Wright v. City of New York et al

Filing 179

DECISION & ORDER granting in part, denying in part with prejudice, and denying in part without prejudice Defendants' 167 Motion in Limine.As explained more fully in the Decision and Order, the Court ORDERS that Plaintiff, on or before February 13, 2022 at 5:00PM, convey to Defendants and the Court an expert report that meets the requirements of FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) with regard to any opinion testimony that will be offered by Dr. Roger Miles Rose.SO ORDERED. Signed by Hon. Frank P. Geraci, Jr. on 2/11/2022. (SFR)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
LEDARRIUS WRIGHT,
Plaintiff,
v.

Case # 13-CV-563-FPG
DECISION AND ORDER

JACQUELYN LEVITT, M.D., et al.,
Defendants.
INTRODUCTION
On May 13, 2021, the Court denied without prejudice several motions in limine brought
by Defendants Carl Koenigsmann, Jacquelyn Levitt, and Christina Misa. The Court indicated that
Defendants could renew and refile those motions once the Court had held a hearing on
administrative exhaustion and ruled on that threshold issue. ECF No. 146 at 4. On December 7,
2021, and December 8, 2021, the Court conducted an evidentiary hearing on exhaustion, ECF Nos.
161, 162, and subsequently issued a written decision finding that Plaintiff had met his burden to
show that Defendants’ nominally available administrative grievance procedure was unavailable to
Plaintiff as a matter of fact. ECF No. 169 at 11.
On January 19, 2022, Defendants renewed their motions in limine. They request an order
granting the following relief: (1) limiting Plaintiff to recovering nominal and punitive damages
only and precluding him from recovering compensatory damages; (2) permitting Defendants to
rely on Plaintiff’s prior criminal trial testimony, in the event the Court does not preclude
compensatory damages; (3) precluding the expert testimony of Dr. Roger Miles Rose; (4)
precluding the expert testimony of Dr. Paul Adler; and (5) precluding Plaintiff from maintaining

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claims against Defendants Koenigsmann and Misa. See generally ECF No. 167. On January 28,
2022, Plaintiff responded in opposition, ECF No. 173, and on February 2, 2022, Defendants
replied, ECF No. 174.
For the following reasons, and as discussed below, Defendants’ motion is GRANTED IN
PART, DENIED IN PART WITH PREJUDICE, and DENIED IN PART WITHOUT
PREJUDICE.
DISCUSSION
I.

Section 1997e(e) Damages
Plaintiff’s sole claim is that Defendants violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment

of the United States Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by denying him necessary medical care
and that such denial “amounted to cruel and inhuman treatment and demonstrated deliberate
indifference to his needs and his suffering.” ECF No. 43 at 6. Plaintiff is deaf, and the crux of his
claim is that Defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights in denying him a cochlear implant
consultation with an Ear Nose and Throat (“ENT”) specialist. Plaintiff seeks $5,000,000 in
compensatory damages, which includes recovery for “physical pain and suffering, emotional pain
& suffering and inconvenience.” Id. Plaintiff also seeks punitive damages in the amount of
$1,000,000. Id.
Defendants assert that Plaintiff should be limited to recovering nominal and punitive
damages because Plaintiff cannot show he suffered a “physical injury” caused by Defendants—
which they contend is a prerequisite to recovery under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”).
ECF No. 167-1 at 3-6.
In response, Plaintiff contends that he suffered sufficient physical injury to permit
compensatory damages for mental and emotional suffering. ECF No. 173 at 1-4. Plaintiff points

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to the fact that as a deaf person he was an easy target for the multiple beatings he suffered at the
hands of prison staff and fellow inmates. ECF No. 173 at 2. Plaintiff’s position is that these
beatings, which were physical in nature, foreseeably resulted from Defendants’ “decision to leave
[Plaintiff] deaf.” Id. As an alternate theory, Plaintiff argues he is entitled to seek compensatory
damages because “[b]eing left deaf for years is an inherently physical injury.” ECF No. 173 at 2.
Defendants disagree and contend that Plaintiff’s deafness does not qualify as a “physical
injury” under the statute because it was not caused by Defendants in the first place. ECF No. 1671 at 4. Rather, Defendants point out, his claim stems from Defendants’ denial of an ENT consult.
Furthermore, they argue that the alleged beatings may not properly be considered a “physical
injury” because they were carried out by others, not Defendants. Id. at 5.
The PLRA states that “[n]o Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in
a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody
without a prior showing of physical injury or the commission of a sexual act.” 42 U.S.C. §
1997e(e). Thus, the statute “bars recovery of compensatory damages for mental and emotional
injuries, absent physical injury, in § 1983 actions.” Brown v. Napoli, 687 F. Supp. 2d 295, 299
(W.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing Thompson v. Carter, 284 F.3d 411, 416 (2d Cir. 2002)). Section 1997e(e)
does not define “physical injury”, but case law has developed which specifies the term’s metes
and bounds. “[C]ourts have held that in order to constitute a physical injury under 1997e(e), an
injury must be more than de minimis, but need not be significant.” May v. Donneli, No. 9:06–cv–
437, 2009 WL 3049613, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2009).
“It is well settled that in order to ‘recover compensatory damages under Section 1983, a
plaintiff must prove that his injuries were proximately caused by the constitutional violation.’”
Carlton v. C.O. Pearson, 384 F. Supp. 3d 382, 387 (W.D.N.Y. 2019) (emphasis in original)

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(quoting Gibeau v. Nellis, 18 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 1994)). Thus, “[u]nless a plaintiff proves that
he or she has suffered an injury that resulted from a constitutional violation, the plaintiff is entitled
only to nominal damages.” Id. at 388 (emphasis in original).
A. Whether Plaintiff’s Deafness Alone Constitutes a “Physical Injury”
The Court considers first Plaintiff’s argument that his deafness, in and of itself, is a
“physical injury” that would satisfy § 1997e(e). 1 Plaintiff does not argue that Defendants caused
his deafness; his theory is that their inaction caused him to remain deaf which is “an inherently
physical injury.” ECF No. 173 at 2.
The Court finds that Plaintiff’s argument fails under the reasoning of Leon v. Johnson, 96
F. Supp. 2d 244 (W.D.N.Y. 2000). In Leon, the defendants argued that there was no evidence that
the plaintiff suffered a physical injury due to a delay in receipt of prescribed medication. Leon, 96
F. Supp. 2d at 248. In response, plaintiff contended “that the denial of his prescribed medication
alone satisfies the physical injury requirement of § 1997e(e).” Id. The court considered whether
the defendants’ failure to administer the prescribed medication to plaintiff, standing alone, was a
sufficient “physical injury” under the statute and reasoned as follows:

Neither party has raised the threshold question of whether Defendants waived their right to bring an argument under
§ 1997e(e). Courts in this Circuit are split on whether § 1997e(e) is an affirmative defense that must be raised in the
defendant’s answer to be maintained, or a “limitation on recovery” that need not be pled. Compare In re Nassau Cnty.
Stip Search Cases, No. 99–CV–2844 (DRH), 2010 WL 3781563, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2010) with Kelsey v. Cnty.
of Schoharie, No. 04-CV-299, 2005 WL 1972557, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2005). The majority of courts that have
addressed the issue appear to fall on the affirmative defense side of the question. See Walker v. Schult, 463 F. Supp.
3d 323, n.7 (N.D.N.Y. 2020) (collecting cases), appeal filed.
1

Assuming § 1997e(e)’s “physical injury” requirement is an affirmative defense, the Court sees no obligation to rule
on the issue of waiver because Plaintiff has not raised it. Even if Plaintiff had argued waiver, the Court would find no
waiver here. Though it is true that Defendants did not raise § 1997e(e) in their Answer to Plaintiff’s Amended
Complaint, see ECF No. 53, and did not raise this argument until January 7, 2021 in their motion in limine, ECF No.
125-1, Plaintiff has never argued waiver. Furthermore, Plaintiff was provided with “notice and opportunity to
respond,” and did indeed respond to Defendants’ § 1997e(e) argument. On these facts, the Court may consider
Defendants’ argument at this juncture, notwithstanding a ruling on the issue of waiver. See Gilmore v. Gilmore, 503
F. App’x 97, 99 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order) (finding district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
defendants to assert an affirmative defense raised for the first time in a joint pretrial order where plaintiffs were
provided notice and an opportunity to be heard).

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[A]bsent some concrete physical harm, a delay in providing medication is not an
“injury” of the type contemplated by the statute. First, there are the words
themselves: “physical injury.” Congress’s use of these words suggests that there
must be some actual harm to the plaintiff, and that the harm must be bodily in
nature. The “harm” alleged here, however—a delay in receipt of medication to
treat plaintiff’s disease—is at most merely a potential harm, possibly putting
plaintiff at risk of a worsened condition. Plaintiff does not allege that his condition
did become worse as a result of not taking his medication, however, and there is no
evidence that he suffered any adverse effects from the delay
Leon, 96 F. Supp. at 248.
The Court finds this reasoning to be sound, and on the facts of this case, it mandates a
finding that Plaintiff “being left deaf” is not a sufficient physical injury for purposes of § 1997e(e). 2
Plaintiff does not argue that his ability to hear diminished because Defendants’ denial of the ENT
consultation for cochlear implants, or that earlier intervention with cochlear implants would have
prevented some hearing-related harm. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff cannot rely on
his deafness, standing alone, to satisfy the “physical injury” requirement.
B. Whether Beatings and Isolation Constitute a Physical Injury
Plaintiffs argue that he “was abused and beaten multiple times, by both prison staff and
other inmates.” ECF No. 173 at 2. Plaintiff argues that these beatings were a “foreseeable
consequence” of the Defendants’ inaction which left him deaf and vulnerable. Id. at 2-3. In
addition to beatings, Plaintiff, quoting his Amended Complaint, notes that he suffered “isolation,
solitary confinement and other harsh consequences of his inability to hear other inmates and prison
staff, which caused the plaintiff both physical and emotional harm.” ECF No. 173 at 2 (citing ECF
No. 43 ¶ 21) (emphasis in original).
In response, Defendants argue that isolation and solitary confinement do not qualify as a
“physical injury” under § 1997e(e); that any beatings Plaintiff suffered were not proximately
The Court need not, and does not, reach the broader question of whether failure to treat a harm can never be sufficient
for § 1997e(e) absent worsening of the condition.

2

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caused by the Defendants because Defendants did not render him deaf in the first place; and that
Plaintiff’s have not alleged sufficient information about the beatings to permit the Court to
conclude that any injury was more than de minimis. ECF No. 167-1 at 2-6; ECF No. 174 at 3. The
Court considers each of these arguments in turn.
1. Isolation and Solitary Confinement
Plaintiff’s alleged “isolation, solitary confinement, and other harsh consequences” do not
qualify as a “physical injury” under § 1997e(e). See Amaker v. Goord, No. 06–CV–490A, 2015
WL 3603970, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. 2015) (finding that “disciplinary confinement to special housing
for approximately 200 days and repeated denial of access to religious services and celebrations”
did not meet the statute’s physical injury requirement); see also Kimbrough v. Fischer, No. 9:13CV-100, 2017 WL 1333549, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 11, 2017) (finding that “deprivations . . . such
as loss of recreation, inability to attend religious services, loss of contact visitations, and loss of
certain privileges” did not qualify as injuries that would permit plaintiff to seek compensatory
damages). Thus, Defendants’ motion is GRANTED insofar as it challenges Plaintiff’s reliance on
these injuries to meet § 1997e(e)’s requirements.
2. Beatings
As stated above, to qualify as “a physical injury under 1997e(e), an injury must be more
than de minimis, but need not be significant.” May, 2009 WL 3049613, at *3. Plaintiff bears the
burden to meet this requirement. Id.
Here, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint alleges “physical injury” in the form of beatings. Cf.
Orraca v. McCreery, No. 9:04-CV-1183, 2006 WL 1133254, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2006) (“A
thorough search of plaintiff’s complaint fails to reveal any indication that he has suffered physical
injury as a result of the retaliatory acts of which he complains.”). Specifically, Plaintiff states that

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he “has suffered beatings . . . and other harsh consequences of his inability to hear other inmates
and prison staff, which has caused the [P]laintiff both physical and emotional harm.” ECF No. 43
¶ 21; cf. Leon, 96 F. Supp. at 249 (finding “that the bare allegation of pain and suffering in the
complaint (which does not say whether the pain and suffering were physical or emotional) is
insufficient to defeat defendants’ motion.”).
Defendants argue that even if Plaintiff has alleged physical beatings in his Amended
Complaint, the allegations are insufficient as a matter of law to meet the “physical injury”
requirement because the extent of Plaintiff’s physically injuries is unclear.

Specifically,

Defendants state:
while “beatings . . . and other harsh consequences” of being deaf in prison might
arguably result in a more than de minimus physical injury, here, we do not know
because Plaintiff has not alleged a specific physical injury. There is not even the
most rudimentary of allegations regarding a specific physical injury (i.e., when did
it happen, where did it happen, how did it happen, what body part was injured?).
How is the Court to determine if Plaintiff has alleged a more than de minimus
physical injury?
ECF No. 174 at 3.
The answer to Defendants’ question is that such a factual determination by the Court
regarding the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries is not possible because the issue is not properly before
the Court at this time. Defendants did not raise the issue at summary judgment. On the record
before it, the Court “[cannot] determine as a matter of law that [Plaintiff’s] injuries were de
minimis.” See McGarry v. Pallito, No. 1:09–CV–128, 2013 WL 3338682, at *7 (D. Vt. July 2,
2013); see also Peterson v. Morin, No. C–11–176, 2012 WL 1694775, at *3 (S.D. Tex. May 15,
2012).
Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to limit Plaintiff’s damages under § 1997e(e) is DENIED
WITHOUT PREJUDICE and is subject to renewal at trial. See United States v. Chan, 184 F. Supp.

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2d 337, 340 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (“[C]ourts considering a motion in limine may reserve judgment until
trial, so that the motion is placed in the appropriate factual context.”).
3. Causation
Plaintiff does not dispute Defendants’ contention that any physical beatings he suffered did
not occur directly at their hands. Plaintiff’s theory, as the Court understands it, is that Defendants’
denial of an ENT consult resulted in Plaintiff remaining deaf rather than receiving cochlear
implants. Remaining deaf while incarcerated resulted in Plaintiff being more vulnerable than he
otherwise would have been (had he received cochlear implants). Due to that vulnerability, Plaintiff
was an easy target for beatings at the hands of fellow inmates and prison staff and/or Plaintiff was
beaten for failure to properly respond in a socially appropriate manner to fellow inmates and prison
staff. This case thus presents a contrast from cases where there is simply no plausible causal
connection between the physical injury and constitutional deprivation. See Gousse v. Whitfield,
No. 99 CIV. 10665, 1999 WL 1029715, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 10, 1999) (finding plaintiff did not
meet § 1997e(e)’s requirements where he “nowhere hint[ed] that [defendant’s] conduct caused
him any physical injury.”).
As with the issue of the alleged beatings discussed above, the Court is unable to resolve
this dispute regarding causation in the context of a motion in limine. It is better addressed at trial
in light of the evidence presented therein. See Chan, 184 F. Supp. 2d at 340. Accordingly,
Defendants’ motion to limit Plaintiff’s damages on this ground is DENIED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE.
II.

Plaintiff’s Prior Criminal Trial Testimony
Next, Defendants assert that they are entitled to rely on Plaintiff’s prior criminal trial

testimony if the Court does not limit Plaintiff’s ability to recover compensatory damages. ECF

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No. 167-1 at 6-8. Because the Court has not limited Plaintiff’s ability to recover such damages
under the analysis above, the Court considers this issue.
In their motion, Defendants discuss two types of prior testimony they seek to use at trial.
First, they seek to utilize testimony from Plaintiff’s prior criminal trial, given on March 4, 2009,
in which he states that he contemplated suicide while he was on the run after having committed a
crime. ECF No. 167-1 at 6. The specific testimony Defendants seek to introduce is as follows:
Q.

Did you tell the police that you thought about killing yourself?

A.

Yes, sir.

ECF No. 167-3 at 2.
Defendants’ position is that because Plaintiff contemplated suicide in 2009, but
subsequently was designated as an inmate not in need of mental health care services while at
Wende Correctional Facility, Defendants should be permitted to present this evidence for the jury
to consider since Plaintiff is seeking damages for mental suffering and may allege suicidal
ideations as a part of that suffering. Id. Defendants argue that this testimony qualifies as a “prior
statement of an opponent” and is thus admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence (“FRE”)
801(d)(2).
In response, Plaintiff argues that the testimony is irrelevant under FRE 401 and, even if
relevant, should not be permitted because “it would clearly be more prejudicial than probative.”
ECF No. 173 at 4-6. The Court agrees with Plaintiff. Any mental anguish that Plaintiff suffered
at the time of the underlying criminal offense, which he testified to in 2009, has no tendency to
prove or disprove mental suffering he experienced as a result from being deaf in prison years later.

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Thus, this evidence is irrelevant and is precluded under FRE 401 3 and 402. 4 See Contreras v.
Artus, 778 F.3d 97, 108 (2d Cir. 2015) (“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency in reason to
prove the existence of any material fact, i.e., it makes determination of the action more probable
or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”). Defendants’ motion is DENIED WITH
PREJUDICE.
Second, Defendants seek to admit testimony given by Plaintiff at his criminal trial that he
feared being beaten by gang members and that he paid a gang member for protection. ECF No.
167-1 at 7. Specifically, the testimony is as follows:
Q.

You wanted protective custody why?

A.
Because when Bloods when the Bloods hear they was trying to accuse me of what
they was accusing me of, they was going to be doing what they doing to me right now.
Q.

You feared revenge, correct?

A.

Not calling it revenge, sir.

Q.

You feared that you would be harmed, correct?

A.

I feel the Bloods were trying to get beat me up.

ECF No. 167-3 at 3.
In response, Plaintiff argues that this testimony is inadmissible under FRE 401 and 402.
The Court agrees. Based on the present record before the Court, the testimony has no tendency to
prove or disprove a material fact and thus is inadmissible under FRE 401 and 402. In addition, the
Court finds such testimony is barred by FRE 403 because it risks confusing the jury and any

FRE 401 provides that evidence is relevant if it “(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it
would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Fed. R. Ev. 401.
3

4

FRE 402 states in pertinent part that “[i]rrelevant evidence is not admissible.” Fed. R. Ev. 402.

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probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. 5 “Evidence of a
witness’s affiliation with a gang is highly prejudicial, especially when the gang evidence is not
relevant to a central issue in a case.” Ramos v. Trifone, No. 3:11CV00679, 2015 WL 6509114, at
*7 (D. Conn. Oct. 28, 2015) (precluding evidence regarding plaintiff’s gang affiliation in prisoner
civil rights case). Here, the testimony does not specifically establish that Plaintiff was a member
of a gang, but jurors could easily draw a conclusion that Plaintiff was involved in a rival gang to
the Bloods since he feared violence at their hands. Such an inference would be highly prejudicial
and, as stated above, the testimony has no obvious probative value based on the present factual
record. Fear of beatings in 2009 at the hands of gang members is factually distinct from beatings
that allegedly did occur years later that resulted from Plaintiff’s inability to hear and were carried
out by prison staff and fellow inmates.
However, we do not know if this testimony will ultimately become relevant based on the
evidence presented at trial, and result in a different calculus as far as the probative value versus
unfair prejudice. For example, if, hypothetically, Plaintiff were to take the stand and testify that
the only fellow inmates who beat him were members of the Bloods, this testimony could become
relevant because it could tend to establish that he was beaten for some reason other than his
deafness and resulting vulnerability—i.e., a pre-existing dispute with members of a gang.
Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to admit this testimony is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

FRE 403 states that “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Ev. 403.

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III.

Expert Witness Preclusion
A. Relevant Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Evidence
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 26(a)(2)(A), a party must disclose “the

identity of any witness it may use at trial to present evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence
[(“FRE”)] 702, 703, or 705.” Puglisi v. Town of Hempstead Sanitary Dist. No. 2, No. 11–CV–
0445, 2013 WL 4046263, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 8, 2013) (brackets in original). Read together,
FREs 702, 703, and 705 “set forth the method by which, and on what topics a witness designated
as an expert may render opinion testimony.” Id. at 3 n.3. “Rule 702 generally codifies the standard
for establishing the reliability of expert testimony as set forth by the United States Supreme Court
in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469
(1993).” 6 Id.
FRCP 26(a) “sets forth two types of expert disclosures.” Rodriguez v. Vill. of Port Chester,
535 F. Supp. 3d 202, 209 (S.D.N.Y. 2021). As is relevant here, FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) mandates that
the disclosure of any expert witness “retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony”
must include a written report containing:
(i) a complete statement of all opinions that the witness will express and the basis
and reasons for them; (ii) the facts or data considered by the witness in forming
them; (iii) any exhibits that will be used to summarize or support them; (iv) the
witness’s qualifications, including a list of all publications authored in the previous
6

In full, FRE 702 states as follows:

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form
of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.

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10 years; (v) a list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, the
witness testified as an expert at trial or by deposition; and (vi) a statement of the
compensation to be paid for the study and testimony in the case.
Rodriguez, 535 F. Supp. at 209 (emphasis in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)). FRCP
26(e) states that “[a] party who has made a disclosure under Rule 26(a) . . . must supplement or
correct its disclosure . . . if the party learns that in some material respect the disclosure ... is
incomplete or incorrect.” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A)).
FRCP 37(c)(1) states that “[i]f a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as
required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply
evidence . . . at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Rodriguez,
535 F. Supp. 3d at 209 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)). “The party that fails to comply with
Rule 26(a) or (e) bears the burden of proving both that its non-compliance was substantially
justified, and that it was harmless.” Id. at 209-10.
While the Second Circuit has instructed that preclusion of information and/or witnesses
“are harsh remedies and should be imposed only in rare situations, . . . the Circuit also recognizes
that preclusion may be necessary to achieve the purpose of Rule 37 as a credible deterrent rather
than a paper tiger.” Arnold v. Krause, Inc., 233 F.R.D. 126, 130 (W.D.N.Y. 2005) (citing Update
Art, Inc. v. Modiin Publishing Ltd., 843 F.2d 67, 71 (2d Cir. 1988) (internal quotation marks
omitted)). Courts consider the following factors in making this preclusion determination: “(1) the
party’s explanation for the failure to comply with the disclosure order; (2) the importance of the
testimony of the precluded witness; (3) the prejudice suffered by the opposing party as a result of
having to prepare to meet the new testimony; and (4) the possibility of a continuance.” Id.

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B. Analysis
Here, Defendants seek preclusion of two of Plaintiff’s expert witnesses—Dr. Roger Miles
Rose and Dr. Paul Adler. ECF No. 167-1 at 8-21. The Court considers first Defendants’ arguments
related to Dr. Rose before turning to Dr. Adler.
i. Dr. Rose
Defendants argue that the Court should preclude Dr. Rose from testifying as an expert and
should preclude admission of his report. First, they raise the issue of disclosure of Dr. Rose as an
expert witness, arguing that Plaintiff did not identify Dr. Rose in his FRCP 26 disclosure. ECF
No. 167-1 at 8. Second, they take exception to the sufficiency of Dr. Rose’s expert report, arguing
that it does not satisfy the requirements of Rule 26(a)(2). Id. Finally, they raise a number of
specific arguments as to why the report is deficient, taking aim at, inter alia, the level of detail
provided and Dr. Rose’s methodology. Id. at 8-19.
Plaintiff does not dispute that his initial FRCP 26 disclosures, ECF No. 167-3 at 9-13, did
not disclose Dr. Rose as an expert witness. Rather, he notes that Defendants were first put on
notice regarding Dr. Rose serving as an expert in this case on May 21, 2018 when Plaintiff
provided Defendants with Dr. Rose’s letter. 7 ECF No. 167-3 at 6-7. His position is that
Defendants should have raised any objection much earlier and have “acquiesce[ed] for years, and
cho[sen] not to depose Dr. Rose.” Id. at 6. Regarding the substance of Dr. Rose’s testimony and
letter, Plaintiff argues that Defendants cannot object to the substance of Dr. Rose’s letter and

On May 4, 2018, United States Magistrate Judge Hugh B. Scott issued a Third Amended Scheduling/Case
Management Order (the “CMO”). ECF No. 66. The CMO directed that “On or before May 21, 2018, plaintiff(s) will
identify any experts and provide written reports as required under Rule 26(a)(2).” ECF No. 66 at 1 (bold in original).
Thus, setting aside adequacy of disclosure, Plaintiff’s submission of Dr. Rose’s letter to Defendants on May 21, 2018
complied with Judge Scott’s deadline.

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opinions “because they are based on and consistent with [Plaintiff’s] audiology records, with
which Defendants have demonstrated strong familiarity.” Id. at 8.
In reply, Defendants do not dispute that they were on notice of Dr. Rose serving as an
expert as of May 21, 2018 and that they received the letter on that date. But they maintain that the
letter is insufficient to qualify as an expert report under FRCP 26(a)(2) and that Dr. Rose’s
testimony should be precluded under FRE 702. ECF No. 174 at 6.
1. Whether the May 21, 2018 Letter Complies with FRCP 26(a)(2)’s Expert
Disclosure Requirements
The Court must consider whether Dr. Rose’s report sufficiently complies with the
disclosure requirements of FRCP 26(a)(2) before addressing whether preclusion is appropriate
under FRCP Rule 37. See Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Ins. Co. v. Calabrese, No. CV 07–2514,
2011 WL 5976076, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2011) (finding that the court need not address the
question of sanctions under Rule 37 where it finds that an expert report sufficiently complies with
the disclosure requirements of Rule 26(a)(2)). Dr. Rose’s letter reads as follows:
I am a Board Certified Otolaryngologist licensed to practice in the State of New
York. I have reviewed the medical records, [ ] including the audiometric testing
that has been done on Mr[.] Wright over the past several years.
It is my opinion, with reasonable medical certainty that your client suffers from a
severe Sensorineural Deafness, cause undetermined, and that there is no medical
help that can be offered to him. His condition re his hearing loss is permanent and
and [sic] his level of impairment has and will continue to cause him ongoing social
and psychological suffering[.] Hearing aids have been tried with little to no benefit.
His testing has shown, again with reasonable medical certainty, that he is a proper
candidate for surgical implantation of a Cochlear Implant[.] Such a device can be
expected to offer him significant hearing benefit and is very highly recommended
at this time.
1. Exhibits to be used: Audiometrics of Mr Wright and of the “normal” population
2. My C.V.[ ] is attached

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3. My only testimony I can recall was in October 2017 : SANKARAN V. WARD
AND NY PRESBYTERIAN
4. My FEE for this report is $250 and my fees for court appearance are $500/hour
( door to door )
ECF No. 167-3 at 6-7.
The Court agrees with Defendants that this letter is woefully deficient under Rule
26(a)(2)(B). The rule requires that the report contain “a complete statement of all opinions that
the witness will express and the basis and reasons for them.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). In the
letter, Dr. Rose opines that Plaintiff “suffers from a severe Sensorineural Deafness, cause
undetermined, and that there is no medical help that can be offered to him.” ECF No. 167-3 at 6.
While the letter does state in the first paragraph that Dr. Rose has “reviewed the medical records,
[ ] including the audiometric testing that has been done on Mr[.] Wright over the past several
years,” it fails to specifically provide what, if anything, in those records supports his conclusion
regarding Plaintiff’s diagnosis and prognosis. Id. The same can be said for Dr. Rose’s next
opinion: that “[Plaintiff’s] condition re his hearing loss is permanent and and [sic] his level of
impairment has and will continue to cause him ongoing social and psychological suffering[.]” Id.
Nowhere does Dr. Rose explain the basis and reasons for that opinion (besides the blanket
statement that he “reviewed the medical records, [ ] including the audiometric testing.”) Id. Dr.
Rose’s next opinion in the letter suffers from the same deficiency: he baldly asserts “that [Plaintiff]
is a proper candidate for surgical implantation of a Cochlear Implant[.] Such a device can be
expected to offer him significant hearing benefit and is very highly recommended at this time.”
ECF No. 167-3 at 6. Once again, he provides no support or reasoning as to how he has drawn this
conclusion. Thus, the letter clearly does not include “all opinions the witness will express and the
basis and reasons for them,” as required by FRCP 26(a)(2)(B). See Puglisi, 2013 WL 4046263,

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at *5 (finding that an expert witnesses 5-paragraph letter “plainly [did] not contain ‘all opinions
the witness will express and the basis and reasons for them’ as required by Rule 26(a)(2)(B)”).
The next FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) requirement is that the report include “the facts or data
considered by the witness in forming [the witness’s opinions].” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). Here,
Dr. Rose’s letter opines, inter alia, that (1) Plaintiff’s hearing loss is permanent; (2) that his level
of impairment has and will continue to cause him ongoing social and psychological suffering; (3)
testing has shown Plaintiff is a proper candidate for cochlear implants; and (4) that cochlear
implants will afford Plaintiff a “significant benefit” and are “very highly recommended at this
time.” ECF No. 167-3 at 6. A purported blanket reliance on “the medical records” and “testing”
is not sufficient and the letter “is devoid of any reasoning, facts or data which explain [Dr. Rose’s]
conclusion[s].” 8 Rodriguez, 535 F. Supp. 3d at 211.
Based on the analysis above, the Court agrees with Defendants that Dr. Rose’s letter is
insufficient and fails to comply fully with FRCP 26(a)(2)(B). 9 The next step is for the Court to
consider the appropriate remedy. See id. at 213 (“In light of Plaintiff’s failure to disclose Dr.
Weinstein’s opinion regarding causation in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
26(a)(2(B), the Court must determine whether preclusion is warranted.”).
2. Whether the May 21, 2018 Letter Should be Precluded Under Rule 37(c)(1)
Since Dr. Rose’s opinions set out in the May 21, 2018 letter are inadequate under FRCP
26(a)(2)(B), “Plaintiff would generally not be allowed to use these opinions at trial ‘unless the

Defendants represent to the Court that they have produced 328 pages of medical records and 717 pages of mental
health records to Plaintiff during discovery in this action. ECF No. 167-1 at 11.

8

Defendants also take issue with Dr. Rose’s statement that “[m]y only testimony I can recall was in October 2017 :
SANKARAN V. WARD AND NY PRESBYTERIAN.” ECF No. 167-3 at 6 (emphasis added). Defendants express
concern that Dr. Rose has only listed matters that he recalls testifying in and has thus “skirted the issue” of providing
a full list. ECF No. 167-1 at 13. The Court need not reach this argument to conclude that Dr. Rose’s letter is inadequate
under FRCP 26(a)(2)(B).

9

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failure was substantially justified or is harmless.’” Benn v. Metro-North Commuter Railroad Co.,
No. 3:18-cv-737 (CSH), 2019 WL 6467348, at *6 (D. Conn. Dec. 2, 2019) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P.
37(c)(1)).

Preclusion under FRCP 37(c) is determined at the discretion of the district court.

Patterson v. Balsamico, 440 F.3d 104, 117 (2d Cir. 2006).
Looking at the first factor, Plaintiff does not make any attempt to explain his failure to
provide an expert report from Dr. Rose that complies with FRCP 26(a)(2)(B). Plaintiff argues that
the Defendants acquiesced to the letter in current form because they did not object at an earlier
time. They also argue that the substance is supported by Defendants’ own statement of undisputed
facts accompanying their First Motion in Limine, ECF No. 124, that Defendants have
“summarized the key points of Dr. Rose’s opinion,” that Defendants have “[c]learly” relied on the
same records as Dr. Rose, and that the records cited by Defendants “repeatedly reflect a similar
conclusion” to that of Dr. Rose. ECF No. 173 at 6-7. These arguments go to the other factors,
most notably prejudice, and will be discussed below. At bottom, Plaintiff offers no explanation
for the letter’s failure to comply with FRCP 26(a)(2)(B). Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor
of preclusion of Dr. Rose’s letter. Cf. Engler v. MTD Products, Inc., 304 F.R.D. 349, 358
(N.D.N.Y. 2015) (“[P]laintiffs do not explain their failure to provide in a timely manner Gailor’s
opinion that the brake pads suffered a defect in manufacturing. Thus, the first factor weighs in
favor of preclusion of consideration of this opinion.”).
Turning to the second prong, the importance of the testimony, the Court finds that it is, at
best, neutral. Dr. Rose is Plaintiff’s medical expert per Plaintiff’s witness list. ECF No. 143 at 23. Plaintiff indicates that he “will testify to Plaintiff’s medical condition and that he is a proper
candidate for cochlear implants.” Id. Plaintiff argues that his “case will be greatly prejudiced” if
the Court precludes Dr. Rose’s letter. ECF No. 173 at 6. On the one hand, Plaintiff undermines

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his own assertion that Dr. Rose’s testimony is critical when he argues that Defendants would not
be prejudiced by Dr. Rose’s testimony and opinion that Plaintiff is a proper candidate for cochlear
implants because “[t]he audiology records Defendants cite repeatedly reflect a similar conclusion.”
Id. at 7. The notion that Dr. Rose’s testimony and opinions are self-evident based on the records
does Plaintiff no good. Plaintiff further points out that the Department of Corrections and
Community Supervision’s independent vendor “did not contest that [Plaintiff] was a proper
candidate for cochlear implants.” Id. Moreover, Plaintiff notes that “[n]either [ENT consult]
denial was based on a determination that [Plaintiff] was not a proper candidate the [cochlear
implant] procedure.” Id. at 8. None of these points do Plaintiff any favors in establishing the
crucial nature of Dr. Rose’s testimony.
On the other hand, Dr. Rose is Plaintiff’s sole medical expert and he will testify as to
Plaintiff’s medical condition in a trial that centers around deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s
medical needs. See ECF No. 143 at 2-3. Dr. Rose’s letter indicates that he will offer opinions
which could bear on both liability and damages. For example, Dr. Rose opines that Plaintiff’s
“level of impairment has and will continue to cause him ongoing social and psychological
suffering.” ECF No. 167-3 at 6. All told, the Court finds that these countervailing considerations
render this factor to be neutral, weighing neither strongly in favor nor against preclusion. See
Advanced Analytics, Inc. v. Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., 301 F.R.D. 31, 41 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
The third factor—the prejudice suffered by the opposing party as a result of having to
prepare to meet the new testimony—weighs strongly against preclusion. “While Rule 37 does not
establish any time limits within which a motion for sanctions must be filed, unreasonable delay
may render such motions untimely.” Rodriguez, 535 F. Supp. 3d at 217 (quoting Shamis v.
Ambassador Factors Corp., 34 F. Supp. 2d 879, 886 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (internal quotation marks

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omitted)). “Courts in this Circuit will not preclude expert testimony based on prejudice where
such prejudice is the result of the moving party’s strategic decision to delay raising objections to
expert disclosures.” Capricorn Mgmt. Systs., Inc. v. Government Employees Insurance Co., No.
15-cv-2926, 2019 WL 5694256, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. July 22, 2019).
Discovery in this case closed on July 25, 2018. See ECF No. 66. Defendants received Dr.
Rose’s letter on May 21, 2018. Thus, they had over two months while discovery was still open to
raise these objections regarding the disclosure. The contents of Dr. Roses’s letter have not changed
since that time. Defendants waited almost three years after the close of discovery to first raise this
issue in their motion in limine filed January 14, 2021. ECF No. 134. After the Court denied that
motion without prejudice, Defendants did not seek to depose Dr. Rose or make any application to
the Court regarding additional discovery. They renewed their motion on January 19, 2022. On
these facts, Defendants cannot claim prejudice based on Dr. Rose’s letter. Any prejudice is the
result of their own inaction. Importantly, Defendants, do not claim that they only discovered the
deficiencies years after disclosure or that Plaintiff ambushed them with new or supplemental
information. Therefore, this case falls in line with those in this Circuit where the moving party’s
dilatory conduct forecloses any serious preclusion argument under FRCP 37. See Nemec v.
Shrader, No. 09-cv-7466, 2015 WL 1650391, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2015) (denying
plaintiffs’ FRCP Rule 37 motion where it was “filed nearly 17 months after the close of
discovery.”); Rupolo v. Oshkosh Truck Corp., 749 F. Supp. 2d 31, 41 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[T]he
Court concludes that, even if Plaintiffs may be prejudiced by the inadequate report, any prejudice
Plaintiffs might suffer is a result of their own decision to wait so long before objecting to the
report.”); Atkins v. Cnty. of Orange, 372 F. Supp. 2d 377, 397 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“[W]hile
defendants may be prejudiced by the deficient report, they had over a year to object to the report;

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thus any prejudice is a result of their own tactical decision to wait until a few months before trial
to seek preclusion.”).
Finally, the Court considers the fourth factor which is the possibility of a continuance. This
case has been pending since 2013. It has transferred districts from the Southern District of New
York to the Western District of New York and been before three United States District Judges,
including the undersigned.

Discovery, which closed July 25, 2018, has been closed for

approximately 3 years and 9 months. Trial has been set twice previously and adjourned each
time—once to permit the parties to review additional records and once to permit the Court to hold
an evidentiary hearing on administrative exhaustion. Trial is currently set to go forward on
February 14, 2022 and is mere days away. Based on all these facts, the Court finds that a
continuance is not possible and that this factor weighs in favor of preclusion. See Rodriguez, 535
F. Supp. 3d at 214 (“[R]escheduling this trial during a pandemic when limited courtrooms are
available to conduct jury trials would cause undue hardship on the judicial system. Thus, the
impending trial date, the fact discovery has been closed for over five months and the difficulty in
rescheduling the trial, all weigh against the possibility of a continuance.”); Advanced Analytics,
301 F.R.D. at 41 (“[A] continuance is not appropriate, given the age of this case and the fact that
discovery has long been closed.”) (collecting cases).
The Court’s analysis of the appropriate factors has weighed one factor neutral, one factor
counseling against preclusion, and two factors weighing in favor of preclusion. However, “the
merit or lack of merit of a sanctions application is not the only or, for that matter, necessarily the
controlling consideration.” Nemec, 2015 WL 1650391, at *3 (“A district court has very broad
discretion with respect to the matter of discovery sanctions.”). The Court finds Defendants’
unexplained delay in raising this issue far weightier than the other factors. This is because, “[w]ere

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the Court to grant [Defendants’] motion, it in effect would encourage parties to stay silent as to
some discovery disputes during pretrial proceedings, and thus to lie in wait until long after
discovery is complete only to ambush their unsuspecting adversaries with charges of wrongdoing
on the eve of trial.” Id. Importantly, the situation at hand does not “result[ ] wholly from
[Plaintiff’s] own failures.” Advanced Analytics, Inc., 301 F.R.D. at 42. As such, Defendants’
motion in limine to preclude Dr. Rose’s letter and testimony pursuant to FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) and
FRCP 37 is DENIED.
3. FRE 702
Defendants also seek to preclude Dr. Rose’s letter under FRE 702. ECF No. 167-1 at 1319. In general terms, they argue that Dr. Rose’s letter and Curriculum Vitae cannot satisfy the
requirements of FRE 702.
Though couched in terms of FRE 702, Defendants’ arguments raise issues of FRCP 26 and
the adequacy of disclosure—which the Court has ruled on above. Because of the inadequacy of
the disclosure, the Court cannot make an appropriate ruling as to whether Dr. Rose is qualified to
offer his opinions under FRE 702 or whether the methodologies and reasoning underpinning the
conclusions in his letter satisfy FRE 702. Accordingly, the Court finds that the better course is to
reserve judgment on those issues until trial, at which the parties may question Dr. Rose to
determine whether he is qualified under FRE 702. See Chan, 184 F. Supp. 2d at 340; see also
Horn v. Medical Marijuana, Inc., 15-CV-701, 2021 WL 1700257, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2021)
(“The parties have no inherent right to an in limine ruling and such rulings are viewed as a
preliminary opinion given to allow the parties to formulate their trial strategy and allow the Court
to manage the trial in the most efficient way possible.”). Defendants’ arguments that Dr. Rose’s

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testimony and letter should be precluded under FRE 702 are therefore DENIED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE.
Moreover, in order to facilitate a proper inquiry into Dr. Rose’s opinions during trial, the
Court orders that Plaintiff, on or before February 13, 2022 at 5:00PM, convey to the Defendants
and the Court a sufficient expert report as required by FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) with regard to any opinion
testimony that will be offered by Dr. Rose. See Thomas v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 169 F.R.D.
1, 2 (D. Mass. 1996) (denying defendant’s motion to preclude expert testimony but ordering the
plaintiff to convey to defendant “a full report as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B).”). This
report may not go beyond the bounds of the opinions set forth in the May 21, 2018 letter and may
not offer additional opinions. The Court’s order that Plaintiff produce this report is not a sanction
pursuant to FRCP 37 but is for the benefit of the parties and the Court so that a proper determination
under FRE 702 may be made if such motion is renewed. Such an inquiry would be difficult to
undertake without an expert report that complies with FRCP 26(a)(2)(B).
ii. Dr. Adler
Next, Defendants argue that Dr. Adler should be precluded from testifying because his
report does not comply with the disclosure requirements of FRCP 26(a)(2)(B). Dr. Adler’s expert
report is five pages long and is significantly more detailed than that of Dr. Rose. See ECF No.
167-3 at 21-25. Even assuming Dr. Adler’s report were deficient, a question the Court would
consider a much closer call than that of Dr. Rose, the Court would deny Defendants’ motion under
FRCP 37 for the same reasons stated above. Dr. Adler’s report is dated May 18, 2018 and
Defendants do not claim that it was recently supplemented or that Plaintiff ambushed them with
new information related to his opinions or testimony.

Thus, any prejudice results from

Defendants’ own inaction. See Atkins, 372 F. Supp. 2d at 397 (“[W]hile defendants may be

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prejudiced by the deficient report, they had over a year to object to the report; thus any prejudice
is a result of their own tactical decision to wait until a few months before trial to seek preclusion.”).
Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to preclude Dr. Adler’s expert report and testimony
under FRCP 26 and FRCP 37 is DENIED WITH PREJUDICE. 10
IV.

Defendants Koenigsmann and Misa
Defendants’ final motion in limine is that the case should be dismissed against Defendants

Koenigsmann and Misa because “Plaintiff cannot satisfy the condition precedent to proceeding
against Defendants Koenigsmann and Misa.” ECF No. 167-1 at 21. Specifically, Defendants
point to Judge Scott’s decision, at summary judgment, in which he permitted the case to go forward
against Koenigsmann and Misa “conditioned . . . on Plaintiff being able to show that Defendants
denied Plaintiff’s request for a [Cochlear Implant] consultation in the three years before Plaintiff
moved to amend.” ECF No. 167-1 at 23.
Defendants concede “that motions in limine are typically addressed to evidentiary issues
to be resolved prior to trial, or complex evidentiary issues expected to arrive at trial.” Id. at 24.
They assert, however, that claims “have sometimes been addressed on the merits” in motions in
limine. Id. They further assert that they “have no doubt they could bring a successful Fed. R. Civ.
P. 50(a) motion at the close of Plaintiff’s proof and that Plaintiff’s claims against [these]
Defendants would be dismissed.” Id.
Defendants will have that opportunity and, for the time being, Plaintiff will be permitted
to bring this case forward against Defendants Koenigsmann and Misa. See Chan, 184 F. Supp.
2d at 340; see also Horn, 2021 WL 1700257, at *1. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss

To the extent Defendants’ are raising a challenge to Dr. Adler’s report and testimony under FRE 702, that challenge
is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE to renewal at trial.
10

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Koenigsmann and Misa is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE but it may be renewed during trial
if brought pursuant to FRCP 50 or another appropriate vehicle.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion is resolved as follows:
1. Defendants’ request to limit Plaintiff’s damages is GRANTED IN PART insofar as
Plaintiff’s allegations of solitary confinement and isolation are not sufficient to establish a
“physical injury” under § 1997e(e), and Plaintiff’s deafness, standing alone, is likewise not a
sufficient “physical injury” under the statute; and DENIED IN PART WITHOUT PREJUDICE as
to whether Plaintiff’s beatings satisfy § 1997e(e)’s “physical injury” requirement.
2. Defendants’ request to permit Defendants to rely on Plaintiff’s prior criminal
trial testimony is DENIED WITH PREJUDICE as to the testimony regarding suicidal ideation and
DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to testimony regarding the fear of beatings.
3. Defendants’ request to preclude the report and testimony of Dr. Rose brought pursuant
to FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) and FRCP 37 is DENIED WITH PREJUDICE; and Defendants’ request to
preclude the report and testimony of Dr. Rose is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to FRE
702. Further, as explained more fully above, the Court ORDERS that Plaintiff, on or before
February 13, 2022 at 5:00PM, convey to Defendants and the Court an expert report that meets
the requirements of FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) with regard to any opinion testimony that will be offered
by Dr. Rose.
4. Defendants’ request to preclude the testimony of Dr. Adler is DENIED WITH
PREJUDICE as to FRCP 26(a)(2)(B) and FRCP 37, and is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as
to FRE 702.

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5. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Defendants Koenigsmann and Misa is DENIED
WITHOUT PREJUDICE but may be renewed during trial if brought pursuant to FRCP 50 or
another appropriate vehicle.

IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: February 11, 2022
Rochester, New York
______________________________________
HON. FRANK P. GERACI, JR.
District Judge
United States District Court

26