Aikens v. Bishop et al
Filing
92
DECISION AND ORDER IT HEREBY IS ORDERED, that Plaintiff's case is DISMISSED for failure to prosecute, pursuant to Rule 41 (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.FURTHER, that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgme nt (Docket No. 85) is GRANTED. FURTHER, that the Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE this case.SO ORDERED.Signed by William M. Skretny, United States District Judge on 3/9/2021. Copy of Decision and Order mailed to Plaintiff.(JCM)-CLERK TO FOLLOW UP-
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
ANTHONY AIKENS,
v.
Plaintiff,
DECISION AND ORDER
17-CV-1266S
TIMOTHY HUNTER and
JACOB MONKELBAAN,
Defendants.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this action, pro se Plaintiff Anthony Aikens alleges, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
that Defendants Timothy Hunter and Jacob Monkelbaan violated his First Amendment
rights while he was an inmate in the custody of the New York State Department of
Corrections and Community Supervision (“DOCCS”). In particular, he asserts that
Defendants deprived him of his right to the free exercise of religion by denying him
showers before Juma, or Muslim Friday congregate prayer, services. Before this Court is
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. (Docket No. 85.) Despite being warned of
the consequences of his failure to do so, Plaintiff has not responded to Defendants’
motion. For the following reasons, this case is dismissed for failure to prosecute and
Defendants are granted summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
Because Plaintiff failed to respond to Defendants’ motion, all facts set forth in
Defendants’ Rule 56 Statement are deemed admitted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (e)(2); Local
Rule 56 (a)(2).
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At all relevant times, Plaintiff was an inmate housed at the Attica Correctional
Facility. (Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Facts, Docket No. 85-1, ¶ 1.) Defendants
Hunter and Monkelbaan were employees of DOCCS. (Id., ¶ 2.)
Plaintiff alleges that at some point in September 2016, Defendant Monkelbaan
posted a 2006 Grievance Decision regarding Juma showers on the inmate information
board at Attica. (Id., ¶ 3.) At the bottom of this printout, in large letters, was handwritten
“No Juma Showers Statewide.” (Id., ¶ 4.) Monkelbaan denies that he posted the decision
on the inmate message board. (Monkelbaan Declaration, Docket No. 85-4, ¶ 4.) Plaintiff
alleges that the posting of this decision implemented a policy of denying Juma showers
to inmates. (Docket No. 85-1, ¶ 3.) Defendants assert that the inmate message board is
used to provide information to inmates, but not to officers or other facility staff. (Id., ¶ 7.)
Plaintiff alleges that, as a result of this policy, he was denied showers before Juma
services on September 16, 23, and 30, and October 7 and 14. (Id., ¶ 4.) Plaintiff testified
that on September 16, 2016, he did not ask Monkelbaan for a Juma shower. (Id., ¶ 20.)
Plaintiff did not recall whom he requested a shower from on September 23, 2016. (Id., ¶
21.) Plaintiff testified that he requested a Juma shower from Monkelbaan on September
30, and that Monkelbaan wrote his request on a list and did not verbally deny his request.
(Docket No. 85-5 at p. 17.) Plaintiff did not receive a Juma shower on any of these dates.
(Aikens Deposition, Docket No. 85-5 at pp. 11, 14, 18.)
On or about October 4, 2016, Plaintiff filed a grievance regarding the denial of
showers on September 16, 23, and 30, 2016. (Docket No. 85-1, ¶ 8.)
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On or about October 6, 2016, Deputy Superintendent of Security Bishop issued a
memorandum regarding Juma showers. (Id., ¶ 9.) The memo stated that inmates were to
be provided Juma showers when it was operationally feasible. (Id., ¶ 9.) The memo was
to be read by the Chart Sergeant to all officers at roll call at the start of each work shift for
3 days. (Id., ¶ 10.)
Plaintiff testified that he requested a Juma shower from Monkelbaan on or about
October 7, 2016. (Id., ¶ 23.) Monkelbaan marked the request on a list and did not verbally
deny it. (Id.) Plaintiff did not receive a Juma shower that day. (Docket No. 85-5 at pp. 2021.)
On October 9, 2016, Sergeant Hunter met with Plaintiff to investigate Plaintiff’s
grievance. (Docket No. 85-1, ¶ 13) Hunter did not know about Plaintiff’s having been
denied Juma showers before this meeting. (Id., ¶ 14.) As part of his investigation, Hunter
met with nonparty Officer Brun, who informed him that Plaintiff had not requested showers
on the dates specified in Plaintiff’s grievance. (Id., ¶ 15). Hunter confirmed with Brun that
inmates should receive a Juma shower when requested, if it was operationally feasible.
(Id., ¶ 16.)
Plaintiff requested a Juma shower on October 14, 2016, but did not recall whom
he requested it from. (Id., ¶ 24.) He testified that he did not have communication with
Monkelbaan or Hunter on that date. (Id., ¶ 24.) Plaintiff did not receive a Juma shower
that day. (Docket No. 85-5 at p. 82.)
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The record indicates that Plaintiff attended Juma services on all 5 dates he claimed
he was denied a shower. (Id., ¶ 25.) Plaintiff testified that a person who has not taken a
shower is not prohibited from attending Juma services, if he “use[s] the bathroom.”
(Docket No. 85-5 at p. 8.)
Plaintiff initiated this action on December 4, 2017, asserting that Monkelbaan and
Hunter denied him his First Amendment rights. (Docket No. 1.) He filed an amended
complaint on December 27, 2017. (Docket No. 4.) After a period of discovery, Defendants
filed their Motion for Summary Judgment on March 2, 2020. (Docket No. 85.) This Court
set a deadline of April 13, 2020, for Plaintiff to respond to Defendants’ motion. (Docket
No. 86.) Plaintiff did not file a response.
On April 16, 2020, this Court sua sponte extended Plaintiff’s deadline to respond
to August 27, 2020, and warned him that his case could be dismissed if he failed to
respond as directed. (Docket No. 87.) On June 21, 2020, Plaintiff wrote a letter to the
Court, indicating that he had mailed his response, but that officials at the jail where he
was housed had stolen his papers, and he was fearful of filing his last copy without
assistance from this Court. (Docket No. 88.) In response, this Court extended Plaintiff’s
deadline to respond to September 14, 2020, and warned him of the consequences for not
doing so. (Docket No. 89.) Plaintiff again failed to file a response as directed.
After Plaintiff failed to respond, this Court sua sponte extended Plaintiff’s time to
respond to October 14, 2020, and again warned Plaintiff that failure to respond could lead
to dismissal of his action. (Docket No. 90.) Plaintiff again failed to respond.
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On December 7, 2020, this Court issued another Order sua sponte extending
Plaintiff’s time to respond to Defendants’ motion until February 1, 2021. (Docket No. 91.)
This Court again warned Plaintiff that his failure to respond could result in his case being
dismissed for lack of prosecution and stated that this was Plaintiff’s final warning. Plaintiff
failed to respond for a fifth time. 1
III. DISCUSSION
A.
Dismissal for Failure to Prosecute
Despite numerous opportunities to do so, Plaintiff has not responded to
Defendants’ motion, nor has he submitted evidentiary support for his claims. This case
therefore warrants dismissal for failure to prosecute, under Rule 41 (b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides that
[i]f the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules
or a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action
or any claim against it. Unless the dismissal order states
otherwise, a dismissal under this subdivision (b) and any
dismissal not under this rule—except one for lack of
jurisdiction, improper venue, or failure to join a party under
Rule 19—operates as an adjudication on the merits.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 41 (b).
Where the defendant has not moved under Rule 41 (b), a court may nonetheless
dismiss a case sua sponte. Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31, 82 S. Ct.
1386, 8 L. Ed. 2d 734 (1982); Lyell Theatre Corp. v. Loews Corp., 682 F.2d 37, 42 (2d
Cir. 1982). In Link, the Supreme Court noted that “[t]he authority of a court to dismiss sua
sponte for lack of prosecution has generally been considered an ‘inherent power,’
The docket reflects that each of this Court’s orders was mailed to Plaintiff and that none was returned to
the court as undeliverable.
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governed not by rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage
their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.” Link,
370 U.S. at 630-31.
Rule 41 (b) does not define what constitutes failure to prosecute. But the Second
Circuit has stated that failure to prosecute “can evidence itself either in an action lying
dormant with no significant activity to move it or in a pattern of dilatory tactics.” Lyell
Theatre Corp., 682 F.2d at 42. Dismissal pursuant to Rule 41 (b) falls within the court’s
discretion. See id. at 42-43 (“the scope of review of an order of dismissal is confined
solely to whether the trial court has exercised its inherent power to manage its affairs
within the permissible range of its discretion”). It is, however, “a harsh remedy to be
utilized only in extreme situations.” Harding v. Fed. Rsrv. Bank, 707 F.2d 46, 50 (2d Cir.
1983) (quoting Theilmann v. Rutland Hosp., Inc., 455 F.2d 853, 855 (2d Cir. 1972) (per
curiam)); see also Chira v. Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 634 F.2d 664, 665 (2d Cir. 1980)
(discussing the sanction of dismissal for failure to prosecute as “pungent, rarely used,
and conclusive”). This is particularly true in cases involving pro se litigants, where
dismissal for failure to prosecute should be granted only “when the circumstances are
sufficiently extreme.” Lucas v. Miles, 84 F.3d 532, 535 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Nita v. Conn.
Dep’t of Env’t. Prot., 16 F.3d 482, 487 (2d Cir. 1994)).
The following factors, none of which is dispositive, must be considered in
determining whether dismissal for failure to prosecute is warranted: (1) the duration of the
plaintiff’s failures; (2) whether the plaintiff received notice that further delays would result
in dismissal; (3) whether the defendant is likely to be prejudiced by further delay, (4)
whether an appropriate balance has been struck between alleviating the court’s calendar
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congestion and protecting the litigants’ due process rights; and (5) whether lesser
sanctions would be appropriate. See United States ex rel. Drake v. Norden Sys., Inc.,
375 F.3d 248, 255 (2d Cir. 2004); Nita, 16 F.3d at 485; Feurtado v. City of New York, 225
F.R.D. 474, 477 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (quoting Jackson v. City of New York, 22 F.3d 71, 74
(2d Cir. 1994)). While a district court is not required to expressly discuss these factors on
the record, “a decision to dismiss stands a better chance on appeal if the appellate court
has the benefit of the district court's reasoning.” Lucas, 84 F.3d at 535. Finally, in
examining the above factors, no single factor is to be considered dispositive. See United
States ex rel. Drake, 375 F.3d at 254.
In the present case, these factors weigh in favor of dismissal. Specifically, (1)
Plaintiff has caused a delay of significant duration in this litigation, as the proceedings
have been halted for almost 11 months as a result of his inaction, see Ruzsa v.
Rubenstein & Sendy Attys at Law, 520 F.3d 176, 177 (2d Cir. 2008) (upholding dismissal
where pro se party caused seven-month delay); (2) this Court directed Plaintiff five times
to respond to Defendants’ motion and warned each time that his failure to respond could
result in dismissal of this case; (3) Defendants are inherently prejudiced by further delay
of this action; (4) by affording Plaintiff ample time to prosecute his claims, this Court
carefully balanced the need to alleviate court calendar congestion against Plaintiff's right
to pursue his claims; and (5) no lesser sanction would be appropriate as Plaintiff's
repeated failure to comply with this Court’s multiple warnings of the possibility of dismissal
demonstrate that lesser sanctions would be ineffective, see Ruzsa, 520 F.3d at 178
(holding that “it is . . . unclear that a ‘lesser sanction’ would have proved effective” in light
of plaintiff's failure to respond to district court's notice). From these facts, this Court finds
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that Plaintiff had ample opportunity to pursue his claims, but elected not to do so.
Dismissal for failure to prosecute is therefore warranted.
In situations such as this, however, resolutions on summary judgment (with
defendant's Rule 56.1 statements deemed admitted by Plaintiff) are generally to be
preferred to dismissals under Rule 41(b). LeSane v. Hall's Sec. Analyst, Inc., 239 F.3d
206, 210–11 (2d Cir. 2001). Therefore, this Court will resolve Defendants’ motion on the
merits as well.
B.
Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (a). A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under
the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505,
91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). An issue of material fact is “genuine” if “the evidence is such
that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the evidence and the inferences
drawn from the evidence must be "viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing
the motion." Addickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158-59, 90 S. Ct.1598, 1609,
26 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1970). "Only when reasonable minds could not differ as to the import
of evidence is summary judgment proper." Bryant v. Maffucci, 923 F.2d 979, 982 (2d Cir.
1991). The function of the court is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of
the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249. “Assessments of credibility and choices between conflicting versions of the
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events are matters for the jury, not for the court on summary judgment.” Rule v. Brine,
Inc., 85 F.3d 1002, 1011 (2d Cir. 1996).
But a “mere scintilla of evidence” in favor of the nonmoving party will not defeat
summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. A nonmoving party must do more than
cast a “metaphysical doubt” as to the material facts; it must “offer some hard evidence
showing that its version of the events is not wholly fanciful.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.
v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986);
D’Amico v. City of New York, 132 F.3d 145, 149 (2d Cir. 1998). That is, there must be
evidence from which the jury could reasonably find for the nonmoving party. Anderson,
477 U.S. at 252.
By rule, judgment may also be entered against a party that fails to respond to a
properly filed motion for summary judgment, if appropriate. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (e)(3). This
district’s Local Rules provide for similar relief: a nonmoving party’s failure to file and serve
an answering memorandum or affidavit may constitute grounds for resolving the motion
against it. See Local Rule 7 (a)(2)(A) and (a)(3).
But failure to oppose or respond to a motion for summary judgment standing alone
does not warrant granting the motion: “the district court must still assess whether the
moving party has fulfilled its burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.” See Vt. Teddy Bear Co.,
Inc. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244, 246 (2d Cir. 2004) (“failure to respond to
[a Rule 56] motion does not alone discharge the burdens imposed on a moving party”);
Amaker v. Foley, 274 F.3d 677, 681 (2d Cir. 2001). If the moving party fails to submit
evidence sufficient to meet its burden, “summary judgment must be denied even if no
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opposing evidentiary matter is presented.” Amaker, 274 F.3d at 681. Consequently, the
Second Circuit has emphasized that district courts “‘in considering a motion for summary
judgment, must review the motion, even if unopposed, and determine from what it has
before it whether the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.’”
Vt. Teddy Bear, 373 F.3d at 246 (quoting Custer v. Pan Am. Life Ins. Co., 12 F.3d 410,
416 (4th Cir. 1993)).
C.
42 U.S.C. § 1983
Civil liability is imposed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only upon persons who, acting
under color of state law, deprive an individual of rights, privileges, or immunities secured
by the Constitution and laws. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On its own, § 1983 does not provide
a source of substantive rights, but rather, a method for vindicating federal rights conferred
elsewhere in the federal statutes and Constitution. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386,
393-94,109 S. Ct. 1865, 1870, 104 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443
U.S. 137, 145 n.3, 99 S. Ct. 2689, 2695, 61 L. Ed. 2d 433 (1979)). Accordingly, as a
threshold matter in reviewing claims brought pursuant to § 1983, it is necessary to
precisely identify the constitutional violations alleged. See Baker, 443 U.S. at 140. Here,
Plaintiff’s claims are grounded in the First Amendment.
Personal involvement in the deprivation of a federal constitutional right is the sine
qua non of liability under § 1983. See Haygood v. City of New York, 64 F. Supp. 2d 275,
280 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). It is well settled in this circuit that personal involvement by
defendants in cases alleging constitutional deprivations is a prerequisite to an award of
damages under § 1983. See McKinnon v. Patterson, 568 F.2d 930, 934 (2d Cir. 1977);
Richardson v. Coughlin, 101 F. Supp. 2d 127, 129 (W.D.N.Y. 2000); Pritchett v. Artuz,
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No. 99 Civ. 3957 (SAS), 2000 WL 4157, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2000).
The Second Circuit construes personal involvement in this context to mean “direct
participation, or failure to remedy the alleged wrong after learning of it, or creation of a
policy or custom under which unconstitutional practices occurred.” Black v. Coughlin, 76
F.3d 72, 74 (2d Cir. 1996); see also Wright v. Smith, 21 F.3d 496, 501 (2d Cir. 1994).
Personal involvement need not be active participation. It can be found “when an official
has actual or constructive notice of unconstitutional practices and demonstrates gross
negligence or deliberate indifference by failing to act.” See Meriwether v. Coughlin, 879
F.2d 1037, 1048 (2d Cir. 1989). Thus, personal involvement can be established by
showing that
(1) the defendant participated directly in the alleged
constitutional violation; (2) the defendant, after being
informed of the violation through a report or appeal,
failed to remedy the wrong; (3) the defendant created a
policy or custom under which unconstitutional practices
occurred, or allowed the continuance of such a policy or
custom; (4) the defendant was grossly negligent in
supervising subordinates who committed the wrongful
acts; or (5) the defendant exhibited deliberate
indifference to others’ rights by failing to act on
information indicating that constitutional acts were
occurring.
Liner v. Goord, 582 F. Supp. 2d 431, 433 (W.D.N.Y. 2008) (citing Colon v. Coughlin, 58
F.3d 865, 873 (2d Cir. 1995)); Hayut v. State Univ. of New York, 352 F.3d 733, 753 (2d
Cir. 2003).
Defendants argue that Sergeant Hunter cannot be held personally liable for any
injury Plaintiff may have suffered, because he never actively denied Plaintiff a shower,
and never failed to enforce the DOCCS policy. This Court agrees.
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As to denying showers, Plaintiff nowhere claims that he ever requested a Juma
shower of Hunter or that Hunter ever denied him. (Docket No. 85-1, ¶¶ 20-24.) Plaintiff
also claims that Hunter failed to read the memo instructing officers to permit Juma
showers where feasible, and thereby failed to enforce a policy allowing Juma showers.
But Defendants assert that it is “Chart Sergeants” who are responsible for reading the
memo at roll call, and that Hunter, as “Block Sergeant,” was never responsible for this
duty. (Id., ¶¶ 10-11.) Given these facts, which this Court deems admitted, a reasonable
jury could not find that Hunter was involved in denying Plaintiff showers, in enforcing a
policy of denying inmates showers, or in failing to enforce a policy allowing inmates
showers.
During his deposition, Plaintiff was asked, “how do you know personally Sergeant
Hunter did not direct the officers to adhere to the policy” of allowing inmates Juma
showers where feasible. (Docket No. 85-5 at p. 33.) Plaintiff stated, “I can only go by
because I was denied and nobody else was denied.” (Id.) A reasonable jury could not find
this sufficient to establish that Hunter was personally involved in the denial of a shower
to Plaintiff, or in a failure to enforce any shower policy. Hunter will therefore be dismissed
for lack of personal involvement.
D.
Denial of Juma Showers
Plaintiff also brings a claim against Officer Monkelbaan for denying him the free
exercise of his religion by denying him Juma showers on two occasions, and by posting
the 2006 grievance decision, which instituted a policy of denying him showers.
1.
Free Exercise of Religion Standard
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“Prisoners have long been understood to retain some measure of the constitutional
protection afforded by the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause.” Ford v. McGinnis,
352 F.3d 582, 588 (2d Cir. 2003). A claim under the Free Exercise Clause, made
actionable against state officials through 42 U.S.C. § 1983, requires that “a plaintiff must
show that he has a sincerely held religious belief, that it was substantially burdened, and
that defendants' conduct was not reasonably related to some legitimate penological
interest.” Barnes v. Furman, 629 F. App’x. 52, 55 (2d Cir. 2015). After defendants present
a legitimate penological interest, “the burden remains with the prisoner to show that these
penological concerns were irrational.” Ford, 352 F.3d at 595.
In determining whether a belief is sincerely held,” it is not within the judicial ken to
question the centrality of particular beliefs or practices to a faith, or the validity of particular
litigants' interpretations of these creeds.” DeJesus v. Bradt, 174 F. Supp. 3d 777, 784
(W.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 201 (2d Cir. 2004)
(quotation omitted)). Rather, a court should consider whether the plaintiff has
“demonstrate[d] that the beliefs professed are sincerely held and in the individual's own
scheme of things, religious.” Id.
“The Second Circuit defines a substantial burden as a situation where ‘the state
puts substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs.’”
Hamilton v. Countant, No. 13-CV-669(RA), 2016 WL 881126, at *4 (quoting McEachin,
357 F.3d at 202-03, n.4). Although demonstrating a substantial burden is “not a
particularly onerous task,” McEachin, 357 F.3d at 202, the requirement is not met “by a
de minimis imposition on the free exercise of religion.” Leach v. New York City, No. 12
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CIV. 3809 PAC JCF, 2013 WL 3984996, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2013) (quoting McEachin,
357 F.3d at 203, n. 6).
It is well-settled in this Circuit that missing two weekly religious services does not
substantially burden a prisoner’s right to freely exercise his religion. See, e.g., Smith v.
Goord, 541 F. App’x. 133, 134 (2d Cir. 2013) (affirming jury verdict for defendants where
prison failed to hold any Islamic services during plaintiff’s stay, which included four
Fridays); Hanton v. Mathiau, 29 Fed. Appx. 772, 773 (2d Cir. 2000) (affirming district
court’s grant of summary judgment to defendants where prison officials prevented plaintiff
from attending weekly services once in August 1997 and “for a three-week period in
October 1997”); Blalock v. Jacobsen, No. 13–CV–8332 (JMF), 2014 WL 5324326, at *7
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 20, 2014) (dismissing plaintiff’s free exercise claim pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6) because “the denial of two religious services ... does not substantially
burden an inmate’s right to religious observation”); Shapiro v. Cmty. First Servs., Inc., No.
11–CV–4061 (KAM)(LB), 2014 WL 1276479, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2014) (“not
permitting a prisoner to attend two religious services ‘is a de minimis, or insubstantial,
burden on an inmate’s ability to freely exercise his religion’”); Williams v. Weaver, No.
9:03-CV-0912 (LEK/GHL), 2—6 WL 2794417, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2006) (collecting
earlier cases and holding, on a Rule 12(c) motion, that depriving a prisoner of the right to
attend Friday services and religious classes for two weeks did not, “as a matter of law,”
substantially burden his right to practice his religion).
The denial of a small number of meals has also been held to be a de minimis
burden. See, e.g., Washington v. Affy, 968 F. Supp. 2d 532, 537-38 (W.D.N.Y. 2013)
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(denial of two breakfasts and one evening meal during Ramadan was not a substantial
burden); Jean-Laurent v. Los, 12-CV-132 (SF), 2015 WL 1015383, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Mar.
9, 2015) (denial of two meals); Odom v. Dixion, 04-cv-889F, 2008 WL 466255, at *10-12
(W.D.N.Y. Feb. 15, 2008) (denial of meals on seven occasions over several days);
Thomas v. Picio, 04-cv-3174, 2008 WL 820740, at *6 n.8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2008) (denial
of three or four meals).
There is little precedent regarding denials of Juma showers. In DeJesus v. Bradt,
the court denied summary judgment where the plaintiff was denied Juma showers on ten
occasions during Ramadan, and where an approved event plan called for daily showers.
174 F. Supp. 3d at 788 (“the Court will not make a determination that, as a matter of law,
Plaintiff was not substantially burdened by the deprivation of approximately ten showers
before prayer services during the month of Ramadan in 2012, particularly in light of the
fact that Defendants have not opposed Plaintiff's assertions in this respect.”).
“In determining whether the burden imposed by the defendants is reasonable or
irrational, a court evaluates four factors: (1) whether the action had a valid, rational
connection to a legitimate governmental objective; (2) whether the prisoner has an
alternative means of exercising the burdened right; (3) the impact on guards, inmates,
and prison resources of accommodating the right; and (4) the existence of alternative
means of facilitating the plaintiff's exercise of the right that have only a de minimis adverse
effect on valid penological interests.” Id. at 788–89 (citing Lewis, 920 F. Supp. 2d at 384)
(quotation omitted)).
2. The denial of at most three Juma showers represents a de minimis injury.
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Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiff’s Juma shower requirements were part of
a sincerely held religious belief. They argue, rather, that (a) Plaintiff suffered no injury
because the record reveals he was able to attend Juma services on all the dates he
alleges he was denied showers; (b) Plaintiff suffered at most de minimis injuries because
he was denied at most two showers; and (c) the policy giving block officers discretion to
offer Juma showers is rationally related to a legitimate penological interest.
As to Defendants’ first argument, this Court finds it misplaced, because Plaintiff is
asserting that the shower, the ritual cleansing before Juma prayer, in and of itself, was a
meaningful religious practice. It is not necessarily the case that being able to attend Juma
services would remedy the burden on an inmate from not being able to ritually cleanse
as he sincerely believed was necessary, and this Court declines to grant summary
judgment on this basis.
However, Defendants’ second argument is convincing. From the facts before it, no
reasonable jury could find that the denial of two Juma showers imposed more than a de
minimis burden on Plaintiff’s free exercise of his religion. Because Monkelbaan denies
posting the Decision, and this Court deems this as admitted, Monkelbaan cannot be held
liable for any denials stemming from the posting of the Decision. Monkelbaan does not
expressly assert in his declaration that he did not deny Plaintiff Juma showers on the two
dates that Plaintiff recalled requesting them from him. But even assuming, arguendo, that
Monkelbaan was responsible for two shower denials, this would not rise beyond a de
minimis burden on Plaintiff’s exercise of his religion.
16
Case 1:17-cv-01266-WMS-JJM Document 92 Filed 03/09/21 Page 17 of 17
Because summary judgment is warranted on this basis, this Court will not address
Defendants’ argument that the policy of allowing showers only at officer discretion is
rationally related to a legitimate penological interest, nor its argument that access to a
sink is the equivalent of a Juma shower.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s case is dismissed for failure to prosecute, and
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is granted.
V. ORDERS
IT HEREBY IS ORDERED, that Plaintiff’s case is DISMISSED for failure to
prosecute, pursuant to Rule 41 (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
FURTHER, that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 85) is
GRANTED.
FURTHER, that the Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE this case.
SO ORDERED.
Dated:
March 9, 2021
Buffalo, New York
s/William M. Skretny
WILLIAM M. SKRETNY
United States District Judge
17
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