Smith v. Perez et al

Filing 17

DECISION AND ORDER. Petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DISMISSED. Because the Court finds that Petitioner has not made a "substantial showing," 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), of the denial of a constitutional right, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability. Signed by Hon. Victor E. Bianchini on 6/29/2010. (SDW)

Smith v. Perez et al

Doc. 17

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ___________________________________________ PATRICE SMITH, Petitioner, -vsADA PEREZ, Superintendent, Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, Respondent. ____________________________________________ I. Introduction Pro se petitioner Patrice Smith ("Smith" or "Petitioner") has filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Smith challenges the legality of her state-court custody pursuant to a judgment of conviction entered against her following a jury trial in Erie County Court, New York State Supreme Court, convicting her of intentional murder, felony murder, and first degree robbery. The parties have consented to disposition of this matter by a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). II. Factual Background and Procedural History The acts upon which Smith's conviction is based occurred when Smith was 16 years-old. The victim was a 71-year-old man, Reverend Robert Robinson ("Robinson" or "the victim" or "the decedent") with whom Smith had been involved an eight-month sexual relationship that began when she was 15 years-old. The indictment charged Smith and her friend, "Theoplish" [sic] a/k/a "Laurentz" Mitchell ("Mitchell" or "co-defendant"), with strangling and beating the DECISION AND ORDER No. 05-CV-0167(VEB)

-1-

Dockets.Justia.com

victim to death at his house and stealing his car. Smith's co-defendant was tried separately.1 The evidence presented by the prosecution at Smith's trial included Smith's statement that the victim gave her money and gifts in return for sexual favors. At trial, Smith testified that she first met Robinson when he stopped to help her and her friends when they were having car trouble. Smith told him that she was 18 years old; she did not know how old he was the thought he appeared to be about 45 or 50. Robinson took her out to eat on several occasions. Eventually he asked if she had a boyfriend and said he wanted to get to know her better. T.856.2 Robinson would take her to the mall and get her money to buy things. They started talking to each other every day. He used to tell her that she was so "tender" because she was so young and one day he asked if he could touch her sexually; she refused. T.859. A couple weeks later they were driving around in his car and he took her to an old train station and told her that he would give her $50 if she let him touch her. T.860. She let him, and then he masturbated; after he was finished he gave her $50 and drove her home. The same thing happened a couple days later. During her testimony regarding the sexual incident at the train station, Smith began crying, T.950, and explained on cross-examination it was because she "was ashamed[.]" T.950. Several weeks later Robinson offered her $100 if she would have sexual intercourse with him. T.861. He brought her to his house and told her to perform oral sex on him, and she did so reluctantly. He paid her $100. Smith said that Robinson would buy her whatever

A lth o u g h Mitchell initially pled not guilty, the Court cannot determine whether her case was d is p o s e d of through a guilty plea or at trial. There are no reported decisions regarding any appeal by Mitchell, s u g g e s tin g that she pled guilty and waived her right to appeal. The Court did learn, through New York State D e p a r tm e n t of Corrections' "Inmate Locator" service, that Mitchell is currently incarcerated pursuant to a judgment o f conviction for one count of first degree manslaughter, a class B felony. Her earliest release date is in April 2013.
2

1

C ita tio n s to "T.__" refer to pages from the transcript of Smith's trial.

-2-

she wanted from the liquor store so she "could be drunk whenever he asked [her] to do [it]." T.862. Robinson also used to purchase marijuana for her. T.863-64. Robinson himself did not use drugs or drink alcohol, however. Smith testified that Robinson gave her money "most" of the times she performed some sort of sexual act with him. T.864. Robinson gave her his wristwatch and bought her a new one after she lost it, bought her school clothes, jewelry, sneakers and boots, a television set, and a phone; "practically whatever [she] wanted" he bought her. T.878. In June of 1998, Robinson told her that if she "could have his baby he would buy [her] a house." T.879. Robinson also promised that if she got her driver's license than she could have his other car, also a Cadillac. Smith testified that Robinson was interested in having sex with other young women and in finding a sexual partner for Robinson's best friend, James Smith. Petitioner recalled a conversation in which Robinson asked her if she "could find James a friend," a young woman like petitioner. T.866. Robinson wanted petitioner to have sex with both him and his friend. T.866-67. Robinson also suggested that petitioner and her best friend get together with him and put on a "sex show" for him, and he once asked Smith to get him a "white girl." T.867. When Robinson would come to pick her up he would say to just bring her friends in the car with them. Petitioner identified several girls, including Martricia Gaskin and co-defendant Mitchell who had "been in his car." Smith testified that Gaskin or Mitchell were always with her when she would be driving around with Robinson. According to Smith, Robinson would let her friends know of his sexual interest by asking some of the girls to get out of the car, leaving him alone with another girl. T.868-69, 870. Petitioner testified that about one time that he had sex with her against her will. One night -3-

she had gone over there because she was so drunk and she did not want to go back to her own house. T.883. Robinson said that he wanted to have sex with her and she told him no because she was so sick. She passed out and when she woke up he was between her legs with his penis in her vagina. T.883-84. She told him to get off her because she was going to vomit and ran to the bathroom. T.884. Petitioner related that she currently lived with her father, and that she tried to keep her relationship with Robinson secret from him. She went to go live with her father because her mother had thrown her out of the house. Petitioner stated that while she was living at her mother's house, her brother had raped her. T.885. Petitioner's brother continued to live with her mother after Petitioner left. On the night of the incident, Petitioner testified, she and Mitchell were "bored" so she called Robinson to see if they could come over to his house. T.879-80. They took the bus to Robinson's house, arriving about 8 p.m. Mitchell brought along her four-month-old baby. They all watched television in the front room for about half an hour. Then Robinson went into the back, where his bedroom was, and told Smith that he wanted to have sex with her there. T.88081. Robinson told her, "don't forget who be [sic] buying all [her] stuff." T.881. Smith acknowledged his generosity but said she did not want to have sex with him that night. According to Smith, Robinson started "getting all mad about it, telling [her] [she] need[s] to pay him back for everything that he's getting [her]." T.881. Smith replied that she would pay him back when she got a job. At that point, Robinson left the room to admonish Mitchell to stop looking through some family mementos or photographs. When Smith followed behind him, Robinson asked her where -4-

she was going. Smith testified that he then "slapped [her] right across [her] face" and ordered her to go back to his room. T.881. On cross-examination, she claimed it was a "back hand" slap on right side of her face. T.971-72. Robinson tried to push her into the back room as she was trying to get to the front of the house to get away from him. (Smith said that she would not have been able to get out of the house even if she had tried because Robinson had so many locks on his doors; one could not exit the house without the right keys. T.886. ) Smith related that she and Robinson started fighting and Robinson threatened that he was going to get his gun. Robinson previously had told her that he slept with a gun under his pillow because he had been robbed once. Smith stated that he actually had shown her the gun. T.882. Smith was "scared" and she did not want him to get to the back room because she believed that was where the gun was located. As they were fighting in the hallway, Robinson, who was slightly smaller than she, fell down with her on top of him. After Robinson fell on the floor, as he was trying to push Smith off of him, he announced that he was going to kill her. Smith explained, "I was real scared that he was going to go get his gun, and the cord was like right there, and I swear I didn't mean to put it around his neck . . . ." T.885-86, 887. Smith testified on cross-examination that she did not how she "got [the cord], but it was in [her] hands." T.989, see also T.990-91. Smith said that she did not mean for the cord to become wrapped around Robinson's neck; however, she "just started pulling it" while they were "still fighting" and he was still trying to get up. Smith testified that she was thinking, "I don't want my life to be taken just because I didn't want to have sex with this man." T.890. As Petitioner was pulling on the cord around Robinson's neck, Mitchell put a pillow over his head. Smith let go of the cord and "somebody [sic] grabbed a hold of the cord, and after that -5-

we just left." T.888. Smith said that Mitchell held the pillow over his head until she (Smith) let go of the cord and then Mitchell grabbed onto the cord and started strangling him. T.888; see also T.997. Eventually, Smith testified, she saw blood coming through the pillow, although she told the police that she saw blood coming out of Robinson's mouth. T.1004. Smith testified on cross-examination that she got up and walked away from Robinson, to the front room, and Mitchell grabbed the cord and started pulling on it. T.997. At that point, Smith claimed, she told Mitchell to get up so they could leave. Id. Smith claimed that Robinson was not dead or unconscious when they left him lying in the hallway, although she admitted that she never saw him move or get up. T.1033. Before Smith left the house, she took the keys to Robinson's blue Cadillac and went into the garage with Mitchell and her baby. T.1004. Smith testified that she put the baby in the car and Mitchell was driving. However, in her statement to the police, Smith said it was she who pulled the car out of the driveway. T.1008. Smith testified that Mitchell parked the Cadillac on Davidson Street, which was just around the corner from Smith's house. T.1024. Smith said that she did not intend to "steal" Robinson's car but she just did not want to be at his house any longer and taking the car was the quickest way to get away. T.890, 1024. Once they were back at Smith's house, Smith and Mitchell found their friends Ronnie Goosby and Randy Winston still hanging out there. It was about 10 p.m. T.209. The four of them sat around and played cards and watched television. E.g., T.210. When the story regarding Robinson's homicide appeared as "breaking news" on the 11 p.m. news broadcast, Mitchell turned the T.V. off. T.1025. Smith testified that she did not take anything from Robinson nor did she see Mitchell take -6-

anything from him. T.889. In her police statement, however, she explained that Mitchell went through the decedent's pockets and took his wallet, containing $20. Smith denied that she and Mitchell ransacked the house and claimed she did not know how it got to be in such disarray. 891. Smith's friend, Ronnie Goosby, had known her for between four and six years and used to spend time at her house on Millicent Avenue "[a]bout everyday." T.203. He had known Mitchell for about a year and a half, and had had a sexual relationship with her. T.204, 225. According to Goosby, when the news came on the television, Petitioner and Mitchell wanted to stop playing cards so they could watch the news. T.211. When the story aired about a resident on Hamlin Road getting beaten and killed, Mitchell got up and turned off the television set. T.21112. Goosy then asked Mitchell and Petitioner what had happened. T.212. Petitioner said that they "had went [sic] over there to rob the Reverend and they beat him up, and they thought they beat him up . . . ." T.212. Petitioner explained that Mitchell distracted Robinson while Petitioner put the phone cord around his neck. T.213. Petitioner said that "[w]hile she was choking [him] they seen [sic] blood come out of his mouth and that's when they [i.e., Mitchell] put the pillow over his face." T.213. Petitioner told him that they were looking for money and that Mitchell "was ransacking th[e] house." T.214. Goosby recalled that once Petitioner arrived home, she had keys to the Cadillac and $20 in her hand. T.215. Petitioner changed the clothes she had been wearing. T.214. She told Goosby that they had parked Robinson's car around the corner from her house. T.216. After the news broadcast, Petitioner appeared to Goosby to be "[s]cared." T.216. She asked him to be her alibi. T.216-17. Goosby said "no" because he did not want to be involved. -7-

T.217. He and Winston left Smith's house, and went over to the convenience store to call a cab for Smith and Mitchell. Winston provided testimony that was consistent with that provided by Goosby. See T.249-50, 263-64, 272-73. About half and hour later, Petitioner and co-defendant Mitchell asked Goosby to call them a taxicab; they then left and went over to Mitchell's house. T.217-19, 274-75, 379-80. Winston testified similarly that Petitioner admitted to him that she and Mitchell beat the decedent and that she choked the decedent with a telephone cord. T.266-73. Petitioner also asked Winston to be her alibi, but he refused. T.275. The decedent's body was discovered by his daughter, Anita Ortiz ("Ortiz"), at about 10:15 p.m. that night. He was found lying on his back in a pool of blood, in the sitting room. Drawers had been opened in the bedrooms and various items were strewn about. Ortiz noticed that her father's watch, as well as his car keys and car, were missing. T.97-98, 105-07, 111-12, 130-33, 162. About a week after the incident, Smith was brought to the police station for questioning. In her first statement, she denied involvement in the homicide. In her second statement, see T.438-42, Petitioner stated that her co-defendant, Mitchell, had told her that she (Mitchell) was going to rob the victim. After Petitioner and Mitchell arrived at the victim's house, the victim threatened to shoot and kill Petitioner with his gun. A struggle ensued in which Petitioner ended up with a telephone cord in her hands which got wrapped around the victim's neck. Petitioner told the police that the victim fell and hit his head. Petitioner was holding onto the cord when she saw that the victim was coughing up blood. Co-defendant Mitchell then put a pillow over the victim's face, and Petitioner let go of the cord. They both got up, grabbed the victim's car keys, and left the house. Petitioner said in her second statement that the victim was still breathing when -8-

they left and that she had not meant to do it. According to Petitioner, co-defendant Mitchell took some cash from the victim's pocket. Petitioner and Mitchell got into the victim's blue Cadillac, and Petitioner drove the car over to Davidson Street and parked it, and then they returned to Petitioner's house on Millicent Avenue. The prosecution called as a witness an inmate named Norma Williams ("William"), a long-time crack addict who had been housed with Petitioner prior to trial. The inmate testified that Petitioner told her "that she [Petitioner] had committed a murder with [sic] a guy she used to date and she committed murder because the guy failed to give her some money." T.467, 468.. According to Williams, Petitioner explained that "[h]er [sic] and her partner had commenced to beat the guy and then strangled the guy." T.467. Petitioner told Williams that she had used a telephone cord to strangle the victim. T.467. After the murder, Petitioner said, she and her partner rode around Buffalo in the car of "the guy who got killed[.]" T.468. Williams testified that Petitioner had mentioned that "her friend's baby was present" at the time of the murder. T.468. The prosecutor's theory of motive was that Smith went over to Robinson's house on the night of the murder in order to steal money from him so that she could retain an attorney to represent her in connection with a weapons-possession charge then pending in Buffalo City Court. T.61-62, 1163, 1186-87. Apparently, Smith did not qualify for pro bono representation due to her father's income level, and her father was unwilling to put forward a retainer fee for an attorney. The prosecution called a friend of Petitioner's, Martricia Gaskin ("Gaskin"), who testified that a few months before the homicide, Petitioner had asked to go over to Robinson's house and "distract the minister" while Petitioner stole money from him. T.494-95. Gaskin -9-

understood that Petitioner was referring to Robinson, the decedent. T.495. Gaskin testified that Petitioner claimed to know where Robinson kept his cash secreted in his house. See T.494-95. The county medical examiner testified that the cause of death was ligature strangulation. T.644. He opined that significant force would have had to have been used, and that death would have occurred in one to five minutes. T.643, 653, 682. The trial court refused trial counsel's request to charge the defense of extreme emotional disturbance or "EED" but granted the request to issue two self-defense instructions. The jury rejected the defense theories of justification (self-defense), and returned a verdict finding Smith guilty as charged in the indictment of two counts of second degree murder (intentional and felony) and one count of first degree robbery. Petitioner was sentenced on December 1, 1999, to indeterminate terms of imprisonment of twenty-five years to life for the murder convictions, and a ten-year determinate term for the robbery conviction, all sentences to be served concurrently. Smith appealed her conviction and on November 15, 2002, the intermediate state appellate court unanimously affirmed the judgment of conviction. People v. Smith, 299 A.D.2d 941 (N.Y. App. Div. 4th Dept. 2002). Leave to appeal was granted and on February 17, 2004, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the Appellate Division's order. People v. Smith, 1 N.Y.3d 610 (N.Y. 2004). Smith then collaterally attacked her conviction by means a motion for vacatur pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law ("C.P.L.") § 440.10. While the C.P.L. § 440.10 motion was still pending in Erie County Court, Smith filed the instant habeas petition in this Court. The County Court has since issued a decision denying Smith's request for C.P.L. § 440.10 relief. -10-

Smith states that she "is raising the same grounds that she raised on direct appeal and her 440.30 [sic] motion," Petition, ¶12(a) (Docket No. 1), and has attached copies of her appellate brief, C.P.L. § 440.10 motion, and pages from the trial transcript relevant to her claims. All of the grounds raised in Smith's Petition appear to this Court to be fully exhausted, either by presentation to the state court on direct appeal or in the C.P.L. § 440.10 motion. For the reasons that follow, Smith request for a writ of habeas corpus is denied, and the petition is dismissed. III. General Legal Principles Applicable to Federal Review of § 2254 Petitions Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), federal habeas review is available for a state prisoner "only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." A federal court may not issue the writ on the basis of a perceived error of state law." Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41 (1984); see also Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) ("[I]t is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions."). Because Petitioner filed her habeas application after the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), the petition is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 402, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1518, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). The AEDPA provides that a federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus with respect to a claim that was adjudicated on the merits by the state courts "unless the adjudication of the claim 1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceedings." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). A -11-

state adjudicates a petitioner's federal claim on the merits when "it (1) disposes of the claim `on the merits,' and (2) reduces its disposition to judgment." Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 312 (2d Cir. 2001). When a state court has expressly relied on a procedural default as an independent and adequate state ground a federal habeas court is foreclosed from reviewing the claim. Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 264 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989) (federal habeas court cannot review a claim if a state court explicitly invoked a state procedural bar rule as a separate basis for decision). This is the case even where the state court has also ruled in the alternative on the merits of a federal claim. Velasquez v. Leonardo, 898 F.2d at 9; Glenn v. Bartlett, 98 F.3d 721, 724-25 (2d Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1108, 117 S.Ct. 1116, 137 L.Ed.2d 317 (1997). IV. Analysis of the Petition A. Deprivation of Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment Rights to Present a Defense: The Trial Court's Preclusion of Evidence Regarding "Extreme Emotional Disturbance" 1. The Constitutional Right to Present a Defense

The Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution provides that, "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor." U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Supreme Court has explained that "[t]he right to compel a witness' presence in the courtroom could not protect the integrity of the adversary process if it did not embrace the right to have the witness' testimony heard by the trier of fact[,]" and thus "[t]he right to offer testimony is . . . grounded in the Sixth Amendment even though it is not expressly described in so many words." Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 409 (1988) (citing Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967)). In Washington, the -12-

Supreme Court articulated that the right to compel a witness' testimony, without a concomitant guarantee of being able to introduce that witness' testimony, would render illusory the right to present a defense: The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant's version of the facts as well as the prosecution's to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution's witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is a fundamental element of due process of law.

Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. at 19; accord Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. at 409; Pullinario v. Goord, 118 Fed.Appx. 554, *556, 2004 WL 2980384, **1 (2d Cir. Dec. 23, 2004) (unpublished opn.). However, a defendant's constitutional right to present evidence is not absolute, and she may be precluded from presenting evidence as a sanction for defense counsel's willful violation of a discovery rule or order, see Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 414 (1988). In Taylor, the Supreme Court recognized that a defendant's right to present witnesses in her defense is not absolute: "Petitioner's claim that the Sixth Amendment creates an absolute bar to the preclusion of the testimony of a surprise witness is just as extreme and just as unacceptable as the State's position that the Amendment is simply irrelevant. The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer testimony that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence." 484 U.S. at 410. In certain circumstances, the Taylor court found, the preclusion of a defense witness' testimony does not violate the Sixth Amendment, such as when it is employed as a sanction for misconduct that was "willful and motivated by a desire to obtain a tactical

-13-

advantage [so as to] . . . minimize the effectiveness of cross-examination and the ability to adduce rebuttal evidence." 484 U.S. at 415.3 ; in this case, the discovery rule at issue is C.P.L. § 250.10.4 2. The New York State Law Partial Affirmative Defense of "Extreme Emotional Disturbance" ("EED")

"The EED defense is available to an individual whose mental state does not rise to the level of `insanity,' but who "`is exposed to an extremely unusual and overwhelming stress,' and `has an extreme emotional reaction to it as a result of which there is a loss of self-control and reason is overborne by intense feelings, such as passion, anger, distress, grief, excessive agitation, or other similar emotions.'" Deluca v. Lord, 858 F. Supp. 1330, 1347 n.15 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) (quoting People v. Shelton, 88 Misc.2d 136, 385 N.Y.S.2d 708, 717 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1976). EED is a partial affirmative defense5 The EED defense consists of both a subjective and an objective element:

T h e Supreme Court held that the circumstances in Taylor justified preclusion of the witness' te s tim o n y because defense counsel's failure to notice an eleventh-hour alibi witness was "willful and blatant"; "the in fe r e n c e that [the defendant] was deliberately seeking a tactical advantage [was] inescapable"; and "the court . . . h a [ d ] a vital interest in protecting the trial process from the pollution of perjured testimony." 484 U.S. at 416-17. Even before Taylor, New York courts, both State and Federal, have recognized that "[b]ecause p r e c lu d in g evidence as a sanction for failure to give notice implicates a defendant's Sixth and Fourteenth A m e n d m e n t rights, a trial court deciding whether to bar psychiatric testimony must balance `a defendant's c o n s titu tio n a l right to present witnesses in his own defense' against `prejudice to the People from the belated n o tic e .'" Romano v. Zon, No. 04-CV-2467 NG LB, 2007 W L 2693664, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2007) (quoting P e o p le v. Berk, 88 N.Y.2d at 266, 644 N.Y.S.2d at 662) (citing U.S. Const. 6 th, 14 th Amends; Ronson, 463 F. Supp. a t 102-03 (" Indeed, without deciding the question, the Supreme Court stated in the context of a state notice of alibi s ta tu te that the extent to which a state may exclude relevant and probative evidence as a sanction for failure to c o m p ly with such a [notice] requirement does raise Sixth Amendment issues.") (citing Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 7 8 , 83 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1893, 26 L.Ed.2d 446 (1970)). Respondent does not argue that Smith's claim regarding the p r e c lu s io n of evidence pertaining to the EED defense raises only an issue of State law. I n comparison, justification or self-defense "is an ordinary defense rather than an affirmative one. . . . As such, whenever justification is sufficiently interposed by the defendant, the People must prove its absence to th e same degree as any element of the crime charged." People v. McManus, 67 N.Y.2d 541, 546-47, 505 N.Y.S.2d 4 3 , 46, 496 N.E.2d 202 (N.Y. 1986).
5 4

3

-14-

The first, subjective element is met if there is evidence that defendant's conduct at the time of the incident was actually influenced by an extreme emotional disturbance. The second is an objective element and requires proof that defendant's emotional disturbance was supported by a reasonable explanation or excuse. This is determined by viewing the subjective mental condition of the defendant and the external circumstances as the defendant perceived them to be at the time, however inaccurate that perception may have been, and assessing from that standpoint whether the explanation or excuse for the emotional disturbance was reasonable.

Murden v. Artuz, 497 F.3d 178, 195 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting People v. Roche, 98 N.Y.2d 70, 76, 745 N.Y.S.2d 775, 780, 772 N.E.2d 1133, 1138 (2002)), cert denied sub nom. Murden v. Ercole, 552 U.S. 1150, 128 S.Ct. 1083, 169 L.Ed.2d 823 (2008)). The subjective element requires "a mental infirmity not rising to the level of insanity at the time of the homicide, typically manifested by a loss of self control." Roche, 98 N.Y.2d at 75, 745 N.Y.S.2d at 780, 772 N.E.2d at 1138; see People v. Matthews, 220 A.D.2d 822, 825, 632 N.Y.S.2d 298, 300 (N.Y. App. Div. 3d Dept.1995) ("However, there is no reasonable view of the evidence to support the conclusion . . . that defendant acted with the characteristic loss of complete control associated with this defense[.]) (citations omitted).6 The affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance is addressed in N.Y. Penal Law § 125.25(1)(a) and § 125.20(2), which define the elements of murder in the second degree and

T h e EED defense may be invoked in cases involving "mental trauma" or "mental infirmit[y]" that d o e s not rise to the level of insanity. People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668, 677, 427 N.Y.S.2d 769, 404 N.E.2d 1310, c e r t. denied, 449 U.S. 842, 101 S.Ct. 122, 66 L.Ed.2d 50 (1980). See also DeLuca v. Lord, 77 F.3d 578, 584-85 (2d C ir .) (collecting New York authorities), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 824, 117 S.Ct. 83, 136 L.Ed.2d 40 (1996). Although th e prosecution typically bears the burden of disproving a defense, see N.Y. PENAL LAW § 25.00(1), EED is an " a ffir m a tiv e defense" which a defendant has the burden proving by a preponderance of the evidence. N.Y. PENAL L A W § 25.00[2]. The United State Supreme Court has rejected a constitutional challenge to precisely this b u r d e n -a s s ig n m e n t scheme. Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977) (holding th a t the New York statute assigning to the accused the burden of proving EED did not violate due process p r o te c tio n s)

6

-15-

manslaughter in the first degree. Read in tandem, these statutes provide that a defendant who proves by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she committed a homicide while "under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse" is guilty of manslaughter and not murder. People v. Roche, 98 N.Y.2d 70, 75, 745 N.Y.S.2d 775, 772 N.E.2d 1133 (N.Y.2002). The effect of a successful EED defense does not lead to acquittal, but reduces the crime upon conviction from murder to manslaughter in the first degree. N.Y. Penal Law § 125.25(1)(a); see also People v. Casassa, 427 N.Y.S.2d at 772-73, 404 N.E.2d 1310; DeLuca v. Lord, 77 F.3d at 585. Thus, under New York law, "extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse" is a partial affirmative defense to murder in the second degree. See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 125.25(1)(a). The EED defense "`defense allows a defendant charged with the commission of acts which would otherwise constitute murder to demonstrate the existence of mitigating factors which indicate that, although [ ] not free from responsibility for [the] crime, [defendant] ought to be punished less severely[.]'" Id. (quoting People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d at 675, 427 N.Y.S.2d 769, 404 N.E.2d 1310). The "reasonableness" of the explanation or excuse for the EED "is to be determined from the viewpoint of a person in the defendant's situation under the circumstances as the defendant believed them to be." Id. "A defendant cannot establish an extreme emotional disturbance defense without evidence that he or she suffered from a mental infirmity not rising to the level of insanity at the time of the homicide.[.]" People v. Roche, 98 N.Y.2d 70, 75 (N.Y. 2002). The defense of extreme emotional disturbance requires the defendant to produce "evidence that he or she suffered from a mental infirmity not rising to the level of insanity at the time of the homicide, typically manifested by a loss of self-control." People v. Smith, 1 N.Y.3d 610, 776 N.Y.S.2d 198, -16-

199, 808 N.E.2d 333 (N.Y.2004) (emphasis supplied); see also People v. White, 79 N.Y.2d at 904, 581 N.Y.S.2d 651, 590 N.E.2d 236. This is the EED defense's subjective element, which "focuses on the defendant's state of mind" and is "generally associated with a loss of self-control." People v. Harris, 717 N.Y.S.2d 82, 740 N.E.2d at 229; see also Roche, 98 N.Y.2d at 75, 745 N.Y.S.2d 775, 772 N.E.2d 1133. Notably, "[p]sychiatric evidence is not necessary to establish the [EED] defense." People v. Moye, 66 N.Y.2d at 890, 498 N.Y.S.2d 767, 489 N.E.2d 736 (citing Matter of Lee v. County Ct., 27 N.Y.2d 432, 442, 318 N.Y.S.2d 705, 267 N.E.2d 452). Such testimony is not "essential or controlling, and the trier of fact may reject the defense even where the prosecution offers no expert testimony to rebut it." People v. Shelton, 88 Misc.2d 136, 145, 385 N.Y.S.2d 708, 715 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1976) (citing People v. Solari, 43 A.D.2d 610, 349 N.Y.S.2d 31 (App.Div.3d Dept.1973), aff'd, 35 N.Y.2d 876, 363 N.Y.S.2d 953, 323 N.E.2d 191 (N.Y.1974); People v. Patterson, 383 N.Y.S.2d at 582, 347 N.E.2d 898). 3. C.P.L. § 250.10(2), a New York State Discovery Rule Applicable in EED Cases

"Under CPL 250.10(2), a defendant is precluded from raising any defense predicated on a mental infirmity, including extreme emotional disturbance, if the defendant fails to file and serve a timely notice of intent to present psychiatric evidence." People v. Diaz, __ N.E.2d ___, 2010 N.Y. Slip Op. 04830, 2010 WL 2265033, at *--- (N.Y. June 8, 2010). The trial court "possesses broad discretion, however, to grant permission to submit a late notice in the interest of justice at any time prior to the close of evidence[.]" Id. (citing N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 250.10(2)). When notice is given under C.P.L. § 250.10(2), the prosecution may apply to the trial judge for an order

-17-

directing the defendant to submit to an examination by a psychiatrist selected by the prosecution. N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 250.10(3)). The purpose of the C.P.L. § 250.10 notice provision is to "prevent disadvantage to the prosecution as a result of surprise." People v. Berk. 88 N.Y.2d 257, 263, 644 N.Y.S.2d 658, 661 (N.Y. 1996) (quoting Ronson v. Commissioner of Correction, 463 F. Supp. 97, 103 (S.D.N.Y. 1978), aff'd, 604 F.2d 176 (2d Cir. 1979)). "Finally, preclusion may be an appropriate sanction when a defendant has deliberately failed to file notice until after the statutory period has run." Ronson, 463 F. Supp. at 104 (holding that total preclusion unwarranted "Under the unusual circumstances of this case, in which both sides experienced substantial delay in securing evidence with regard to an insanity defense, a continuance7 would have provided the State with sufficient opportunity to obtain evidence to refute the defense" and We do not find that Ronson deliberately refrained from filing notice. Moreover, even though the evidence falls short of establishing that the prosecution had actual notice, we credit defense counsel's statements at the habeas hearing that he believed that his efforts were sufficient to notify the Assistant District Attorney that the defense would be raised at the second trial). The New York Court of Appeals has held that "[t]he trial court is granted broad discretion in making evidentiary rulings in connection with the preclusion or admission of testimony and such rulings should not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion." People v. Almonor, 93 N.Y.2d at 583, 693 N.Y.S.2d

T h e Court questions whether defense counsel wanted a continuance in this case. Indeed, it seems to h a v e been of paramount importance to defense counsel to avoid having Petitioner undergo a psychiatric evaluation b y an expert selected by the prosecutor. "Once such notice [under C.P.L. § 250.10(2)] is served, the People have the r ig h t to an examination of the defendant by a psychiatrist or a psychologist." People v. Smith, 1 N.Y.3d at 612.

7

-18-

at 869 (quoted in Romano v. Zon).8 4. Overview of the Preclusion Issue at Trial

Before the trial commenced defense counsel made several evidentiary requests. First, counsel asked to subpoena surrogate court records of the victim's wife, who had pre-deceased him. T.12-13. Defense counsel observed that the wife had not left anything to Robinson in her will, and that he had "found out other matters that raise a lot of questions as to the past conduct of the Reverend [Robinson]." T.15. The trial court inquired as "how the past conduct of the deceased" would "provide a defense of any kind[.]" T.15. Defense counsel explained that he was going to "try and elicit" that after his wife died, Robinson was "very interested in sex to what might be described as excess," and that his wife had changed her will because "she had found out about a sexual relationship that he [the victim] was having with one of their foster children[.]" T.15. The trial judge reserved decision, noting, "[i]t seems like that's well beyond this case." T.16. Several days later, just prior to opening statements, defense counsel made additional argument regarding the surrogate court records, stating that they were pertinent to the three possible defenses: "self-defense, defense from being raped or sodomized, and the defense of extreme emotional disturbance." T.40. That was the first time defense counsel had mentioned the
I n People v. Almonor, the New York Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's preclusion of p s y c h ia tr ic evidence regarding lack of intent where the defense failed to timely identify the subsection of C.P.L. § 2 5 0 .1 0 ( 1 ) under which it intended to proceed, holding that the trial court had acted within its discretion. Almonor, 93 N .Y .2 d at 581, 693 N.Y.S.2d at 868. The New York Court of Appeals noted that C.P.L. § 250.10 "contemplates and m a n d a te s preclusion for failure of compliance[,]" and "is not cast so as to allow a defense or affirmative defense to b e introduced when notice is given;" rather, "it is cast in terms that bar the defense unless notice is given." Id. See a ls o Almonor v. Keane, 27 Fed.Appx. 10, No. 01-2100, 2001 W L 1168341 (2d Cir. Sep. 21, 2001) (upholding the d is tr ic t court's denial of Almonor's federal habeas corpus petition because "the decision of the state trial court to bar th e additional psychiatric testimony did not, in the circumstances of the instant case, violate Almonor's federal c o n s titu tio n a l rights") (unpublished opinion).
8

-19-

EED defense. The prosecutor asserted that he "need[ed] a notice under the law[,]" i.e., The prosecutor objected to the EED defense on the ground that he had not received notice under C.P.L. § 250.10(2). N.Y. CRIM. PROC. LAW § 250.10(2) ("Psychiatric evidence is not admissible upon a trial unless the defendant serves upon the people and files with the court a written notice of his intention to present psychiatric evidence. . . .").9 The trial judge commented, "You need to have notice of these [defenses]. I don't see how those would come in." T.40. The following brief colloquy occurred: [Defense counsel]: Well, I don't agree that a notice is required, and I've seen a case where it [the EED defense] doesn't require psychiatric testimony. I've got it in my research and that to be raised from the testimony at trial, if it's official, and if the Defendant, say, has information that the victim is a rapist or raped somebody or is a sex addict, I think that's admissible under that defense. It's denied at this point. If something develops in the trial and in my mind I'll re-look at that, but at this point the fact that the deceased may have had relationships with other girls or other women separate from this Defendant is irrelevant.10 But if that changes and I feel that the charge is

The Court:

9

C . P . L . § 250.10 defines "the term `psychiatric evidence' [to] mean[ ]: ( a ) Evidence of mental disease or defect to be offered by the defendant in c o n n e c tio n with the affirmative defense of lack of criminal responsibility by r e a s o n of mental disease or defect. ( b ) Evidence of mental disease or defect to be offered by the defendant in c o n n e c tio n with the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance as d e fin e d in paragraph (a) of subdivision one of section 125.25 of the penal law a n d paragraph (a) of subdivision two of section 125.27 of the penal law. ( c ) Evidence of mental disease or defect to be offered by the defendant in c o n n e c tio n with any other defense not specified in the preceding paragraphs."

N .Y . CRIM . PROC. LAW § 250.10(1)(a)-(c). The defense called Petitioner's friend, Martricia Gaskin ("Gaskin"), who testified that she knew th a t Petitioner was having sex with the decedent, that the decedent gave Petitioner gifts and money, and that the d e c e d e n t had asked Gaskin to go out with him. T.1036-37. The trial court sustained the prosecutor's objection to d e fe n s e counsel's inquiry of Gaskin as to whether the decedent knew Petitioner was not eighteen years-old and w h e th e r the decedent had asked anybody to "set him up with young girls." T.1037-38.
10

-20-

based on what we put on, I'll reconsider. T.40-41. Thus, based upon defense counsel's evidentiary proffer, the trial court denied admission of the evidence regarding the victim's alleged past sexual conduct, but stated that the issue could be reconsidered depending on what developed during the trial. See T.40-41. During petitioner's direct testimony, defense counsel revisited the notice issue, stating that since he was offering no psychiatric evidence, there was no prejudice to the District Attorney by the lack of notice. The court responded that if the defendant testified as to her thoughts or why she did something, it would be "psychiatric" testimony, albeit not by an expert, and therefore notice was required. Defense counsel then stated "I believe that we're entitled to raise this defense [of EED]. Whether or not you decide to charge it is another question." The trial judge responded, "Well, that's true. I'll give you some leeway as far as her taking the stand, I think I have to." T.870-72. After calling his last witness, defense counsel asserted that the court had foreclosed him from "calling certain witnesses and going into certain areas . . . connected to . . . [the decedent's] background, his sexual tactics, his wanting to and having sex with other persons." T.1049. Defense counsel explained that he wanted to "really bring out the defense position that [the decedent] was a child molester[,]" and that "such material would be admissible as to the presentation of a rape defense [sic], possibly self-defense, but also the11 [sic] defense." T.1049. Defense counsel continued to assert no notice under C.P.L. § 250.10(2) was required because he "did not elicit from the Defendant or anyone else" and would not elicit from any other witness,

11

T r ia l counsel most likely said "the EED defense" but presumably the "EED" was not picked up by

th e court reporter.

-21-

that Smith "had any mental problems" or "any mental diseases". T.1050. That "no psychiatric evidence" was being offered allowed the defense "to avoid any notice requirement[,]" according to trial counsel. T.1050. In the alternative, counsel requested permission to file a late notice under C.P.L. § 250.10(3), which, as he noted, he was statutorily permitted to do because the proofs had not been closed. Id. Defense counsel asserted that if a late filing was permitted, the prosecutor could not ask for a psychiatric examination of Petitioner "to counter psychiatric evidence or testimony[,]" " because there is none and there will be none[.]" Counsel asserted that he had no expert witness, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, that he intended to call. T.1050-51. The prosecutor reiterated his objection that the notice requirement had not been met, argued that under People v. Berk and People v. Pitts, C.P.L. § 250.10 should be interpreted broadly to refer to "any evidence of any psychiatric condition" and not just "expert testimony[.]" T.1051. The prosecutor argued that defense should not be permitted to "get around the notice requirement by sneaking [psychiatric evidence] in through the Defendant[.]" The prosecutor claimed prejudice because Petitioner had not been examined by a psychiatric expert selected by the prosecution. T.1051.12 The prosecutor noted that he had raised his objections regarding the lack of notice on three occasions so far, and since the trial court had actually let the information come in by way of the Petitioner's testimony, the parties really were at the point of arguing whether the jury would be charged with the EED defense. T.1051-52. The prosecutor reiterated his objection as to the lack of notice, noting that they were three weeks into trial, and it was "just too late" for the

A fte r a defendant serves notice under C.P.L. § 250.10(2), the prosecutor can move the trial court to order the defendant to undergo a psychiatric examination by an expert witness selected by the prosecutor.

12

-22-

defense to ask for an adjournment in order to have Petitioner examined by a prosecution expert. T.1052. The trial court ruled as follows: [A]s far as the extreme emotional disturbance defense, without psychiatric testimony, again, and I indicated this yesterday, that's certainly permissible, but it doesn't change the notice requirement [in C.P.L. § 250.10(2)]. I think the notice requirement is very clear and there's never been notice of EED. As far as the request to file a notice now, it's much too late in the game for that, and as far as the Court letting in a lot of the evidence which I did concerning the sexual relationship between the Defendant and the deceased, I let that in in part because some of that will relate to a self-defense charge if you request it, and that's why I let some of it in. . . ." T.1052-53. Thus, the trial court precluded any evidence to be admitted to the extent it was probative of an EED defense. As noted above, defense counsel wanted to subpoena the records from the probate proceedings of the decedent and his late wife for purpose of showing the alleged sexual proclivities of the decedent as they related to individuals other than Petitioner. As the trial court correctly noted earlier, there was no showing of the relevance these documents had to Petitioner's trial. Accordingly, their admission was properly refused on grounds of irrelevancy. Defense counsel also wanted to use Petitioner's own testimony regarding her sexual relationship with the decedent, and what she knew of the decedent's sexual relationships with other individuals, in support of the EED defense. Here, the trial court did provide defense counsel "leeway" in the subject-matter of Petitioner's testimony, allowing her to testify at length regarding her sexual relationship with the decedent, his unconventional, and some would say, perverted sexual proclivities, the demands that he made upon her, that he bought her alcohol and wanted her to be drunk during their sexual encounters, and her state of mind at the time of the -23-

murder. In addition, defense counsel had elicited testimony from one of Petitioner's friends that the decedent had asked the friend out on a date. The foregoing evidence was pertinent to the EED defense, but the trial court indicated that the only reasons that she was allowing it was because it also was relevant to the justification (self-defense) defense, which did not require advance notice. The net effect of the trial judge's ruling that the lack of C.P.L. § 250.10(2) notice required preclusion, and the denial of the EED jury instruction, was to deny Petitioner the opportunity to present the defense of extreme emotional disturbance as an alternative, yet not inconsistent defense. See Lopez v. Ercole, No. 09CIV.1398PACAJP, 2010 WL 1628994, at *30 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 2010) ("Thus, the justification defense was not a better defense than the EED defense (which, in any event, could have been raised along with a justification defense)."). On direct appeal, the Appellate Division declined to decide whether the trial court properly applied C.P.L. § 250.10(2) to the non-expert testimony that defense counsel sought to introduce. Instead, it held that Smith was not entitled to a jury charge on EED based solely on trial counsel's assertion, in an attempt to persuade the trial court that no notice was required, that Smith was suffering from a "mental disease or defect." Thus, the Appellate Division found, it made no difference whether the evidence to support the defense was properly excluded or not. Accordingly, the Appellate Division ruled that it "need not decide whether notice pursuant to CPL 250.10(2) is required for mental health testimony by non-experts." People v. Smith, 299 A.D.2d at 942, 750 N.Y.S.2d at 731. Although the statement by trial counsel to the effect that Smith was not suffering from a mental disease or defect was inartful, this Court believes that the Appellate Division elevated form over substance so as to misconstrue trial counsel's statement as negating his request for an -24-

EED defense. This error was not repeated by the New York Court of Appeals when it affirmed the Appellate Division's order, however. Although the Court of Appeals also concluded that Smith was not entitled to an EED jury charge, its holding was based on a different rationale, as discussed further in this Decision and Order, infra, in the section regarding the failure to give the EED instruction. Because it rejected Smith's claim that an EED charge was warranted, the Court of Appeals similarly ruled it "need not decide whether pretrial notice of defendant's proffered testimony was required," People v. Smith, 1 N.Y.3d at 612, 808 N.E.2d at 334, because, as more fully discussed below, it found that there was insufficient evidence to support the defense, obviating the need for deciding that whether lay testimony concerning the EED defense required notice. Since both the Appellate Division and New York Court of Appeals specifically declined to decide the issue of whether was properly precluded under C.P.L. § 250.10(2), the only court that adjudicated the claim on the merits was the County Court. Time has proven that the trial judge correctly construed C.P.L. § 250.10(2) as applying to lay evidence, such as a defendant's own testimony, offered in support of an EED defense: Recently, the New York Court of Appeals answered in the affirmative the question it explicitly left open in Smith's case­"whether a defendant seeking to raise an extreme emotional disturbance defense is required to provide notice pursuant to CPL 250.10 if the intent is to rely solely on lay testimony to prove the affirmative defense." People v. Diaz, 2010 WL 2265033, at *­ (holding that in a second-degree murder prosecution, defendant was required to provide statutory notice of his intent to rely upon the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance (EED), notwithstanding his stated intention to support that defense with lay testimony only; the notice requirement's goals of preventing -25-

unfair surprise and allowing the prosecution an opportunity to obtain evidence from any source were implicated whether defendant sought to establish mental infirmity through expert or lay testimony).13 Because the sanction of preclusion bears on a defendant's constitutional right to present a defense, the New York Court of Appeals cautioned in People v. Diaz that trial courts must be vigilant in weighing a defendant's constitutional rights "`against the resultant prejudice to the People from the belated notice[.]'" Id. (quoting Berk, 88 N.Y.2d at 266, 644 N.Y.S.2d 658, 667 N.E.2d 308). Here, although the trial court was correct in finding that notice under C.P.L. § 250.10(2) was required if Petitioner wanted to present an EED defense based upon lay testimony, it did not perform the required balancing of prejudice to the prosecution against Petitioner's right to present a defense. This Court reads Diaz as a recommendation that courts employ preclusion sparingly, given the nature of the constitutional right at stake, see Ronson v. Commissioner of Correction, 604 F.2d 176, 178 (2d Cir. 1979), and also that prosecutors need to demonstrate that their cases are actually hindered by a defendant's late notice rather than simply asserting that prejudice flows automatically from a tardy assertion of the defense. The trial court simply agreed

I ts last pronouncement on C.P.L. § 250.10(2), People v. Berk, dealt with a defendant who sought to introduce testimony of a forensic psychologist­who had not examined him personally­ regarding the general te n e ts of the "flight or fight syndrome." The New York Court of Appeals observed in Berk that "inasmuch as the n o tic e provision was intended `to allow the People an opportunity to obtain any mental health evidence necessary to r e fu te a defense of mental infirmity, it follows that it applies to any mental health evidence to be offered by the d e fe n d a n t in connection with such a defense[.]'" ( id. at 265, 644 N.Y.S.2d 658, 667 N.E.2d 308 [emphasis in o r ig in a l] ). In Diaz, the defendant filed late notice of his intent to present his own testimony in support of an EED d e fe n s e . The New York Court of Appeals determined that "[a]lthough Berk involved expert testimony, its reasoning a p p lie s equally to lay testimony proffered in connection with a mental infirmity defense." The notice provision in C .P .L . § 250.10, whose aims are "preventing unfair surprise and allowing the People an opportunity to obtain e v id e n c e from any source, expert or otherwise[,]" are "implicated whether a defendant seeks to establish a mental in fir m ity through expert or lay testimony, whether by the defendant or other persons, such as witnesses to the events r e la te d to the crimes charged." Id. Consequently, for purposes C.P.L. § 250.10(2), "psychiatric evidence," which the c o u r t has "broadly construed to encompass `any' mental health evidence offered by a defendant, includes lay te s tim o n y."

13

-26-

with the prosecutor that it was too late and did not give any real consideration to granting a continuance. To be fair, trial counsel did not specifically ask for permission to file late notice at that point. Indeed, he maintained that notice was simply not required. See T.40-41. Although the trial court believed it was already too late to even consider a continuance, this was the type of case "where a defendant plans to rely on lay testimony alone in support of a mental infirmity defense" and "the degree of prejudice to the prosecution . . . [might] be less significant . . . ." People v. Diaz, supra. Because trial courts "enjoy wide discretion in considering late notice, . . . and can adjourn proceedings to give the People time to gather rebuttal evidence," id., this Court believes that the trial court here should have exercised its discretion to consider a continuance in this case, given the importance of the constitutional right at stake. "[S]tate preclusion rules may not be applied mechanically; rather `a State must evaluate whether the interests served by a rule justify the limitation imposed on the defendant's constitutional right to testify,' Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. at 56, or `to present witnesses in his own defense,' Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 (1973)." Pulinario v. Goord, 118 Fed. Appx. 554, 2004 WL 2980384, at **2 (2d Cir. Dec. 23, 2004) (affirming district court's grant of habeas corpus based upon prejudicial preclusion of evidence). The Court believes that the trial court should have explored whether the prosecutor, based on defense counsel's evidentiary proffer, desired to have Petitioner examined by an expert; as People v. Diaz observed, the trial courts have the discretion to order a defendant asserting an EED defense to undergo a psychiatric examination. Given that the trial spanned at least three weeks, there was certainly sufficient time for the prosecutor to have Petitioner examined by a psychiatrist or psychologist. Because trial counsel insisted that even if late notice were granted, -27-

the prosecution (1) still would not be able to have Petitioner examined by a psychiatrist and (2) was not prejudiced because the defense was not presenting "psychiatric" testimony, his litigation posture leads this Court to believe that he most likely would have elected to withdraw his request to present an EED defense in order to avoid having Petitioner examined by an expert selected by the prosecution. Thus, the Court believes that trial counsel's arguments in this regard reveal an element of gamesmanship. However, the Court does not find that there was "willful misconduct" on the part of the defense since at the time of Petitioner's trial, it was an open question of New York law whether C.P.L. § 250.10(2) notice was required where, as in Petitioner's case, the evidence to support the EED defense was not going to be provided by an expert witness. Contrast with Taylor, 484 U.S. at 417 (quoted in Pulinario, 2004 WL 2980384, at **2) (observing that "[i]n Taylor, preclusion was permissible because the totality of the circumstances indicated that `the case fit [ ] into the category of willful misconduct in which the severest sanction is appropriate'") (alteration in Pulinario, supra). After reviewing the transcript, the relevant portions of which have been quoted above, the trial court considered only whether C.P.L. § 250.10(2)'s notice requirement had been satisfied, and did not consider the impact of her ruling on Petitioner's due process right to present a defense. The Second Circuit has held that "[i]n considering only whether § 250.10 had been satisfied, the state court failed to account for `the fundamental character of the defendant's right to offer the testimony of witnesses in [her] favor.'" Pulinario, 2004 WL 2980384, at **4 (quoting Taylor, 484 U.S. at 414) (alteration in Pulinario). Even though I conclude the state trial court committed error, this is not the end of the inquiry; I must still determine whether the error was harmless. E.g., Pulinario, 2004 WL 2980384, at **4. When a defendant's constitutional -28-

rights have been violated as a result of trial error, the Supreme Court has applied the following test to determine, on collateral review, whether an error was harmless: In order to be harmful, the error must have "`had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.'" Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 631 (1993) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)); see also Fry v. Pliler. The Court now turns to an assessment of the importance of the items of proof sought to be admitted at trial in support of Smith's proposed EED defense. As noted above, trial counsel asserted that he should be allowed to introduce evidence that the decedent was a "child molester." E.g., T.40-41, 1049-52. This proposed evidence included (1) probate records of the decedent's wife which purportedly would have demonstrated that Petitioner had a sexual relationship with one of their foster children; (2) testimony from witnesses other than Petitioner about the decedent's sexual conduct; and (3) Petitioner's own testimony concerning her sexual relationship with the decedent and her state of mind at the time of the incident. See id. As to the first category of evidence, the probate records, the Court does not find that such documentation was relevant or admissible under any exception to the rule against hearsay. With regard to the second category, the proposed testimony from other witnesses about the decedent having engaged in illegal sexual conduct with minors other than Smith, it is not clear how such testimony would be relevant to support an EED defense. The defense deals with the mental and emotional state of the defendant, which certainly could include her knowledge of the victim's behavior. If the defendant did not know about such activities on decedent's part, then it is difficult to see how they could have affected her mentally or emotionally. In any event, evidence of this sort was admitted: One of Smith's friends, Martricia Gaskin, was actually -29-

permitted to testify that the decedent had asked her out on a date. In addition, during Petitioner's trial testimony, she testified extensively about her knowledge of the sexual relationships the decedent had with a number of her young female friends. Respondent asserts that Petitioner's testimony did not indicate that she was aware of any adverse effect that the decedent's conduct toward these other young women had upon her. The Court agrees that this is a fair characterization after reading the transcript, and thus, Petitioner has not demonstrated how such evidence, given her testimony in this particular case, was important to an EED defense. The Court turns to the third and final category of proposed evidence, Petitioner's own testimony concerning her sexual relationship with the decedent. This evidence certainly was material, since without it Smith did not have the possibility of an EED defense. However, the trial court, despite its preclusion ruling, nevertheless allowed defense counsel to extensively explore Petitioner's relationship with the victim as well as her mental and emotional state at the time of the murder since the trial court believed it was relevant to a self-defense charge. The defense's main evidence relevant to an EED defense thus was admitted, although the jury did not consider it in support of an EED defense because the trial court refused to so instruct the jury based upon its finding that the defense had not provided the required notice. Under the peculiar facts of this case, the preclusion error is hopeless entangled with the failure to charge issue: Was the preclusion error rendered harmless since the evidence was admitted? Or, was the preclusion error ultimately harmful because the EED jury charge was not given as a consequence thereof? Here, the state courts circumvented this conundrum by finding that the evidence presented relevant to an EED defense was not sufficient to entitle Petitioner to a jury instruction on that defense, and therefore the notice and preclusion issues did not need to be decided. For the -30-

reasons discussed in the following section, the Court concludes that the state courts did not clearly err in holding that an EED instruction was not warranted on an insufficiency-of-theevidence basis. This Court reads the New York Court of Appeals holding in Smith as saying that any preclusion error in Smith's case did not affect the jury's verdict, after all was said and done. Under the circumstances presented here, the Court concludes that its agreement with the state courts on the jury charge question necessarily leads to a finding of harmlessness of the preclusion error. B. Due Process Violation: Denial of Request to Issue Jury Instruction on Extreme Emotional Disturbance 1. Was an Extreme Emotional Disturbance Jury Instruction Required Under New York State Law? a. Overview

As the Second Circuit explained in Davis v. Strack, 270 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2001), when a habeas petitioner alleges that she was deprived of her right to present a defense by virtue of a trial court's refusal to issue a requested jury instruction, the court must first determine whether Smith was entitled to the charge as a matter of New York State law. Accord Buckner v. Burge, 2010 WL 1328982, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2010). Answering that question requires consultation with state law and deference to the state-courts' interpretation of the state's laws, to the extent that those interpretations are themselves constitutional. Davis v. Strack, 270 F.3d at 123 n. 4. b. New York Law on EED

"Recognizing that some intentional homicides may result from "an understandable human response deserving of mercy," People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668, 680-81, 427 N.Y.S.2d 769, 404 N.E.2d 1310 (N.Y.), cert. denied sub nom. Casassa v. New York, 449 U.S. 842, 101 S.Ct. -31-

122, 66 L.Ed.2d 50 (1980), the New York State Legislature created the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance, which reduces intentional murder to first degree manslaughter if the defendant establishes its elements by a preponderance of the evidence." Buckner, 2010 WL 1328982, at *5 (citing N.Y. PENAL LAW §§ 125.20(2); 125.27(2)(a); People v. Moye, 66 N.Y.2d 887, 890, 498 N.Y.S.2d 767, 489 N.E.2d 736 (N.Y. 1985) (discussing the elements of the extreme emotional disturbance affirmative defense)). Extreme emotional disturbance is a statutory, partial affirmative defense that is available wh