Arroyo v. City of Buffalo et al

Filing 30

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS re 15 First MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by Daniel Derenda, Joseph Cook, City of Buffalo Police Department Narcotics Division, The City of Buffalo, Michael DeGeorge, Brenda Callaha n, City of Buffalo Police Department, John Garcia. Objections due fourteen days from receipt. DECISION AND ORDER re 15 First MOTION for Summary Judgment First MOTION to Disqualify Counsel,First MOTION for Discovery filed by Daniel Derenda, Joseph Cook, City of Buffalo Police Department Narcotics Division, The City of Buffalo, Michael DeGeorge, Brenda Callahan, City of Buffalo Police Department, John Garcia and 23 First MOTION for Extension of Time to Complete Discovery filed by Adam Arroyo. Signed by Hon. Leslie G. Foschio on 7/20/2017. (SDW)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________
ADAM ARROYO,
Plaintiff,
v.
THE CITY OF BUFFALO,
CITY OF BUFFALO POLICE DEPARTMENT,
DANIEL DERENDA, Commissioner of the
City of Buffalo Police Department,
DET. JOHN GARCIA, Buffalo Police Narcotics
Officer,
DET. SGT. BRENDA CALLAHAN, Narcotics Officer,
CITY OF BUFFALO POLICE DEPARTMENT
NARCOTICS DIVISION,
DET. JOSEPH COOK,
MICHAEL DeGEORGE, City of Buffalo Spokesperson,

DECISION
and
ORDER
--------------------------REPORT
and
RECOMMENDATION

15-CV-753A(F)

Defendants.
____________________________________
APPEARANCES:

MATTHEW A. ALBERT, ESQ.
Attorney for Plaintiff
254 Richmond Avenue
Buffalo, New York 14222
TIMOTHY A. BALL
CORPORATION COUNSEL, CITY OF BUFFALO
Attorney for Defendants
MAEVE E. HUGGINS,
DAVID M. LEE,
CHRISTOPHER R. POOLE,
Assistant Corporation Counsels, of Counsel
1112 City Hall
65 Niagara Square
Buffalo, New York 14202

This case was referred to the undersigned by order of Hon. Richard J. Arcara
filed November 23, 2015 (Dkt. 7) for all pretrial purposes. The matter is presently
before the court on Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, summary

judgment, to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel and for a protective order filed October 31,
2016 (Dkt. 15), and on Plaintiff’s motion to amend the Scheduling Order filed January
12, 2017 (Dkt. 23).

BACKGROUND
Plaintiff initiated this action pursuant 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1988 on
August 22, 2015 by filing the Complaint alleging violations of Plaintiff’s Fourth and
Fourteenth Amendment rights involving an alleged mistaken entry into Plaintiff’s
apartment while executing a search warrant by Defendants Garcia, Callahan and Cook.
the unnecessary shooting of Plaintiff’s pet dog, a female pit bull named Cindy, by
Defendant Cook, and a seizure of various of Plaintiff’s personal property. Defendants’
motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c) (“Rule 12(c)”) or
for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel, and
for a protective order pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c)(1)(D) (“Rule 26(c)(1)(D)”), was filed
December 19, 2016 (Dkt. 15) (“Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion,” Defendants’ Summary
Judgment motion,” Defendants’ motion to disqualify,” “Defendants’ motion for protective
order,” collectively “Defendants’ motions”) together with Defendants’ Statement of
Undisputed Facts (Dkt. 15-1) (“Defendants’ Statement”), Declaration of Christopher R.
Poole, Assistant Corporation Counsel (Dkt. 15-2) (“Poole Declaration”) and a
Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Motion (Dkt. 15-3) (“Defendants’
Memorandum”) attaching exhibits A – P (Dkt. 15-5 - 20) (“Defendants’ Exh(s). __”). On
December 19, 2016, Plaintiff filed a Memorandum of Law In Opposition to Defendants’
Motion (Dkt. 21) (“Plaintiff’s Response”) attaching exhibits A – P (Dkt. 21-1 – 20)
(“Plaintiff’s Exh(s). __”). Defendants’ Reply Memorandum of Law In Support of
2

Defendants’ Motion was filed January 9, 2017 (Dkt. 22) (“Defendants’ Reply”). Plaintiff’s
Sur-Reply Memorandum of Law In Response To Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss
Complaint was filed January 31, 2017 (Dkt. 27) (“Plaintiff’s Sur-Reply”). On January 12,
2017, Plaintiff moved for an extension of time to complete discovery (Dkt. 23)
(“Plaintiff’s motion to Amend the Scheduling Order”), attaching in support exhibits A
through G (Dkt. 23-1 through 23-7). By order filed January 25, 2017 (Dkt. 26), the court
requested Defendants Cook, Callahan and Garcia file supplemental affidavits in further
support of Defendants’ motion to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel (“the Order”). In
compliance with the Order, on February 13, 2017, Defendants filed the Declaration of
Maeve E. Huggins, Assistant Corporation Counsel (Dkt. 28), attaching exhibits A
(Affidavit of Detective John C. Garcia), B (Affidavit of Detective Joseph Cook), and C
(Affidavit of Detective Sergeant Brenda Callahan). Oral argument was deemed
unnecessary.

FACTS1
On June 3, 2013, Plaintiff resided at 304 Breckenridge Street, Buffalo, New York
(“304 Breckenridge”), in an upper rear apartment (“Plaintiff’s apartment”). At some time
prior to June 3, 2013,2 a search warrant (“the search warrant”) was issued by a Buffalo
City Court Judge for narcotics located in an upper apartment at 304 Breckenridge
without a further particularized reference to an upper front apartment (“the front
apartment”) then occupied by one Kiona Thomas (“Thomas”), whose brother, Tori
Rockmore (“Rockmore”), had been arrested and charged with narcotics sales on April
1

Taken from the papers and pleadings filed in this action.
The record does not include a copy of the warrant nor the application, however, Plaintiff asserts and
Defendants do not dispute it was issued on May 8, 2013.
2

3

17, 2013 while staying at Thomas’s front apartment at 304 Breckenridge. Rockmore
then resided at 69 Wheatfield Street, North Tonawanda, New York, but occasionally
stayed in Thomas’s front apartment which may be accessed through a front door at 304
Breckenridge. At that time, Plaintiff’s apartment could be accessed only through a rear
side door at 304 Breckenridge.
Upon entering Plaintiff’s apartment, one first enters Plaintiff’s living room in which
a twin bed and Plaintiff’s belongings were located, and then passes into Plaintiff’s
kitchen where Plaintiff’s pet dog, a female pit bull terrier named Cindy, which Plaintiff
had two years earlier purchased for $150, was tethered to the cupboard or sink on a six
foot chain3 when Plaintiff was not home. At some time on the evening of June 3, 2013,
Plaintiff received notice that Buffalo Police had executed the search warrant for
narcotics at his apartment and during the execution of the search warrant had shot and
killed Cindy. Defendants Garcia, Callahan and Cook executed the warrant and
Defendant Cook shot Plaintiff’s dog with a shotgun which Plaintiff alleges constitutes
excessive force and an unconstitutional seizure in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments. As a result of the shooting of Plaintiff’s dog, Defendants’ removal and
later destruction of the dog without Plaintiff’s permission, and Defendants’ public
misrepresentations that narcotics trafficking had occurred at Plaintiff’s apartment,
Plaintiff suffered severe mental distress for which Plaintiff required treatment. Plaintiff
also asserts Defendants Garcia, Callahan and Cook unlawfully seized an air rifle,
electronic games, and large hunting knife, and damaged several items of Plaintiff’s
property during their execution of the warrant. Plaintiff also alleges Defendants City of
3

The length of the chain tether is not specifically alleged in the Complaint; it appears in Plaintiff’s
testimony given in an examination pursuant to N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 50-h in connection with Plaintiff’s
Notice of Claim against the City. See Dkt. 15-6 at 50.
4

Buffalo, City of Buffalo Police Department, Police Commissioner Derenda, and the City
of Buffalo Police Narcotics Divisions maintain a policy of condoning the unnecessary
shooting of dogs during search warrant executions, particularly during narcotics
investigations, and also engage in systematic cover-ups of the facts of such shootings.
Plaintiff further claims Defendants engaged in perpetuating a fraud on the public and
media by wrongfully maintaining that Plaintiff’s residence was used to facilitate narcotics
trafficking. Plaintiff alleges Defendants City, Police Department and Commissioner
Derenda fail to adequately train, supervise and regulate police officers in the proper
procedures for dealing with dogs during searches in order to avoid unnecessarily
shooting the animals with deliberate indifference to the resultant constitutional violations
alleged by Plaintiff.
Plaintiff asserts nine causes of actions based on 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“§ 1983”), 42
U.S.C. § 1985 (“§ 1985”), and New York state tort law as follows: (1) a § 1983 claim
against Defendants City of Buffalo, the Buffalo Police Department, the Buffalo Police
Department Narcotics Division, Police Commissioner Derenda in his official and
individual capacity (“the City Defendants”), and Detectives Garcia, Callahan and Cook
(“the Individual Defendants”) in their official and individual capacities, based on the
unlawful execution of the search warrant in Plaintiff’s apartment, the staleness of the
search warrant in violation of state law, the unjustified seizure and destruction of
Plaintiff’s dog and other personal property in violation of the Fourth Amendment and in
the course of a conspiracy to violate Plaintiff’s constitutional rights in a way that would
“shock the conscience” thereby also depriving Plaintiff of his liberty protected by the
Fourteenth Amendment, Complaint ¶¶ 49, 52 (“First Claim”); (2) a § 1983 claim based

5

on the alleged failure of the City Defendants to properly train and supervise City of
Buffalo police officers in the reasonable use of force against pet dogs while executing
search warrants directed to private premises such as Plaintiff’s apartment, id. ¶¶ 56-60
(“Second Claim”); (3) a § 1983 claim against the City Defendants and the Individual
Defendants based on excessive force in the execution of the search warrant at
Plaintiff’s apartment and the resulting seizure of Plaintiff’s property including destruction
of Plaintiff’s pet dog in violation of the Fourth Amendment and, based on Defendants’
conduct that “shocks the conscience,” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, id., ¶¶
64-66 (“Third Claim”); (4) an intentional infliction of mental distress claim against City
Defendants, Michael DeGeorge acting as City Defendants’ spokesman in connection
with the matter, (“Defendant DeGeorge”) and the Individual Defendants based on the
killing of Plaintiff’s pet dog “in the presence of Plaintiff,” and a “subsequent cover up,”
id., ¶¶ 71, 72 (“Fourth Claim”); (5) alleged intentionally and unjustifiably damaging
Plaintiff’s personal property including his pet dog against both the City and the Individual
Defendants, id., ¶¶ 64-75 (“Fifth Claim”); (6) a negligence claim against City and the
Individual Defendants based on the failure of City Defendants to properly train police
officers, provide protocols for the interaction of police officers with animals in the course
of their official duties particularly in the execution of narcotics search warrants, to avoid
the use of lethal force against such animals constituting animal cruelty, and the
negligent hiring and entrustment of Defendant Cook to act as a police officer in using
force against pet dogs, id., ¶ 77 (“Sixth Claim”); (7) a § 1983 claim against the City
Defendants and the Individual Defendants based on the conduct of the Individual
Defendants in wrongfully executing a stale search warrant at Plaintiff’s apartment in

6

violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, id., ¶¶ 79-80 (“Seventh
Claim”); (8) a § 1985 claim against City Defendants and Officer Brian J. Gummo in the
unauthorized disposition of Cindy’s remains in violation of Plaintiff’s rights under the
Due Process, Equal Protection and Privileges and Immunities Clauses, id., ¶ 82
(“Eighth Claim”); and (9) defamation, specifically slander, against City Defendants,
Defendant DeGeorge and the Individual Defendants based on the Defendants’ public
misrepresentation made with actual malice that Plaintiff was the sole occupant of “his
residence, was selling drugs and that [Plaintiff’s]4 activities . . . led to his dog being
killed.” Id., ¶ 85 (“Ninth Claim”). Plaintiff also seeks punitive damages against
Defendant Cook, compensatory damages, and costs pursuant to § 1988.

DISCUSSION
1.

Defendants’ Rule 12(c) Motion.
Defendants’ motion pursuant to Rule 12(c) for judgment on the pleadings is

subject to the same analysis applied to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Johnson v.
Rowley, 569 F.3d 40, 43 (2d Cir. 2009) (stating a Rule 12(c) motion employs “‘the same
. . . standard applicable to dismissals pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).’” (quoting
Morris v. Schroder Capital Mgmt. Int’l, 445 F.3d 525, 529 (2d Cir. 2006) (ellipses in
original))). On a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or Rule 12(c), the court’s consideration
generally is limited to the four corners of the complaint or, if matters outside the
pleadings are considered, such motion must be converted to one for summary judgment
with notice of the conversion given to the non-movant. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d) (“If, on a
motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to and
4

Bracketed material added unless indicated otherwise; italics in original.
7

not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment
under Rule 56.”). “In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, and thus on a 12(c) motion, a court
may consider the complaint as well as ‘any written instrument attached to [the
complaint] as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by
reference.’” Kalyanaram v. American Ass’n of University Professors at New York
Institute of Technology, Inc., 742 F.3d 42, 44 n. 1 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Yak v. Bank
Brussels Lambert, 252 F.3d 127, 130 (2d Cir. 2001) (bracketed material in original)).
“Moreover, ‘on a motion to dismiss, a court may consider . . . matters of which judicial
notice may be taken, [and] documents either in plaintiffs’ possession or of which
plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit.’” Id. (quoting Chambers v. Time
Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002) (bracketed material in original)).
In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) or a Rule 12(c) motion, the Supreme Court
requires application of “a ‘plausibility standard,’ which is guided by ‘[t]wo working
principles.’” Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 71-72 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp.
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007); and quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009)). “First, although ‘a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a
complaint,’ that ‘tenet’ is inapplicable to legal conclusions,’ and ‘[t]hreadbare recitals of
the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.’” Id. at 72 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). “‘Second, only a complaint that
states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss,’ and ‘[d]etermining
whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task
that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.’”
Id. (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679); see also Vega v. Hempstead Union Free School

8

District, 801F.3d 72, 86 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679
(2009)).
To survive a motion to dismiss or for judgment on the pleadings, Martine’s
Service Center, Inc. v. Town of Walkill, 554 Fed.Appx. 32, 34 (2d Cir. Jan. 30, 2014);
Johnson, 569 F.3d at 43, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted
as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim will have ‘facial plausibility when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference
that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’” Sykes v. Bank of America, 723
F.3d 399, 403 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678); see Twombly, 550
U.S. at 570 (the complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face”). The factual allegations of the complaint “must be enough to raise
a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in
the complaint are true.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
A.

City Defendants
1.

Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Seventh Claims
Alleging § 1983 Claims.5

5

Defendants assert that as Plaintiff’s First through Eighth Claims arise from Plaintiff’s allegations of a
violation of his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, such claims should be dismissed against the
City of Buffalo and its Police Department because § 1983 does not incorporate the doctrine of respondeat
superior. See Dkt. 15-3 at 3-4; Dkt. 22 at 4-5. However, only Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Seventh
Claims assert a § 1983 claim relying on an alleged Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment violations by
Defendants which are the subject of Defendants’ motion. As Defendant DeGeorge is not referenced in
Plaintiff’s First, Second, and Third Claims, there is no reason to consider dismissal of these claims as to
him. All Defendants, including DeGeorge, are also named in Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim alleging a state law
tort of intentional infliction of mental distress; only Defendants City of Buffalo Narcotics Division,
Commissioner Derenda, Defendant DeGeorge and the Individual Defendants are named in Plaintiff’s
Ninth Claim alleging slander. However, Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion is not directed to any of Plaintiff’s
state law claims. Thus, these latter claims should remain for the purposes of further proceedings in the
case.
9

It is well-established that a § 1983 claim against a municipality cannot be
maintained unless a plaintiff establishes that the alleged deprivation of plaintiff’s federal
constitutional rights results from a “‘governmental custom, policy or usage of the
municipality.’” Boans v. Town of Cheektowaga, 5 F.Supp.3d 364, 373 (W.D.N.Y. 2014)
(quoting Jones v. Town of East Haven, 691 F.3d 72, 80 (2d Cir. 2012) (citing Monell v.
Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978) (“Monell”))). “‘Absent such a
custom, policy, or usage, a municipality cannot be held liable on a respondeat superior
basis for the tort of its employee.’” Id. Moreover, “it is not enough for a § 1983 plaintiff
merely to identify conduct properly attributable to the municipality . . . plaintiff must also
demonstrate that through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the moving force
behind the injury alleged.’” Boans, 5 F.Supp.3d at 373 (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of
Bryan Cty, Okla. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 404 (1997)). “As such, municipal liability may
be found ‘when the execution of a [municipal] government’s policy or custom . . . inflicts
the injury that the government as an entity is responsible for under § 1983.’” Id. at 37374 (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 691). In order for Monell liability to attach based on a
failure to train employees, it must be plausibly alleged that a municipality’s failure to
train its employees or the “policies or customs it has sanctioned, led to an independent
constitutional violation.” Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207, 219 (2d Cir. 2006).
Such liability may also be predicated on whether the municipality’s failure to supervise
or provide proper training was “so severe as to reach the level of ‘gross negligence’ or
‘deliberate indifference’ to the deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights.”
Mere allegations are insufficient to establish such actionable policies or practices.
See Mikulec v. Town of Cheektowaga, 909 F.Supp.2d 214, 228 (W.D.N.Y. 2012) (citing

10

Bd. of Comm’rs of Bryan Cty., Okla., 520 U.S. at 404). Additionally, § 1983 relief is not
available against a municipal police department which “as an administrative arm” of the
municipality “cannot be sued.” Mikulec, 909 F.Supp.2d 227 n.9 (citing Hall v. City of
White Plains, 185 F.Supp.2d 293, 303 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)); see also Steele v. Rochester
City Police Dep’t., 2016 WL 1274710, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 1, 2016) (citing Mulvihil v.
New York, 956 F.Supp.2d 425, 427 (W.D.N.Y. 2013)). Further, liability under § 1983
must be based on the personal involvement of a defendant in the alleged constitutional
violation. See Spavone v. New York State Dep’t. of Correctional Services, 719 F.3d
127, 135 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Colon v. Coughlin, 58 F.3d 865, 873 (2d Cir. 1995)).
Finally, supervisory liability under § 1983 also “depends on a showing of some personal
responsibility, and cannot rest on respondeat superior.” Hernandez v. Keane, 341 F.3d
137, 144 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing Al-Jundi v. Estate of Rockefeller, 885 F.2d 1060, 1065
(2d Cir. 1989)). “‘Absent some personal involvement by [the supervisory official] in the
allegedly unlawful conduct of his subordinates,’ he cannot be liable under section 1983.”
Hernandez, 341 F.3d at 144-45 (quoting Gill v. Mooney, 824 F.2d 192, 196 (2d Cir.
1987)). Such supervisory liability under § 1983 “can be shown in one or more of the
following ways: (1) actual direct participation in the constitutional violation, (2) failure to
remedy a wrong after being informed through a report or appeal, (3) creation of a policy
or custom that sanctioned conduct amounting to a constitutional violation, or allowing
such a policy or custom to continue, (4) grossly negligent supervision of subordinates
who committed a violation, or (5) failure to act on information indicating that
unconstitutional acts were occurring.” Hernandez, 341 F.3d at 145 (citing Colon, 58
F.3d at 873).

11

Here, City Defendants maintain Plaintiff’s allegations do not plausibly allege that
the entry into Plaintiff’s apartment by the Individual Defendants and consequent
destruction and disposal of Plaintiff’s dog and the seizure of Plaintiff’s other property
were caused by a municipal policy or usage, i.e., practice created, maintained or
condoned by City Defendants. Defendants’ Memorandum at 10. Plaintiff argues that
the Complaint sufficiently alleges that because Plaintiff’s dog was tethered to a sink
within Plaintiff’s apartment, the dog posed no threat to the Individual Defendants, and
lethal force by Cook was therefore unnecessary resulting in an unconstitutional seizure
of the animal. Plaintiff’s Response at 13-14 (citing Complaint ¶ 30-32). See Carroll v.
County of Monroe, 712 F.3d 649, 651 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (“Carroll”)
(‘unreasonable killing of a companion animal constitutes unconstitutional ‘seizure’ of
personal property under Fourth Amendment”) (citing cases).6 To establish, for purposes
of Rule 12(c), that the Complaint plausibly alleges the existence of a policy or practice
of the unjustified shooting and disposal of a dog during a mistaken Buffalo police drug
raid such as Plaintiff alleges, Plaintiff asserts that (1) without justification Defendant
Cook shot Plaintiff’s dog during an illegal search of Plaintiff’s apartment as part of a
narcotics investigation in furtherance of a search warrant stale under state law and
which failed to sufficiently described the target premises (Complaint ¶ 21), (2) that Cook
has routinely, estimated by Plaintiff at 100 instances, shot other dogs under similar
6

Although Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, Seventh and Eighth Claims also assert the Fourteenth
Amendment as a basis for Plaintiff’s § 1983 and § 1985 claims, it is well-established that where a specific
constitutional amendment provides an “‘explicit textual source of constitutional protection against a
particular source of government behavior,’” that amendment “not the more generalized notion of [14th
Amendment] ‘substantive due process,’ must be the guide for analyzing the claims.” Albright v. Oliver,
510 U.S. 266, 273 (1994) (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989)) (unless otherwise
indicated bracketed material added). Accordingly, as Plaintiff’s § 1983 and § 1985 claims are grounded
primarily on the protections of the Fourth Amendment, Plaintiff’s assertions of relief based on substantive
due process under the Fourteenth Amendment are not cognizable in this action, and, as such, will not be
further addressed.
12

circumstances, i.e., while the dog was tethered or for other reasons posed no threat to
police during similar drug raids (id. ¶ 32), (3) other Buffalo police officers in drug raids
similar to the instant case routinely shoot and improperly dispose of dogs present on the
premises to be searched (id. ¶ 35), and (4) the “sociopathic” killing and disposal of
Plaintiff’s dog by Cook resulted from the City Defendants’ “customary practices” to
destroy evidence of such unconstitutional conduct of which Individual Defendants’
violations were a “part” (id. ¶ 56). Thus, fairly read and drawing all inferences favorable
to Plaintiff, the Complaint broadly asserts the existence of the prerequisite municipal
policy or practice based solely on Plaintiff’s assertion that in the course of executing
defective narcotics warrants Cook has repeatedly killed without justification and, along
with other police officers, improperly disposed of dogs during drug raids within the City
of Buffalo, and that other Buffalo police officers routinely engage in similar conduct.
An allegation of constitutional wrongdoing by one police officer, however, does
not rise to the level that such wrongdoing is the product of a policy or practice created
by the municipality or a senior policy-maker like Commissioner Derenda or that the
alleged constitutional violations were the result of such a policy or practice. See
DeCarlo v. Fry, 141 F.3d 56, 61 (2d Cir. 1998) (“a single incident alleged in a complaint,
especially if it involved only actors below the policy-making level, does not suffice to
show a municipal policy” (citing Ricciuti v. New York City Transit Auth., 941 F.2d 119,
122 (2d Cir. 1991))). Although Plaintiff asserts Defendant Cook has engaged in similar
unjustified dog shootings while engaged in drug raids “roughly 100 times throughout his
career,” Complaint ¶ 32, because this allegation does not specify that Cook’s and other
prior dog shootings by Buffalo police, as Plaintiff alleges, were all unreasonable under

13

the circumstances in which they occurred, including whether the dogs were untethered
and had not attacked Cook or the other officers, without any basis to believe such
shootings were unnecessary and thus unreasonable in the circumstances, it is
insufficient to plausibly attribute such alleged shootings to a municipal policy or practice.
It is the unreasonable use of lethal force against a dog under all the circumstances that
establishes the unconstitutional seizure and violation of the Fourth Amendment, Carroll,
712 F.3d at 651-52, and absent the plausible occurrence of such repeated constitutional
violations there can be no municipal liability against City Defendants based on a policy
or usage required by Monell. Segal, 459 F.3d at 219.
Plaintiff contends that Cook’s alleged habit of killing dogs, particularly pit bulls,
during narcotics investigations is based on “documentary evidence,” Dkt. 21 at 13, as is
Plaintiff’s estimate based on twenty-six instances allegedly involving Cook during a
three-year period, id. at 13-14; however, significantly, the Complaint includes no
references to such prior instances nor that in each such instance the circumstances
showed the shooting to be unreasonable, i.e., that the dog did not pose a threat to the
officers such that lethal force was unjustified which conceivably could constitute an
unlawful seizure. See Carroll, 712 F.3d at 651-52. Nor does the Complaint reference
the documentary evidence to which Plaintiff refers, and arguments presented in legal
memoranda cannot substitute for a pleading sufficient to oppose a Rule 12(c) motion.
See Associated Press v. All Headline News Corp., 608 F.Supp.2d 454, 464 (S.D.N.Y.
2009) (“conclusory assertions in a memorandum of law are not a substitute for plausible
allegations in a complaint”). Plaintiff also relies on an August 4, 2016 article in a free
local newspaper describing examples of police unnecessarily shooting dogs during drug

14

raids in Buffalo as supporting Plaintiff’s assertion that such unnecessary shootings were
a Buffalo police “policy.” See Plaintiff’s Response at 14 (referencing Plaintiff’s Exh. N at
4). However, the Complaint makes no mention of the article, see Complaint (passim),
and does not attempt to identify the source of such a generalized assertion or attribute it
to City Defendants, despite the fact that information in newspaper articles may provide
support for meeting the plausibility standard. See Bible v. United Student Aid Funds,
Inc., 799 F.3d 633, 640 n. 17 (7th Cir.) (plaintiff may rely in opposition to Rule 12(b)(6)
motion on newspaper article attached to complaint not as evidence but to “illustrate
facts the party could be prepared to prove at the appropriate stage of proceedings”),
reh’g denied, 807 F.3d 839 (7th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 1607
(2016); Hunter v. City of New York, 35 F.Supp.3d 310, 324-25 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (same).
Thus, contrary to Plaintiff’s contention, Plaintiff’s allegations that Cook and other Buffalo
police officers engaged in shooting dogs in the course of narcotics raids based on
defective or non-defective no-knock warrants without alleging all such shootings were
unreasonable because the dogs involved did not attack the officers or otherwise pose a
threat warranting defensive lethal force by the officers, do not plausibly allege
constitutional violations, cognizable under Carroll, of which policymakers of the City of
Buffalo like Derenda must have been aware yet failed to prevent or had adopted or
knowingly condoned.7 In order to sustain the Complaint as to whether all alleged
killings of dogs in the course of drug raids, mistaken or not, were unreasonable and thus
unconstitutional seizures, the court would be required to believe that in all of the
7

Plaintiff’s allegations that it is the “habit” of Buffalo police officers, see Complaint ¶ 53, including the
Individual Defendants, to unnecessarily shoot dogs, implying non-purposeful conduct, actually negates
that such shootings are motivated by the putative municipal policy, see Boans, 5 F.Supp.3d at 373.
However, Plaintiff also alleges that such shootings were “part of the customary practices,” Complaint ¶
56, of the Defendant City and its Police Department.
15

instances, specifically the estimated 100 shootings allegedly by Defendant Cook, to
which the Complaint refers, the dogs involved did not attack Cook or the officers
involved in the executing the warrant or otherwise posed no threat because, for
example, as in this case, the dog was alleged to have been sufficiently tethered and
thus unable to become a threat to officers executing a search warrant. See Carroll, 712
F.3d at 650 (plaintiff’s dog “aggressively” approached defendant when defendant the
dog shot at close range warranting defendant’s use of lethal force); Robinson v. Pezzat,
818 F.3d 1, 13 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (police reports which “invariably” indicate dogs shot by
police attacked the police provide no evidence that defendant municipality had “notice of
a pattern of unconstitutional conduct adequate to prove deliberate indifference”). As
such, Plaintiff’s allegations do not remotely approach the degree of deliberate
indifference to a pattern of known constitutional violations necessary to establish Monell
liability based on an alleged failure to provide adequate training or supervision as
Plaintiff alleges in Plaintiff’s Second Claim. See Owens v. Haas, 601 F.2d 1242, 1246,
cert. denied, 444 U.S. 980 (1979).
In the absence of any reasonable specificity as to the identity of the source of
newspaper reports to which Plaintiff alludes that police shootings of dogs during search
warrant executions by Buffalo police were done as a matter of “policy,” such assertions,
even if they had been included or referenced in the Complaint, could not be illustrative
of facts Plaintiff would be prepared to prove, Bible, 799 F.3d at 640 n. 17; Hunter,
F.Supp.3d at 324-25, because of the doubtful availability of such unidentified source,
and therefore cannot suffice to plausibly show that such a policy for Monell purposes
exists. The same is true with respect to Plaintiff’s unsupported assertions that such

16

unjustified shootings were “widespread,” Dkt. 21 at 13, an assertion which, significantly,
is not alleged in the Complaint and as a contention by counsel cannot satisfy the
plausibility standard to state a valid claim. See Charles v. Levitt, 2016 WL 3982514, at
**7-8 (S.D.N.Y. July 21, 2016) (considering counsel’s opinion, including “counsel’s
baseless perception” set forth as an allegation in an amended complaint, to be “utterly
irrelevant” such that the amended complaint did not state a claim), appeal docketed,
Nos. 16-2889 and 16-2902 (2d Cir. Aug. 19, 2016). Similarly, Plaintiff attempts to
bolster Plaintiff’s allegations that circumstantial evidence exists to show Defendant
Derenda’s knowledge of Plaintiff’s asserted Fourth Amendment violations based on
unwarranted shooting of dogs during search warrant executions by referring to police
records, over a four-year period (2011-2014), of police conduct involving such
shootings, Plaintiff’s Exh. M, indicating police engaged in narcotics search warrant
executions were required to shoot dogs at the premises, primarily pit bulls, which had
attacked the officers. See Plaintiff’s Exh. M (passim). However, these records are also
not referenced in the Complaint and Plaintiff’s characterization, Dkt. 21 at 14, that the
records constitute results of “sham[ ]” investigations does not provide any indication
pointing to the availability of evidence in the reported instances that Buffalo police had
used unnecessary force and that City Defendants, particularly Commissioner Derenda,
had knowledge of widespread Fourth Amendment violations involving shooting dogs
during drug raids. See Robinson, 818 F.3d at 13 (official reports showing police shot
dogs after being attacked provide no evidence that defendant municipality had
knowledge of pattern of unconstitutional conduct sufficient to prove deliberate
indifference); see also Charles, 2016 WL 3982514, at **7-8 (counsel’s opinion does not

17

provide basis to satisfy pleading of claim was plausible). The court therefore finds that
Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege City Defendants had knowledge of widespread or
repeated Fourth Amendment violations based on unnecessary shootings of dogs during
narcotics search warrant executions. Plaintiff’s allegations that such reports are “always
. . . erroneous and contrived,” Complaint ¶ 57, without any allegation of facts to support
such an otherwise grossly speculative assertion, also is insufficient to satisfy the
plausibility pleading requirement as to City Defendants’ knowledge of “widespread”
constitutional violations based on unnecessary shooting of dogs during narcotics search
warrant executions.
It is common knowledge that drug dealers use dogs with aggressive capacities,
particularly pit bulls, to help them in defending against intruders, including police, who
intend to seize their narcotics and drug sale proceeds. See Jake Flanagin, THE
TRAGEDY OF AMERICA’S DOG, Pacific Standard, Feb. 28, 2014, at 1,
https://psmag.com/environment/tragedy-americas-dog-pit-bull (“The pit bull’s trademark
loyalty combined with its muscular physique . . . came to represent aggression . . . thus
becoming the preferred guard dog for drug dealers and gangsters.”). Based on
common sense and experience it is therefore implausible to believe that dogs kept by
those engaged in narcotics trafficking and the subject of drug raids to which the
Complaint refers, including the Thomas front apartment which was the apparent object
of the search warrant, never attack strangers or police or are always tethered in a
dwelling or apartment when officers attempt to execute search warrants, particularly noknock search warrants, such that police shooting of the dogs during drug raids would
always be unreasonable as Plaintiff alleges with respect to City Defendants. To the

18

contrary, pit bulls and other dog breeds kept by drug dealers as guard dogs are more
likely to be left free within the target premises to attack strangers, including police
executing search warrants, whether ultimately shown to be defective or not. Indeed, as
another writer stated, “[w]arring drug dealers also train the dogs to be killers and then
use them as ‘four legged guns.’” Pit Bulls In Drug Dealers’ Fierce Canine Corps, Strat
Douthat, LOS ANGELES TIMES, Nov. 13, 1994, https://articles.latimes.com/print/1994-1113/news/mn-62013. Plaintiff’s policy and usage allegations are therefore insufficient on
their face because they are based on a single alleged incident involving the Individual
Defendants and on the conduct, albeit allegedly repetitive, of one officer, Defendant
Cook, to allege a pervasive course of unconstitutional police conduct in repetitive and
unnecessary shootings of canines during drug raids of which a policymaker of the City
of Buffalo, like Commissioner Derenda, must have been aware regarding the alleged
unnecessary shooting of dogs including Plaintiff’s. See DeCarlo, 141 F.3d at 6,
(conduct of single non-policy maker officer insufficient to establish Monell liability);
Mikulec, 909 F.Supp.2d at 228 (mere allegation of an official policy or usage
insufficient). In the absence of a plausible allegation of unconstitutional conduct by the
Buffalo police based the unnecessary shooting of dogs during drug raids, Plaintiff’s
claim that such unconstitutional conduct results from a municipal policy or usage also
fails. See Segal, 459 F.3d at 219 (stating, in affirming summary judgment in favor of
defendants, “[b]ecause the district court properly found no underlying constitutional
violations, its decision not to address the municipal defendants’ liability under Monell
was entirely correct”); Singer v. Fulton County Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 1995)
(actionability of claim of a violation of a constitutional right “‘must . . . be judged by

19

reference to the specific constitutional standard which governs that right.’”) (quoting
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989)). Plaintiff does not, moreover, purport to
allege that any other senior officials of the City, such as the Mayor or members of its
Common Council, were responsible for the alleged policy or practice, nor does Plaintiff
allege Defendant Cook is a policy-maker.
Circumstantial evidence of widespread and pervasive practices may support an
inference of the existence of a municipal policy or usage causing or condoning
unconstitutional conduct by police as Plaintiff states. See Plaintiff’s Response at 12
(citing Santos v. New York City, 847 F.Supp.2d 573, 576 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (citing Dwares
v. City of New York, 985 F.2d 94, 100 (2d Cir. 1993))). However, nothing in the
Complaint points to any circumstantial evidence of widespread unnecessary dog
shootings by Buffalo police officers during drug raids in the City of Buffalo. As
discussed, Discussion, supra, at 14-15, any reliance on assertions of such widespread
abuse which appeared in a free local newspaper is unavailing as it was not included in
the Complaint. Thus, in this case, whatever unpleaded circumstantial evidence there
may be upon which Plaintiff relies to sustain the Complaint that supposedly attributes
knowledge to Commissioner Derenda of the so-called widespread practice of police
shooting non-threatening dogs in connection with narcotics raids as a basis for
municipal liability under Monell, does not constitute knowledge by Derenda, as a
municipal policy-maker, of “widespread” Fourth Amendment violations in the form of
unreasonable shootings of dogs constituting unreasonable seizures which is the
constitutional standard applicable to Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims sufficient to plausibly
allege Monell liability against City Defendants. Rather, it more likely represents

20

knowledge of the more typical and reasonable actions of the police in defending
themselves against threats and attacks by guard dogs, particularly pit bulls, commonly
known to be kept by narcotics traffickers, see Discussion, supra, at 14-15, while
carrying out their duties directed to the interdiction of narcotics trafficking within the City
of Buffalo. As such, Plaintiff’s reliance on this theory of Monell liability is insufficient to
sustain the Complaint’s allegations of liability against the City Defendants. By the same
token Plaintiff’s allegations of Monell liability based on City Defendants’ failure to train
police officers in order to avoid the unnecessary use of lethal force against dogs,
Complaint ¶ 56, also fails because Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged a prerequisite
underlying Fourth Amendment violation through the use of unnecessary force against
animals in the course of executing no-knock search warrants based on a policy or
usage created by City Defendants. See Segal, 459 F.3d at 219 (underlying
constitutional violations required for Monell liability); Singer, 63 F.3d at 116 (same).
Plaintiff’s reliance (Plaintiff’s Response at 12), on Iacovangelo v. Correctional
Medical Care, Inc., 624 Fed.Appx. 10 (2d Cir. 2015), to demonstrate the Complaint
states a plausible claim of Monell liability is unavailing. In Iacovangelo, the plaintiff’s
Monell claim was rejected for lack of pleading of evidence of the existence of any formal
policy to provide “inadequate medically supervised withdrawal” from drug abuse,
Iacovangelo, 624 Fed.Appx. at 14, and any widespread practice of any failure to provide
such care of which supervisory personnel must have been aware, id., or the deliberate
indifference of supervisors to the failure to provide the necessary level of medically
supervised withdrawal. Id. Plaintiff’s Monell claims against City Defendants suffer from
the same inadequacy. See Discussion, supra, at 13-18. The same may be said for

21

Plaintiff’s reliance on Matusick v. Erie Cty. Water Auth., 757 F.3d 31, 62 (2d Cir. 2014)
for the proposition that widespread and persistent practices can establish the requisite
municipal customs and usage for purposes of Monell. In Matusick, the record showed
that such practices, harassment of plaintiff based on an inter-racial romantic
relationship, were “frequent and severe” and well-known to defendant’s senior
managers. In contrast, in the instant case, nothing in the Complaint indicates
Commissioner Derenda or other city policy-makers were in fact aware that unjustified
dog shootings by City police were widespread or that officers were acting in accordance
with an officially established policy that the dogs be killed during drug raids regardless
of whether they posed a threat to the police as the Complaint in this case alleges.
There is similarly no allegation of any formal policy requiring the killing of pet dogs
during the execution of search warrants, and nothing in the Complaint plausibly alleges
either a widespread practice, known to and condoned by Commissioner Derenda, of
shooting dogs regardless of whether the canines posed a threat to police officers
engaged in executing drug related search warrants, or that Commissioner Derenda was
deliberately indifferent to the widespread continuation of such unreasonable seizures of
dogs kept within dwellings which were the target of narcotics trafficking search warrant
even if not correctly described in the warrants such as allegedly occurred in this case.
While the failure to train municipal employees may support, consistent with Monell,
municipal liability as a form of official “deliberate indifference to constitutional rights,”
Carter v. Incorporated Village of Ocean Beach, 759 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir. 2014)
(“Carter”), as Plaintiff also contends, Plaintiff’s Response at 12, contrary to Plaintiff’s
contention, Carter supports a finding that the Complaint fails to plausibly allege how the

22

absence of training demonstrates deliberate indifference by City Defendants to
Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights based only on the shooting of Plaintiff’s dog under
circumstances that plausibly show it may have been unreasonable to do so. See
DeCarlo, 141 F.3d at 61 (misconduct by single non-policymaker actor cannot satisfy
requirements for Monell liability). In Carter, the court found the plaintiff failed to
demonstrate the existence of deliberate indifference to a widespread and persistent
practice of fostering the specifically alleged First Amendment retaliation and Due
Process violation claims, or that a policymaker approved any such alleged constitutional
violations. Carter, 759 F.3d at 164. Similarly, in Jones v. Town of East Haven, 691
F.3d 72, 82 (2d Cir. 2012), also relied on by Plaintiff, Plaintiff’s Response at 12, the
court found insufficient evidence of a municipal policy or usage where the evidence was
limited to “instances of reprehensible and . . . illegal and unconstitutional conduct . . .”
but were not “so widespread as to support an inference that it must have been known
and tolerated by superiors.” Therefore, while the holding in Jones is based on a postverdict record not, as here, a Rule 12(c) motion on the pleadings, it provides no support
for a conclusion that the Complaint plausibly states a Monell claim against City
Defendants as Plaintiff maintains. Thus, the Complaint does not plausibly allege City
Defendants created or maintained a custom or usage sufficient to sustain a Fourth
Amendment claim based on the unnecessary and thus unreasonable shooting of dogs
located in dwellings which are the subject of police drug raids against City Defendants
nor that City Defendants were deliberately indifferent to the need for training police to
avoid such unreasonable force against dogs. Accordingly, Defendants’ Rule 12(c)

23

motion as to the City Defendants8 under Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Seventh
Claims should be GRANTED.9
In Plaintiff’s First and Seventh Claims, Plaintiff alleges both the City and the
Individual Defendants are liable under § 1983 for the improper execution and entry of
Plaintiff’s apartment by the Individual Defendants. However, nowhere in the body of
either of these claims does Plaintiff assert that such entry was the result of or motivated
by a municipal policy or usage required under Monell for municipal liability, see Boans,
5 F.3d at 373, and thus both claims must be also dismissed as to the City Defendants.
Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s First and Seventh Claims as to City
Defendants based on the alleged illegal entry by Individual Defendants should therefore
be GRANTED.
2.

Staleness.

Plaintiff also alleges the search warrant issued on May 8, 2013 when executed
by Individual Defendants on June 3, 2013 was in violation of N.Y.Crim.P. Law § 69030[1] (“§ 690.30[1]”) which requires that a search warrant issued by a state court be
executed within 10 days of its issuance and as such the execution of the warrant was
illegal and provides an additional ground for relief under Plaintiff’s First Claim.
However, Plaintiff’s First Claim alleges Plaintiff’s right to damages based on the
Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments and it is basic that § 1983 actions are limited to
8

Plaintiff concedes that Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants City of Buffalo Police Department, the
Buffalo Police Department Narcotics Division and Officer Brian Gummo, who is not named in the
Complaint’s caption but is named in the caption to Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim, see Complaint at 23, and was
not served, should be dismissed. See Dkt. 21 at 16.
9
City Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim alleging § 1985 claims should
also be GRANTED as the requirements for a Monell claim based on § 1985 claim are the same as for a §
1983 claim. See Davis v. Town of Hempstead, 2000 WL 268571, at *1 (2d Cir. Mar. 10, 2000) (citing
Owens v. Haas, 601 F.2d 1241, 1247 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 980 (1979)). Additionally, Plaintiff’s
Eighth Claim is barred by an intracorporate conspiracy doctrine and an insufficiently pleaded conspiracy
based on discriminatory animus as § 1985 requires. See Discussion, infra, at 27-28.
24

recourse for the violation of rights protected by the federal constitution and not for state
law related claims. See Sykes v. Bank of America, 723 F.3d 399, 405-06 (2d Cir. 2013)
(“To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must show that a defendant,
acting under color of state law, deprived him of a federal constitutional or statutory
right.”) (underlining added).
A similar (stale warrant) ground for § 1983 relief is pleaded in Plaintiff’s Seventh
Claim; however, in contrast to Plaintiff’s staleness claim as pleaded in Plaintiff’s First
claim, Plaintiff’s Seventh Claim is predicated solely on the Fourth Amendment and it is
well-settled that “[s]tale warrants are void,” People v. Glen, 282 N.E.2d 614, 619 (N.Y.
1972) (citing caselaw) (Breitel, J.) and, as such, may constitute a Fourth Amendment
violation as an unreasonable search which can be remedied pursuant to § 1983. Thus,
to the extent Defendants Rule 12(c) motion was directed by Defendants to Plaintiff’s
Seventh Claim based on staleness under the Fourth Amendment as an unreasonable
search, the motion should be DENIED.
Accordingly, Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s First Claim
based on § 690.30[1] should be GRANTED; Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to
Plaintiff’s Seventh Claim based on alleged staleness as a Fourth Amendment violation
should be DENIED.
3.

Plaintiff’s Sixth Claim (State Law Claim).

Defendants also move, Defendants’ Memorandum, Dkt. 15-3 at 11, against
Plaintiff’s Sixth Cause of Action alleging City Defendants negligently hired Defendant
Cook, and negligently failed to provide proper training and supervision of the Individual
Defendants, particularly with respect to Defendant Cook (“negligently . . . hiring and

25

entrusting Detective Joseph Cook to carry out the sworn duties of a City of Buffalo
Police Officer”), as well as other police officers with respect to the use of unnecessary
force against animals encountered in private premises in the course of official duties.
See Complaint ¶ 77. Plaintiff has not responded to Defendants’ contentions. Under
New York law, claims against the employer of police accused of negligent or
intentionally tortious misconduct must show that such misconduct occurred “outside the
scope of employment when committing the tort.” Cerbelli v. City of New York, 2008 WL
4449634, at *4 (Sept. 30, 2008 E.D.N.Y.), Report and Recommendation adopted, 2008
WL 4449644 (Oct. 1, 2008 E.D.N.Y.) (citing caselaw); see also Steele, 2016 WL
1274710, at *3 (citing cases); Eckardt v. City of White Plains, 930 N.Y.S.2d 22, 25 (2d
Dep’t. 2011) (no cause claim for negligent hiring, retention, supervision or training
against city employer where police officers alleged excessive force in arresting plaintiff
occurred in the scope of their employment) (citing cases). Here, as Defendants point
out, Defendants’ Memorandum at 11, the Complaint (Complaint ¶¶ 22-23) alleges
Defendant Derenda and the Individual Defendants “were discharging their duties in the
scope of their employment by the City of Buffalo Police Department . . ..” Therefore,
under applicable New York law, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege negligence against
City Defendants based on a negligent hiring, including entrustment, of Defendant Cook
and negligence in the training and supervision of the Individual Defendants.
Accordingly, Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s Sixth Claim should be
GRANTED.10

10

Although Defendants assert Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion is directed to all of Plaintiff’s claims, see
Dkt. 15-3 at 4, Defendants do not provide any arguments in support of this assertion particularly directed
to Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim. See Complaint at 18-19. Accordingly, while Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim alleging
intentional infliction of mental distress based on Defendant Cook’s shooting of Plaintiff’s dog appears not
26

4.

Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim (§ 1985).

Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim alleges a § 1985 claim against City Defendants and
Police Officer Brian J. Gummo, based on the alleged wrongful disposal of the remains
of Plaintiff’s dog pursuant to a conspiracy to deprive Plaintiff of his rights to equal
protection and due process for the purpose of impeding Plaintiff’s ability to pursue
Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claims. Complaint ¶¶ 81-82. A § 1985 claim requires a
plaintiff allege a conspiracy for the purpose of depriving a person or class of persons
equal protection of the law and an act in furtherance of such conspiracy which causes
injury to plaintiff or a deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen. See Robinson v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 508 Fed.Appx 7 at **2 (2d Cir. Jan. 22, 2013) (quoting United States
Bhd. of Carpenters v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 828-29 (1983)). In addition, to serve as a
predicate for a § 1985 claim, the alleged conspiracy must be motivated by “‘some racial
or . . . class-based, invidious discriminatory animus.’” Id. (quoting Britt v. Garcia, 457
F.3d 264, 270 n. 4 (2d Cir. 2006)). Here, Plaintiff’s conspiracy allegations in support of
Plaintiff’s Eighth (§ 1985) claim fail as such claim against City Defendants is barred
under the “intracorporate conspiracy doctrine,” Murphy v. City of Stamford, 634
Fed.Appx. 804, 805 (2d Cir. 2015), under which “‘officers, agents, and employees of a
single corporate entity [including a municipality] are legally incapable of conspiring
together,’” id. (quoting Hartline v. Gallo, 546 F.3d 95, 99 n. 2 (2d Cir. 2008)). In this
case, Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim specifically alleges that following the shooting of Plaintiff’s
dog, City Defendants conspired to interfere with Plaintiff’s equal protection right to

to be cognizable under New York law, see Steele, 2016 WL 1274710 at *3 (citing New York caselaw
holding that as dogs are personal property New York law does not recognize an action for intentional or
negligent destruction), the court declines to address the issue in the absence of a motion by Defendants’
briefing specifically directed to Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim.
27

“pursue[ ] a lawsuit” with respect to such shooting by unlawfully disposing of dogs
remains and “falsifying [official] reports” regarding the shooting. Complaint ¶ 82. Thus,
Plaintiff alleges City Defendants as employees or agents of the City engaged in such
“conspiratorial activities [which] pertained to and were motivated by the [City
Defendants’] respective public duties.” Murphy, 634 Fed.Appx. at 805.11 As such,
Plaintiff’s § 1985 claim is not cognizable under § 1985. Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim also fails
to allege that City Defendants’ actions with regard to the shooting and disposal of
Plaintiff’s dog were motivated by any form of discriminatory animus as § 1985 requires
and thus cannot plausibly state a claim under § 1985. See Complaint ¶ 23 (“at all
relevant times, Defendat[ ] Derenda [was] discharging [his] duties in the scope of [his]
employment by the City of Buffalo”). Robinson, 508 Fed.Appx. at **2. Accordingly,
Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s Eighth Claim should be GRANTED.
B.

Individual Defendants.

Defendants also contend Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims (Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third,
and Seventh Claims) against the Individual Defendants based on Fourth Amendment
violations should be dismissed. See Defendants’ Reply, Dkt. 22 at 6. Insofar as these
claims are based on the Individual Defendants’ alleged illegal entry into Plaintiff’s
apartment based on a defective warrant, the Individual Defendants are incorrect. Fairly
read, Plaintiff’s allegations include that the Individual Defendants failed to sufficiently
investigate and determine that the target of the search warrant occupied the upper front
apartment at 304 Breckenridge, Complaint ¶¶ 29-31, 46-48, 80, not the upper rear
apartment where Plaintiff resided and at which Individual Defendants executed the

11

As noted, Plaintiff agrees Plaintiff’s claim against Officer Gummo should be DISMISSED. See
Discussion, supra, at 23 n. 8.
28

search warrant, that before executing the warrant the Individual Defendants were
informed of this fact, Complaint ¶¶ 30, 80, and that Individual Defendants therefore
knew or reasonably should have known that the warrant failed to correctly describe the
place to be searched, Complaint ¶ 80, thus rendering execution of the warrant in
Plaintiff’s apartment in violation of the Fourth Amendment’s requirement that the
premises to be rendered be reasonably described in the warrant. See U.S. Const. Art.
IV (warrants required to “particularly describe[ ] the place to be searched”). See Groh v.
Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 557-58 (2011) (facially invalid search warrant that failed to
sufficiently describe persons or things to be seized was basis of § 1983 action). Based
on Plaintiff’s factual allegations Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claims based on the
Individual Defendants’ entry into Plaintiff’s apartment are not speculative. See
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (factual allegations must go beyond the “speculative level”).
The same analysis applies to Plaintiff’s Fifth Claim based on state tort law against
Defendant Cook for wrongfully shooting Plaintiff’s dog, Complaint ¶ 74. Therefore, the
Complaint plausibly alleges a Fourth Amendment violation on this ground and, as such,
Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion as to the Individual Defendants as to Plaintiff’s First,
Fifth, and Seventh Claim based on the Individual Defendants’ execution of the defective
warrant should be DENIED.
Similarly, Defendants’ contention that Plaintiff’s First, Second, and Third Claims
against the Individual Defendants based on destruction of Plaintiff’s dog and loss of
other property should be dismissed is correct, in part. As to the shooting of Plaintiff’s
dog, Plaintiff unambiguously alleges only that Defendant Cook shot the dog, not
Defendants Garcia or Callahan. Complaint ¶¶ 47, 58, 74. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims

29

based on Cook’s action in shooting Plaintiff’s dog must be dismissed as to Defendants
Garcia and Callahan based on a lack of personal involvement in the shooting plausibly
alleged by Plaintiff on the part of Garcia or Callahan. See Spavone, 719 F.3d at 135
(personal involvement required for § 1983 claims). Nor does Plaintiff attempt to assign
liability for personal involvement against Garcia or Callahan based on an alleged failure
to intervene to prevent Cook from shooting Cindy unnecessarily. See Rogoz v. City of
Hartford, 796 F.3d 236, 251 (2d Cir. 2015) (“In order for a law enforcement officer to be
held liable [under § 1983] for another officer’s use of excessive force, ‘there must have
been a realistic opportunity [for former officer] to intervene to prevent the harm from
occurring.’” (quoting Anderson v. Branen, 17 F.3d 552, 557 (2d Cir. 1994))). Further, in
Plaintiff’s Third and Fifth Claims, Plaintiff alleges a loss of other personal property.
Complaint ¶¶ 61, 75. As the Individual Defendants are alleged to be the only officers
involved in the search, it is plausible and not speculative that Plaintiff’s other property
items were seized by each of the Individual Defendants as Plaintiff alleges. See
Complaint ¶¶ 61, 75. Accordingly, Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion directed to Plaintiff’s
First, Third, and Seventh Claims should be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
2.

Summary Judgment/Plaintiff’s Motion To Amend Scheduling Order.
In support of Defendants’ alternative request for summary judgment, Defendants

contend Plaintiff has produced no evidence demonstrating the existence of a material
issue of fact in regard to Plaintiff’s First, Second, and Third Claims against City
Defendants based on the alleged existence of a municipal policy or usage requiring or
condoning the illegal entry, seizure, and destruction of Plaintiff’s property including
Plaintiff’s dog. Defendants’ Memorandum at 9-10. Plaintiff opposed Defendants’

30

motion for summary judgment contending Plaintiff has not received satisfactory or
complete responses to Plaintiff’s Interrogatories served January 2, 2016 (Dkt. 21-11).
Defendants’ answers (Dkt. 21-12) were served September 2, 2016. Of Plaintiff’s 38
Interrogatories, Defendants failed, possibly because of the limitation on interrogatories
set forth in Fed.R.Civ.P. 33(a)(1) (absent court order or stipulation interrogatories limited
to 25), to respond to the last 13 Interrogatories, three of which address Plaintiff’s
municipal liability claim with respect to the unnecessary destruction of animals, see Dkt.
21-23 ¶¶ 30-32, and the balance addressing prior claims against Individual Defendants,
such possible Defendants’ mental health issues, and the specifics of Defendants’
affirmative defenses. See Plaintiff’s Response at 7. Instead of moving to compel
Defendants’ responsive discovery or proceeding pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 30(a)
(requests for oral depositions of a party), Plaintiff served, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 45,
subpoenas on City Defendant Derenda and the Individual Defendants for their
depositions on October 14, 2016. See Plaintiff’s Response at 7 referencing Dkt. 21-9
(“Plaintiff’s Subpoenas”). However, despite Defendants’ representation indicating
Individual Defendants, but not Defendant Derenda, would appear, Dkt. 15-11 at 1, the
subpoenaed Defendants failed to appear for their depositions on October 14, 2016, Dkt.
23 at 2,and subsequently filed, on October 31, 2016, Defendants’ Rule 12(c) and Rule
56 motions. As noted, however, Plaintiff has not moved to compel Defendants’ further
answers to Plaintiff’s Interrogatories, nor has Plaintiff moved to compel Defendants’
compliance with Plaintiff’s Subpoenas.
Under the Scheduling Order for this case filed January 21, 2016 (Dkt. 13), all
discovery was to be completed by October 31, 2016; motions to compel discovery were

31

to be filed October 3, 2016. Nevertheless, Plaintiff contends summary judgment should
be denied because discovery is not complete. Plaintiff’s Response at 9. As noted,
Background, supra, at 2, on January 12, 2017, Plaintiff moved to amend the Scheduling
Order to extend discovery arguing that Defendants’ failure to respond to Plaintiff’s
Interrogatories and failure to appear for depositions prevented Plaintiff from timely
completing discovery and that an attorney for Defendants failed earlier to request an
amended Scheduling Order as had been agreed to extend the period for discovery.
Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the Scheduling Order at 1-2. Accordingly, Plaintiff requests
the court enter an Amended Scheduling Order extending the period for discovery in this
case. Plaintiff also states Plaintiff’s counsel suffered from an unspecifed “neurological”
health issue in the fall of 2016 and unduly relied on Defendants’ counsel’s
representation that Defendants would request such relief, which was not done, and
which contributed to Plaintiff’s failure to timely move to compel or to amend the
Scheduling Order. Id. at 5-6. In response to Plaintiff’s motion, by e-mail dated January
17, 2017 (Dkt. 29), Defendants advised the court Defendants took no position with
respect to Plaintiff’s motion including Plaintiff’s representations with regard to
Defendants’ failure to seek such relief. Based on the circumstances presented, the
court finds Plaintiff’s failure to timely seek an amendment to the Scheduling Order prior
to the October 31, 2016 discovery completion date represents excusable neglect,
pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 6(b)(1)(B), and that good cause for the same reasons also
supports Plaintiff’s motion. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion, Dkt. 23, is, without
opposition, GRANTED. An Amended Scheduling Order will be filed with this Decision
and Order / Report and Recommendation. As Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the

32

Scheduling Order extending the time for discovery has been granted, discovery must be
deemed incomplete therefore requiring the court dismiss Defendants’ alternative
request for summary judgment. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(d) (summary judgment to be
deferred pending further discovery); Wood v. United States, 175 Fed.Appx. 419, 420
(2d Cir. Apr. 4, 2006) (citing Salahuddin v. Coughlin, 993 F.2d 306, 308 (2d Cir. 1993)
(“Where, as here, a party moves for summary judgment on the ground that the
nonmoving party bears the burden of proof and will be unable to prove an essential
element of this case, Rule 56 allows summary judgment only ‘after adequate time for
discovery.’” (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)))). As such
Defendants’ alternative motion seeking summary judgment for City Defendants is
DISMISSED without prejudice.
3.

Disqualification.
As noted, Defendants request Plaintiff’s counsel, Matthew A. Albert (“Albert”) be

disqualified under N.Y. Rules of Professional Conduct 1.11(a)(2) (“Rule 1.11(a)(2)”) and
3.7(a). Defendants’ Memorandum at 14-18. In support of Defendants’ request,
Defendants contend that while employed as an assistant district attorney, Albert
obtained from Defendant Garcia information concerning Defendants’ involvement in the
events leading to the instant litigation. In particular, Defendants assert that shortly after
Defendants’ execution of a City Court search warrant at Plaintiff’s apartment and the
shooting of Plaintiff’s dog, a pit bull terrier, by Defendant Cook within the apartment,
Albert telephoned Garcia and asked Garcia about the circumstances of the entry and
shooting which Garcia provided, Garcia Affidavit I (Dkt. 15-7) ¶ 8, and requested Garcia
meet with Albert to discuss the warrant execution in further detail and bring the official

33

Police Department file (“the file”) for Albert’s review. Id. According to Garcia, Albert
informed him that the District Attorney had requested Albert to “look into the matter.”
Garcia Affidavit II (Dkt. 28-1) ¶ 11. Garcia further avers that he met with Albert, as
Albert had requested, the next day at the Erie County District Attorney’s office and
discussed with Albert the warrant execution at Plaintiff’s apartment “in further detail.”12
Garcia Affidavit I ¶ 9. Garcia also states that Albert reviewed the file which contained
“the warrant, the warrant application information and ‘ops plan’” and “other internal
Police Department documents concerning” the execution of the warrant. Id. ¶ 7. An
“ops plan” refers to a written plan for execution of a warrant defining the “manner” for
execution of a search warrant, “the location to be searched, the route to the search
location, and describes the role of each team member involved during and after the
[warrant] execution.” Garcia Affidavit II ¶ 4. Garcia also states that prior to the June 3,
2013 warrant execution, Albert accompanied Defendants Cook, Callahan and Garcia on
at least one other search warrant execution on December 15, 2012 at 321 Mystic Street
in Buffalo, Dkt. 28-2 ¶ 8, Dkt. 28-3 ¶ 7 (“the December 2012 search warrant”), during
which Albert participated in the staging of the warrant execution and search of the
premises where dogs were present but none were shot by the police. Garcia Affidavit II
¶ 10. Garcia also avers that at Albert’s urging he joined a group called the Buffalo
Animal Rescue Coalition (“BARC”), members of which include law enforcement
personnel, prosecutors, and representatives of the local SPCA dealing with animal
cruelty cases. Defendants Cook and Callahan also describe their prior contact with

12

No further description of such details was provided by Garcia in support of Defendants’ motion to
disqualify despite the court’s request to do so and Defendants made no request to provide such details
under seal. See Garcia Affidavit II, Dkt. 28-1 (passim).
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Albert in connection with the December 2012 search warrant and BARC. Cook Affidavit
II ¶ 8; Callahan Affidavit II ¶¶ 6, 7.
In his responding declaration filed January 31, 2017 (Dkt. 27-1) (“Albert
Declaration”), Albert acknowledges his prior contacts with Defendants Cook, Callahan,
and Garcia during his tenure as an Assistant Erie County District Attorney, Albert
Declaration ¶¶ 3-4, and that after reading a local newspaper account about the incident,
“[a]s an animal lover and decent human being” he called Garcia following the June 3,
2013 incident “more as a friend” to learn “what had happened.” Id. ¶ 12. According to
Albert, in the brief “five minute,” Garcia Affidavit ¶ 8, telephone conversation, Garcia
stated that Garcia, Cook, and Callahan had “hit the correct house as listed on the
search warrant, and that the [Plaintiff’s] dog had acted aggressively.” Albert Declaration
¶ 13. Albert does not deny that, as Garcia averred, he told Garcia that the District
Attorney had asked him to look into the matter, see Albert Declaration (passim), but
Albert does deny engaging in any subsequent conference with Garcia regarding the
warrant execution and shooting of Plaintiff’s dog. See Albert Declaration ¶ 7 (“in the
case at bar . . . I did not conference with any officers”); see also Dkt. 21 at 21 (“such
conference never happened”). Albert further explains that as to the execution of the
December 2012 search warrant, Albert remained in a car, and entered the premises
only after all the suspects were handcuffed. Id. ¶ 8. Albert further states that until he
read Garcia’s explanation, Garcia Affidavit II ¶ 4, he was unaware of the meaning of the
term “ops plan.” Albert Declaration ¶ 8. In sum, Albert claims his knowledge of
execution of search warrants involving narcotics by Buffalo Police is equivalent to that
portrayed in connection with a television program called “COPS.” Id. ¶ 10. Albert

35

further states that after his telephone conversation with Garcia, he had no further
contact with the subject matter of the instant case until he was contacted by Plaintiff
approximately two years later. Id. ¶ 14. According to Plaintiff, before retaining Albert in
this case, Albert informed Plaintiff of Albert’s prior communications with Defendants
Callahan, Cook, and Garcia, but Albert’s representation of Plaintiff’s interest has been
vigorous, Affidavit of Adam Arroyo, Dkt. 21-20 ¶ 8, and disqualification of Albert would
greatly disadvantage Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 11.
Courts have inherent power to disqualify attorneys in order to “‘preserve the
integrity of the adversary process.’” Goodwine v. City of New York, 2016 WL 379761, at
*1 (Jan. 29, 2016) (quoting Hempstead Video, Inc. v. Incorporated Village of Valley
Stream, 409 F.3d 127, 132 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted)) which is
“‘a matter committed to the sound discretion of the district court.’” Id. (quoting Purgess
v. Sharrock, 33 F.3d 134, 144 (2d Cir. 1994)). See also Murray v. Metropolitan Life Ins.
Co., 583 F.3d 173, 178 (2d Cir. 2009) (“ultimate reason for disqualification: harm to the
integrity of the judicial system”). The party seeking disqualification bears the burden of
establishing disqualification is necessary and to avoid using such requests for tactical
reasons the court reviews the merits with “fairly strict scrutiny.” Goodwine, 2016 WL
379761, at *2 (quoting Decker v. Nagel Rice, LLC, 716 F.Supp.2d 228, 231-32
(S.D.N.Y. 2010)); see also Green v. City of New York, 2011 WL 2419864, at *2
(S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2011) (“high standard of proof imposed on party seeking
disqualification” avoids undue interference with “a client’s right to choose counsel” and
use of “disqualification motion as a tactical device”). Further, while courts may, in
resolving disqualification motions, “consult” disciplinary rules of New York State such

36

rules are “not binding authority.” Id. at *2 (citing Hempstead Video, 409 F.3d at 132),
and as “‘not every violation of a disciplinary rule will necessarily lead to disqualification,’”
id. (quoting Hempstead Video, 409 F.3d at 132), “‘disqualification is only warranted in
the rare circumstance where an attorney’s conduct poses a significant risk of trial taint.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Decker, 716 F.Supp.2d 228 at 231
(quoting Glueck v. Jonathan Logan, Inc., 653 F.2d 746, 748 (2d Cir. 1978))).
As noted, Defendants contend Albert’s prior relationship with Defendants
Callahan, Cook, and Garcia as it relates to Plaintiff’s claims violated Rule 1.11(a)(2)
prohibiting representation by a lawyer “in connection with a matter in which the lawyer
participated personally and substantially as a public officer or employee, unless the
appropriate government agency gives its informed consent, confirmed in writing, to the
representation.” N.Y. Rules of Prof. Conduct Rule 1.11, N.Y. Judiciary Law Appendix
(Mckinney 2016). Thus, for disqualification to be warranted under Rule 1.11(a)(2), the
Rule requires that “the lawyer must have participated ‘personally and substantially’ . . .
and the ‘matter’ must have been the same matter.” Green, 2011 WL 2419864, at *2.
Here, the parties do not dispute that Albert’s representation of Plaintiff in the instant
action is essentially the same matter, i.e., the actionability of Defendants Callahan,
Cook, and Garcia’s entry into Plaintiff’s apartment and the alleged unnecessary
shooting by Cook of Plaintiff’s dog which Plaintiff contends posed no risk to Defendants
in connection with their execution of the warrant. Nor do the parties contest Albert’s
personal involvement with Garcia in obtaining information about the incident and
Albert’s personal representation of Plaintiff in this subsequent action for damages
against Defendants based on the Fourth Amendment and state law, and that the Erie

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County District Attorney has not consented to Albert’s representation of Plaintiff.
Therefore, the question of Albert’s possible disqualification under Rule 1.11(a)(2) turns
on whether his prior involvement, as an assistant district attorney, with the Defendant
police officers, particularly Garcia, constitutes a substantial participation in the matter
shortly after the occurrence of the incident in June 2013.
For purposes of Rule 1.11(a)(2), substantial participation is “substantive in
nature” and “directly affect[s] the merits of [the prior case].” In re Coleman, 895
N.Y.S.2d 122, 125 (2d Dept. 2010) (former chief surrogate’s court attorney not
disqualified under Rule 1.11(a)(2) where review of petitioner’s case during attorneys
prior service with court was primarily administrative – review for assignment to a staff
attorney – and record indicates no substantive legal involvement by such former chief
attorney affecting merits of petitioner’s proceeding). Under DR 9-101(b), the
predecessor to Rule 1.11(a)(2), the phrase “substantial responsibility” meant
disqualification of a former government attorney was contemplated where the attorney
was “‘personally involved to an important, material degree, in the investiga[tion] or
deliberative processes regarding the transactions or facts in question . . ..’” In re
Coleman, 895 N.Y.S.2d at 124 (quoting N.Y.S. Bar Assoc. Comm. on Prof. Ethics Op.
#748 Nov. 5, 2001). Thus, factors relevant to this question include whether Albert
“merely gathered and produced documents, responded to pleadings . . . or, rather,
served as a counselor and advisor on the broad subject at hand.” Green, 2011 WL
2419864, at *2 (disqualification of two former assistant corporation counsel required
based on attorneys’ substantial participation in underlying subject matter where
attorneys obtained confidential information on conduct of strip-searches by City

38

Corrections Department including review of relevant training material, policy statements,
information acquired from Corrections Department head and City’s risk managers, and
preparation of fact witnesses relative to impending litigation regarding such searches),
and whether Albert participated to a material degree in the investigation of the search or
any subsequent deliberative process such as whether to initiate a prosecution of
Defendants. Similarly, in Heyliger v. Collins, 2014 WL 910324, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 10,
2014), the court disqualified a former county prosecutor from representing a newspaper
against defamation claims that plaintiff was a gang member, brought by a plaintiff who
had been previously prosecuted by the attorney in connection with plaintiff’s criminal
charges which were dismissed and upon which plaintiff’s defamation claims were based
as such prosecutorial conduct constituted substantial involvement under Rule 1.11(a)(2)
in the same matter. In this case, although Garcia avers that Albert misrepresented his
solicitation of information from Garcia regarding the entry and shooting of Plaintiff’s dog
was at the direction of the then District Attorney, which direction could indicate that
Albert was substantially engaged in an investigation of the incident, Defendants, who
have the burden, proffer no affidavit from the former District Attorney, or other official,
confirming such fact. Thus, the record is barren of anything to support that Albert
substantially participated in the incident or its aftermath by any substantive involvement
such as an official investigation, deliberations regarding whether criminal charges
should be filed, or prosecution. See Green, 2011 WL 2419864, at *2; Coleman, 895
N.Y.S.2d at 124.
Moreover, while obtaining confidential information could be considered a form of
substantial participation in a prior matter handled by a government lawyer and thus a

39

ground for potential disqualification in this case, see McBean v. City of New York, 2003
WL 21277115, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 3, 2013) (citing cases), the record fails to establish
Albert in fact obtained such information, contrary to Defendants’ assertion. Nor do
Defendants characterize the information Garcia imparted as confidential. See
Defendants’ Reply Memorandum at 8 (“Albert had intimate knowledge of the subject
incident”). Neither of Garcia’s Affidavits indicate precisely what information Garcia
provided to Albert. See Dkt. 28-1 ¶ 12 (Garcia “discussed details regarding the search
warrant, information used to obtain the warrant, the execution of the warrant, and the
circumstances by which the dog was shot”), and ¶ 13 (Garcia provided “further details”
at the follow-up meeting with Albert). See also Defendants’ Reply at 8 (“Garcia . . .
shared information with . . . Albert”). However, such generalized statements leave one
to speculate as to whether any of the “details” mentioned by Garcia involved confidential
information regarding the search and shooting not then otherwise publicly available or
which may be acquired by Plaintiff through normal pretrial discovery and, as such, the
statements are simply too vague and unspecific to satisfy Defendants’ burden. See
Goodwine, 2016 WL 379761, at *2 (party seeking disqualification has burden) (citing
caselaw). Indeed, the court’s request that Defendants provide “greater detail on the
substance of their prior discussion with Mr. Albert,” Dkt. 26 at 3, was intended to elicit
an indication that the information was in fact confidential in nature, but despite the
court’s request to do so Defendants failed to provide an indication that whatever Garcia
imparted to Albert was confidential thereby establishing Albert’s substantial involvement
in the matter. However, as noted, Discussion, supra, at 33, n. 12, Garcia provided no
further particulars regarding his subsequent discussion with Albert. Further, Albert’s

40

prior experience with the officers in executing “similar” search warrants such as the
December 2012 search warrant is too attenuated from the instant matter and cannot
constitute the same subject matter for purposes of Rule 1.11(a)(2) particularly as
Defendants do not argue these search warrant executions involved shooting animals by
police. Additionally, Defendants fail to suggest what probative evidence relevant to
Plaintiff’s claim Albert may have gleaned from his participation in the December 2012
search. The court recognizes that to Defendants, Albert’s problematic contact while as
Assistant District Attorney with Garcia about the matter immediately following the
incident, supposedly motivated by his being an animal lover and “decent” good person,
creates at least an aura of impropriety and objectively could reasonably be viewed as
professionally unwise; however, as discussed, under the applicable standard the record
is insufficient to warrant outright disqualification.
Finally, Defendants’ substantial, 14-month, delay in seeking Albert’s
disqualification also weighs against disqualification. See Murray, 583 F.3d at 180
(“lengthy and unexecused delay in bringing motion to disqualify weighs against
disqualification); see also Goodwine, 2016 WL 379761, at *4 (prompt objection to
substitution of disqualified counsel under Rule 1.11(a)(2) negates inference that
disqualification sought to obtain tactical advantage). Here, the grounds for Albert’s
disqualification should have been apparent to Defendants immediately upon Albert’s
appearance in this case, after filing the Complaint on August 21, 2015, suggesting that
Defendants’ delay in seeking Albert’s disqualification was to gain an improper
advantage. Thus, considering all relevant factors the court is constrained to conclude
that Defendants have failed to meet Defendants’ burden to establish Albert, while as an

41

assistant district attorney, substantially participated in the prior incident at Plaintiff’s
apartment giving rise to the instant action and that Albert’s representation violates Rule
1.11(a)(2); accordingly Defendants’ motion is DENIED as to this ground.
Turning to Defendants’ alternative ground for Albert’s disqualification under N.Y.
Rules of Prof. Conduct 3.7(a) (“Rule 3.7(a)”), the so-called “witness-advocate rule,”
Goodwine, 2016 WL 379761, at *4, based on his status as a potential witness in this
case (“Rule 3.7(a)”), the court also finds, on this record, such contention to be
unsupported. As relevant, Rule 3.7(a) prohibits a lawyer from serving as litigation
counsel “in a matter in which the lawyer is likely to be a witness on a significant issue of
fact,” subject to several exceptions including, inter alia, that disqualification will result in
a “substantial hardship” to the client. Rule 3.7(a)(3). According to Defendants,
disqualification of Albert under Rule 3.7(a) is required because Albert’s prior contacts
with Defendants imbues Albert with personal knowledge of the case which “renders him
a witness,” Defendants’ Memorandum at 17, because should Garcia’s testimony be at
odds with Garcia’s prior statements to Albert concerning the circumstances of the
search of Plaintiff’s apartment and the shooting by Cook of Plaintiff’s dog, Albert would
need to testify in rebuttal in order to impeach Garcia. Id. Where disqualification is
sought based on the witness advocate rule, which requests are disfavored, Goodwine,
2016 WL 379761, at *2 (citing caselaw), courts consider whether the putative testimony
is a “necessary” determination based on ‘factors such as the significance of the matters,
weight of the testimony, and availability of other evidence.’” Id. (quoting Murray, 583
F.3d at 178). Here, the record is, at present, insufficient to determine whether any of
these criteria are met. Specifically, in the absence of Garcia’s or Albert’s depositions, it

42

is not possible to find that Garcia’s testimony on the relevant factual issues, such as
Defendants’ possible errors in failing to properly identify the correct location of the
apartment of the suspected narcotics trafficker in Defendants’ application for the search
warrant and what degree of threat Plaintiff’s dog actually presented upon Defendants’
apparently mistaken entry, would be inconsistent with any prior statements made by
Garcia to Albert during the course of their five-minute post-incident telephone
conversation, or in-person conference, even assuming it occurred. To be sure, any
such prior inconsistent statements by Garcia to Albert with regard to these questions
would be fair game for impeachment, see Fed.R.Evid. 613(b), by contradictory
testimony, as Defendants posit, if believed by the trier of fact, but on the record such
potential inconsistency remains speculative as does Albert’s potential need to testify in
an attempt to impeach Garcia at trial. Specifically, when Garcia, an experienced
narcotics detective, was contacted by Albert and responded to Albert’s inquiry regarding
the search, Garcia was well-aware that despite their prior cordial professional
relationship, Garcia was speaking to an assistant district attorney with potential
prosecutorial authority over the subject matter of the search and shooting of Plaintiff’s
dog. Any notion that Garcia, an experienced investigator, may have shared
incriminatory information regarding Defendants’ conduct relative to the search and
shooting of Plaintiff’s dog, or admissions useful in a later civil action such as the instant
case, and thus potentially created the possibility of placing a prior consistent statement
or admission in Albert’s hands for future use against Garcia, Callahan or Cook, is highly
unlikely. Significantly, Defendants do not assert Albert at any time attempted to elicit
such potentially damaging information. Thus, Defendants have not met Defendants’

43

“‘heavy burden of demonstrating that disqualification is necessary.’” Goodwine, 2016
WL 379761, at *2 (quoting Decker, 716 F.Supp.2d at 231-32). Nor have Defendants
shown that the court would be misled or that Defendants will suffer significant prejudice
sufficient to warrant Albert’s disqualification under Rule 3.7(a) if Albert remains as
Plaintiff’s attorney. See N.Y. Rules of Prof. Conduct comment 4; see also Murray, 583
F.3d at 178 (citing cases). Further, as with Defendants’ contentions pursuant to Rule
1.11(a)(2), see Discussion, supra, at 30-34, Defendants’ unexplained delay in seeking
Albert’s disqualification also weighs against Defendants’ request. See Murray 583 F.3d
at 180. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion on this ground is also DENIED.
Finally, the court notes Defendants alternatively requested an evidentiary hearing
on the question of Albert’s disqualification. See Defendants’ Memorandum at 18;
Defendant’s Reply at 9. However, as such requests are left to the discretion of the
court, see Perlstein v. Perlstein, 429 N.Y.S.2d 896, 902 (1st Dept. 1980) (trial court’s
acceptance of attorney’s statement that there was no disclosure of privileged
information supported trial court’s decision not to conduct hearing on issue), and given
the lack of factual support for Defendants’ motion, the court finds that such a hearing
would result in a fishing expedition for Defendants with no substantial likelihood that
anything persuasive on the merits of Defendants’ motion would result. Even if the
hearing established that Albert contacted Garcia at the District Attorney’s behest and
met with Garcia the next day, as Garcia maintains, there is no indication that any further
discussions between Albert and the District Attorney regarding the matter occurred
based on such meeting, that any actions of an official nature transpired, or that any of
the information provided by Garcia at the disputed conference was somehow of a

44

confidential nature. See Discussion, supra, at 25. Defendants had nearly 14 months to
conduct discovery, including a deposition of Albert and the former District Attorney, or to
at least make an effort to obtain an affidavit from the District Attorney or other official
with knowledge, to establish Albert had, contrary to his averment, any official role in the
matter, on the need for Albert’s disqualification prior to filing Defendants’ motion. Based
on the record, little, if any, such discovery was sought. Accordingly, Defendants’
request for an evidentiary hearing, despite the fact that Garcia and Albert dispute any
face-to-face meeting regarding the matter occurred, is also DENIED.
4.

Defendants’ Request For A Protective Order.
Finally, Defendants request a protective order barring the video-taping of the

Individual Defendants’ depositions pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c) (“Rule 26(c)”),
contending the Individual Defendants require this additional level of anonymity based on
their continuing service as police narcotics investigators which as to Defendant
Callahan includes undercover investigations. Defendants’ Memorandum at 20.
Defendants, accordingly, argue that video-taping the Individual Defendants’ depositions
will increase the risk of unnecessary exposure of the Individual Defendants to public
opinion because of the publicity surrounding Plaintiff’s claim and also increase the
likelihood that their identities will become more widely known to the local criminal
element creating additional and unnecessary threats to their safety. Plaintiff opposes
Defendants’ request contending Defendant’s safety considerations were too vague and
speculative to warrant relief. Plaintiff’s Response at 24-25. The court disagrees. The
recent public record is unfortunately replete with instances of wanton, often fatal,
attacks on law enforcement officers. There is no need to add to such palpable concerns

45

for the safety of the Individual Defendants in this case. See Milner v. City of New York,
2012 WL 3138110, at 14 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2012) (recognizing need to pixelate police
officers’ images during deposition based on “security concerns.”), report and
recommendation adopted 2012 WL 6097111 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 10, 2012)). Significantly,
Plaintiff offers no reason to indicate that the Individual Defendants’ depositions require
video-taping to be effective or, if necessary, useful for trial. Nor does Plaintiff suggest
the Individual Defendants would not be available for trial should the matter require trial.
Moreover, Defendant Cook averred that Plaintiff’s counsel has posted on the Internet,
specifically Facebook, Detective Cook’s home address, Dkt. 15-8 ¶ 6, which Plaintiff
does not dispute or explain, an action at odds with any apparent legitimate litigation
need. See Paisley Park Enterprises, Inc. v. Uptown Productions, 54 F.Supp2d 347, 349
(S.D.N.Y. 1999) (“courts must be vigilant to ensure their processes are not used
improperly for purposes unrelated to their role”). Defendants’ Rule 26(c) motion is
therefore GRANTED.

CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, City Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion (Dkt. 15) directed to
Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Claims against City
Defendants should be GRANTED, in part and DENIED, in part; Defendants’ Rule 12(c)
motion as to Plaintiff’s First, Third, and Seventh Claims against Individual Defendants
should be GRANTED, in part and DENIED, in part; Defendants’ alternative motion for
summary judgment is DISMISSED without prejudice; Defendants’ motion to disqualify is
DENIED; Defendants’ Rule 26(c) motion is GRANTED; Plaintiff’s motion to amend the
Scheduling Order (Dkt. 23) is GRANTED.
46

Respectfully submitted as to
Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion,
/s/ Leslie G. Foschio
________________________________
LESLIE G. FOSCHIO
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
SO ORDERED as to
Defendants’ Alternative Motion
for Summary Judgment,
Defendants’ Motion to Disqualify
Plaintiff’s Counsel and Defendants’,
Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend
the Scheduling Order,
Motion for Protective Order.
/s/ Leslie G. Foschio
________________________________
LESLIE G. FOSCHIO
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Dated: July 20, 2017
Buffalo, New York

47

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1), it is hereby
ORDERED that this Report and Recommendation be filed with the Clerk of the
Court.
ANY OBJECTIONS to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with the
Clerk of the Court within fourteen (14) days of service of this Report and
Recommendation in accordance with the above statute, Rules 72(b), 6(a) and 6(e) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rule 72.3.
Failure to file objections within the specified time or to request an extension of
such time waives the right to appeal the District Court's Order. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S.
140 (1985); Small v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 892 F.2d 15 (2d Cir.
1989); Wesolek v. Canadair Limited, 838 F.2d 55 (2d Cir. 1988).
Let the Clerk send a copy of this Report and Recommendation to the attorneys
for the Plaintiff and the Defendants.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Leslie G. Foschio
_________________________________
LESLIE G. FOSCHIO
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
DATED:

July 20, 2017
Buffalo, New York

48