahon was prepared to fire Scherer for abandoning his job responsibilities, Scherer
“persuaded McMahon to continue his employment, promising that he was ‘loyal’ to Shamrock
Power and would never leave,” and Shamrock agreed to retain him. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 52; see also
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 52.) Approximately seven months later, on October 8, 2012, Scherer resigned from
Shamrock leaving a voicemail message. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 57; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 57.) In the message,
Scherer stated that McMahon could recover the laptop, smart phone, and other property owned
by Shamrock from the company car that had been issued to Scherer, and that Scherer had left the
car unlocked with the keys inside it in front of his home. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 60; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 60.)
21
“When McMahon retrieved the laptop and other company property left in the unlocked
company car, he discovered that several items that Shamrock Power had entrusted to Scherer
were missing, including Client samples and a confidential Manufacturer Reference Guide.”
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 61; see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 61.) Upon examining the laptop, Shamrock learned that
client and customer information and industry contacts stored on the laptop had been deleted by
Scherer. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 62; PI Tr. 73–74; Answer ¶ 54.)24 The data Scherer deleted from
Shamrock’s laptop included licensed software, email correspondence, client and customer files
and information, including confidential contact information, invoices, orders, and contracts.
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 72; PI Tr. 74.)25 Shamrock also discovered that Scherer had deleted all of the client
and customer contact data from his company-issued cellular smart phone. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 63;
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 63.)
Scherer also retained various data and documents from Shamrock. First, prior to deleting
the data from Shamrock’s laptop and cell phone, Scherer made copies for himself to retain.
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 64; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 64.) The data and emails copied from the laptop included
proprietary price lists for Shamrock’s clients. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 66; PI Tr. 90–91.)26 Scherer also
24
Defendants dispute only that a “confidential customer contact list existed on the
computer,” but this assertion is not relevant here. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 62.)
25
Defendants dispute only that the contact information is confidential and that Scherer
deleted any email correspondence, asserting that there were no emails stored on the laptop’s hard
drive. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 72.) However, Defendants provide no citation to evidence that supports
either of these contentions. With regard to the assertion that email was not saved on the laptop’s
hard drive, Defendants cite only to Scherer’s Declaration. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 66). However,
nothing in the Declaration supports this finding. With regard to the confidentiality of the client
contact information, Defendants’ assertions are not supported by evidence in the record, as
discussed above.
26
Defendants dispute this, saying that no emails were saved on the laptop hard drive, and
none were copied, and citing Scherer’s Declaration. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 66.) For the reasons
discussed above, the Court disregards this assertion.
22
retained, and withheld from Shamrock Power, client and customer emails, communications, and
other data belonging to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 65; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65.)
9. Scherer’s Activities Post-Resignation from Shamrock
Within weeks of resigning from Shamrock, Scherer had a line card on his website, and
claimed to be representing approximately thirteen manufacturers, including five of Shamrock
Power’s former clients, and eight other manufacturers who competed directly with Shamrock
Power’s clients. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 75; see also PI Tr. 46–47; Smith Decl. Ex. S; Smith Reply Decl.
Exs. BB, DD.)27 Based on Andrew McMahon’s experience, it “would have been impossible for
Defendants to have secured manufacturer’s representation agreements with so many clients
unless [Scherer] had started the process well before he resigned from Shamrock Power.” (Pl.’s
56.1 ¶ 76; see also PI Tr. 48–49.)28
27
In Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 statement, Plaintiff cited as evidence of this assertion Exhibit S
to the Smith Declaration, a screenshot of Plaintiff’s Web site from December 19, 2012.
Defendants point to this, as well as the dates of the representative agreements contained in
Exhibit V to the Smith Declaration, as evidence that the time frame in which Scherer developed
clients was a little longer (six to eight weeks). (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 75.) In reply, Plaintiff offers more
evidence disproving Defendants’ conclusory assertion. In particular, Exhibit BB to Smith’s
Reply Declaration is an email dated October 18, 2012, listing ten manufacturers and a possible
eleventh. (See Smith Reply Decl. Ex. BB.) Exhibit DD to Smith’s Reply Declaration contains
emails dated October 12, 2012, wherein Scherer states that he has “roughly 12 companies,” and
attaches a draft line card listing a number of manufacturers and indicating others were potential
clients. (See id. Ex. DD, at unnumbered 2–3.) Therefore, the Court dismisses Defendants’
unsubstantiated assertions regarding the slightly longer time frame, but the dispute is, in any
event, immaterial.
28
Defendants oppose this in their Rule 56.1 statement, stating that Scherer started the
process the first day he quit Shamrock by sending out emails and by searching the internet and
tradeshow websites for manufacturers, but they do not cite to any other evidence corroborating
Scherer’s assertion. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 76.) Moreover, this claim is contradicted by Scherer’s
admission that he started Scherer Utility over a year before he suddenly left Shamrock, and that
he attempted to establish an independent relationship with PTI and solicited business at a trade
show while still employed at Shamrock. (Scherer Decl. ¶¶ 20–21; Scherer Dep. 91–92; Pl.’s
56.1 ¶¶ 47–48, 57; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 47–48, 57.)
23
Since Scherer left Shamrock, four manufacturers have informed Shamrock that they were
terminating their exclusive representation contracts with Shamrock and would be instead
contracting with Scherer for the same services previously being provided by Shamrock. (See
Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 77–78; PI Tr. 47–48; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶¶ 77–78.) These manufacturers informed
McMahon that they were leaving because Scherer contacted them and told them that McMahon
did not have contacts with the customers so they should go with Scherer if they wanted to
maintain sales. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 79; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 79; PI Tr. 47–48.)
Furthermore, after resigning from Shamrock, Scherer responded to email correspondence
and customer inquiries despite the fact that those communications were intended for Shamrock,
not Defendants. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 65; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65.) And, on October 8, 2012, the day that
Scherer resigned, he sent emails from the jscherer15@msn.com email address to some Shamrock
clients, using the confidential information he had obtained from Shamrock, informing them that
“he had resigned from Shamrock Power but ‘would like to continue [his] professional
representation of [them] and [their] compan[ies] in the New York and New Jersey area via [his]
new company.’” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 74; Second Am. Compl. ¶ 44; Answer ¶ 2.)29
10. Defendants’ Violations of Court Orders
On December 11, 2012, the Court issued a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) against
Scherer and Scherer Utility, enjoining them from directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with
others, from, among other things, using or disclosing Shamrock’s confidential, proprietary, or
trade secret information; soliciting or otherwise initiating any further contact or communication
29
Defendants dispute only that the manufacturers are confidential, (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 74), but
say nothing about the plethora of proprietary information related to the manufacturers, including
some information that Shamrock was contractually obligated to keep confidential, (See Pl.’s 56.1
¶¶ 13, 61, 65).
24
with any Shamrock customer; making false or misleading statements to any person regarding
Shamrock; and hiding, damaging, or destroying Shamrock’s confidential, proprietary and tradesecret information. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 80; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 80.) The Court also directed Defendants to
immediately return all copies of any computer files and other confidential records they had taken
from Shamrock and to immediately cease all use of the email address jscherer15@msn.com for
commercial purposes. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 80; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 80.) After the Court imposed the TRO,
Scherer, Tilearcio, and Scherer Utility, acting in concert, took steps to circumvent the Order by
emailing Shamrock’s clients and customers, falsely representing that Scherer was having
“issues” with the jscherer15@msn.com account, and directing them to instead communicate with
Defendants through Tilearcio’s email account, ptillie@msn.com. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 81; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 81.)
Plaintiff moved for a preliminary injunction and, following a hearing, the Court issued a
preliminary injunction on December 27, 2012 stating that
Defendants are preliminarily enjoined, whether directly or indirectly, alone or in
concert with others, from . . . [u]sing, disclosing, misusing or further converting
Shamrock Power’s confidential, proprietary or trade secret information, including,
but not limited to, customer contracts, customer contacts, pricing information,
passwords and access codes for customer websites and other confidential software
and customer information.
(See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 82; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 82.) Shortly thereafter, on January 3, 2013, Scherer formed a
new business, Storm King, to provide services substantially the same as those provided by
Scherer Utility. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 83; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 83.) Scherer then, with the knowledge and
consent of Tilearcio, transferred its contracts with manufacturers and accounts receivable to
Storm King. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 84; Scherer Dep. 110–16 (explaining that, after forming Storm King,
Scherer transferred Scherer Utility’s contracts to Storm King without consideration).)
25
Scherer (and later Storm King) has represented competitors to Shamrock’s
clients/customers, as well as previous clients/customers. For example, Scherer Utility
represented Rohn Products LLC (“Rohn”), a manufacturer of transmission towers, and then
transferred this representation to Storm King without consideration. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 85; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 85.) Rohn, which is Storm King’s client and previously was Scherer Utility’s client, is a direct
competitor to Sabre Tubular Systems (“STS”), a former Shamrock client in the transmission
tower market. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 86; Decl. of Andrew McMahon (“McMahon Decl.”) ¶ 7 (Dkt.
No. 26).)30 Scherer represented STS while at Shamrock and therefore had direct knowledge of
its confidential pricing information and blanket contracts for transmission towers sold to
Shamrock’s Customer PSE&G. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 87; McMahon Decl. ¶ 8.)31 Shamrock also
represents Estex Manufacturing Company (“EMC”), a manufacturer of arc suppression blankets.
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 88; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 88; McMahon Decl. ¶ 10.) While employed by Shamrock, Scherer
made presentations on behalf of EMC to Shamrock’s customer contact at National Grid. (Pl.’s
56.1 ¶ 89; McMahon Decl. ¶ 11.)32 Since resigning from Shamrock, Scherer, Scherer Utility,
30
Defendants contest this, stating that STS terminated its relationship with Shamrock in
May 2011. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 86.) In other words, this is not a denial, as Plaintiff noted that STS
was a former client. Also this statement ignores the fact that Scherer possessed proprietary
information about STS. (See id.)
31
Defendants purport to dispute this, but their opposition is non-responsive and contains
no citations. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 87.)
32
Plaintiff also asserts that Scherer, through a confidential bid process, submitted a bid to
National Grid on behalf of EMC to provide arc suppression blankets, which bid included EMC’s
confidential pricing information. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 89; McMahon Decl. ¶ 11.) Defendants dispute
this, stating that they “believe an inside sales person at Shamrock submitted the pricing,” citing
to Scherer’s Declaration. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 89.) Scherer’s Declaration states that clerical staff
submitted the bid. (Scherer Decl. ¶ 36.) Thus, while this may be an exercise in semantics, there
is an issue of fact as to whether Scherer, or somebody working for him, submitted the bid.
However, this dispute is immaterial.
26
and Storm King have represented, at least at some point, Energy Products, LLC, which
manufactures manhole covers and arc suppression blankets, and is a direct competitor of
Shamrock’s client, EMC. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 90; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 90.) Additionally, on December 10,
2012, Defendants reached out to Shamrock’s customer contacts at National Grid, on behalf of
their new client, Energy Products. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 91; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 91.) Scherer previously
represented EMC, but nonetheless asked to meet with the National Grid representatives to pitch
Energy Product’s competing product. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 91; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 91.) Defendants
scheduled a meeting with the National Grid representative for January 9, 2013 to discuss the
competing blast mats and, due to the inside knowledge he gained at Shamrock regarding EMC’s
pricing and commission schedule, Scherer had the ability to under-bid EMC by a slim margin
and win the contract. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 92; McMahon Decl. ¶¶ 14–15.)33
On January 15, 2013, Shamrock moved for Defendants to be held in contempt of the
preliminary injunction. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 93; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 93.) At the hearing, Defendants conceded
that they violated the Court’s preliminary injunction and represented that they were “going out of
business totally.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 94; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 94.) The Court issued a finding of contempt,
and ordered that Defendants “immediately begin the process of canceling all current contracts
with their manufacturers/clients,” and also terminate the contracts as soon as practicable, and to
pay into an escrow account held by McCarter & English LLP all commissions or other funds
they have received from manufacturers/clients since October 1, 2012, or receive in the future,
until further order of the Court. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 94; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 94.) Defendants have never
33
Defendants object, stating: “Scherer disputes the allegation that there are no other
manufacturers involved in this approval process and that EMC and Energy Products are the only
manufacturers submitting bids. Most likely other manufacturers were involved and were
submitting bids.” (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 92.) Defendants do not provide any citations to support these
speculative comments.
27
sought modification or appellate review of the Contempt Order. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 96; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 96.) Defendants have also violated the Contempt Order by canceling and then reinstating
contracts with the same entities with whose contracts the Court directed Defendants to terminate.
(See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 97; Smith Decl. Ex. G (Defs.’ Feb. 2013 Discovery Responses) ¶ 45 (stating
that Defendants canceled all contracts effective February 2013, but that, since May 20, 2013,
Storm King entered into contracts with Awesense Wireless, Inc. Electir-Glass, Evluma, Bierer &
Associates, Telliformer Smartgrid Solutions, Inc., Bethea Too and Equipment Company, Inc.,
Bridgeport Magnetics Group, Custom Plastics, Inc., Elliott Industries, Inc., Grid Sentry, Inc.,
Electroline Corporation, Kortick Manufacturing Company, Mackay Communications, New
England Ropes Corp., Rohn Products LLC, Product Sales International. Telematics Wireless,
LTD., Tiiger, Inc., Tower Solutions Inc., Trenwa Inc., Wagner Technical Services, Inc., Uticom
Systems Inc., and Utility Composite Solutions International, Inc.).)34 Furthermore, Defendants
have violated the Contempt Order by receiving commissions and other funds from the contracts
they have reinstated and by failing to pay those funds into the escrow account. (See Pl.’s 56.1
¶ 98; Smith Decl. ¶ 5.)35 Moreover, Defendants have continually violated the Court’s injunction
34
Defendants purport to dispute that Scherer violated the Contempt Order by stating that
“Scherer chose to reestablish Storm King Power Sales without any of Shamrock’s previous
manufacturers.” (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 97.) However, the Contempt Order required Defendants to
“immediately begin the process of canceling all current contracts with their
manufacturers/clients,” and did not specify that Defendants needed only to cancel contracts with
Shamrock’s previous manufacturers/clients. (See Contempt Order ¶ 4 (Dkt. No. 32).) Therefore,
Defendants’ claim is unpersuasive.
35
Defendants again dispute this, stating that the commissions earned were on sales made
with manufacturers that were never associated with Shamrock. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 98.) However, the
Contempt Order instructed Defendants to pay into an escrow account held by McCarter &
English, LLP “all commissions or other funds they have received from manufacturers/clients
since October 1, 2012 or receive in the future,” and does not limit this requirement to funds
earned from Shamrock’s previous manufacturers/clients. (Contempt Order ¶ 5.)
28
by using Shamrock’s customer contact information to pitch competing products to engineers
whose identities Defendants would not know of except through Scherer’s prior employment with
Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 99; Smith Decl. Ex. M (Defs.’ Apr. 2013 Discovery Responses), at
unnumbered 10–13 (indicating sales to Shamrock Customers Con Edison, Graybar, and Orange
and Rockland).)36 Plaintiff also continues to lose business to Defendants due to their theft of
Shamrock’s emails and contact and contract information related to Shamrock’s clients and
customers. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 100.)
Finally, Defendants have consistently maintained that they lack the financial resources to
pay a significant judgment to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 111; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 111.)
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed suit on December 10, 2012. (Dkt. No. 1.) On December 11, 2012, the
Court issued the TRO discussed above. (See Dkt. (minute entry for Dec. 11, 2012).) The TRO
specifically enjoined Defendants whether directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with others,
from:
i. Using, disclosing, misusing or further converting Shamrock Power’s confidential,
proprietary or trade secret information, including, but not limited to, customer
contracts, customer contacts, pricing information, passwords and access codes for
customer websites, and other confidential software and customer information;
ii. Soliciting or otherwise initiating any further contact or communication with any
Shamrock Power customer for the purpose of inviting, encouraging or requesting
the transfer of any account or business patronage from Shamrock Power;
iii. Making false or misleading statements to any person or entity regarding
Shamrock Power’s business, employees, intellectual property rights or customer
relationships; [and]
36
Defendants dispute only that the identities of contacts at utilities are confidential. (See
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 99.) However, this assertion fails for the reasons discussed herein.
29
iv. Hiding, damaging, destroying or otherwise disposing of or making unavailable
for further proceedings in this matter any of Shamrock Power’s confidential,
proprietary or trade secret information[.]
(Order (Dkt No. 3).) The TRO further directed Defendants to “immediately return to Shamrock
Power all copies of any computer files or electronic records and any confidential, proprietary and
trade secret information they obtained and/or removed from Shamrock Power,” and directed
Scherer to “immediately cease all use of the email address jscherer15@msn.com for commercial
purposes involving Scherer Utility,” and to immediately provide to Shamrock “all e-mails to the
address scherer15@msn.com relating to sales of high voltage power equipment and
representation of manufacturers of high voltage products from current or former Shamrock
Power Customers.” (Id.) The Court ordered that the TRO would be in effect until further order,
and required Plaintiff to pay a $5,000 bond, (see id.), which Plaintiff posted on December 13,
2012, (see Dkt. (minute entry for Dec. 14, 2012).)
At the December 11 hearing, the Court also set a briefing schedule for Plaintiff’s motion
for a preliminary injunction. (See Dkt. (minute entry for Dec. 11, 2012).) Plaintiff filed papers
in support of the preliminary injunction, (see Dkt. Nos. 6–7, 9–10), and Defendants filed papers
in opposition, (see Dkt. No. 28). On December 21, 2012, the Court conducted a full evidentiary
hearing on Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction, (see Dkt. No. 16 (describing hearing
held on Dec. 21, 2012)), after which the Court issued a preliminary injunction. The Order
preliminarily enjoined Defendants, whether directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with others,
from:
i. Using, disclosing, misusing or further converting Shamrock Power’s confidential,
proprietary or trade secret information, including, but not limited to, customer
contracts, customer contacts, pricing information, passwords and access codes for
customer websites, and other confidential software and customer information;
30
ii. Soliciting or otherwise initiating any further contact or communication with any
Shamrock Power customer through use [of] Plaintiff’s trade secrets for the purpose
of inviting, encouraging or requesting the transfer of any account or business
patronage from Shamrock Power;
iii. Making false or misleading statements to any person or entity regarding
Shamrock Power’s business, employees, intellectual property rights or customer
relationship; and
iv. Hiding, damaging, destroying or otherwise disposing of or making unavailable
for further proceedings in this matter of any of Shamrock Power’s confidential,
proprietary or trade secret information[.]
(See Prelim. Inj. Order 2–3 (Dkt. No. 17).) The Court also issued the following orders:
[] The Defendants are directed to immediately return to Shamrock Power all
equipment, samples, property and copies of any computer files or electronic records
and any confidential, proprietary and trade secret information they obtained and/or
removed from Shamrock Power by no later than December 28, 2012;
[] The Defendants are directed to produce to Shamrock Power by no later than
January 4, 2013, all e-mails to or from the address jscherer15@msn.com that are to
or from current or former Shamrock Power clients or customers that relate to sales
of high voltage power equipment and the representation of manufacturers of high
voltage products; and
[] The Defendants shall, immediately upon receipt, produce to Shamrock Power all
future e-mails to the address jscherer15@msn.com that relate to Shamrock Power’s
trade secret information.
(Id. at 3–4.) The Court also increased Plaintiff’s bond requirement to $50,000. (See Order (Dkt.
No. 16).)
On January 3, 2013, Plaintiff filed its First Amended Complaint. (See Dkt. No. 21.)
Then, on January 16, 2013, Plaintiff filed an order to show cause as to why Defendants should
not be held in contempt of the Preliminary Injunction Order, and filed accompanying documents
on January 18, 2013. (See Dkt. Nos. 24–27.) Defendants did not object to a finding of contempt.
(See Contempt Order, at unnumbered 2 (Dkt. No. 32).) Following a show cause hearing held on
January 31, 2013, (see Dkt. (minute entry for Jan. 31, 2013)), the Court issued an order holding
31
Defendants in contempt, (Dkt. No. 32). The Contempt Order ordered and adjudged the
following:
1. Defendants are in contempt of the December 27, 2012 Order.
2. The December 27, 2012 Order remains in effect until further order of this Court.
3. The Defendants are directed to comply with the Court’s December 27, 2012
Order by not later than 5:00 p.m. on Friday, February 8, 2013.
4. Defendants shall immediately begin the process of canceling all current contracts
with their manufacturers/clients. Those contracts are to be terminated as soon as
practicable, taking into consideration any notice requirements.
5. Defendants are directed to pay into an escrow account held by McCarter &
English, LLP, all commissions or other funds they have received from
manufacturers/clients since October 1, 2012 or receive in the future, and McCarter
& English, LLP shall hold such funds in escrow until further order of this Court.
6. The $50,000 bond posted by Shamrock Power is hereby released.
(Contempt Order, at unnumbered 2–3.) The Court reserved on deciding what sanctions to
impose on Defendants for their contempt. (Id. at unnumbered 3.)
On July 12, 2013, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint, adding Tilearcio and
Storm King Power Sales as Defendants. (See Dkt. No. 41.) Defendants answered, and one
Defendant, John Scherer, asserted counterclaims against Plaintiff, (Dkt. No. 48), which Plaintiff
then answered, (Dkt. No. 49).
Following the close of discovery, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment,
(Dkt. No. 69), a Rule 56.1 Statement, (Dkt. No. 71) (App.)), a Memorandum of Law in Support
of Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 70), a Declaration by Smith, with
attachments, (Dkt. No. 71), and a Declaration by McMahon, with attachments, (Dkt. No. 72).
Defendants filed a Declaration by Scherer, with attachments, (Dkt. No. 76), a declaration by
Rones (“Rones Declaration”) (Dkt. No. 77), and a counter-Rule 56.1 Statement, with
32
attachments, (Dkt. No. 78). Defendants did not file a memorandum of law in opposition.
Finally, Plaintiff filed a Reply Memorandum in Further Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 79), a Reply 56.1, (Dkt. No. 80), and a Reply Declaration by
Smith, with attachments, (Dkt. No. 81).
Plaintiff also filed a Motion to Strike certain documents included by Defendants, certain
paragraphs in Scherer’s Declaration, (Dkt. No. 76), and the Rones Declaration, (Dkt. No. 77), as
well as a Memorandum of Law in Support, (Dkt. No. 83). Pursuant to the schedule set by the
Court on October 9, 2014, Defendants were to file their opposition by December 19, 2014. (See
Dkt. (minute entry for Oct. 9, 2014).) On April 17, 2015, four months after Defendants’
opposition was due, the Court scheduled argument for June 30, 2015. (Dkt. No. 84.) On June
10, the Parties asked the Court to adjourn oral argument, citing a scheduling difficulty, (Dkt. No.
88), and the Court canceled the argument, (Dkt. No. 89). On July 31, 2015, more than seven
months after their opposition was due, Defendants requested a thirty-day extension to respond to
Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike, claiming that they did not respond because they were anticipating
oral argument. (Dkt. No. 90.) Despite noting that Defendants’ contentions were not credible, the
Court gave Defendants until August 7, 2015 to file opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike, and
gave Plaintiff until August 14, 2015 to file a reply. (Dkt. No. 92.) On August 7, 2015,
Defendants submitted three declarations in opposition to the Motion to Strike, one from Rones,
one from Tilearcio, and one from Scherer. (Dkt. Nos. 93–95.) Although Defendants only
requested, and were only granted, permission to file opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike,
(see Dkt. No. 92), much of Scherer’s supplemental declaration and all of Tilearcio’s
supplemental declaration address Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. (See Decl.
of Patrice T[i]learcio in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Tilearcio Decl.”) ¶¶ 1–5 (Dkt.
33
No. 94); Decl. of John K. Scherer in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Scherer Supp.
Decl.”) ¶¶ 5–22 (Dkt. No. 93).) This conduct by Defendants and defense counsel is completely
inappropriate, as well as unfair to Plaintiff and Plaintiff’s counsel, and there is no basis for the
Court to consider the materials submitted in assessing Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment. Nevertheless, as noted above, because the additional evidence does not create any
material fact disputes, the Court considers it anyway, where relevant. In addition, Plaintiff filed
a Reply to the Declarations of John Scherer, Patrice Tilearcio, and Kenneth Rones in Opposition
to Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 96), on August 14, 2015.
Finally, and not at issue here, Defendants filed a Motion to Compel Production of
Documents from Plaintiff Shamrock Power Sales, (Dkt. No. 68), which Plaintiff opposes, (Dkt.
No. 73). However, because the Motion to Compel concerns discovery related to Scherer’s
counterclaims against Plaintiff, which are not at issue in this Motion for Summary Judgment, the
Court will rule separately on the Motion to Compel.
II. Discussion
A. Materials Considered in Deciding this Motion
Plaintiff filed a Motion to Strike certain materials submitted by Defendants. (See Dkt.
Nos. 82–83.) In particular, Plaintiff moves to strike Exhibits D, E, F, G, L, M, N, P, R, T, U, X,
DD, II, JJ, KK, NN, OO, and TT to Scherer’s Declaration, as well as paragraphs 3 to 12, 14 to
18, 21 to 24, 26 to 31, 33 to 36, and 38 of Scherer’s Declaration. Additionally, Plaintiff moves
to strike the Rones Declaration in its entirety. As noted above, Defendants requested permission
to file their opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike seven months after it was due, which the
Court granted. (Dkt. No. 92.) Defendants submitted three declarations: one from counsel, (see
Decl. of Kenneth S. Rones in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Rones Supp. Decl.”)
34
(Dkt No. 95)), one from Scherer, (Scherer Supp. Decl. (Dkt. No. 93)), and one from Tilearcio,
(Tilearcio Decl. (Dkt. No. 94)). Taking counsel’s declaration first, Rones submitted a twoparagraph declaration, the first paragraph of which represented that he is Defendants’ counsel
and that he submits the declaration in opposition to Plaintiff’s Motions. (Rones Supp. Decl. ¶ 1.)
The second paragraph of the declaration asserts that Defendants’ submissions “raise substantial
issues of material fact which warrant a denial of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary judgment as
well as its Motion to Strike Portions of Defendants’ Submission in Opposition.” (Id. ¶ 2.) This
bare legal assertion is not entitled to any weight and is therefore disregarded. See, e.g., Nadel v.
Shinseki, 57 F. Supp. 3d 288, 293 n.6 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (not crediting “legal conclusions or
conclusory allegations” in Rule 56.1 statements or declarations); Kuck v. Danaher, No. 07-CV1390, 2012 WL 4904387, at *7 (D. Conn. Oct. 16, 2012) (“It is axiomatic that a party must
present facts not legal conclusions, personal belief, or speculation couched as facts to survive
summary judgment.”), aff’d sub nom. Kuck v. Masek, 542 F. App’x 75 (2d Cir. 2013). The only
material submitted by Defendants that at all addresses Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike is Plaintiff’s
résumé, Exhibit G to Scherer’s Declaration, which Defendants assert was authenticated at the
preliminary injunction hearing. (Scherer Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 3–4.)
When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a district court should only consider
evidence that would be admissible at trial. See Nora Beverages, Inc. v. Perrier Grp. of Am., Inc.,
164 F.3d 736, 746 (2d Cir. 1998). “[W]here a party relies on affidavits . . . to establish facts, the
statements ‘must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be admissible in
evidence, and show that the affiant . . . is competent to testify on the matters stated.’” DiStiso v.
Cook, 691 F.3d 226, 230 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4)) (citing Fed. R. Evid.
602); see also Sellers v. M.C. Floor Crafters, Inc., 842 F.2d 639, 643 (2d Cir. 1988) (“Rule 56
35
requires a motion for summary judgment to be supported with affidavits based on personal
knowledge . . . .”); Baity v. Kralik, 51 F. Supp. 3d 414, 419–20, 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(disregarding “statements not based on [the] [p]laintiff’s personal knowledge”); Flaherty v.
Filardi, No. 03-CV-2167, 2007 WL 163112, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2007) (“The test for
admissibility is whether a reasonable trier of fact could believe the witness had personal
knowledge.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Zigmund v. Foster, 106 F. Supp. 2d 352, 356
(D. Conn. 2000) (noting that “[a]n affidavit in which the plaintiff merely restates the conclusory
allegations of the complaint” is insufficient to support a motion for summary judgment).
Relatedly, “[t]he non-moving party may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated
speculation.” Scotto v. Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 1998); see also Alzawahra v. Albany
Med. Ctr., No. 11-CV-227, 2012 WL 5386565, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 1, 2012) (“In this regard, a
party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment may not rest upon mere
allegations or denials asserted in the pleadings, or on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated
speculation.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)), aff’d, 546 F. App’x 53 (2d Cir.
2013).
Furthermore, a “non-movant may not avoid summary judgment by proffering documents
that are not in admissible form.” White Diamond Co. v. Castco, Inc., 436 F. Supp. 2d 615, 624–
25 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). “Evidence that is not properly authenticated is not in admissible form and
therefore may not be considered in support of or in opposition to a summary judgment motion.”
Id. For evidence to be admissible, it must be authenticated pursuant to Federal Rule 901. Under
Rule 901, “[t]o satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the
proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the
proponent claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a). Rule 901 provides several non-exhaustive
36
methods for authenticating evidence, for example “[t]estimony that an item is what it is claimed
to be.” Under Rule 902, however, some evidence is self-authenticating, such as domestic public
documents that are sealed and signed, domestic public documents that are signed and certified,
foreign public documents, certified copies of public records, official publications, newspapers
and periodicals, trade inscriptions, acknowledged documents, commercial paper and related
documents, presumptions under a federal statute, certified domestic records of a regularly
conducted activity, and certified foreign records of a regularly conducted activity. Fed. R. Evid.
902. Additionally, a non-moving party “cannot rely on inadmissible hearsay in opposing a
motion for summary judgment, absent a showing that admissible evidence will be available at
trial.” Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp. v. Esprit De Corp., 769 F.2d 919, 924 (2d Cir.
1985) (internal citations omitted); see also Crippen v. Town of Hempstead, No. 07-CV-3478,
2013 WL 1283402, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2013) (“[I]nadmissible hearsay cannot raise a
triable issue of fact sufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Plaintiff moves to strike the following exhibits to Scherer’s Declaration: Exhibit D, a
collection of emails; Exhibit E, a collection of business cards; Exhibit F, a collection of
documents; Exhibit G, a document which appears to be Scherer’s résumé; Exhibits L, N, P, R, U,
and X, which appear to be Scherer’s pay stubs; Exhibits M, T, and DD, which appear to be
emails between Scherer and McMahon; Exhibits II and JJ, emails between Scherer and someone
named Michelle Ashe; Exhibit KK, a collection of documents and Web sites; Exhibit NN, a
letter from Andres Franzese to McMahon; Exhibit OO, an email to Shamrock employees from
McMahon about the letter contained in Exhibit NN; and Exhibit TT, which appears to be a
collection of purchase orders. Defendants provide no evidence to authenticate these documents,
37
as is required; indeed, Defendants do not even explain what these documents are, although the
substance of the documents is at times evident from the paragraphs referring to them in
Defendants’ Rule 56.1 Statement, and Exhibit G was identified as Scherer’s résumé in testimony
given by McMahon at the preliminary injunction hearing. (See Scherer Supp. Decl. ¶ 4 & Ex.
B.) See also Boniel v. U.S. Bank N.A., No. 12-CV-3809, 2013 WL 458298, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Feb.
6, 2013) (“[N]one of [the] documents are admissible because they are not accompanied by any
statement authenticating them or an affidavit or declaration attesting to their source and
provenance.”), reconsideration denied, 2013 WL 1687709 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 18, 2013), appeal
dismissed (Oct. 28, 2013); see also Osorio v. Mathews Prime Meats, Inc., — F. Supp. 3d. —,
2015 WL 1919457, at *6–7 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2015) (declining to consider documents without
verification or authentication); Orraca v. Augustine, No. 10-CV-840, 2014 WL 4265917, at *4
(W.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2014) (declining to consider documents containing no authentication other
than a lawyer’s representation that they are “true and accurate copies”); Oyibo-Ebije v. NYC
HRA, No. 10-CV-1748, 2013 WL 415608, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 29, 2013) (declining to consider
evidence when the defendants “never explain[ed] how the evidence would be admissible nor
[did] they ma[ke] any showing of the documents’ [authenticity]”); New York ex rel. Spitzer v. St.
Francis Hosp., 94 F. Supp. 2d 423, 426 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (“Where a party wishes to have a court
consider documents which are not yet part of the court’s record, the documents must be attached
to and authenticated by an appropriate affidavit and the affiant must be a competent witness
through whom the documents could be received into evidence at trial.”). Moreover, Defendants
seek to rely on some of these documents for the truth of the matter asserted. In particular,
Defendants rely on Scherer’s résumé as evidence of his employment background, and they rely
on Exhibits E, F, and KK as evidence that the contact information listed for certain persons are
38
correct. However, Defendants offer no reasons that could allow the Court to find that the
documents fit into any exception to the hearsay rule. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike
the above documents is granted.37
Next, Plaintiff moves to strike Paragraphs 3 to 12, 14 to 18, 21 to 24, 26 to 31, 33 to 36,
and 38 of Scherer’s Declaration as irrelevant, containing hearsay, and contradicting Scherer’s
prior admissions. The Court strikes Paragraph 14, which states that McMahon hired Scherer
because of his “extensive knowledge of the electric utility system and my several years of sales
and marketing experience with electric utilities while at Dufresne Henry” because declarations
must be made on personal knowledge, and Scherer does not set out his personal knowledge for
that assertion. The other paragraphs of the Declaration are considered to the extent that they are
relevant and are not contradicted by Scherer’s deposition or hearing testimony, as discussed in
further detail above in the fact section.
Finally, Plaintiff moves for the Rones Declaration to be stricken because it “does not
comply with the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1746 in that it was not subscribed to as true under
penalty of perjury,” it “asserts legal opinions on issues that are exclusively within the purview of
the Court to determine,” and it “raises issues that are not relevant or material for purposes of
Shamrock Power’s Motion for Summary Judgment.” (Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. To Strike
13.) In his declaration, Rones declared, “I, Kenneth S. Rones, pursuant to the requirements of 28
U.S.C. Section 1746, declare that the following is true and correct to the best of my knowledge
and information.” (Rones Decl. at unnumbered 1.) The Court agrees with Plaintiff that this is
insufficient. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, a declaration must be subscribed as true under penalty of
37
Thus, even though Scherer’s résumé, Exhibit G, was authenticated as Defendants
argue, it nonetheless is inadmissible hearsay.
39
perjury, and dated, in substantially the following form: “I declare (or certify, verify, or state)
under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true
and correct. Executed on (date).” The Second Circuit has held that “28 U.S.C. § 1746 requires
that a certification of the truth of a matter be expressly made under penalty of perjury.” In re
World Trade Ctr. Disaster Site Litig., 722 F.3d 483, 488 (2d Cir. 2013). Rones’s declaration
neither certifies the truth of the statements contained nor does so expressly under penalty of
perjury, and thus does not comply with § 1746. The declaration also contains no relevant factual
assertions, but rather is littered with legal conclusions. (See Rones Decl. ¶ 2 (declaring that the
evidence submitted by Defendants “raise[s] substantial issues of fact which warrant a denial of
Plaintiffs motion”); id. ¶ 3 (declaring that “it is respectfully suggested that Andrew McMahon[]
[should be required to submit a] current and more comprehensive Declaration”); id. ¶¶ 4–5 (declaring
that the caption of the McMahon Declaration and Smith Declaration omit the names of Tilearcio and
Storm King); id. ¶ 6 (declaring that Plaintiff’s contact and customer information are not trade
secrets).) Because the Rones Declaration does not comply with § 1746 and contains mostly legal
conclusions or irrelevant factual assertions, Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike this Declaration is granted.
For the above reasons, the Court grants Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike the Rones Declaration,
the above-listed exhibits to the Scherer Declaration, and Paragraph 14 of Scherer’s Declaration.
However, the Court notes that, as discussed in further detail in the background section, even were it
to consider all of the evidence submitted by Defendants, there still would not be a material issue of
fact that would warrant a change in the Court’s decision on Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary
Judgment.
B. Standard of Review
Summary judgment shall be granted where the movant shows that “there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
40
R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Psihoyos v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 748 F.3d 120, 123–24 (2d Cir.
2014) (same). “In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate,” a court must
“construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and . . . resolve all
ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant.” Brod v. Omya, Inc., 653
F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Borough of Upper
Saddle River v. Rockland Cty. Sewer Dist. No. 1, 16 F. Supp. 3d 294, 314 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(same). Additionally, “[i]t is the movant’s burden to show that no genuine factual dispute
exists.” Vt. Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir. 2004); see also
Aurora Commercial Corp. v. Approved Funding Corp., No. 13-CV-230, 2014 WL 1386633, at
*2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2014) (same). “However, when the burden of proof at trial would fall on
the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point to a lack of evidence to go
to the trier of fact on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim,” in which case “the
nonmoving party must come forward with admissible evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue
of fact for trial in order to avoid summary judgment.” CILP Assocs., L.P. v. PriceWaterhouse
Coopers LLP, 735 F.3d 114, 123 (2d Cir. 2013) (alterations and internal quotation marks
omitted). Further, “[t]o survive a [summary judgment] motion . . . , [a nonmovant] need[s] to
create more than a ‘metaphysical’ possibility that [her] allegations were correct; [s]he need[s] to
‘come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,’” Wrobel v. Cty.
of Erie, 692 F.3d 22, 30 (2d Cir. 2012) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.
v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586–87 (1986)), and “cannot rely on the mere allegations or
denials contained in the pleadings,” Walker v. City of New York, No. 11-CV-2941, 2014 WL
1244778, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing, inter alia,
Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir. 2009) (“When a motion for summary judgment is
41
properly supported by documents or other evidentiary materials, the party opposing summary
judgment may not merely rest on the allegations or denials of his pleading . . . .”)).
“On a motion for summary judgment, a fact is material if it might affect the outcome of
the suit under the governing law.” Royal Crown Day Care LLC v. Dep’t of Health & Mental
Hygiene, 746 F.3d 538, 544 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). At summary
judgment, “[t]he role of the court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether
there are any factual issues to be tried.” Brod, 653 F.3d at 164 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (“MTBE”) Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No.
1358, No. M21-88, 2014 WL 840955, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2014) (same). Thus, a court’s
goal should be “‘to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims.’” Geneva Pharm. Tech.
Corp. v. Barr Labs. Inc., 386 F.3d 485, 495 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986)).
C. Analysis
1. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Plaintiff claims that Scherer breached his fiduciary duty to it (Count III). (Second Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 90–93.) Under New York law, “[t]he elements of a claim for breach of a fiduciary
obligation are: (i) the existence of a fiduciary duty; (ii) a knowing breach of that duty; and (iii)
damages resulting therefrom.” Johnson v. Nextel Commc’ns, Inc., 660 F.3d 131, 138 (2d Cir.
2011). Under New York law, “[a] fiduciary relationship exists between two persons when one of
them is under a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another upon matters within the
scope of the relation.” EBC I, Inc. v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 832 N.E.2d 26, 31 (N.Y. 2005)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]t is not mandatory that a fiduciary relationship be
formalized in writing and the ongoing conduct between the parties may give rise to a fiduciary
42
relationship that will be recognized by the courts.” Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v.
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp., No. 00-CV-8688, 2002 WL 362794, at *9 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 6, 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he existence of a fiduciary duty cannot be
determined by recourse to rigid formulas and often is a factual question. It arises . . . when a
party reposes trust or confidence in another who thereby gains a resulting superiority or influence
over the first,” or “when a party exercises de facto control over or assumes responsibility for the
affairs of another.” In re Parmalat Sec. Litig., 684 F. Supp. 2d 453, 475 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)
(footnotes, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted), aff’d sub nom. Food Holdings Ltd. v.
Bank of Am. Corp., 423 F. App’x 73 (2d Cir. 2011). “At the heart of the fiduciary relationship
lies reliance, and de facto control and dominance.” United States v. Chestman, 947 F.2d 551,
568 (2d Cir. 1991) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).
Because Scherer was its employee, he had a fiduciary duty to Shamrock as a matter of
law. See Nielsen Co. (US), LLC v. Success Sys., Inc., No. 11-CV-2939, 2013 WL 1197857, at *9
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2013) (“As a matter of law, an employee owes a fiduciary duty to his
employer and is prohibited from acting in any manner inconsistent with his agency or trust and is
at all times bound to exercise the utmost faith and loyalty in the performance of his duties.”
(alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)); Geo Grp., Inc. v. Cmty. First Servs., Inc., No.
11-CV-1711, 2012 WL 1077846, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2012) (“An officer[] and employee
generally owes his employer a fiduciary duty of loyalty and good faith.”); FTA Mkt. Inc. v. Vevi,
Inc., No. 11-CV-4789, 2012 WL 383945, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2012) (“Under New York law,
an employee owes a fiduciary duty to his employer.”); Fairfield Fin. Mortg. Grp., Inc. v. Luca,
584 F. Supp. 2d 479, 485 (E.D.N.Y. 2008) (“New York law establishes that an employeeemployer relationship is fiduciary.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Benoit v. Commercial
43
Capital Corp., No. 03-CV-5328, 2008 WL 3911007, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 25, 2008) (“[I]t is
well settled in New York that an employee owes a fiduciary duty to an employer in the
performance of the employee’s duties.”). The existence of this fiduciary duty means that “an
employee owes a duty of good faith and loyalty to his employer.” Design Strategies, Inc. v.
Davis, 384 F. Supp. 2d 649, 659 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), aff’d, 469 F.3d 284 (2d Cir. 2006); see also
Dauphin v. Crownbrook ACC LLC, No. 12-CV-2100, 2014 WL 2002822, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. May
15, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (“Under New York law, an employee owes a duty
of good faith and loyalty to his employer.”); Poller v. BioScrip, Inc., 974 F. Supp. 2d 204, 227
(S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Employees owe duties of good faith and loyalty to their employers while
carrying out their duties.”); W. Elec. Co. v. Brenner, 360 N.E.2d 1091, 1094 (N.Y. 1977) (noting
that “[t]he employer-employee relationship is one of contract, express or implied and, in
considering the obligations of one to the other, the relevant law is that of master-servant and
principal-agent” and that “[f]undamental to that relationship is the proposition that an employee
is to be loyal to his employer and is prohibited from acting in any manner inconsistent with his
agency or trust and is at all times bound to exercise the utmost good faith and loyalty” in
performing his duties. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)); 30 FPS Prods., Inc. v.
Livolsi, 891 N.Y.S.2d 162, 164 (App. Div. 2009) (“It is well settled that an employee owes a
duty of good faith and loyalty to an employer in the performance of the employee’s duties.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). This duty “may continue after termination of the
employment relationship.” Am. Fed. Grp., Ltd. v. Rothenberg, 136 F.3d 897, 914 (2d Cir. 1998).
It is undisputed that, while employed at Shamrock, and unbeknownst to Shamrock,
Scherer and Tilearcio formed Scherer Utility. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 41; PI Tr. 115–17; Smith Decl. Ex. D
(Articles of Organization).) Additionally, while at Shamrock, Scherer represented manufacturer
44
PTI in a transaction that ultimately resulted in $271,806 in sales to Shamrock’s customer, Con
Edison, on behalf of PTI. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 44; see also Smith Decl. Ex. N (Accounts Receivable);
Scherer Dep. 91–92; Scherer Decl. ¶¶ 20–21.) Furthermore, the undisputed evidence shows that
Scherer did not disclose the October 2011 transactions with PTI to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 45;
Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 45.) Instead, Scherer “specifically instructed both PTI and Con Edison to delete
Shamrock Power’s name from the purchase orders, and in several follow up emails reiterated
that request and cautioned Con Edison . . . ‘please do not send [purchase orders] to Shamrock.’”
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 45 (second alteration in original); see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 45; Smith Decl. Ex. O (PTI
Transaction Emails).)
The undisputed evidence also shows that while employed by Shamrock and at an industry
trade show that Shamrock paid for him to attend, “Scherer approached manufacturers regarding
having Scherer Utility Sales, not Shamrock Power, serv[e] as their representative, and provided
his contact information to those manufacturers.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 47; see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 47.) “At
least one manufacturer followed up on Scherer’s proposal via email on February 17, 2012,”
noting that Scherer had expressed interest in representing Custom Utility and telling Scherer to
contact him if he was still interested. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 48; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 48.)
Additionally, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer would not have been able to
secure agreements with clients and manufacturers as quickly as he did after leaving Shamrock
had he not started soliciting business before he left. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 75–76; PI Tr. 46–49; see also
Smith Decl. Ex. S; Smith Reply Decl. Exs. BB, DD.) The undisputed evidence further shows
that Scherer took various proprietary data and documents from Shamrock, making copies of the
data on his company-issued laptop and phone, which included price lists for Shamrock’s clients.
(See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 66; PI Tr. 90–91.) Scherer also retained, and withheld from Shamrock Power,
45
confidential and proprietary client and customer emails, communications, and other sensitive
information belonging to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 65; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65.)
All of the above undisputed facts demonstrate that Scherer violated his fiduciary duty of
loyalty to Shamrock. A court in this district has summarized the relevant law as follows:
When an employee uses an employer’s proprietary or confidential information
when establishing a competing business, the employee breaches his or her fiduciary
duty to the employer. . . . Although an employee may, of course, make preparations
to compete with his employer while still working for the employer, he or she may
not do so at the employer’s expense, and may not use the employer’s resources,
time, facilities, or confidential information; specifically, whether or not the
employee has signed an agreement not-to-compete, the employee, while still
employed by the employer, may not solicit clients of his employer, may not copy
his employer’s business records for his own use, may not charge expenses to his
employer, which were incurred while acting on behalf of his own interest, and may
not actively divert the employer’s business for his own personal benefit or the
benefit of others. In addition, even in the absence of trade secret protection,
employees are not permitted to copy their employer’s client list, and such acts have
been deemed to be an egregious breach of trust and confidence.
Pure Power Boot Camp, Inc. v. Warrior Fitness Boot Camp, LLC, 813 F. Supp. 2d 489, 521–22
(S.D.N.Y. 2011) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Fairfield Fin. Mortg.
Grp., Inc. v. Luca, No. 06-CV-5962, 2014 WL 4638950, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2014) (“A
breach of fiduciary duty, and generally in tandem, of loyalty, occurs when a fiduciary commits
an unfair, fraudulent, or wrongful act, including misappropriation of trade secrets, misuse of
confidential information, solicitation of employer’s customers before cessation of
employment, . . . or usurpation of the employer’s business opportunity.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Poller, 974 F. Supp. 2d at 227 (“[W]hile mere advisement to one’s clients of a
future planned departure from one’s employment would not constitute a breach of loyalty or
fiduciary duties, the solicitation of those clients while still employed would constitute such a
breach.”); Am. Fed. Grp., Ltd. v. Rothenberg, No. 91-CV-7860, 2003 WL 22349673, at *10
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 14, 2003) (“[W]hen an employee . . . solicits the customers of a current employer
46
and diverts the current employer’s business to himself, he breaches his fiduciary duty to his
employer.”).
Finally, Plaintiff has been damaged through this breach of fiduciary duty, in the very least
through the diversion of the PTI sales from Shamrock to Scherer Utility while Scherer was still
employed by Shamrock. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 44; Smith Decl. Ex. N (Accounts Receivable), at
unnumbered 1.) Therefore, the undisputed evidence shows that Plaintiff is entitled to summary
judgment on its breach of fiduciary duty claim. The Court will hold an inquest on the
appropriate quantum of damages owed to Plaintiff. See, e.g., GM Produce Sales LCC v. Sam Jin
World Trading Inc., No. 12-CV-4192, 2013 WL 6116847, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2013)
(granting summary judgment to the plaintiff and referring the case to a magistrate judge for a
damages inquest); Cuzco v. Orion Builders, Inc., No. 06-CV-2789, 2010 WL 2143662, at *1
(S.D.N.Y. May 26, 2010) (same).
2. Faithless Servant
Plaintiff also brings a faithless servant claim against Scherer (Count XI). (Second Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 136–41.) “The faithless servant doctrine is an alternative to a claim for breach of
fiduciary duty . . . .” Webb v. RLR Assocs., Ltd., No. 03-CV-4275, 2004 WL 555699, at *2
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2004). “Under New York law, an agent is obligated ‘to be loyal to his
employer and is prohibited from acting in any manner inconsistent with his agency or trust and is
at all times bound to exercise the utmost good faith and loyalty in the performance of his
duties.’” Phansalkar v. Andersen Weinroth & Co., L.P., 344 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir. 2003) (some
internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting W. Elec. Co., 360 N.E.2d at 1094). “One who owes a
duty of fidelity to a principal and who is faithless in the performance of his services is generally
disentitled to recover his compensation, whether commissions or salary.” Id. (quoting Feiger v.
47
Iral Jewelry, Ltd., 363 N.E.2d 350, 351 (N.Y. 1977)). “It does not ‘make any difference that the
services were beneficial to the principal, or that the principal suffered no provable damage as a
result of the breach of fidelity by the agent.’” Id. (quoting Feiger, 363 N.E.2d at 351).
“New York courts have used two different standards to determine whether an employee’s
misbehavior warrants forfeiture.” Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 201. “New York courts have not
reconciled any differences between them, or defined the circumstances, if any, in which one
standard should apply rather than the other.” Id. at 202; see also Stanley v. Skowron, 989 F.
Supp. 2d 356, 359–60 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (same). Here, however, the undisputed evidence shows
that forfeiture is warranted under either standard, so the Court need not decide which standard
should apply. Under one standard, any misconduct that rises to the level of a breach of the duty
of loyalty or good faith is sufficient to warrant forfeiture. See Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 202; see
also Gluco Perfect, LLC v. Perfect Gluco Prods., Inc., No. 14-CV-1678, 2014 WL 4966102, at
*22 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 3, 2014) (describing this standard as requiring forfeiture “where an agent
acts adversely to his employer in any part of a transaction, or omits to disclose any interest which
would naturally influence his conduct in dealing with the subject of his employment” (alterations
and internal quotation marks omitted)); Stanley, 989 F. Supp. 2d at 359–60 (“[This] standard
requires only misconduct that rises to the level of a breach of a duty of loyalty or good faith. In
other words, it is sufficient that the employee acts adversely to his employer in any part of the
transaction, or omits to disclose any interest which would naturally influence his conduct in
dealing with the subject of the employment.” (alteration, footnote, and internal quotation marks
omitted)); Tyco Int’l, Ltd. v. Kozlowski, 756 F. Supp. 2d 553, 562 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“A faithless
servant is one who owes a duty of fidelity to a principal and who is faithless in performance of
48
his services.”). As discussed above in the context of the breach of fiduciary duty claim, Scherer
breached his duty of loyalty to Shamrock under this test.
The other standard requires forfeiture when “the ‘misconduct and
unfaithfulness . . . substantially violates the contract of service.’” Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 201
(alteration in original) (quoting Turner v. Konwenhoven, 2 N.E. 637, 639 (N.Y. 1885)); see also
Torres v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 628 F. Supp. 2d 447, 466 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (“An employer
is entitled to recover compensation paid to a faithless servant upon a showing (1) that the
employee’s disloyal activity was related to the performance of his duties, and (2) that the
disloyalty permeated the employee’s service in its most material and substantial part.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); In re Lehr Constr. Corp., 528 B.R. 598, 607 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015).
“Lower New York courts have . . . found agents’ disloyalty to be ‘substantial’ in a variety of
circumstances. They have found disloyalty not to be ‘substantial’ only where the disloyalty
consisted of a single act, or where the employer knew of and tolerated the behavior.”
Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 201–02 (footnote omitted); see also Colliton v. Cravath, Swaine &
Moore LLP, No. 08-CV-400, 2008 WL 4386764, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2008) (same), aff’d,
356 F. App’x 535 (2d Cir. 2009). Courts have found substantial disloyalty where, for example,
an employee stole at frequent intervals throughout his service, an employee persuaded other
employees to leave and tried to lure customers away, where an employee fraudulently removed a
contract and secretly appropriated the royalty checks under that contract, or that if an employee
established a competing company and actually competed against his employer. Phansalkar, 344
F.3d at 201 n.12 (citing Bon Temps Agency, Ltd. v. Greenfield, 622 N.Y.S.2d 709, 710 (App.
Div. 1995); Sundland v. Korfund Co., 20 N.Y.S.2d 819, 821–22 (App. Div. 1940); Abramson v.
Dry Goods Refolding Co., 166 N.Y.S. 771, 773 (Sup. Ct. 1917); Pictorial Films v. Salzburg, 106
49
N.Y.S.2d 626, 629 (Sup. Ct. 1951)). As discussed above, it is undisputed that, while employed
at Shamrock, and unbeknownst to Shamrock, Scherer formed Scherer Utility with Tilearcio on
September 28, 2011. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 41; PI Tr. 115–17; Smith Decl. Ex. D (Articles of
Organization).) Additionally, while at Shamrock, Scherer represented manufacturer PTI in a
transaction that ultimately resulted in $271,806 in sales to Shamrock’s customer, Con Edison, on
behalf of PTI. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 44; Smith Decl. Ex. N (Accounts Receivable); Scherer Dep. 91–92;
Scherer Decl. ¶¶ 20–21.) Furthermore, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer did not
disclose the October 2011 transactions with PTI to Shamrock. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 45; Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 45.) Instead, as noted above, Scherer sought to hide this information from Shamrock. (Pl.’s
56.1 ¶ 45; see also Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 45; Smith Decl. Ex. O (PTI Transaction Emails).) The
undisputed evidence also includes Scherer’s approach to manufacturers at an industry trade show
regarding having Scherer Utility Sales, not Shamrock Power, serve as their representative, and
provided his contact information to those manufacturers, (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 47; see also Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 47), at least one of which followed up with Scherer, (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 48; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 48).
Finally, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer would not have been able to secure
agreements with clients and manufacturers as quickly as he did after leaving Shamrock had he
not started soliciting business before he left. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 75–76; PI Tr. 46–49; see also Smith
Decl. Ex. S; Smith Reply Decl. Exs. BB, DD.) As noted, the undisputed evidence shows that
Scherer took various confidential and proprietary data and documents from Shamrock, making
copies of the data on his company-issued laptop and phone, which included price lists for
Shamrock’s clients. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 66; PI Tr. 90–91.)
This undisputed evidence is more than sufficient to show that the unfaithful conduct
substantially violates the contract of service. The disloyalty was not an isolated incident, nor
50
was it done with Shamrock’s knowledge. Rather, Scherer was actively competing against
Shamrock while employed by it and stole confidential and proprietary information from
Shamrock, where Scherer was aware of the value of this confidential information to Shamrock.
See Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 201–02 & n.12; see also Stanley, 989 F. Supp. 2d at 361–62
(holding that an employee’s misconduct and unfaithfulness substantially violated the contract of
service where he only committed insider trading once, but then lied and covered up this fact over
several years and thus his disloyalty “occurred repeatedly, lasted for many months, persisted
boldly through an opportunity to correct them, and occurred in his primary areas of
responsibility” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Design Strategies, Inc., 384 F. Supp. 2d at
663–64 (holding that an employee’s misconduct and unfaithfulness substantially violated the
contract of service where the employee’s wrongdoing was related to a single business
opportunity, but involved conduct over a longer period of time including several discussions and
calls likely spanning two months, where the employee never informed the employer of his
actions, and the disloyalty was substantial in that it involved an important client and a potentially
very lucrative contract). Thus, under either standard, Shamrock is entitled to summary judgment
on its faithless agent claim.
“A faithless servant forfeits all compensation earned during the period of his disloyalty
even if his services benefited the principal in some part.” Tyco Int’l, 756 F. Supp. 2d at 562
(citing Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 208); see also Webb v. Robert Lewis Rosen Assocs., Ltd., No. 03CIV-4275, 2003 WL 23018792, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2003) (“A principal is entitled to
recover from his unfaithful agent any commission paid by the principal. It is immaterial that the
services were beneficial to the principal, or that the principal suffered no provable damage as a
result of the breach of fidelity by the agent. The doctrine ensures that a disloyal agent is not
51
compensated even when the princip[al] suffers no loss.” (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted)), aff’d, 128 F. App’x 793 (2d Cir. 2005); In re Food Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 380 B.R. 677,
713 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008) (noting that, “[u]nder New York law, the so-called faithless servant
doctrine requires disgorgement of all compensation received after the date the disloyalty began”
even if the servant’s services benefitted the principal). “However, the Second Circuit has carved
out a limited exception where compensation is expressly allocated among discrete tasks, such as
commissions. In such cases, the employee may keep compensation derived from any
transactions that were separate from and untainted by the disloyalty.” Stanley, 989 F. Supp. 2d at
360. For apportionment to be available, the following requirements must be met: (1) the parties
must have agreed that the agent will be paid on a task-by-task basis, for example a commission
on sales, (2) the agent engaged in no misconduct at all with respect to certain tasks, and (3) the
“agent’s disloyalty with respect to other tasks ‘neither tainted nor interfered with the completion
of’ the tasks as to which the agent was loyal.” Phansalkar, 344 F.3d at 205 (quoting Musico v.
Champion Credit Corp., 764 F.2d 102, 113 (2d Cir. 1985)); see also Stanley, 989 F. Supp. 2d at
360 (same).
Here, Scherer received a salary, for which apportionment is not available, as well as
commissions, for which apportionment could potentially be available. However, while the
commission/bonus payments represent payment on a task-by-task basis, Defendants have offered
no basis for the Court can apportion damages. See Stanley, 989 F. Supp. 2d at 363 (“[The
employee] is only entitled to retain some portion of his compensation if he was paid on a ‘taskby-task’ basis and can demonstrate that certain transactions were wholly untainted by his
disloyalty.”); GRG Grp., Inc. v. Ravenal, 668 N.Y.S.2d 352, 352 (App. Div. 1998) (affirming a
decision requiring an employee to pay back fees and commissions earned during several years of
52
employment “where the evidence demonstrated disloyalty during those years and there is no
basis in the record for apportionment”). Therefore, the Court concludes that Plaintiff is entitled
to restitution of some or all of Scherer’s salary for the period of employment during his
disloyalty. The exact amount of compensation to Plaintiff will be determined at an inquest
hearing, and the Parties may put forth evidence at that hearing about whether apportionment is
warranted.
3. Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
In its Fifth Count, Plaintiff claims that Defendants have misappropriated Plaintiff’s trade
secrets (Count V). (Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 100–10.) When “set[ting] forth a claim for
misappropriation of trade secrets, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1) that it possessed a trade secret;
and (2) that the defendant used that trade secret in breach of an agreement, confidence, or duty,
or as the result of discovery of the secret by improper means.” Schanfield v. Sojitz Corp. of Am.,
663 F. Supp. 2d 305, 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). “[A] trade secret is any formula, pattern, device or
compilation of information which is used in one’s business, and which gives [the owner] an
opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.” N. Atl.
Instruments, Inc. v. Haber, 188 F.3d 38, 44 (2d Cir. 1999) (alterations in original) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Softel, Inc. v. Dragon Med. & Sci. Commc’ns, Inc., 118 F.3d
955, 968 (2d Cir. 1997)). In determining whether information constitutes a trade secret, New
York courts have considered the following factors:
(1) the extent to which the information is known outside of the business; (2) the
extent to which it is known by employees and others involved in the business;
(3) the extent of measures taken by the business to guard the secrecy of the
information; (4) the value of the information to the business and its competitors;
(5) the amount of effort or money expended by the business in developing the
information; (6) the ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly
acquired or duplicated by others.
53
N. Atl. Instruments, 188 F.3d at 44 (quoting Ashland Mgmt. Inc. v. Janien, 624 N.E.2d 1007,
1013 (N.Y. 1993)). “Although New York courts have identified a number of factors that courts
may look to in determining whether information constitutes a trade secret, the most important
consideration is whether the information was kept secret.” Geritrex Corp. v. Dermarite Indus.,
LLC, 910 F. Supp. 955, 961 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (citation omitted).
Plaintiff argues that Scherer was given several types of information that constituted trade
secrets, including Shamrock’s industry contacts, client contacts, pricing lists, commission
schedules, contracts, and order history. Defendants do not dispute that anything other than the
contact information is confidential. (See, e.g., Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 27 (responding to an assertion that
Shamrock provided him with access to “confidential, proprietary and trade secret information
regarding Shamrock Power’s industry contacts; its Client contacts, pricing lists, and commission
schedules; and its actual and potential Customer Contacts, contracts and order histories” by
stating that there did not exist a “confidential customer list”); id. ¶ 68 (responding to an assertion
that the information that had been deleted and retained by Defendants—including not only client
contact information, but also price lists, account information, and customer communications—
was not publicly available by stating that “Scherer disputes that the contacts, whether at a
utility[] or at a manufacturer[,] are not publicly available,” and that McMahon did not tell him
not to give out customer contact information).) However, Defendants dispute that the client
contact information is a trade secret.
Here, the undisputed evidence shows that in Shamrock’s industry, for security purposes,
the identities, location, and contact information for the purchasing engineers at its customers’
and potential customers’ sites are not widely known and therefore, an individual seeking to sell
high voltage power equipment cannot simply make a cold call to the purchasing engineers. (Pl.’s
54
56.1 ¶ 15; see also PI Tr. 54–56.) In particular, Plaintiff contends that the identities and
locations of Shamrock’s engineering contacts at customers such as Con Edison, Central Hudson
Gas & Electric, Orange and Rockland, and others were confidential trade secrets and not publicly
disseminated. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 67; see also PI Tr. 69–70.) The undisputed evidence also shows that
Plaintiff has “devoted significant time, effort, and money to establishing relationships with its
Customer Contacts over a number of years, and to maintaining the confidentiality of the contact
information for its Customer Contacts and the purchasing needs and preferences of its
Customers.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 16; see also PI Tr. 40, 48–49, 53–54, 55, 58, 61–63, 85.) Indeed,
Shamrock takes “reasonable measures to protect that information from dissemination,” including
keeping the information in a locked building and on a password-protected computer system, and
sharing it with sales representatives only on a need-to-know basis. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 17; see also PI
Tr. 109–10.) Shamrock also has an employee handbook emphasizing the need to keep this
information confidential. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 18; PI Tr. 67–70; Smith Decl. Ex. J (Handbook), at 1, 4,
10, 13, 20.) Moreover, Andrew McMahon frequently reminded his employees of the need to
maintain the confidentiality of client and customer information. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 19; PI Tr. 61.) The
undisputed evidence also shows that the materials retained by Scherer had independent economic
value for Shamrock because it was not publicly available, and without maintaining control of its
customer information, the manufacturers or someone else could use that information to steal the
business. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 68; PI Tr. 69–70.) For that reason, Shamrock employees were told not to
give their contacts’ information out to anyone, including manufacturers. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 69; PI Tr.
61.)
“A customer list developed by a business through substantial effort and kept in
confidence may be treated as a trade secret and protected at the owner’s instance against
55
disclosure to a competitor, provided the information it contains is not otherwise readily
ascertainable.” Jinno Int’l Co. v. Premier Fabrics, Inc., No. 12-CV-7820, 2013 WL 4780049, at
*5 (S.D.N.Y. May 24, 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Tactica Int’l, Inc. v.
Atl. Horizon Int’l, Inc., 154 F. Supp. 2d 586, 606 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (same). Here, the undisputed
evidence warrants summary judgment in Plaintiff’s favor. The evidence shows that the contact
information was not readily available, that it was shared with employees of Shamrock only on a
need-to-know basis, and that the business took reasonable measures to protect the information.
Shamrock, in fact, signed agreements with manufacturers requiring Shamrock to safeguard
information. The need to maintain the confidentiality of the contact information is central to
Plaintiff’s business model, as Shamrock essentially acts as a middle-man and if the contacts were
widely known Shamrock could be cut out of the equation. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 68; PI Tr. 69–70.)
Moreover, Scherer retained not only client contact information, but also confidential
information about customer preferences and order histories, as well as pricing information about
Shamrock’s manufacturers. (See Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 65–66; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65; PI Tr. 89–91.) The sum
of this proprietary information, which Shamrock attempted to safeguard, constituted protectable
trade secrets. See N. Atl. Instruments, 188 F.3d at 46 (“Numerous cases applying New York law
have held that where, as here, it would be difficult to duplicate a customer list because it
reflected individual customer preferences, trade secret protection should apply.”) (collecting
cases); Am. Bldg. Maint. Co. of New York v. Acme Prop. Servs., Inc., 515 F. Supp. 2d 298, 309
(N.D.N.Y. 2007) (“[The plaintiff] also seeks trade secret protection for information related to its
operating practices and methods, including pricing and billing methods and marketing and
selling practices; sales force support services; business opportunities; and the strengths and
weaknesses of [the plaintiff’s] products and services. Courts have found that information of this
56
type may be considered confidential.”); Unisource Worldwide, Inc. v. Valenti, 196 F. Supp. 2d
269, 278 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (“[K]nowledge of a customer’s needs and specifications and the prices
charged to that customer are considered confidential.”); Nu-Chem Labs., Inc. v. Dynamic Labs.,
Inc., No. 96-CV-5886, 2001 WL 35981560, at *17 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2001) (“Numerous New
York courts have afforded trade secret protection to pricing information, purchasing preferences
and individual contact information, because such information would be unusually difficult to
duplicate.”); Webcraft Techs., Inc. v. McCaw, 674 F. Supp. 1039, 1046 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (“There
is little doubt that information which [the defendant] learned while employed at [the plaintiff]
concerning customer preferences and [the plaintiff’s] pricing is protect[a]ble.”); id. (finding a
likelihood of success on the merits with regard to a claim that contact information was
protectable where it could take several phone calls over a period of time and perhaps a meeting
to identify the proper contact); Gen. Elec. Co. v. Macejka, 675 N.Y.S.2d 420, 420–21 (App. Div.
1998) (finding that pricing and profit margin information is a trade secret).
Furthermore, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer copied information from his
Shamrock-issued laptop and cell phone. The data and emails copied from the laptop included
proprietary price lists for Shamrock’s clients. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 66; PI Tr. 90–91.) Scherer also
retained, and withheld from Shamrock Power, client and customer emails, communications, and
other data belonging to Shamrock. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 65; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65.) It is well-established that
“New York law imposes a duty not to use trade secrets in competition with a former employer.”
N. Atl. Instruments, 188 F.3d at 47. “This duty exists as well after the employment is terminated
as during its continuance.” ABKCO Music, Inc. v. Harrisongs Music, Ltd., 722 F.2d 988, 994
(2d Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also N. Atl. Instruments, 188 F.3d at 47–48
(same); Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Imhof, 620 F. Supp. 2d 574, 579–80 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (same). Here,
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the evidence shows that Scherer did in fact use the protected information. In particular, after
resigning from Shamrock, Scherer responded to email correspondence and customer inquiries
despite the fact that those communications were intended for Shamrock, not Defendants. (Pl.’s
56.1 ¶ 65; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 65.) And, on October 8, 2012, the day that Scherer resigned, he sent
emails from the jscherer15@msn.com email address to some Shamrock Power clients, using the
confidential contact information he had obtained from Shamrock, informing them that “he had
resigned from Shamrock Power but ‘would like to continue [his] professional representation of
[them] and [their] compan[ies] in the New York and New Jersey area via [his] new company.’”
(Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 74; Second Am. Compl. ¶ 44; Answer ¶ 2.) Moreover, Scherer used Plaintiff’s
confidential pricing information for its manufacturers, by representing competitors and
underbidding Shamrock’s manufacturers to win contracts. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 92; McMahon Decl.
¶¶ 14–15.) Thus, Shamrock is entitled to summary judgment on its misappropriation of trade
secrets claim.
Plaintiff seeks a permanent injunction on this claim, arguing that Scherer should be
permanently enjoined from (1) using Shamrock’s trade secrets and (2) competing against
Shamrock in the geographic area that was his territory as a Shamrock employee. (See Notice of
Pl. Shamrock Power Sales, LLC’s Partial Mot. for Summ. J. (Dkt. No. 69).) “Under Second
Circuit precedent, a permanent injunction is warranted where the moving party establishes: (1)
success on the merits; (2) the lack of an adequate remedy at law; and (3) irreparable harm if
relief is not granted.” SunTrust Banks, Inc. v. Turnberry Capital Mgmt. LP, 945 F. Supp. 2d 415,
420 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted), aff’d, 566 F. App’x 32 (2d Cir. 2014);
see also J.P. Morgan Sec. LLC v. Quinnipiac Univ., No. 14-CV-429, 2015 WL 2452406, at *3
(S.D.N.Y. May 22, 2015) (same). Plaintiff urges the Court to hold that irreparable harm is
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presumed in trade secret misappropriation cases, citing Monovis, Inc. v. Aquino, 905 F. Supp.
1205, 1234 (W.D.N.Y. 1994), which held that “irreparability of the harm is presumed in cases of
trade secret misappropriation.” (See Pl.’s Mem. 27–28.) However, years later, in Faiveley
Transp. Malmo AB v. Wabtec Corp., 559 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2009), the Second Circuit drew a key
distinction between instances where irreparable harm may and may not be presumed. The
Second Circuit explained:
We have previously observed that the loss of trade secrets cannot be measured in
money damages where that secret, once lost, is lost forever. Some courts in this
Circuit have read this passing observation to mean that a presumption of irreparable
harm automatically arises upon the determination that a trade secret has been
misappropriated. That reading is not correct. A rebuttable presumption of
irreparable harm might be warranted in cases where there is a danger that, unless
enjoined, a misappropriator of trade secrets will disseminate those secrets to a wider
audience or otherwise irreparably impair the value of those secrets. Where a
misappropriator seeks only to use those secrets—without further dissemination or
irreparable impairment of value—in pursuit of profit, no such presumption is
warranted because an award of damages will often provide a complete remedy for
such an injury. Indeed, once a trade secret is misappropriated, the misappropriator
will often have the same incentive as the originator to maintain the confidentiality
of the secret in order to profit from the proprietary knowledge.
Id. at 118–19 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Golden Krust Patties,
Inc. v. Bullock, 957 F. Supp. 2d 186, 197 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (applying Faiveley and holding that
there was no presumption of irreparable harm); Sasqua Grp., Inc. v. Courtney, No. 10-CV-528,
2010 WL 3613855, at *11–12 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2010) (same), adopted by 2010 WL 3702468
(E.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2010); Passlogix, Inc. v. 2FA Tech., LLC, No. 08-CV-10986, 2010 WL
2505628, at *8–9 (S.D.N.Y. June 21, 2010) (same). Plaintiff does not assert that Defendants are
disseminating its trade secrets, (see, e.g., Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 74, 92, 99–100), but rather that they are
using them and thus there is no presumption of irreparable harm. Plaintiff does not offer any
other argument for why it has established irreparable harm. (See generally Pl.’s Mem. 26–28.)
Indeed, a review of Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 statement supports a finding that monetary damages are
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ascertainable, and therefore may be adequate, as Plaintiff set out in detail the damages it claims
to have suffered as a result of Defendants’ misappropriation of Plaintiff’s trade secrets. (See
Pl.’s 56.1 ¶¶ 101–10.) The only fact set forth by Plaintiff that could conceivably support a
finding inadequacy of monetary damages is that “Defendants have consistently maintained that
they lack the financial resources to pay a significant judgment to Shamrock Power.” (Pl.’s 56.1
¶ 111; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 111.) However, to the extent that being unable to recover a money judgment
is sufficient to show irreparable harm, Plaintiff has provided no evidence showing it actually will
not be able to recover damages, just that Defendants claim they will be unable to pay, and this is
insufficient to establish a likelihood of irreparable harm. See Levy v. Young Adult Inst., Inc., No.
13-CV-2861, 2015 WL 170442, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2015) (denying motion for preliminary
injunction because the plaintiffs “offer[ed] no evidence that [the defendant] is or will be
insolvent,” but rather argued that the defendant “may lack sufficient assets to pay a judgment”);
Gladstone v. Waldron & Co., No. 98-CV-2038, 1998 WL 150982, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31,
1998) (“Courts routinely hold that conclusory assertions of defendants’ financial weakness do
not demonstrate a likelihood of irreparable harm.”). Thus, Plaintiff has failed to make the
showing required to warrant imposition of a permanent injunction. Therefore, this Motion is
denied without prejudice to renewal with the support of additional evidence demonstrating
irreparable harm.
4. Fraud in the Inducement
Plaintiff also brings a claim of fraud in the inducement against Scherer (Count X). (See
Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 130–35.) As the Second Circuit has explained:
The elements of fraud under New York law are: “[1] a misrepresentation or a
material omission of fact which was false and known to be false by defendant, [2]
made for the purpose of inducing the other party to rely upon it, [3] justifiable
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reliance of the other party on the misrepresentation or material omission, and
[4] injury.”
Premium Mortg. Corp. v. Equifax, Inc., 583 F.3d 103, 108 (2d Cir. 2009) (alteration in original)
(quoting Lama Holding Co. v. Smith Barney Inc., 668 N.E.2d 1370, 1373 (N.Y. 1996)); see also
Childers v. N.Y. & Presbyterian Hosp., 36 F. Supp. 3d 292, 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (same);
Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 592 F. Supp. 2d
608, 623 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (same). “Each element must be proven at all stages, including at
summary judgment, by clear and convincing evidence.” M & T Mortg. Corp. v. White, 736 F.
Supp. 2d 538, 561 (E.D.N.Y. 2010).
Plaintiff claims that Scherer committed fraud in representing that he needed the bonus
advance in order to buy his wife a car. (See Pl.’s Mem. 32–33.) According to Plaintiff’s
evidence, in late September 2012, Scherer requested a $20,000 advance from Shamrock Power,
and “Scherer informed Shamrock Power that he needed the advance so that he could buy his wife
a car as [a] 25th wedding anniversary gift.” (Verified Compl. ¶ 19; see also Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 54;
Scherer Dep. 69.) Shamrock gave Scherer a check for $19,528.42, which was deposited into
Scherer’s account at First Niagara Bank and cleared Shamrock’s bank account on October 7,
2012. (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 56; Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 56.) “On October 8, 2012, the day after he received the
advance, Scherer abruptly resigned from Shamrock Power by calling and leaving a voice mail
message for the company’s President, Andrew McMahon.” (Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 57; see also Defs.’ 56.1
¶ 57.)
Scherer disputes that he told McMahon he needed the advance to buy his wife a car.
(Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54.) Scherer claims in his Declaration that the $19,528.43 represented
commission money due from 2011. (Scherer Decl. ¶ 17.) However, this assertion cannot create
a material issue of fact because, before writing the Declaration, Scherer had previously testified
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at his deposition that the money was an advance. (See Scherer Dep. 69 (“Q: So was this the
advance that Shamrock Power gave you? A: Yes.”).) See also Hayes v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Corr.,
84 F.3d 614, 619 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[A] party may not create an issue of fact by submitting an
affidavit in opposition to a summary judgment motion that, by omission or addition, contradicts
the affiant’s previous deposition testimony.”); Lewin v. Richard Avedon Found., No. 11-CV8767, 2015 WL 3948824, at *3 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2015) (same); Clark v. Jewish Childcare
Ass’n, Inc., — F. Supp. 3d —, 2015 WL 1452134, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2015) (same);
Mulero v. City of Bridgeport, No. 07-CV-1206, 2010 WL 2585040, at *4 (D. Conn. June 22,
2010) (same), aff’d sub nom. Mulero v. City of Bridgeport Bd. of Educ., 448 F. App’x 129 (2d
Cir. 2011); cf. In re World Trade Ctr. Lower Manhattan Disaster Site Litig., 758 F.3d 202, 213
(2d Cir. 2014) (explaining that “as a general matter, . . . plaintiffs may not create material issues
of fact by submitting affidavits that dispute their own prior testimony”). Nothing else in
Scherer’s Declaration provides any other evidence to dispute that Scherer said he needed the
money to buy his wife a car. (See generally Scherer Decl.) The other evidence Defendants cite
in support of this contention in their Rule 56.1 statement are exhibits that, according to defense
counsel, show emails sent from Scherer to McMahon on September 18 and 19, 2012 requesting
to go over 2011/2012 commission issues and show Scherer’s calculation of back-owed
commissions. (See Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 54 (citing Scherer Exs. KK, LL).) However, Scherer Exhibit
KK, which defense counsel represents contains the above-mentioned emails, does not, nor does
Exhibit KK to Defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement. (See Scherer Decl. Ex. KK; Defs.’ 56.1 Ex.
KK.) Indeed, after reviewing the entire record, the Court did not find a single email from
Scherer dated September 18 or 19, 2012. And Scherer Exhibit LL, which counsel represents is a
word document showing Scherer’s calculation of back-owed commission, does not exist.
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Exhibit LL to Defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement also does not contain such a calculation. (See
Defs.’ 56.1 Ex. LL.) Furthermore, even if this evidence did exist, it would not be inconsistent
with Plaintiff’s evidence that Scherer represented that he needed the advance to buy his wife a
car. Therefore, the undisputed evidence shows that Scherer did make this representation, and
that Plaintiff gave Scherer a check for $19,528.43, and that, the day after the check cleared
Plaintiff’s bank account, Scherer abruptly resigned and then used that money to support himself
and his new business. Plaintiff’s evidence, unrefuted by Defendants, is sufficient to establish
that Scherer made a materially false statement on which Plaintiff relied. Therefore, Plaintiff’s
Motion for Summary Judgment is granted.
5. Unjust Enrichment
Plaintiff brings a claim of unjust enrichment against all Defendants (Count XIV), (see
Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 156–58), and moves for summary judgment on this claim against Scherer
with respect to the $19,528.42 advance, (Pl.’s Mem. 31–32).38 “In order to prevail on a claim of
unjust enrichment under New York law, plaintiff must demonstrate 1) defendant was enriched;
2) defendant’s enrichment came at plaintiff’s expense; and 3) ‘circumstances were such that in
equity and good conscience [defendant] should compensate [plaintiff].’” Colliton, 2008 WL
4386764, at *7 (alterations in original) (quoting R.B. Ventures, Ltd. v. Shane, 112 F.3d 54, 60 (2d
Cir. 1997)), aff’d, 356 F. App’x 535 (2d Cir. 2009); see also Georgia Malone & Co. v. Rieder,
973 N.E.2d 743, 746 (N.Y. 2012) (“The theory of unjust enrichment lies as a quasi-contract
claim and contemplates an obligation imposed by equity to prevent injustice, in the absence of an
actual agreement between the parties. An unjust enrichment claim is rooted in the equitable
38
Although this Count is brought against all Defendants, (see Second Am. Compl.
¶¶ 156–58), Plaintiff makes no argument as to why it is entitled to summary judgment against the
Defendants other than Scherer, (Pl.’s Mem. 31–32).
63
principle that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another.”
(alteration, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted)). “Further, although privity is not
required for an unjust enrichment claim, a claim will not be supported unless there is a
connection or relationship between the parties that could have caused reliance or inducement on
the plaintiff’s part.” Georgia Malone & Co. v. Rieder, 926 N.Y.S.2d 494, 497 (App. Div. 2011),
aff’d, 973 N.E.2d 743 (2012); see also Sperry v. Crompton Corp., 863 N.E.2d 1012, 1018 (N.Y.
2007) (acknowledging that “a plaintiff need not be in privity with the defendant to state a claim
for unjust enrichment” but finding connection between parties nonetheless “too attenuated” to
support claim).
Here, as discussed above, the evidence is that Scherer was given an advance. Plaintiff
asserts that this was an advance on his commission/bonus payment, (see Pl.’s 56.1 ¶ 54 (citing
Verified Compl. ¶ 19)), and asserts that, under Shamrock practice, Scherer would not have
earned the bonus until the end of December. In particular, Plaintiff offers evidence that on
March 2, 2012, Andrew McMahon informed Scherer that bonuses “will be paid to employees
who are currently employed as [of] December 31 of the payroll year.” (See Smith Decl. Ex. K
(Salary Email).) Additionally, Scherer’s salary history reflects the fact that bonuses were paid in
December, except for occasional advances and except for the 2009 commission check which was
initially paid on December 31, 2009 and was later supplemented on March 8, 2010 and again on
August 27, 2010, and the 2007 commission check which was initially paid on December 31,
2007 and then supplemented on May 19, 2008. (See Smith Reply Decl. Ex. CC (Scherer Salary
History); Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 31 (citing Scherer Decl. Ex. N (Pay Stubs from May 19, 2008 and March
8, 2010).) Moreover, Scherer admitted that the bonuses were paid around December, as he
stated in his Declaration that “he originally planned to leave Shamrock Power ‘in January 2012
64
after [he] received [his] end of the year commission.’” (Pl.’s Reply 56.1 ¶ 31 (quoting Scherer
Decl. ¶ 19).) Indeed, even in opposing Plaintiff’s Rule 56.1 statement, Defendants state that the
bonuses were due on December 31. (Defs.’ 56.1 ¶ 31 (stating that bonuses due on December 31,
2007 and December 31, 2009 were not paid in full on those dates).)
The Court notes that there is some evidence that this payment was a payroll advance
rather than an advance against commissions. Shamrock’s records of Scherer’s salary history
state that this paycheck was a “2012 Payroll Advance,” while some other advances have the
notation “Advance on Commission 2011” or “Advance of Commission for 2008.” (See Smith
Reply Decl. Ex. CC at 2–3.) However, this dispute is immaterial, as the undisputed evidence
shows that, whether the payment was an advance on the December bonus or a salary advance, at
the time Scherer left Shamrock, he had not yet earned the money. This evidence, when
combined with the evidence above that Scherer induced Shamrock to pay him the advance and
then, as soon as the check cleared, quit and used the money to support his company that
competed against Shamrock, is sufficient to warrant summary judgment on this unjust
enrichment claim against Scherer. It would be against equity and good conscience to allow
Scherer to keep an advance on money he had not yet earned that he obtained through Plaintiff’s
reliance on his false pretenses. Therefore, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment on this
claim is granted.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike the Rones Declaration, Paragraph
14 of the Scherer Declaration, and Exhibits D, E, F, G, L, M, N, P, R, T, U, X, DD, II, JJ, KK,
NN, OO, and TT to Scherer’s Declaration is granted. Furthermore, Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment is granted. Finally, Plaintiff’s Motion for a Permanent Injunction is denied
65
without prejudice. The Clerk ofthe Court is respectfully requested to terminate the pending
Motions. (Okt. Nos. 69, 82.)
SO ORDERED.
Dated:
September~, 2015
White Plains, New York
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